Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Charge virale'
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Jaouen, Emile. "Prise en charge de l'infection due au virus de l'hépatite C chez les patients hémodialysés." Montpellier 1, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000MON11162.
Full textPoirier-Toulemonde, Anne-Sophie. "Quantification de la charge virale leucocytaire du cytomégalovirus humain chez les sujets transplantés." Nantes, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000NANT14VS.
Full textMaylin, Sarah. "Détection de l'ARN du virus de l'hépatite C dans le foie et les cellules mononuclées du sang : nouvelle approche pour étudier l'éradication virale, la sévérité de la maladie et la réponse au traitement." Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077252.
Full textDehee, Axelle. "Charge virale EBV : développement et validation analytique d'une technique d'amplification génique en temps réel." Paris 5, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA05P049.
Full textCarcopino, Xavier. "Signification de la charge virale des papillomavirus humains oncogènes de type 16 et 18." Thesis, Aix-Marseille 2, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AIX20704/document.
Full textUsing duplex PCR technique for the detection and quantification of HPV16 and 18, this work investigates the significance, value and limitations of the use of HPV16 and 18 viral load quantitation in routine clinical practice. Although HPV18 viral load was not found to be of any clinical relevance, HPV16 viral load was found to significantly increase with the severity of cervical lesions. However, the wide range of viral load observed strongly limitates its use in routine clinical practice. After an abnormal cervical cytology, a HPV16 viral load cut-off of 3.0x106 copies per million cells allows for the best prediction of CIN2+ (91% specificity and 58.2% sensitivity). Such cut-off is particularly efficient in case of low grade abnormal cytology (96.4% specificity and 88% sensitivity). Although HPV16 viral load does not appear to predict for HPV16 clearance in women under 30 with normal cytology, such prediction was observed among women with normal colposcopy following equivocal or low grade cytology (86.7% specificity and 85.7% sensitivity)
Damond, Florence. "Epidémiologie moléculaire et réplication in vivo du Virus de l'Immunodéficience Humaine de type 2 : application aux patients inclus dans la cohorte nationale VIH-2." Paris 6, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA066532.
Full textSaunier, Maëlle. "Charge virale et intégration du génome d'HPV16 au cours de l'histoire naturelle des lésions du col de l'utérus." Besançon, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009BESA0002.
Full textHigh-risk Human Papillomavirus (HPV-HR) are etiologic agents of cervical cancer. Even though HR-HPV infection is necessary, it is not sufficient to induce precancerous and cancerous lesions. Indeed, the infection must persist for several years to cause precancerous lesions, and this persistence is modulated by factors linked to the host (immune response setup), to the environment (smoking) and to the virus (genotype, viral load, integration). So even if the detection of an HR-HPV allows the identification of women at risk, it is not sufficient to predict precancerous and cancerous lesion development. Infection natural history is linked with lesion history but if lesion natural history is well described on the histology and cytology side, the infection natural history has been poorly described. Nevertheless, a better understanding of the infection natural history is necessary to identify pertinent markers of prevalent and incident lesions. So we decided to describe viral factors such as genotype, viral loads and integration, and to define their involvement in the evolution of the infection toward cervical cancer. In a first study, we showed that HPV16 is the second most prevalent genotype in low grade lesions in France and that this genotype might be associated with poor pronosis lesions. Then, we showed, in 2 studies performed on 2 sites, that both viral load and integration were correlated with lesion grade, and that viral load may allow the identification of prevalent high grade lesions. In an intersite validation study we showed that variation of viral load measurement between the 2 sites were slight, as long as standards preparation was meticulous. In a last study, we developed a real time duplex PCR allowing the stimultanaous determination of HPV16 and 18 viral loads, which are the most prevalent genotypes in cervical cancers. Comparison between viral loads obtained with this duplex PCR were very close from those obtained with simplex PCR targeting these 2 types, meaning that duplex PCR is a precise method for DNA quantification of HPV16 and 18
Désiré, Nathalie. "Interêt de la mutagenèse dirigée et de la quantification des virus persistants dans le contexte de l'infection à VIH." Paris 7, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008PA077012.
Full textOur aim was therefore to develop a method for quantifying proviral HIV-1 DNA, HTLV-1 DNA and HHV-8 DNA using real-time PCR that would be sensitive, reproducible and have a high throughput. The application of this technique to the rnonitoring of patients with primary HIV-1 infection has confirmed that HAART decreases the proviral load but has also shown that a detectable viral reservoir persists in the majority of patients. The hight viral loads of HHV-8 in MDC desease correlating with clinical symptoms and low viral load correlating with asymptomatic periods. The difference between HTLV-1 proviral load in TSP/HAM and asymptomatic moninfected patients was statiscally signifiant, but there were no difference between the HTLV-1 monoinfected and HTLV-l/HIV-1 coinfected groups. The hight viral loads of HHV-8 in MDC desease correlating with clinical symptoms and low viral load correlating with asymptomatic periods. HIV genetic variability is the result of the inability of HIV-1 RT to proofread nucleotide sequences during replication. We have identified a HIV virus presenting the G190E mutation along with a V75A mutation and with an insertion in the 100-105 of the RT encoding region. The addition of the insertion to G190E may increase the activity of the RT. Antiretroviral Therapy in HIV-1 infected patients may result in persistent moderate virological failure. In patients with persistently low levels of viremia under triple NRTIs including a thymidine analogue, most of the patients developed TAMs-2. The substitution at codon 219 in association with T215F is a glutamic acid (K219E) that could help viruses bearing TAM-2 in fîtness and resistance to drugs
Volle, Romain. "Pathogénie des entérovirus : étude de la charge virale au cours de méningites et de la permissivité des cellules endothéliales microvasculaires cérébrales humaines." Thesis, Clermont-Ferrand 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014CLF1MM05/document.
Full textHuman enteroviruses (EV) are RNA viruses characterized by a large genetic variability. They are associated with severe but rare neurological infections and frequent but self-Limiting meningitis. The processes of entry into the central nervous system (CNS), the level of EV viral load in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and its possible relation to the intensity of the associated inflammatory process remain poorly understood. As several EV genotypes are related to common neurological disorders, common pathological processes may be involved. In the first part of this PhD thesis, we have prospectively investigated the EV viral load in the CSF of patients with meningitis using a RT-QPCR assay. Our results showed that significant differences between viral load levels and the age groups, the leukocytes count, the protein levels in the CSF, and with the EV genotype involved in the infection. We also explored the hypothesis that an infection of the blood brain barrier (BBB) could be a common pathway used by EVs released in the bloodstream to gain access into the CNS. The EV replication and translocation were analyzed with an in vitro model of BBB based on the hCMEC/D3 cell line. We validated this cell model by showing different permissivity patterns among a large array of EV genotypes. In addition, we showed the specificities in how the EV-A71 crosses the endothelial barrier. The overall data raise the unresolved issue of the origin of viral RNA in the CSF and the sources of infection during the early acute stage of EV meningitis
Boutolleau, David. "Profils d'infection et pouvoir pathogène des sixième et septième herpèsvirus humains (HHV-6 et HHV-7) in vivo." Paris 7, 2005. http://www.theses.fr/2005PA077129.
Full textTaieb, Fabien. "Accès à la charge virale pour les patients infectés par le VIH sous traitement antiretroviral, en zone décentralisée des pays à niveau de ressources faible ou modéré." Thesis, Montpellier, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018MONTT041/document.
Full textWorldwide, the number of HIV-infected patients (PLWHA) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) is growing steadily. Low- and Middle-Incomes Countries (LMICs) are the most affected and strong inequalities still exist despite ambitious goals set by the United Nations in 2015 (90-90-90). The required biological monitoring of patients on ART is well known and the benefits of viral load (VL) measurement are well established, in terms of early detection of treatment failure, detection of non-adherence to ART and prevention of resistance accumulation. However, in LMICs and especially in decentralized areas, access to VL measurement remains scarce or unavailable. Barriers are various: difficulty for patients to reach a laboratory able to perform this measurement, lack of human and material resources. The use of Dried Blood Spot (DBS) as a sampling carrier allows to overcome these barriers, in particular because of its simplicity, the lack of the necessity of a cold chain and the use of existing machines. This PhD work aims at proposing and improving virological monitoring of PLWHA on ART living in decentralized areas of LMICs by demonstrating the feasibility and validity of a DBS collection system to provide access to VL measurement for patients followed in centres not equipped with costly machines and the logistics for its realization.A meta-analysis on virological success in Sub-Saharan Africa was conducted. This work showed a virological success rate in "intention to treat" analysis of 65.4%[61.8-69.1] and 56.8%[51.3-62.4] at 12 and 24 months of ART respectively, and a significantly higher proportion of success reported in clinical trials compared to cohorts. Then, several projects were conducted to obtain results in real life conditions in two different settings: Cameroon and Vietnam. In Cameroon, a study conducted in 12 decentralized sites evaluated 2215 PLWHA on ART, 937 of whom were virologically evaluated. This study showed a low retention rate with 63.3%, 53.5% and 39.9% at 12, 24 and 36 months after ART initiation, respectively. Virological suppression rate was also low with 66.6%, 62.7% and 59.8% at 12, 24 and 36 months of ART, respectively. Profiles of HIV Drug Resistance (HIVDR) in patients with VL>5000 cp/mL showed a significant accumulation of viral resistance, worsening over time and hypothecating therapeutic options. In Vietnam, two studies, involving 198 and 203 patients, were conducted to evaluate performance of VL measurement on DBS compared to plasma. Three VL techniques from two manufacturers were evaluated. Sensitivities of 93.3% [81.7-98.6], 90.1% [80.7-95.9] and 54.9% [40.3-68.9] were found with the old and optimized protocol provided by Abbott company and the new protocol provided by Roche company (FVE), respectively. Specificities were 94.8% [90.0-97.7], 96.2% [91.4-98.8] and 100% [97.5-100], respectively. Through this work, we showed that the use of DBS is feasible, immediately available and with an acceptable level of performance. It provides valuable data at the individual, collective and programmatic levels. The use of DBS should be integrated into the strategy of expanding access to VL. Virological monitoring of patients is a major public health challenge in a context of use in first line ART of molecules with a low genetic barrier to HIVDR, an increase of transmitted and acquired HIVDR and a persistently high incidence of infection
Duc, Touyana. "Caractérisation moléculaire et sérologique de l'infection à Epstein-Barr virus chez les patients porteurs du VIH souffrant d'un lymphome." Thesis, Université Grenoble Alpes (ComUE), 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016GREAV074.
Full textIn 2016, malignant lymphoproliférations [non Hodgkin's (NHL) and Hodgkin's lymphomas (HL)] remain a major concern in patients living with HIV (PLHIV), that each year 1-6% of these patients develop lymphomas. Lymphomas are the major cause of mortality in this population.Epstein-Bar Virus (EBV), long known for his immortalizing B cells power and oncogenic properties of some of its proteins, emerges as a cofactor favoring lymphoproliferations, more or less important, depending on the type of lymphoproliferation.One of the outstanding questions is whether the molecular and/or serological characterizations of EBV infection may help to better understand the pathophysiology of these diseases and better manage patients suffering from HIV-associated lymphomas.This dissertation under joint supervision between the University Grenoble Alpes and Irkutsk State Medical University aims to answer this question.The literature review of this thesis summarizes: (i) the role of EBV in LNH development in PLHIV (article published in Russian journal “Siberian Medical Journal” in 2015) and the current knowledge on the epidemiology and pathophysiology of Hodgkin's lymphoma (non published in French); (ii) published studies on the EBV viral load and serological evolutions in PLHIV.The experiments consist of three articles. The first article published in Journal of Clinical Microbiology in 2016, reports the demonstration that the application of international standard EBV developed by WHO can improve the quantification of EBV viral load in whole blood. The second study (in writing for publication) contains preliminary results of French National Agency for Research of HIV and hepatitis cohort study investigating PLHIV suffering from Hodgkin's lymphoma. The study focuses on whether the EBV viral load and serology of newly diagnosed lymphoma could provide prognostic information for this disease, as has been described in HIV-negative patients with HL. Our preliminary results don’t support this hypothesis; than EBV markers don’t can be used for best management of HL in PLHIV. The third study published in Russian Journal “HIV infection and Immunosuppressive disorders” (2015) describes the epidemiology of HIV-associated lymphoma in Irkutsk Oblast. The article shows that non-Hodgkin lymphoma incidence rates in PLHIV during 2007-2014 are probably due to HIV epidemic non-controlled in this Russian region
Bizollon, Thierry. "Contribution à l'étude des facteurs prédictifs de l'évolution et de la prise en charge thérapeutique de la récidive virale C après transplantation hépatique." Lyon 1, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002LYO1T126.
Full textMorand-Joubert, Laurence. "Relation entre la charge virale et la reponse humorale au cours des infections retrovirales humaines (vih et htlv) : approche comparative des mecanismes physiopathologiques." Paris 6, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998PA066574.
Full textLafolie, Jérémy. "Optimisation du diagnostic des infections à entérovirus et étude de leur pouvoir pathogène." Thesis, Université Clermont Auvergne (2017-2020), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018CLFAS008.
Full textHuman enteroviruses (EV) are the most frequent cause of paediatric aseptic meningitis. Detection of enterovirus by PCR in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) specimens is recommended for diagnosis. Fever without source and sepsis-like diseases are frequent affections in infants (0 to 2 years) which can be the consequence of a viral infection in particular to EV. At present, the daily routin diagnosis of EV in the blood is rarely performed. The concerning data 1) existence of EV replication in the blood leukocytes, 2) the EV viral load level in blood and CSF specimens and its possible relation with the intensity of the associated inflammatory process are fragmented. In the first part of this PhD thesis, the aim was to assess detection of enterovirus by PCR in blood specimens of newbrons, infants, and children with fever without source, sepsis-like disease or suspected meningitis. We did a prospective, multicentre, observational study (BLEDI study) at 35 paediatric departements during the seasonal period of increased EV circulation in 2015-2016. Our results showed that detection of EV was significantly higher in the blood than in the CSF from newborns and infants admitted with fever without source or sepsis-like disease. These data open up the perspectives for a new diagnostic algorithm of febrile illness in patients aged 2 years or younger. We also explored prospectively EV viral load in blood and in CSF specimens of infected patients. Our results showed that EV viral load in the blood varied by age group, clinical presentation and EV type. Three profiles of infection kinetics comparing EV viral load in the blood and the CSF have been considered and are under study. Finally, we explored the hypothesis of an EV replication in the blood leukocytes. We showed from blood samples infected in vitro by EV that the replication of these viruses varied by EV genotypes
Pellet, Claire. "Rôle du virus de l'herpès humain 8 dans l'étiologie de la maladie de Kaposi : analyse du réservoir viral in vivo et in vitro." Paris 7, 2002. http://www.theses.fr/2002PA077143.
Full textGuichet, Emilande. "Etude des résistances du VIH-1 au traitement antirétroviral et amélioration du suivi virologique des patients vivant avec le VIH dans les pays du Sud." Thesis, Montpellier, 2016. http://www.theses.fr/2016MONTT044/document.
Full textFifteen years after the introduction and expanded access to antiretroviral therapy (ART) in resource limited countries (RLC), viral suppression, a key objective of its effectiveness is not achieved in many patients infected with HIV. Unlike developed countries, where often more powerful and robust ART coupled with a routine virological monitoring limit the emergence of resistance, the current situation of RLC is more worrying. Operational research conducted here aims to improve care and monitoring of patients living in these countries, and receiving ART according to the WHO public health approach. While recommended routinely since 2013, HIV viral load (VL) is rarely available and monitoring remains primarily clinical or immunological.In several countries in Central Africa and West, we documented high rates of HIV drug resistance (HIVDR) (99%) and multi-drug resistance (97%) in patients with virologic failure after long-term first-line ART, consisting of 2 nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitors (NRTI, 3TC+AZT/d4T) associated with 1 non-NRTI (NNRTI, EFV/NVP). This multi-drug resistance also reduces significantly the effectiveness of second-generation NNRTIs and of the NRTI, TDF, which is now currently recommended in 2nd line by the WHO. More unusually, we also reported that high VLs (> 5 log 10 copies / ml) are associated with multi-resistance rather than an insufficient adherence in these patients who were largely asymptomatic. Without improvement of patient monitoring, through expanded access to VL testing to enable early diagnosis of virological failure, a potential new epidemic caused by HIVDR strains could emerge in sub-Saharan Africa. This could jeopardize efforts to achieve the "90-90-90" objective (90% of diagnosed infections, 90% of diagnosed patients on ART, 90% of patients treated durable virologic success) of UNAIDS and WHO in 2020. Moreover, our second study in a district hospital in Cameroon illustrates that these ambitious targets will probably be even more difficult to achieve in decentralized areas, often having inadequate laboratory infrastructure to acquire complex VL platforms.We then successfully transferred an open and polyvalent universal VL assay in a national reference laboratory in Cameroon. This assay can detect HIV-1 group M, N, O and P and their simian ancestors. With this RT-qPCR HIV-1/SIVcpz/SIVgor assay, HIV-1 M variants were better quantified (+0.47 log10 copies / mL) compared to Abbott RealTime HIV-1 assay which is approved by the FDA. At the VL threshold of virological failure defined by the WHO (1000 copies/mL), the correlation of the results between the two tests was 95%, with a higher sensitivity for the new test.We finally explored how to adapt this open test at optimal large-scale application for dried blood spot (DBS), to make VL testing available in decentralized areas, given the current lack of point of care test for VL. We compared different extraction methods of nucleic acids that could potentially reduce the contribution of the pro-viral DNA present in DBS, with the aim to improve their specificity without success. Instead, we have shown that with most of the RT-qPCR VL assays, many patients would be inappropriately eligible to perform a repeated VL testing (or switched to a costly 2nd line ART), which increase significantly costs of national programs.In conclusion, the studies from this thesis have contributed to improve current knowledge about the effectiveness of ART programs and services and also on the use of virological monitoring tools adapted to patients living with HIV in RLCs
Dutrieux, Jacques. "Modification de l'homéostasie lymphocytaire T lors de l'infection aiguë par SIVmac251 chez le macaque rhésus : implication des interférons de type 1." Paris 7, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012PA077188.
Full textMajor modifications of T-cell homoeostasis and type I interferon (IFN) response occurring during the acute phase of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection are key elements of the evolution of physiopathology. Indeed, these phenomena are poorly understood due to the difficulty to study this phase in humans. This thesis work contributes to a better definition of these modifications in simian immunodeficiency virus (SIV) infected rhesus macaques, an animal model of infection presenting a similar physiopathology as HIV infection in humans. First, in Humans, I showed that recent thymic emigrants significantly participate to HIV reservoir. In our animal model, early infection of thymocytes is observed. This infection induces, by 3 days post-infection, an acceleration of thymopoiesis that leads to a massive cell release in blood. Furthermore, this phenomenon is dependent on diversification of local IFN-α secrétion. The study of antiviral and anti-proliferative effects of the different simian IFN-α subtypes demonstrates that these cytokines have 4 different profiles of antiviral activity against SIVmac₂₅₁. Within the 12 simian IFN-a subtypes, 3 strongly inhibit viral replication in the cultures, 7 allow late viral escape after an initial inhibition of viral replication and the last 2 show no activity. Finally, I demonstrated that the observed diversification of IFN-α subtypes secretion is also found in lymph nodes and in various parts of the intestine by day 3 post-infection. This IFN-α secretion coincides with chemokines production in these organs probably leading to a modification of cellular migration within these organs. Thus, naive and central memory T-cells are recruited into lymph nodes while effector memory and effector T-cells are preferentially recruited in the gut
Hivert, Sylvie. "Comparaison de la virémie CMV, de l'antigénémie pp65 et du bDNA CMV 1. 0 pour évaluer la charge virale CMV chez 24 patients VIH+ dont 7 patients traités par Foscarnet." Bordeaux 2, 1997. http://www.theses.fr/1997BOR2P088.
Full textSoret, Perrine. "Régression pénalisée de type Lasso pour l’analyse de données biologiques de grande dimension : application à la charge virale du VIH censurée par une limite de quantification et aux données compositionnelles du microbiote." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019BORD0254.
Full textIn clinical studies and thanks to technological progress, the amount of information collected in the same patient continues to grow leading to situations where the number of explanatory variables is greater than the number of individuals. The Lasso method proved to be appropriate to circumvent over-adjustment problems in high-dimensional settings.This thesis is devoted to the application and development of Lasso-penalized regression for clinical data presenting particular structures.First, in patients with the human immunodeficiency virus, mutations in the virus's genetic structure may be related to the development of drug resistance. The prediction of the viral load from (potentially large) mutations allows guiding treatment choice.Below a threshold, the viral load is undetectable, data are left-censored. We propose two new Lasso approaches based on the Buckley-James algorithm, which imputes censored values by a conditional expectation. By reversing the response, we obtain a right-censored problem, for which non-parametric estimates of the conditional expectation have been proposed in survival analysis. Finally, we propose a parametric estimation based on a Gaussian hypothesis.Secondly, we are interested in the role of the microbiota in the deterioration of respiratory health. The microbiota data are presented as relative abundances (proportion of each species per individual, called compositional data) and they have a phylogenetic structure.We have established a state of the art methods of statistical analysis of microbiota data. Due to the novelty, few recommendations exist on the applicability and effectiveness of the proposed methods. A simulation study allowed us to compare the selection capacity of penalization methods proposed specifically for this type of data.Then we apply this research to the analysis of the association between bacteria / fungi and the decline of pulmonary function in patients with cystic fibrosis from the MucoFong project
Brouard, Cécile. "Cascade de prise en charge de l’hépatite C chronique en France métropolitaine." Thesis, Université Paris-Saclay (ComUE), 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019SACLS473/document.
Full textIntroduction: The World Health Organization has targeted the elimination of hepatitis C and B by 2030, to ensure that 90% of people with chronic infection are diagnosed and 80% are treated. France has planned to achieve this goal for hepatitis C by 2025. This work aims to estimate the cascade of care for chronic hepatitis C in mainland France: 1) in 2016, in order to have a first point for monitoring the elimination; 2) in 2011 to assess the impact of direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) on HCV cascade of care.Methods: The numbers of the following populations were estimated for 2016 (18-75 years) and 2011 (18-80 years): 1) with chronic hepatitis C; 2) aware of their infection; 3) in care for chronic hepatitis C during the year; 4) undergoing antiviral treatment during the year. Estimates 1) and 2) were based on: for 2016, a cross-sectional survey, with a biological component, carried out on a random sample of the general metropolitan population; for 2011, on models. Estimates 3) and 4) were made from the National Health Insurance Information System (SNDS), by: i) constructing, for 3), an algorithm for identifying people in care for chronic hepatitis C in the year; ii) taking into account all antiviral treatments for 4).Results: Between 2011 and 2016, the number of people with chronic hepatitis C decreased by 31%, from 192,700 to 133,500. The number of people aware of their infection remained stable: 111,300 in 2011 and 107,600 in 2016. The proportion of chronically infected persons with knowledge of their infection has thus increased from 58% to 81%. Between 2011 and 2016, the number of people identified as being in care for their hepatitis in the year increased from 28,000 (15% of those infected) to 34,300 (26% of those infected). At the same time, the number of people being treated increased from 12,900 (7% of those infected) in 2011 to 16,100 in 2016 (12% of those infected).Conclusion: This work provides, for the first time, estimates of the cascade of care for chronic hepatitis C in mainland France, before and after the introduction of DAAs. It suggests a significant impact of DAAs on the cascade of care. However, access to care and treatment for infected people remained insufficient in 2016, especially with regard to elimination targets
Fares, Fouad. "Quantification et suivi de la charge virale de l'Epstein-Barr dans le sang périphérique, par PCR-ELISA et PCR in situ : étude de la méthylation du promoteur BamHIW par PCR-enzymes de restriction." Lyon 1, 1998. http://www.theses.fr/1998LYO1T198.
Full textCésaire, Raymond. "Quantification par PCR en temps réel de la charge provirale HRLV-1 et application à l'étude des malaldies associées." Paris 7, 2004. http://www.theses.fr/2004PA077239.
Full textWe have developed a method for HTLV-1 pro viral load quantification by real time PCR, and applied this assay to the study of the tropical spastic paraparesis associated to this retrovirus. The proviral load in the peripheral blood is higher in TSP/HAM than in asymptomatic infection, but this analysis is unable to discriminate for disease diagnosis. However, proviral load is majored in the CSF from TSP/HAM and presents a predictive value allowing the addition of this parameter to the diagnostic criteria of the disease. TSP/HAM is the predominant manifestation of a systemic inflammatory disease reaching also ocular, salivatory _or alveplar tissues. In HTLV- 1-associated arthropathies, the increase in pro viral loads in the peripheral blood and moreover in the synovial compartment is in favour of an implication of HTLV-1 in the arthritic process. Pro viral load in the peripheral blood is correlated to the evolutive profile of TSP/HAM, the values being increased in the rapid evolving forais. HIV coinfection is suspected to increase the risk of TSP/HAM occurrence. In our study, thé peripheral blood proviral load was not modified by HIV coinfection, but the proportion of CD4+ lymphocytes mfected by HTLV- 1 appears increased. HTLV-1 proviral load may be controlled by the CTL response with an. Efficiency influenced by HLA polymorphism. In contrast with studies in the Japanese population, we did not find any association between HLA alleles and proviral load or clinical status. Another application has been the efficiency of filtration in the reduction of proviral load in blood cell components, the results confirming the importance of the quality of the white blood cells removal procedure. Finally, HTLV-1 proviral load is correlated to the percent of atypical lymphocytes in ATL and may be applied to the follow up of residual disease
Akif, Nora. "Etude des hépatites virales sériques B et C d'origine professionnelle répertoriées par la caisse nationale des assurances sociales (C. N. A. S. ) de 1986 à 2002." Alger, 2008. http://www.theses.fr/2008AMIED001.
Full textManigart, Olivier. "Etude de déterminants de la transmission du VIH de la mère à l'enfant au Burkina Faso." Doctoral thesis, Universite Libre de Bruxelles, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/2013/ULB-DIPOT:oai:dipot.ulb.ac.be:2013/211175.
Full textOn the other hand, we studied the variability of HIV and its association with MTCT. First, we analyzed HIV-1 diversity in African women in France and Burkina Faso. In a second step, we demonstrated that HMA was an adapted tool for co and super-infections studies for adults. By this way, we identified two superinfections among 147 women within our commercial sex workers cohort. Additionally, we used this tool to analyze children of the DITRAME cohort who were infected in utero and who could be superinfected during the delivery or later by breastfeeding. We identified seven children, among 18 who were infected in utero, displaying HMA profiles suspicions for co-infections, and who had a more important mortality rate than normally. Their proviral env sequences are currently analyzed.
Moreover, we confirmed the fact that the rate of vitamin A has no influence on MTCT.
De 1994 à 1998, s’est déroulé l’essai clinique DITRAME ANRS 049a qui a démontré, pour la première fois, l’acceptabilité, la tolérance et l’efficacité d’un traitement court de zidovudine (ZDV) sur la diminution de la TME. Notre travail s’est inscrit dans le cadre de cet essai et a eu pour but d’en analyser certains des aspects virologiques et leur rapport avec la transmission de la mère à l’enfant du VIH (TME). D’une part, nous avons analysé les niveaux de réplication virale dans différents compartiments physiologiques :le sang, les sécrétions cervico-vaginales (SCV) et le lait maternel (LM) et leur rapport avec la transmission, par des études cas-témoins nichées dans la cohorte DITRAME. Nous avons démontré le rapport entre la charge virale libre (CV) dans le plasma à 34 semaines d’aménorrhée et à J8 postpartum et la TME dans le contexte africain où la probabilité d’avoir un allaitement exclusif à un an est de 46,6%, et analysé leur rapport avec le traitement ZDV. Nous avons également démontré que la TME est essentiellement due à une charge provirale plus élevée dans les SCV dans notre contexte. De plus, grâce à la mise au point d’une technique, nous avons démontré que la ZDV avait un effet global marqué sur la diminution de la CV libre dans le LM. Il s’agit de la première étude mettant en relation la CV dans le lait avec la transmission postnatale. De même, nous avons observé une différence très hautement significative entre les charges virales libres des femmes ayant transmis le VIH et les non transmettrices. De plus, nos analyses univariée et multivariée démontrent que la CVlm mesurée en log10 de la lactation précoce (J8) est un facteur indépendant très significativement associé à la TME. Chez les femmes ayant transmis le virus durant le post-partum et non traitées à la ZDV, la CVlm médiane a décru de 1608 copies/mL (c/ml) à J8 à 346 c/ml à J45. Par contre, chez les femmes ayant transmis le virus mais ayant reçu un traitement ZDV, la CVlm médiane évolue de 56 c/ml à J8 à 470,5 c/ml à J45. Cette tendance marquée à un effet rebond de la CVlm à J45 laisse penser que la TME qui a lieu chez les femmes traitées à la ZDV pourrait être une conséquence de l’arrêt de ce traitement, comme observé chez les adultes après arrêt du traitement HAART.
D’autre part, nous avons étudié la variabilité du VIH en fonction de la TME. Dans un premier temps, nous avons analysé la diversité du VIH-1 chez des mères africaines vivant en France, et par après au Burkina Faso. Ensuite, grâce à l’élaboration d’une nouvelle technique, nous avons démontré que le HMA pouvait être un outil adapté à l’étude des co- et sur-infection chez l’adulte. Nous avons identifié de cette manière deux surinfections parmi 147 femmes analysées au sein d’une cohorte de femmes à haut risque de surinfection. Nous avons ensuite utilisé ce moyen pour étudier des enfants de la cohorte DITRAME infectés in utero qui auraient pu se surinfecter durant le peripartum ou ensuite par l’allaitement. Sept enfants parmi 18 analysés, présentant des profils HMA à suspicion de coinfection et qui présentaient un taux de mortalité plus élevé que la normale, ont été identifiés. Leurs séquences provirales env sont en cours d’analyse actuellement.
Par ailleurs, nous avons confirmé le fait que le taux de vitamine A n’a pas d’influence sur la TME.
Doctorat en Sciences agronomiques et ingénierie biologique
info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished
Gigout, Laure. "Approche de la physiopathologie de l'infection lentivirale : relation entre pathogénicité et modulation du réseau des cytokines." Paris 5, 1999. http://www.theses.fr/1999PA05S009.
Full textVandenhende, Marie-Anne. "Echecs virologiques au sein de cohortes hospitalières de patients adultes infectés par le VIH : apport de l'ultra-deep sequencing et étude des charges virales de faible niveau persistantes." Thesis, Bordeaux, 2015. http://www.theses.fr/2015BORD0143/document.
Full textThe goal of antiretroviral therapy (ART) is to reach undetectable plasma HIV viral load in orderto reduce HIV-related morbidity and mortality.The presence of ART-resistant virus can compromise the efficiency of these treatments,resulting in virological failure (VF). Standard genotyping by Sanger sequencing (SS) usedcurrently in clinical practice cannot detect low-frequency viral variants harbouring drugresistance associated mutations (DRM) representing less than 20% of the viral population. Inour study, the use of ultra-deep sequencing (UDS) allowed us to detect 1.4-fold more DRMsbefore ART and 1.3-fold more DRMs at VF compared to SS, confirming the high sensitivity ofUDS for the detection of DRMs. The low-frequency DMRs detected only by UDS modified thegenotypic resistance of the virus to the prescribed treatment for 4% of the patients before ARTinitiation and for 21% of the patients at VF.The impact of persistent low-level viremia (LLV) between 50 and 200 copies/ml (LLV50-200)remains uncertain due to the lack of controlled comparison data. In our cohort studies (ANRSCO3 and ART-CC cohorts), 4-9% of HIV-infected patients experienced at least one episode ofLLV50-200. LLV50-200 was strongly associated with a twice higher risk of VF>200copies/ml,independently of the duration of LLV, the history of treatment or the type of ART regimen atLLV (NNRTI or PI-based regimens). LLV was not associated with AIDS event or death witha median follow-up of only 3 years
Diouara, Abou Abdallah Malick. "Réponse virologique au traitement antirétroviral chez les patients infectés par le VIH-1, suivis en milieux décentralisés en Afrique de l’Ouest (Sénégal, Mali et Guinée Conakry)." Thesis, Montpellier 1, 2014. http://www.theses.fr/2014MON1T013/document.
Full textOne of the major barriers to the optimal care of patients undergoing antiretroviral therapy is the limited access to viral load (VL) and genotyping tests, especially in remote areas. These technologies are usually available only at central health facilities in larger cities and plasma is the reference sample. However, plasma or whole blood samples shipment from remote areas to reference lab faces several constraints or even impossible. In order to bring closer patients to reference lab, we have demonstrated the ability of DBS (Dried Blood Spots) collected and shipped in field conditions to provide complete virological monitoring (VL and genotyping). We also documented for the first time, virological outcome of ART and HIV-1 genetic diversity in adult patients followed up in decentralized settings in Senegal, Mali and Guinea Conakry. Overall, despite the low treatment adherence noted sometimes, our findings show no significant differences in the occurrence of virological failure among patients followed up in the central and peripheral health facilities, whatever the country. In Senegal, no integrase inhibitors associated DRM has been found despite the high rate of resistance in patients failing first and second-line treatment. Furthermore, among children born to HIV infected mothers, NNRTI-associated drug resistant mutations (DRM) were more predominant, probably because of systematic use of Nevirapine in MTCT. Our studies also confirm the high genetic diversity of viral subtypes, with the dominance of CRF02_AG in West Africa. This work presented here highlights the feasibility and relevance of DBS as support for the virological monitoring of patients in decentralized settings in West Africa. Furthermore, its use showed high rate of virological failure indicating the need to reinforce adherence to treatment. Finally, our results highlight the utility to considering carefully drug resistance patterns before switching to another ART regimen
Mouala, Christian Serge Honoré. "Coïnfection VIH et paludisme d'importation : exemple de la France." Thesis, Sorbonne université, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018SORUS232.
Full textInteraction between Human immunodeficiency virus type 1 (HIV-1) and malaria, has been a reason for concern because of the epidemiological and geographical overlap of HIV/AIDS and malaria in Sub-Saharan Africa countries. This work presents two contributions to the understanding of this co-infection in a developed country context. Regarding the study of factors associated with HIV on severity of malaria episode, the analysis focused on patients from the French Hospital Database on HIV ANRS CO4. We observed that the severity of malaria was associated with low CD4 T cells, and the risk of severe malaria appeared lower among patients returning from an endemic area of high prevalence chloroquino-resistance (Zone 3) than those returning from area of lower prevalence of chloroquino-resistance (Zone 2). Regarding the study of the impact of HIV-infection and immune status on malaria, the analysis focused on the comparison of subjects exposed to HIV (from the FHDH) and unexposed to HIV (from Bichat hospital database) has shown an association between immunodepression (CD4 <350/mm3) and the severity of imported malaria due to Plasmodium falciparum. Absence of malaria prophylaxis was also associated with the severity of malaria episode, justifying provision of targeted and appropriately delivered preventives message for people travelling in malaria endemic areas message and preventive measures to reduce the preventable morbidity from P. falciparum malaria and the co-infection with HIV, even for subjects originating from malaria endemic areas
Lu, Hao. "Understanding Non-viral Nucleic Acid Delivery Vehicles with Different Charge Centers and Degradation Profiles." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76760.
Full textMaster of Science
Krueger, Barbara Murphy. "Climate Change Virtue Ethics and Ecocriticism in Undergraduate Education." Thesis, Prescott College, 2015. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1583209.
Full textThis thesis explores the question: can an ecocritical approach to environmental virtue ethics (EVE) in undergraduate climate change education inform students' understanding of the ethical issues of climate change and promote environmental responsibility and action? Philosophical theories of virtue ethics will be discussed from an historical perspective as well as to its renewal in the 20th century, especially within the context of the wicked dimensions of the climate change crisis. Dominant themes in climate change ethics including concerns over the scientific complexity, global dimensions, temporal issues, intergenerational fairness and responsibility, justice, and human rights will be presented and used to devise a compendium of climate change virtues and vices. Environmental and climate change education research will be reviewed as well as the reasons for its failure to produce a substantial shift in attitudes and behavior of people especially in the global North will be deliberated. Ecocriticism, which studies the relationship between literature and visual and audial art will be explored, and a novel curriculum based on theoretical elements from climate change virtue ethics and supported with examples of the ecocritical arts will be proposed. It is my belief that an interdisciplinary framework supported and illustrated by climate change ecocriticism from any and all of the literary, visual, audial, and performance arts will create deeper understandings of climate change complexity.
Herpin, de Fritsch Elsa. "Diagnostic étiologique des méningo-encéphalites aiguës virales par techniques de biologie moléculaire : évaluation d'une trousse commercialisée pour la détection de génomes viraux." Bordeaux 2, 2001. http://www.theses.fr/2001BOR23005.
Full textAllison, Zachary R. "The Need for Virtue in an Age of Climate Change." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1533163230320019.
Full textVoelpel, John W. "Climate Change: Aristotelian Virtue Theory, the Aidōs Response and Proper Primility." Scholar Commons, 2018. https://scholarcommons.usf.edu/etd/7653.
Full textHeath, Sarah E. "Evolutionary consequences of viral resistance in the marine picoeukaryote Ostreococcus tauri." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/31082.
Full textLaurent, Frédéric. "Methodes diagnostiques des hepatites C." Lyon 1, 1992. http://www.theses.fr/1992LYO1M220.
Full textVisseaux, Benoit. "Déterminants moléculaires du tropisme du VIH de type 2, implications du tropisme dans la physiopathologie de l'infection et la prise en charge thérapeutique des patients." Paris 7, 2013. http://www.theses.fr/2013PA077089.
Full textDuring HIV entry in target cells, the virus must attach a coreceptor: CR5 or CXCR4. Maraviroc is only effective on R5-tropic viruses. HIV-2 is a highly resistant virus with natural résistance to one third on HIV-1 effective antiretroviral drugs. HIV-2 infected patients often displayed a spontaneously undetectable viral load in absence of treatment. There was no assay for HIV-2 tropism determination and HIV-2 susceptibility to maraviroc remained unknown. We determined phenotypic tropism of 53 HIV-2 strains and sequenced the V3 loop. Association between the V3 loop sequence and the phenotypic viral tropism was analyzed. HIV-2 phenotypic susceptibility to maraviroc was studied with a PBMC model. Finally, concordance between genotypic tropism of viral RNA and proviral DNA was studied. We identified 4 HIV-2 major genotypic determinants associated with the use of CXCR4 (L18Z, V19K/R, an insertion at position 24, V3 loop global net charge >+6). HIV-2 phenotypic susceptibility to maraviroc is similar HIV-1, with a IC50 median of 0. 80 nM and a median maximum inhibition plate of 93%. Genotypic tropism of viral RNA and proviral DNA were concordant in 74% of tested samples. Ail discrepancies were due to R5 tropism in viral RNA and X4 tropism in proviral DNA. We developed the first HIV-2 algorithm for genotypic tropism prediction. We demonstrated in vitro susceptibility of HIV-2 to maraviroc. We have predicted the good correlation between genotypic viral tropism established from circulating RNA and proviral DNA. This allows identification of HIV-2 infected patients eligible for maraviroc treatment. HIV-2 tropism will now be examined for its predictive value of progression to AIDS
Michalski, Marco Alexander. "Integrative analysis of transcriptional activity and genome architecture changes upon viral infections." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2018. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/274872.
Full textConroy, Mervyn. "An Ethical Dimension to Organisational Change : Virtue-to-Virtue Combat for the Moral High Ground of UK NHS Reform." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2008. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.524742.
Full textBelrose, Gilda. "Effet du valproate sur l'expression du génome viral dans les cellules infectées par HTLV-1." Thesis, Antilles-Guyane, 2011. http://www.theses.fr/2011AGUY0403.
Full textHTLV-1 is the etiological agent of HAM/TSP and ATL. TSP/HAM is a chronic meningomyelitis with a course being slow and progressive. HTLV-1 proviral load correlates with disease progression. Tax protein modulates the synthesis and function of proteins involved in the regulation of infected T-lymphocytes proliferation and survival. Viral expression is not always detectable in vivo. An epigenetic modulation by the use of HDAC inhibitors has been proposed. A study in the BLV model and an in vitro study in a HTLV-1 infection have lead to a therapeutic assay in order to assess VPA in the treatment of HAM/TSP. This assay did not show any impact on the proviral load. We evaluated the impact of VPA treatment on viral genome expression in cultured lymphocytes, especially the balance between Tax and HBZ. A third of provirus-positive CD4+ T cells spontaneously became Tax-positive. The estimation rose up to two-thirds of Tax-positive infected cells when VPA was added. VPA enhanced Gag p19 protein release. VPA treatment enhanced and prolonged Tax mRNA expression, while it blocked HBZ expression. Our data are consistent with the hypothesis of a feed-back loop coordinating Tax and HBZ expression. Modulation of HBZ expression may impact the net outcome of VPA treatment on HTLV-1-infected cell proliferation and survival
RABBIA, ISABELLE. "Evolution de la viremie chez les patients atteints d'une hepatite chronique a virus c traites par interferon alpha : recherche d'une correlation entre la viremie et la reponse au traitement." Toulouse 3, 1993. http://www.theses.fr/1993TOU31510.
Full textHULIER, ELISABETH. "Iteractions entre l'infection par les virus de l'immunodeficience et l'infection palustre. Qualification des charges virales et parasitaires." Paris 6, 1995. http://www.theses.fr/1995PA066347.
Full textGustavsen, Julia Anne. "Drivers of viral diversity and community compositional change over spatial and temporal scales in coastal British Columbia." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/58045.
Full textScience, Faculty of
Earth, Ocean and Atmospheric Sciences, Department of
Graduate
Fléchelles, Olivier. "Études épidémiologiques régionales et nationales des infections virales respiratoires sévères de l’enfant : intérêts pour la prise en charge préventive et curative." Thesis, Antilles, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018ANTI0371/document.
Full textRespiratory viruses are responsible for much pediatric pathology with significant morbidity. These viruses are well known for a long time but are subject to constant changes. The development of antibiotics, antivirals, intensive care, vaccination, knowledge on hygiene has modified the impact of these viruses on human populations. Our predominantly urban lifestyles support local viral spread by bringing almost all children together in nurseries or schools. In the same way, the large use of modern transport facilities especially air transport (which connect all continents between them) facilitate the world viral spread. In this new environment, should we apply the same medical reasoning all over the world to fight against these infections? This thesis brings new knowledge on this topic, focusing on influenza virus and syncytial respiratory virus:1) During Influenza A(H1N1)pdm09, hospitalizations of children with asthma increase, but they were least often to be ventilated during their pediatric intensive care stay.2) The value of vaccination against the pandemic virus to reduce the use of assisted ventilation in children hospitalized in Pediatric Intensive Care Unit.3) Canada did not experience a third pandemic wave in 2010 because of a massive vaccination campaign that, even late, was effective one year later.4) The bronchiolitis season in the tropics is different from what we know in temperate countries. It is mandatory to adjust management recommendations in the light of regional data.By describing the kinetics and impact of the 2009 influenza pandemic on children in pediatric intensive care in Canada from October 2009 to March 2011, comparing this cohort to a similar cohort in France, and comparing 2 epidemics of VRS in Martinique (French West Indies) in 2007 and 2008 with those that have been carried out in temperate countries, this thesis is an example why we have to constantly question our knowledge because of climate change, change in society and medical knowledge evolution
Leung, Edward W. Y. "To determine the quantitative changes to the Epstein Barr viral load in transplant recipients." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.401464.
Full textSvobodová, Karolína. "Návrh guerillové kampaně pro společnost Baliarne obchodu Poprad." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta podnikatelská, 2016. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-240557.
Full textQuam, Mikkel B. "Imported infections’ importance : global change driving Dengue dynamics." Doctoral thesis, Umeå universitet, Epidemiologi och global hälsa, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-118645.
Full textDownes, Joan Ellen. "Role of TLR Signalling in the Induction of Changes in Haematopoiesis by Viral and Bacterial Agents." Thesis, University of Liverpool, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.507513.
Full textTrubl, Gareth. "Pioneering Soil Viromics to Elucidate Viral Impacts on Soil Ecosystem Services." The Ohio State University, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1543425468999981.
Full textKuzio, Sylvain. "Automatisation et optimisation de l'activité biologie moléculaire d'un laboratoire d'analyses de biologie médicale." Bordeaux 2, 2000. http://www.theses.fr/2000BOR28732.
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