Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Charles (1809-1882)'

Orientador : Roberto de Andrade Martins<br>Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-17T09:00:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Castaneda_LuziaAurelia_D.pdf: 14078463 bytes, checksum: 7b7fd486cc155059230365ab03a9798a (MD5) Previous issue date: 1992<br>Doutorado<br>Genetica e Evolução<br>Doutor em Ciências Biológicas

Orientador: Milton Jose de Almeida<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-07-23T07:14:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Camargo_LilianaGuimaraesPompeude_M.pdf: 5715692 bytes, checksum: 96ccd244b7109b2e40a9c4331cecb7e1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 1997<br>Resumo: O estudo das idéias e valores acerca do mundo natural nos faz ver que a relação do homem com a natureza assume diversas formas, dependendo dos interesses da sociedade da época. Atualmente, com a contribuição da enorme divulgação e circulação das questões ecológicas, tudo o que se relaciona à natureza é considerado bom e verdadeiro e ruim quando o homem a degrada. Imagens ligadas à natureza atribuem idéias de verdade e confiabilidade a valores sociais. Assim, a produção dos vídeos, devido ao aprimoramento do desenvolvimento tecnológico, toma-se cada vez melhor e mais elaborada no sentido de transmitir imagens/sons cada vez mais carregadas de realismo. Esse realismo aliado à linguagem exageradamente antropomórfica das fitas de vídeo sobre comportamento animal nos dá a idéia/imagem de que os animais são dotados de ações e sentimentos morais. E os animais, pertencendo ao mundo natural. fazem com que essas ações e sentimentos sejam considerados verdadeiros e, portanto, aceitos<br>Abstract: The study of ideas and values about the natural world makes us perceive that the relationship between man and nature assumes a variety of forms,depending on the interests of society at that time. At the moment<br>Mestrado<br>Ciencias Sociais Aplicadas à Educação<br>Mestre em Educação

Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Mecânica, 2016.<br>Submitted by Marianna Gomes (mariannasouza@bce.unb.br) on 2016-12-13T18:55:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_LuizHenriqueMoraisAguiar.pdf: 16115783 bytes, checksum: ad7604ccf3f5d5bec7110b8b1cf614ef (MD5)<br>Approved for entry into archive by Raquel Viana(raquelviana@bce.unb.br) on 2017-02-09T21:17:48Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_LuizHenriqueMoraisAguiar.pdf: 16115783 bytes, checksum: ad7604ccf3f5d5bec7110b8b1cf614ef (MD5)<br>Made available in DSpace on 2017-02-09T21:17:48Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016_LuizHenriqueMoraisAguiar.pdf: 16115783 bytes, checksum: ad7604ccf3f5d5bec7110b8b1cf614ef (MD5)<br>O presente trabalho propõe um modelo evolucionário para simulação da evolução da camuflagem em seres vivos virtuais na presença de seus predadores. Neste modelo contém gerente, ambiente, presas, predadores, recursos para as presas, recursos para os predadores e recursos compartilhados. Foram definidos seus atributos e comportamentos básicos incluindo as relações entre eles. A partir do modelo geral, duas aplicações específicas foram propostas: (a) o caso particular dos lebistes (Poecilia reticulata) estudado por John A. Endler. Os predadores se alimentam dos lebistes que, por sua vez, se alimentam de outros recursos. Os três elementos do modelo (predador, lebiste e os recursos dos lebistes) estão inseridos no ambiente; e (b) um cenário fictício que simula um ambiente com espécies terrestres de presas e predadores, onde as presas representam uma espécie herbívora que possue plantas como recurso alimentar ao mesmo tempo que são recursos alimentares dos predadores. Além disso, há lagos que representam recursos compartilhados por ambas as espécies. Os atributos e comportamentos dos organismos simulados foram modelados a partir de pesquisa por observação. Um software computacional de simulação foi desenvolvido com base no modelo proposto com a finalidade de validá-lo. Os resultados obtidos a partir de simulações utilizando o software mostram que o modelo proposto atinge um nível satisfatório em relação ao trabalho biológico utilizado como referência. A ferramenta de simulação pode principalmente ser utilizada por pesquisadores que precisam trabalhar com diversas variáveis para compreensão de modelos complexos de interação entre presas e predadores, podendo auxiliar na tomada de decisão sobre problemas de conservação de espécies além de possuir um carácter didático, podendo ser utilizado para demonstrar e estudar o processo de evolução dos seres vivos pela seleção natural.<br>This paper proposes an evolutionary model for simulation of the evolution of camouflage in virtual living beings in presence of predators. In this model contains a manager, an environment, preys, predators, resources for preys, resources for predators and shared resources. Their basics attributes and behaviors were defined beyond the relations among them. From the general model, two specific applications have been proposed: (a) the particular case of guppies (Poecilia reticulata) studied by John A. Endler. The predators feed of guppies and they feed of other resources. The three elements of model (predator, guppy and resource of guppy) are inserted in the environment; and (b) a fictitious scenario that simulates an environment with terrestrial species of preys and predators, which preys represent an herbivorous specie that take plants as food resources and are food resources for predators. Furthermore, there are lakes that represent shared resources for both species. The simulated organism' attributes and behaviors were modeled from researches through observation. A computational software was developed based on proposed model in order to validate it. The results obtained by simulations using the software show that the proposed model reaches a satisfactory level in relation to the biological work used as reference. The simulation tool can mainly be used by researchers who need to work with several variables for understanding of complex interaction models between preys and predators to assist in decision-making on species conservation issues and it has a didactic character and can be used to demonstrate and study the process of evolution of living beings by natural selection as well.

L'examen des éthiques évolutionnistes contemporaines depuis l'émergence de la sociobiologie en 1975 souligne avec force une tension déjà présente dans l'approche évolutionniste de la moralité de Darwin et qui appelle à prendre en compte l'ontogenèse de la moralité humaine ordinaire. Cette démarche permet d'éclairer en retour la question des analogues de la moralité humaine dans le monde animal et tout spécialement chez les grands singes. Ce travail propose un itinéraire, à travers l'interprétation de l'œuvre de Charles Darwin et l'étude approfondie des recherches contemporaines en éthique évolutionniste, en psychologie du développement moral et en primatologie, pour réexaminer l'extension du phénomène moral parmi les espèces animales

Esta tese, inserida na linha de pesquisa História da Biologia e Ensino, destinou-se à introdução de episódios da História da Ciência em aulas de ciências do segmento Fundamental II da escola básica, em especial, na modalidade de ensino de Educação de Jovens e Adultos (EJA). A tese foi organizada em duas partes. A Parte I discorre sobre a abordagem histórica, segundo dois objetivos gerais principais: promover a compreensão de conceitos científicos atuais, relacionados à teoria evolutiva dos seres vivos, e desenvolver uma percepção informada dos estudantes sobre as características da cie?ncia e, mais particularmente, do processo de investigação científica. O episódio da história da biologia selecionado foi o modo pelo qual um mesmo material biológico, o peixe elétrico, foi estudado por diferentes naturalistas dos séculos XVII ao XIX. O interesse foi o de conhecer as principais explicações dadas para o fenômeno, considerado, primeiramente, no âmbito mecânico e corpuscular e, mais tarde, elétrico, sendo retomado, no século XIX, no âmbito da teoria evolutiva. O estudo histórico foi focalizado no fato dos órgãos elétricos de peixes pertencentes a diferentes grupos taxonômicos terem sido considerados por Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) como uma dificuldade especial para o seu princípio de seleção natural. Este estudo indicou a solução apontada pelo naturalista inglês e comparou-a com o conhecimento científico atual uma vez que esse estudo histórico original se destinou ao ensino-aprendizagem de um conjunto de conceitos relacionados ao princípio da seleção natural como ensinado hoje na escola básica. O estudo histórico seguiu a metodologia de pesquisa em história da ciência, por meio de análise de fontes primárias, à luz de fontes secundárias. A Parte II da tese discorre sobre a pesquisa empírica realizada para a introdução do estudo histórico no ensino de ciências da EJA, que foi realizada por meio do planejamento, validação, implementação e avaliação de uma Sequência Didática (SD). A construção e a validação da Sequência Didática seguiram os parâmetros estabelecidos por Méheut e Psillos (2004). A pesquisa empírica foi feita segundo a metodologia da pesquisa-ação, pela professor-pesquisadora, e com alunos da EJA do município de São Paulo. A triangulação dos dados obtidos foi feita a partir de fotografias, gravações audiovisuais das aulas, registros diversos dos alunos ao longo da sequência didática, incluindo respostas a questionário prévio (pré-teste) e posterior (pós-teste) à sequência didática, entrevista semiestruturada, entrevista estruturada e as anotações da professora-pesquisadora. A análise dos dados levantados seguiu metodologia qualitativa de pesquisa em educação científica, baseando-se em Bogdan e Biklen (2014) e na análise de conteúdo segundo Bardin (1994). Como resultados principais da pesquisa empírica sobre a abordagem histórica da cie?ncia no ensino de ciências/biologia na Educação de Jovens e Adultos, destacaram-se: o aumento no número de alunos com percepções mais informadas sobre ciências e a compreensão, pela maioria dos estudantes, do princípio da seleção natural para explicar a origem das espécies, conteúdo científico atual, considerado complexo e distante do dia a dia dos estudantes<br>This thesis, History of Biology and Education part of the research line, was designed to introduce Science History episodes in elementary school science classes, mainly in Youth and Adult Education (YAE). The historical approach had two objectives in science teaching: promoting understanding of current scientific concepts related to the evolutionary theory of living beings and develop a perception on the characteristics of science and scientific inquiry. The first part of the thesis discusses the historical research and specially the episode in selected science history in which the same biological material - electric fish - were studied by different naturalists of the seventeenth to the nineteenth century. The interest was to know the main explanations for the phenomenon, first considered in a corpuscular and mechanical level, and then in an electric one, taken in the nineteenth century, in the context of evolutionary theory. The historical study was focused on the fact that the electric organs of fish belonging to different taxonomic groups were considered by Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) as a special difficulty for the principle of natural selection. This study indicated the approach adopted by English naturalist and compared it to the current scientific knowledge since this original historical study was devoted to the learning of a set of concepts related to the natural selection principle. The historical study followed the methodology research in history of science, through analysis of primary sources, in the light of secondary sources. The second part of the thesis is an empirical research that discusses the introduction of history of science in science education. The introduction of historical study in science education to adult education students was through planning, validation, implementation and evaluation of a Teaching Learning Sequence (TLS). The construction and validation of the TLS followed the parameters established by Méheut and Psillos (2004). The empirical research has been done according to the action-research methodology; the teacher-researcher, and YAE students in a public school, São Paulo. The triangulation of data was made from photographs, audiovisual recordings of classes, many student records along the teaching learning sequence, including answers to previous questionnaire (pre-test) and after (post-test) to the instructional sequence, semi-structured interviews, structured interviews and the teacher-researcher notes. The analysis of the following qualitative data, followed a methodology researched in the science education based on the authors Bogdan and Biklen (2014) and content analysis based on Bardin (1994). The main results of empirical research on the historical approach of science in science/biology education at the Youth and Adult Education are the increasing in the number of students with more informed perceptions about science and understanding the principle of natural selection to explain the origin of species - a current scientific content, considered complex and far from students\' daily lives

L’Origine des espèces à partir d’un ascendant commun par sélection naturelle (1859) de Charles Darwin (1809-1882), a introduit l’évolution, le temps infini et l’histoire dans le destin de l’homme, proposé la découverte du merveilleux dans le réel, et inspiré d’abord les romanciers réalistes, puis le roman préhistorique, d’aventure et de science-fiction. L’évolution est illustrée scientifiquement par Haeckel, Kupka, Brehm et Gosse. Elle stimule en France l’anthropologie préhistorique ; on représente ancêtres et chaînons manquants parmi les objets de fouille minutieusement copiés. Elle autorise pour Degas et Cormon la fluidité des corps et Duranty l’identifie dans les artefacts humains depuis la haute antiquité. Odilon Redon, puis Jean Carriès, transforme avec une fausse naïveté la faune observée par Darwin en un bestiaire imaginaire. L’Allemagne assimile le darwinisme à Goethe et au romantisme et s’oriente vers l’anthropologie des mythes ; Klinger illustre la lutte pour la vie humaine et animale. Bientôt la veine réaliste s’épuise dans la représentation ; le désenchantement s’installe en Europe, traduit par le symbolisme en peinture et dans l’Art Nouveau. L’évolution (qui ne conduit pas nécessairement au progrès et certainement jamais à la perfection) s’y intègre. Böcklin, Moreau, la Sécession viennoise, voient dans l’évolution la parenté entre les êtres et l’énergie vitale sans pré-détermination. Bon goût, beau idéal et sens moral de John Ruskin, volent en éclat devant « l’esthétique physiologique » évolutionnaire selon Grant Allen. Pour les architectes, l’évolution est une nécessité qui accompagne le fonctionnalisme. Le débat sur l’évolution comme ‘élément culturel nouveau’ ou ‘contre-culture’ fut présent tout au long du XIXe. La science l’avait depuis longtemps acceptée<br>On the Origin of Species by means of natural selection (1859) by Charles Darwin (1809-1882), introduced evolution, endless time and history in species destiny, seaked wonder in reality, and first inspired realistic, then prehistoric, adventure and finally science-fiction novel. Evolution was scientifically illustrated by Haeckel, Kupka, Brehm and Gosse. It boosted in France prehistoric anthropology ; ancestors and missing links were accurately represented among archaeological findings. It enabled Degas and Cormon to deal with body fluidity, and Duranty identified it in human artefacts since the most ancient antiquity. Odilon Redon, followed by Jean Carriès, shifted, with false ingenuity, the animalia observed by Darwin into an imaginary bestiary. Germany assimilated darwinism with Goethe and romanticism, and focused on myths anthropology ; Klinger illustrated human and animal struggle for life. Soon, the realistic vein in paintings and sculpture vanished; disenchantment settled in Europe, expressed by symbolism in painting and in Art Nouveau. Evolution (which does not necessarily lead to progress and certainly never to perfection) merges into then. In evolution, Böcklin, Moreau, as well as Viennese Secession, contemplate kindred beings and non-teleological vital energy. John Ruskin’s taste, ideal of beauty and moral sense, explode in front of evolutionnary « physiological aesthetics » according to Grant Allen. As to the architects, evolution was a pre-requisite, which accompanied functionalism. Debate on evolution as a ‘new cultural fact’ versus ‘a counter-culture’ was present along the whole second half of XIXth century. Science had, since long, accepted it

Thesis (DPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: In this dissertation I enquire into the status, scope and limits of human knowledge, given the fact that our perceptual and cognitive faculties are the product of evolution by natural selection. I argue that the commonsense representations these faculties provide us with yield a particular, species-specific scope on the world that does not ‘correspond’ in any straightforward way to the external world. We are, however, not bound by these commonsense representations. This particular, species-specific view of the world can be transgressed. Nevertheless, our transgressing representations remain confined to the conceptual space defined by the combinatorial possibilities of the various representational tools we possess. Furthermore, the way in which we fit representations to the external world is by means of our biologically determined epistemic orientation. Based on the fact that we are endowed with a particular set of perceptual and cognitive resources and are guided by a particular epistemic orientation, I conclude that we have a particular cognitive relation to the world. Therefore, an accurate representation for us is a particular fit (our epistemic orientation) with particular means (our perceptual and cognitive resources).<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie tesis handel oor die aard, omvang en limiete van kennis, gegewe dat ons perseptuele en kognitiewe vermoëns die resultaat van evolusie deur middel van natuurlike seleksie is. Eerstens, word daar geargumenteer dat die algemene voorstellings wat hierdie vermoëns aan ons bied ‘n partikuliere, spesie-spesifieke siening van die wêreld aan ons gee, wat nie op ‘n eenvoudige manier korrespondeer aan die werklikheid nie. Ons is egter nie gebonde aan hierdie voorstellings nie. Hierdie partikuliere, spesie-spesifieke siening van die wêreld kan oorskry word. Ons is egter wel beperk tot die konseptuele ruimte wat gedefinieër word deur die kombinatoriese moontlikhede van die voorstellingsmiddele tot ons beskikking. Verder word die manier waarop ons hierdie voorstellings aan die wêreld laat pas deur ons biologies gedetermineerde epistemiese oriëntasie bepaal. Dus, gegewe dat ons ‘n spesifieke stel perseptuele en kognitiewe vermoëns het en deur ‘n spesifieke kognitiewe epistemiese oriëntasie gelei word, staan ons in ‘n spesifieke kognitiewe verhouding tot die wêreld. ‘n Akkurate voorstelling (m.a.w. kennis vir ons) is om spesifieke vermoëns (perseptuele en kognitiewe vermoëns) op ‘n spesifieke manier (epsitemiese oriëntasie) aan die wêreld te laat pas.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:12:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3194.pdf: 1092027 bytes, checksum: b9e4747baa254d43d40a9db814e269e4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-04-14<br>Anxiety has been a well-studied subject for centuries. Nevertheless, as a circumscribed pathology, anxiety only appears in medical reports at the end of the 19th century, with the works of Sigmund Freud. From clinical observations, Freud detached Angstneurose ( anxiety neurosis ) from neurasthenia, also separating chronic anxiety from anxiety attacks. Although psychoanalytic classifications of anxiety were well-accepted until the mid 1900 s, in the following decades different factors contributed to re-orientate Psychiatry, particularly towards Biology. One important factor was the development of Psychopharmacology. With the so-called psychopharmacological revolution , which began in the 1960 s, the modern descriptive and operational - classifications of mental disorders appeared. The DSM-III (Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, in its third version), published in 1980, inaugurates a new relationship between Psychiatry and Psychopathology, although its conception of mental disorder is not a very clear one. The birth of panic disorder as a nosological category is particularly related to this change in perspective, since it takes place from the pharmacological observation of the therapeutic effects of a new drug, imipramine. In this sense, the purpose of the present study is to investigate the concepts of anxiety adopted in Psychiatry, particularly from the second half of the 19th century until the development of the DSM-IV. At first, the present study will focus on the development of Angstneurose as a clinical entity, by Freud. For that, a brief examination of the clinical terms adopted to designate anxiety states before Freud s time will be performed. Also, the transformations of the Freudian ideas concerning anxiety will be discussed, from a conceptual and diagnostic stand point. In a second moment, the historical evolution of what the diagnostic manuals for mental disorders call anxiety disorders will be investigated, emphasizing the reorganization that these new classification systems bring to the understanding of the concept of anxiety. An attempt to establish a parallel between these new nosological entities and the Freudian categories will be performed. At last, possible points of intersection between Psychiatry and Psychoanalysis, which might contribute to a better understanding of mental phenomena, will be discussed, on the basis of Freud s incursions into Biology.<br>A ansiedade tem sido objeto de interesse do pensamento ocidental há séculos. Entretanto, enquanto quadros patológicos, os chamados estados ansiosos apenas adquiriram proeminência na Psiquiatria, a partir dos trabalhos de Sigmund Freud, no final do século XIX. Ao estudar a ansiedade clínica, Freud separou a Angstneurose ( neurose de ansiedade ou neurose de angústia ) da neurastenia, e a ansiedade crônica, dos ataques de ansiedade. Embora as classificações clínicas propostas pela Psicanálise tenham sido relativamente bem aceitas no meio psiquiátrico até a primeira metade do século XX, nas décadas que se seguiram, alguns fatores contribuíram para reorientar o curso da Psiquiatria, em especial em direção à Biologia; dentre estes se destacam os avanços na área da psicofarmacologia. Com a chamada revolução psicofarmacológica, que tem seu início a partir da década de 60, constata-se o surgimento das abordagens nosográficas operacionais , em Psiquiatria, que permanecem até os nossos dias. Surgem, a partir daí, sistemas classificatórios padronizados como o DSM-III ( Diagnostic Statiscal Manual of Mental Disorders , em sua terceira versão), que irão inaugurar uma nova era de relações entre a Psiquiatria e a Psicopatologia, muito embora os modelos explicativos imanentes a estes sistemas nem sempre se encontrem explícitos. O nascimento do transtorno do pânico enquanto categoria nosográfica está intimamente ligado a esta mudança de perspectiva, tendo em vista que se dá a partir da observação dos efeitos terapêuticos de uma droga, a imipramina, sobre alguns dos sintomas do quadro clínico. Nesse sentido, o objetivo geral do presente trabalho será examinar criticamente alguns dos conceitos de ansiedade vigentes na Psiquiatria, em particular a partir da segunda metade do século XIX até a criação do DSM-IV, dando ênfase aos possíveis modelos teóricos encontrados, subjacentes às diferentes concepções. Em uma primeira etapa, o trabalho focalizará essencialmente o momento histórico fundamental da construção do diagnóstico de Angstneurose por Sigmund Freud. Para tanto, será traçado um breve histórico dos termos clínicos utilizados até a época de Freud e que de alguma maneira influenciaram o surgimento desta nova entidade nosológica. Serão discutidas também questões relativas às transformações sofridas pelo conceito freudiano de ansiedade, tanto segundo um critério diagnóstico quanto conceitual, a partir de uma análise dos principais textos de Freud sobre o tema. Em um segundo momento do trabalho, será dada atenção especial ao estudo da evolução histórica daquilo que os manuais de diagnóstico psiquiátrico têm chamado de transtornos de ansiedade , enfatizando a reorganização que estes novos sistemas classificatórios impuseram à compreensão dos fenômenos ansiosos. Um paralelo será também traçado entre as proposições iniciais de Freud e as novas entidades nosológicas, encontradas nos manuais de diagnóstico em Psiquiatria. Finalmente, serão discutidos possíveis pontos de interseção tendo por base a relação de Freud com a Biologia - entre as duas disciplinas hoje entendidas por alguns como tão diversas, Psicanálise e Psiquiatria, pontos que possam contribuir para uma compreensão mais ampla dos fenômenos mentais.

Orientador: Iara Lis Franco Schiavinatto<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas<br>Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-08T04:47:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Carula_Karoline_M.pdf: 906380 bytes, checksum: 2a50ece5eb42d46e0194249f958b9bf2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007<br>Resumo: Esta dissertação analisa as Conferências Populares da Glória, enfatizando o debate gerado na imprensa com as suas preleções que tiveram o darwinismo como tema, entre os anos de 1873 e 1880. As Conferências da Glória tiveram início em 1873, e tinham como meta divulgar um conhecimento científico entre a camada letrada da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. A temática abordada durante estes encontros estava centrada em assuntos culturais e científicos, destes enfoco o darwinismo, pois foi o que maior celeuma provocou na imprensa, com favoráveis e contrários à nova teoria. Além disso, procuro compreender como as discussões e polêmicas geradas como resultado destas conferências serviram para preparar um determinado público, em 1881, para ler o romance O mulato, de Aluísio Azevedo, e identificar as referências darwinistas existentes nele<br>Abstract: This dissertation analyses the Popular Conferences of Gloria [Conferências Populares da Glória], emphasizing the debate produced in the press about their speeches that had the Darwinism as subject, between 1873 and 1880. The Conferences had begun in 1873, and had the purpose to publicize a scientific knowledge among the erudite groups of Rio de Janeiro. The approached theme during these meetings was centered on cultural and scientific matters, and among these I emphasize the Darwinism, because it was the subject that caused great controversy on the press between who was adept and who was adverse of this theory. Moreover, I intend to understand how the discussions and controversies produced as results of these conferences served to prepare a specific audience to read, in 1881, the novel called O Mulato, written by Aluisio Azevedo, and to identify his Darwinists references on it<br>Mestrado<br>Politica, Memoria e Cidade<br>Mestre em História

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T20:30:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 5550.pdf: 829503 bytes, checksum: 5da600d47e06b675663a17677f9bfdc6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-08-30<br>Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos<br>The theory of natural selection as one of the causal processes of Darwin s theory of evolution has impacted on fields of knowledge far beyond natural sciences. This extension the employment of the logic of selection in psychology and philosophy, as can be found in Popper and Skinner is usually defined as ultra-Darwinism. Darwin s ideas and their impact following the publication of The Origin of Species were approached through Ernst Mayr interpretation. The objectives of this study were: (1) to show Darwin s influence on the works of Popper and Skinner; and (2) to present a brief comparison between Popper and Skinner s points of view concerning with the fate of societies. The method employed was an aporetic one. The main results were: (1) The logic of selection makes it possible to find common epistemological features in the works of Popper and Skinner; (2) both authors hold that scientific knowledge is a means for the investigation of culture and cultural planning; (3) both authors agree that essentialistic theoretical beliefs are an obstacle for technological advances and cause of delay in the development of civilization; (4) they are contemporary with events of worldwide impact brought about by mankind throughout the twentieth century that had a great impact on their works.<br>A teoria da seleção natural como um dos processos causais da teoria da evolução de Darwin atingiu áreas de conhecimento bem além das ciências naturais. Essa expansão o emprego da lógica selecionista na psicologia e na filosofia, que encontramos em autores como Popper e Skinner é o que usualmente se define como ultradarwinismo. As idéias de Darwin, assim como seus efeitos após a publicação de A Origem das Espécies, foram abordadas a partir da interpretação fornecida por Ernst Mayr. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos: (1) Demonstrar a influência do autor inglês nos textos de Popper e Skinner, e (2) Apresentar breves comparações do que produziu Popper com a visão de Skinner como autores preocupados com o destino das sociedades. O método utilizado foi o aporético. Os principais resultados encontrados foram: (1) a lógica selecionista permite evidenciar elementos epistemológicos comuns nos trabalhos de Popper e de Skinner; (2) ambos os autores apontam o conhecimento científico como via de investigação e planejamento cultural; (3) ambos entendem que posições teóricas essencialistas funcionam como obstáculo para o avanço tecnológico e como causa de atraso no desenvolvimento das civilizações; (4) eles são contemporâneos de eventos de impacto mundial promovidos pelo homem no séc. XX, os quais influenciaram as teorias produzidas por ambos.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:16:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernando Moreno Castilho.pdf: 1212881 bytes, checksum: 82b2800cd48eb04a8d3b3f4663ac6d69 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010-05-21<br>Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo<br>Among the books written by Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882) the Origin of species (1859) is the best known. However, in such book he did not deal with man. He had dealt with this subject in two books which were published later: The expression of emotions in man and animals (1872) and The descent of man (1871). This dissertation aims to elucidate if Darwin had presented the same ways of modification of the species in The origin of species and The expression of emotions in man and animals. It will be also taken into account some conceptions presented by him in The descent of man. This study contains an introduction and three chapters. Chapter 1 deals with some of Darwin s contributions offering an overview of the main ways of modification found in the Origin of species. Chapter 2 analyses the ways of modification of species found in The expression of emotions in man and animals. Chapter 3 offers a comparison between the conceptions found in both books as well as providing some final remarks on the subject. This study led to the conclusion that the ways of modification of species proposed in both books are the same: natural selection, sexual selection, inheritance of acquired characteristics. Besides that, it may be found an analogy between natural and artificial selection in both of them. However, in The expression of emotions in man and animals Darwin stressed the role of the inheritance of acquired characteristics in order to explain some patterns of behaviour in man and other animals. It can also be pointed out that several conceptions found in The Expression had inspired some more recent works contributing for the building of the discipline Ethology, in the 1960 s<br>Dentre os livros escritos por Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882), o Origem das espécies (1859) é o mais conhecido. Entretanto, nesta obra ele não lidou com o homem. Ele tratou deste assunto em duas obras que publicou posteriormente: na Expressão das emoções no homem e nos animais (1872) e na Origem do homem (1871). O objetivo desta dissertação é elucidar se Darwin apresentou os mesmos meios de modificação das espécies nessas duas obras. Serão também consideradas as concepções apresentadas na Origem do homem. Esta dissertação contém uma introdução e três capítulos. O capítulo 1 trata de algumas contribuições de Darwin oferecendo uma visão geral dos principais meios de modificação das espécies encontrados no Origem das espécies. O capítulo 2 analisa os meios de modificação das espécies encontrados no livro Expressão das emoções no homem e nos animais. O capítulo 3 apresenta uma comparação das concepções encontradas nos dois livros bem como algumas considerações finais sobre o assunto. Este estudo levou à conclusão de que os meios de modificação das espécies apresentados nas duas obras consideradas são os mesmos: seleção natural, seleção sexual, herança de caracteres adquiridos pelo uso e desuso. Entretanto, na Expressão das emoções no homem e nos animais, Darwin enfatizou o papel da herança de caracteres adquiridos para explicar alguns padrões de comportamento no homem e em outros animais. Pode ser também apontado que diversas concepções encontradas no livro Expressão das emoções no homem e nos animais serviram de inspiração para trabalhos mais recentes contribuindo para a construção da disciplina Etologia, na década de 1960

Nietzsche comme Darwin envisagent la morale de manière évolutive, comme l'héritage temporaire de diverses sédimentations successives. Nietzsche comme Darwin remettent à plat toute une tradition antérieure, philosophique pour l'un, biologique et naturaliste pour l'autre. Tous deux poussent à voir la morale, certes comme un ensemble de règles et d'interdits structurant une société, mais comme un ensemble relatif, déterminé par des contextes, des environnements, des physiologies extra-morales. Le philosophe, comme le scientifique, eux mêmes inscrits dans une histoire et une évolution toujours inachevée à l'heure actuelle, font exploser les normes et les catégories morales anciennes, qu'elles soient métaphysiques, révélées, éternelles, fixes et définitives. Et tous deux, en observant, expliquant et critiquant la morale,provoquent une interrogation sur ses marges et son dépassement, par-delà d'ailleurs la science et la philosophie : qu'est-ce que l'individu pour le troupeau, qu'est-ce que l'homme pour son espèce ?<br>Nietzsche as Darwin are considering morality in an evolutionary way, as the legacy of various, impermanent and successive layers. Nietzsche as Darwin take a new look at an earlier tradition, one philosophical for the former, one biological and naturalist for the latter. Both evoke morals, indeed as a set of rules and prohibitions structuring a society, but morals as relative, determined by contexts, environments, extra-moral physiologies. The philosopher, like the scientist, whoare themselves enrolled in history and evolution which is yet incomplete, burst standards and old moral categories, whether metaphysical, revealed, eternal, fixed and final. And both, observing, explaining and criticizing the morality, are questionning its margins and its limits, beyond science and philosophy: what does the individual to the herd, what is the man for his species?

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:24:19Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-09-02Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:52:11Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 mottola_n_me_rcla.pdf: 359757 bytes, checksum: 647c20048f335ae16df7f299898b7f99 (MD5)<br>Analisou-se aqui o modo como o conceito de evolução, elaborado por Lamarck e Darwin, é apresentado nos livros didáticos de Biologia, selecionados pelo Programa Nacional do Livro Didático para o Ensino Médio (PNLEM), distribuídos em 2007 para todas as escolas da rede pública do Brasil. Para essa análise, foram consideradas as cinco teorias de Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882), presente em sua obra A Origem das Espécies, a saber: a evolução propriamente dita, a ancestralidade comum, o gradualismo, a multiplicação das espécies e a seleção natural. E, também, as quatro leis da transformação dos animais, de Jean Baptiste Antoine de Monet de Lamarck (1744-1829). Utilizamos os procedimentos de coleta e análise de dados com base em abordagens de natureza qualitativa. Como principais resultados encontramos uma visão reducionista da teoria transformista de Lamarck, limitada a duas leis não centrais em sua obra nem de sua autoria, bem como a presença, em algumas obras, de um antagonismo entre o lamarckismo e fundamentação científica. Com relação à obra darwiniana, constatou-se que na maioria dos livros didáticos está ausente uma referência às idéias relativas à ancestralidade comum, ao gradualismo e à multiplicação das espécies. Também foi possível observar que, em alguns manuais didáticos, há uma visão a - histórica da ciência, a falta de uma contextualização sociocultural e uma carência em relação à história e à filosofia da biologia. Nesse sentido, há um prejuízo na compreensão das idéias contidas nas obras de Lamarck e Darwin, acarretando uma limitação no entendimento do conceito de evolução<br>We analyzed here how the concept of evolution, developed by Lamarck and Darwin, is presented in textbooks of Biology, selected by the National Textbook Program for high school (PNLEM), selected in 2007 for all public schools in the Brazil. For this analysis, we considered the five theories of Charles Robert Darwin (1809-1882), present in his work The Origin of Species, namely: the actual evolution, the common descent, the gradualism, the multiplication of species and the natural selection. Also, the four laws of transformation of animals, Jean Baptiste Antoine de Monet de Lamarck (1744-1829). We use the data collection and analysis of data based on qualitative approaches. The main results, we find a reductionist view of Lamarck's theory transvestite, limited to two laws do not even central in his work of his own, as well as the presence, in some works, an antagonism between Lamarckism and scientific reasoning. With reference to the work Darwinian, it was found that in most textbooks is missing a reference to the ideas on common ancestry, the gradualism, and the multiplication of species. Was also observed that in some textbooks, there is a vision – of historical science, the lack of a socio-cultural context and a lack in relation to history and philosophy of biology. In this sense, there is a loss to understand the ideas embodied in works of Lamarck and Darwin, leading to a limitation in understanding of the concept of evolution

Orientador: Prof. Dr. Charles Morphy D. Santos<br>Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Federal do ABC, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ensino, História, Filosofia das Ciências e Matemática, 2014.<br>Desde a publicação da obra máxima de Charles Darwin, On the origin of species, em meados do século XIX, a teoria da evolução tem passado por inúmeras reinterpretações e refinamentos. O objetivo principal do presente trabalho foi o de estabelecer os fundamentos conceituais para um Darwinismo Estendido, a partir de elementos da Síntese Estendida da Evolução, e definir os limites para uma extensão / ressignificação da teoria evolutiva. São também discutidas as bases para uma teoria da evolução que relacione o darwinismo tradicional com alguns dos seus importantes desdobramentos dos últimos cinquenta anos, tais como a biologia evolutiva do desenvolvimento, herança epigenética, a plasticidade fenotípica e a auto-organização de sistemas complexos. Partindo de uma análise geral dos requisitos conceituais de um Darwinismo Estendido, foi realizada uma análise histórica do conceito de evolução, discutindo a necessidade de uma nova teoria evolutiva estendida. Além disso, o conceito central do darwinismo ortodoxo, a seleção natural, foi rediscutido à luz dos desenvolvimentos recentes da teoria evolutiva. Em um Darwinismo Estendido, o mecanismo da seleção natural perde o seu potencial criativo, como era considerado na Síntese Moderna dos anos 1930-1940, e passa a atuar apenas a partir da variação determinada tanto pelo acaso (por mutações e recombinações cromossômicas), quanto por fatores como auto-organização e módulos dinâmicos. O controverso conceito de espécie também foi discutido aqui em um contexto que procura levar em conta a natureza contínua do processo evolutivo. Por fim, foram apresentadas algumas possíveis repercussões de um Darwinismo Estendido para o quadro conceitual epistemológico da teoria evolutiva.<br>Since the publication of Charles Darwin's masterpiece, On the origin of species, in the mid nineteenth century, the theory of evolution has gone through numerous reinterpretations and refinements. The main objective of the present work was to establish the conceptual foundations for an Extended Darwinism, based on elements from the Extended Synthesis of Evolution, and to define the limits toward an extension / reframing of the evolutionary theory. It was also discussed the basis for a theory of evolution which relates the traditional Darwinism with some of their important developments of the last fifty years, such as evolutionary developmental biology, epigenetic inheritance, phenotypic plasticity and self-organization of complex systems. Starting with an overview of the conceptual requirements of an Extended Darwinism, a historical analysis of the concept of evolution was performed, discussing the need for a new extended evolutionary theory. Moreover, the central concept of the orthodox Darwinism, natural selection, was revisited in light of recent developments in evolutionary theory. In an Extended Darwinism, the mechanism of natural selection loses its creative potential, as was considered Modern Synthesis during the 1930-1940s, and begins to act only from variation determined by chance (mutations and chromosomal recombinations), as well as by factors such as self-organization and dynamic modules. The controversial species concept was also discussed here in a context that seeks to take into account the continuous nature of the evolutionary process. Finally, some of the possible repercussions of an Extended Darwinism to the epistemological conceptual framework of the evolutionary theory were presented.

Richard Rorty found Friedrich Nietzsche’s critique of epistemology (perspectivism) to be a helpful tool in getting us to stop thinking of knowledge as something we find, and instead as something that we create. He also found perspectivism to be a helpful tool in that of the private sphere, of private self-creation. The Nietzsche that provides perspectivism is “The Good Nietzsche”. Rorty, however, conceived of Nietzsche’s ideas as being absolutely useless when it comes to politics, along with his ideas regarding morality, the Will to Power, and the Übermensch. These are the ideas of “The Bad Nietzsche”. Rorty’s actual usage of Nietzsche’s ideas, however, defies such easy, self-defined categorization, because these ideas extend outside of their spheres into the realm of politics in Rorty’s own writings. Most traditional analyses of the relationship between Nietzsche and Rorty as it regards politics tend to focus on Nietzsche. By focusing on Rorty’s appropriation of Nietzsche, through looking at his extensive writings and interviews, a more subtle, and complex relationship between Nietzsche’s various ideas and Rorty’s politics is seen to exist.

The worlds of Dickens's novels and of Darwin's science reveal striking similarity in spite of their involvement in different areas. The similarity comes from the fact that they shared the ethos of Victorian society: laissez-faire capitalism. In The Origin of Species, which was published on 1859, Charles Darwin theorizes that nature has evolved through the rules of natural selection, survival of the fittest, and the struggle for existence. Although his conclusion comes from the scientific evidence that was acquired from his five-year voyage, it is clear that Dawinian nature is reflected in cruel Victorian capitalism. Three novels of Charles Dickens which were published around 1859, Bleak House, Hard Times, and Our Mutual Friend, share Darwinian aspects in their fictional worlds. In Bleak House, the central image, the Court of Chancery as the background of the novel, resembles Darwinian nature which is anti-Platonic in essence. The characters in Hard Times are divided into two groups: the winners and the losers in the arena of survival. The winners survive in Coketown, and the losers disappear from the city. The rules controlling the fates of Coketown people are the same as the rules of Darwinian nature. Our Mutual Friend can be interpreted as a matter of money. In the novel, everything is connected with money, and the relationship among people is predation to get money. Money is the central metaphor of the novel and around the money, the characters kill and are killed like the nature of Darwin in which animals kill each other. When a dominant ideology of a particular period permeates ingredients of the society, nobody can escape the controlling power of the ideology. Darwin and Dickens, although they worked in different areas, give evidence that their works are products of the ethos of Victorian England.

Richard Rorty found Friedrich Nietzsche’s critique of epistemology (perspectivism) to be a helpful tool in getting us to stop thinking of knowledge as something we find, and instead as something that we create. He also found perspectivism to be a helpful tool in that of the private sphere, of private self-creation. The Nietzsche that provides perspectivism is “The Good Nietzsche”. Rorty, however, conceived of Nietzsche’s ideas as being absolutely useless when it comes to politics, along with his ideas regarding morality, the Will to Power, and the Übermensch. These are the ideas of “The Bad Nietzsche”. Rorty’s actual usage of Nietzsche’s ideas, however, defies such easy, self-defined categorization, because these ideas extend outside of their spheres into the realm of politics in Rorty’s own writings. Most traditional analyses of the relationship between Nietzsche and Rorty as it regards politics tend to focus on Nietzsche. By focusing on Rorty’s appropriation of Nietzsche, through looking at his extensive writings and interviews, a more subtle, and complex relationship between Nietzsche’s various ideas and Rorty’s politics is seen to exist.

The thesis is that contrary to the received popular wisdom, the combination of David Hume's sceptical enquiry and Charles Darwin's provision of an alternative theoretical framework to the then current paradigm of natural theology did not succeed in defeating the design argument. I argue that William Paley's work best represented the status quo in the philosophy of biology circa 1800 and that with the logical mechanisms provided us by William Dembski in his seminal work on probability, there is a strong argument for thr work of Michael Behe to stand in a similar position today to that of Paley two centuries ago. The argument runs as follows: In Sections 1 and 2 of Chapter 1 I introduce the issues. In Section 3 I argue that William Paley's exposition of the design argument was archetypical of the natural theology school and that given Hume's already published criticism of the argument, Paley for one did not feel the design argument to be done for. I further argue in Section 4 that Hume in fact did no such thing and that neither did he see himself as having done so, but that the design argument was weak rather than fallacious. In Section 5 I outline the demise of natural theology as the dominant school of thought in the philosophy of biology, ascribing this to the rise of Darwinism and subsequently neo-Darwinism. I argue that design arguments were again not defeated but went into abeyance with the rise of a new paradigm associated with Darwinism, namely methodological naturalism. In Chapter 2 I advance the project by a discussion of William Dembski's formulation of design inferences, demonstrating their value in both everyday and technical usage. This is stated in Section 1. In Sections 2 and 3 I discuss Dembski's treatment of probability, whilst in Section 4 I examine Dembski's tying of different levels of probability to different mechanisms of explanation used in explicating the world. Section 5 is my analysis of the logic of the formal statement of the design argument according to Dembski. In Section 6 I encapsulate objections to Dembski. I conclude the chapter (with Section 7) by claiming that Dembski forwards a coherent model of design inferences that can be used in demonstrating that there is little difference between the way that Paley came to his conclusions two centuries ago and how modem philosophers of biology (such as I take Michael Behe to be, albeit that by profession he is a scientist) come to theirs when offering design explanations. Inference to the best explanation is demonstrated as lying at the crux of design arguments. In Chapter 3 I draw together the work of Michael Behe and Paley, showing through the mechanism of Dembski's work that they are closely related in many respects and that neither position is to be lightly dismissed. Section 1 introduces this. In Section 2 I introduce Behe's concept of irreducible complexity in the light of (functional) explanation. Section 3 is a detailed analysis of irreducible complexity. Section 4 raises and covers objections to Behe with the general theme being that (neo-) Darwinians beg the question against him. In Section 4 I apply the Dembskian mechanic directly to Behe's work. I argue that Behe does not quite meet the Dembskian criteria he needs to in order for his argument to stand as anything other than defeasible. However, in Section 5 I conclude by arguing that this is exactly what we are to expect from Behe's and similar theories, even within competing paradigms, in the philosophy of biology, given that inference to the best explanation is the logical lever therein at work.<br>KMBT_363<br>Adobe Acrobat 9.54 Paper Capture Plug-in

Qu'est-ce que le « milieu »? Que nous dit le milieu que ne nous dit ni l'espace, ni l'environnement, ni le monde? Etymologie signifiante que celle qui lie Ventre à l'autour, histoire problématique que celle d'un terme qui se retourne contre lui-même, contre ses origines physiques, au nom de l'irréductibilité du vivant dans sa relation constituante à son milieu. Une relation à la différence d'un rapport, présuppose que les termes mis en relation ne préexistent pas à leur mise en relation ; inutile donc de chercher qui de l'homme ou de son milieu détermine l'autre. Qu'est-ce qu'un individu vivant? Qu'est-ce qu'être en relation! Qu'est-ce qu'être-au-mz7/£w? La thèse proposée suppose que ces trois questions n'en sont qu'une. Le « mi-lieu », en tant qu'il désigne l'ambivalence de l'entre-deux, ne dit pas seulement quelque chose du vivant, il dit quelque chose de la philosophie. Contre ses âmes impatientes et sans histoire, trop pressées d'en finir avec les dualismes métaphysiques, nous voudrions montrer qu'il n'y a pas d'autre moyen de sortir du Deux que de s'y loger entre, au mi-lieu. Il faudra d'abord se rendre sensible à la prégnance du mi-lieu dans quelques textes canoniques, il faudra ensuite proposer une histoire du milieu, étant entendu que l'idée n'est pas le mot, ni le mot l'idée. Le nœud de l'analyse se concentrera sur le passage, devenu rupture, de la physique à la biologie. Il faudra être attentif à ce qu'on a pu nommer le Grand Dualisme du Monde et de la Vie. Faut-il s'y résigner?<br>What is the « milieu »? What more is there to the milieu than to space, to the environment, and to the world? The etymology that connects the "between" to the "around" is significant, as is problematic the history of a word that turns against its own self, against its physical origins, in the name of the irreducibility of the living being in its constituent relation to its milieu. A relation, as opposed to a link, presupposes that the terms brought into relation do not preexist to the interaction. It is therefore useless to seek who, of man or his milieu, determines the other. What is a living individual? What does it mean "being in relation"? What does it mean "being-to-the milieu"! This thesis assumes that these three questions are one. The "mi-lieu", designating the ambivalence of the "in-between", does not only speak of the living being, it also speaks of philosophy. Against the impatient souls without history rushing to put an end to metaphysical dualisms, we would like to show that there is no way out of the Two, other than to put oneself in between, in the mi-lieu (medium). At first, we will appreciate the pregnancy of the mi-lieu in some canonical texts. Then, we will propose a history of the milieu, given that the concept is not the word, and the word is not the concept. The core of the analysis lies in the transition, which became a breakdown, from physics to biology. Special attention will be given to what has been called the Great Dualism of the World and of Life. Do we have to surrender to it?

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:16:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Andreza Polizello.pdf: 806973 bytes, checksum: 2f1d51dd54a25808c194bffdd9f6ab2c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-05-14<br>Secretaria da Educação do Estado de São Paulo<br>Francis Galton (1822-1911) made important contributions in several fields of science. Among other things, he was the founder of the Biometric School developed by Karl Pearson and Walter Frank Raphael Weldon. The aim of this dissertation is to discuss Galton s ideas on inheritance developed during the period between 1855 (when he published his first works on the subject) and 1889 (when he published the book Natural inheritance), especially focusing his theory of stirps (1872), taking into account the other microscopic models of inheritance proposed in the 19th century. Besides that, it will compare Galton s theory of stirps to Darwin s hypothesis of pangenesis. Moreover, it will try to detect if there were significant changes in Galton s thought concerning the subject during this period. It will also try to elucidate if the low impact received by the theory of stirps was due to a weak foundation. This dissertation contains an introduction and five chapters. Chapter 1 presents some microscopic models of inheritance which were proposed during the 19th century. Chapter 2 discusses Darwin s hypothesis of pangenesis and its test made by Galton. Chapter 3 analyses Galton s theory of stirps. Chapter 4 discusses about the development of Galton s theory of heredity from 1865 to 1892. Chapter 5 provides some final remarks on the subject. This study led to the conclusion that Galton s proposal presented some peculiarities which differentiated it from the other ones of his time such as the experimental test of pangenesis, the performance of several experiments with peas, dogs and the study of genealogies and in addition to this, his concern in giving a statistical treatment to the data. A comparison between his several works showed a continuity of his thoughts on heredity with no significant changes<br>Francis Galton (1822-1911) trouxe importantes contribuições para diversos campos da ciência. Entre outras coisas, ele foi o fundador da Escola biometricista desenvolvida por Karl Pearson e Walter Frank Raphael Weldon. O objetivo desta dissertação é discutir as idéias de Galton acerca da herança desenvolvidas durante o período compreendido entre 1855 (quando ele publicou seus primeiros trabalhos sobre o assunto) e 1889 (quando ele publicou seu livro Natural inheritance), focalizando especialmente sua teoria das estirpes (1872), levando em conta os outros modelos microscópicos de herança propostos durante o século XIX. Além disso, comparará a teoria das estirpes de Galton com a hipótese da pangênese de Darwin. Procurará detectar se houve mudanças significativas no pensamento de Galton em relação ao assunto tratado durante esse período. Procurará também elucidar se o baixo impacto recebido pela teoria das estirpes se deveu a uma fundamentação fraca. Esta dissertação contém uma introdução e cinco capítulos. O Capítulo 1 apresenta alguns modelos microscópicos de herança que foram propostos durante o século XIX. O Capítulo 2 discute a hipótese da pangênese de Darwin e seu teste feito por Galton. O Capítulo 3 analisa a teoria das estirpes de Galton. O Capítulo 4 comenta sobre o desenvolvimento da teoria da hereditariedade de Galton de 1865 a 1892. O Capítulo 5 apresenta algumas considerações finais sobre o assunto. Este estudo levou à conclusão de que a proposta de Galton apresentou algumas peculiaridades que a diferenciavam das outras propostas de sua época tais como o teste experimental da pangênese, a realização de vários experimentos com ervilhas, cachorros e o estudo de genealogias e, além disso, sua preocupação em dar um tratamento estatístico aos dados. Uma comparação entre seus diversos trabalhos mostrou a existência de uma continuidade em seus pensamentos sobre hereditariedade e a ausência de mudanças significativas. Além disso, parece que o baixo impacto recebido pela teoria das estirpes de Galton não se deveu a uma fundamentação deficiente

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-28T14:16:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Enezio Eugenio de Almeida Filho.pdf: 4288341 bytes, checksum: 6d7c3e5e0f23728ac321058b96f617c8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-10-17<br>Discovery Institute - Center for Science and Culture<br>This research follows the line of History and Theory of Science that has as a goal to explain the construction of scientific thought by discussing the foundation of hypotheses and theories within their historical contexts. The goal of this thesis is to analyze Mivart´s critiques and Darwin´s answers, and to verify if they were scientifically well formulated and based considering the scientific context of that time. The reason for writing this work is an attempt to fill a gap in the History of Science about the scientific controversy between Mivart and Darwin on the role of natural selection in the origin of species. This work´s hypotheses are two: that Mivart´s critiques, despite being religiously motivated, were plausible scientifically, and that Darwin answered them fully. This research analyzes the primary sources of Mivart (Genesis of species) and Darwin's Origin of Species, and other secondary sources. The result reached was that Mivart´s critiques were indeed scientific, and that Darwin answered them according to the evidences and scientific knowledge then available<br>Esta pesquisa segue a linha de História e Teoria da Ciência que objetiva trazer esclarecimentos sobre a construção do pensamento científico através da discussão da fundamentação de hipóteses e teorias dentro do seu contexto histórico. O objetivo desta dissertação é analisar as críticas de Mivart e as respostas dadas por Darwin, e verificar se elas estavam bem formuladas e fundamentadas cientificamente considerando-se o contexto científico daquela época. A justificativa para a realização desta trabalho é tentar preencher uma lacuna em História da Ciência sobre a controvérsia científica entre Mivart e Darwin sobre o papel da seleção natural na origem das espécies. As hipóteses deste trabalho são duas: as críticas de Mivart, apesar de terem sido religiosamente fundamentadas, eram cientificamente plausíveis, e Darwin as respondeu satisfatoriamente. O aspecto teórico-metodológico foi a análise das fontes primárias de Mivart (Genesis of species) e de Darwin (Origin of species), e outras fontes secundárias. O resultado obtido foi que as críticas de Mivart eram científicas, e que Darwin respondeu-as conforme as evidências e o conhecimento científico da época

The evidence of these diaries, all written in the nineteenth century, reveals the heterogeneous nature of early settler society in the Eastern Cape. Generalizations can only be of the most tenuous kind in such a small sample; but women tend to dwell on the domestic, the men on their public lives, the most reticent about their private lives are the soldiers. There is one diary which can be described as personal; the diarists did not regard their diaries as appropriate repositories of their personal triumphs and failures. The perceptions formed in Britain about the land and people of Africa are not drastically modified upon arrival unless the diarist experiences a prolongued contact with either.

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy<br>This thesis focuses on a selection of biographical treatments of Charles Darwin dating from 1887 to 1991, and through these explores certain shifts in the purposes and assumptions of biography since the Victorian period. An introductory discussion of problematic features in standard histories of biography is followed by an overview of the biographical material that surrounds Darwin. Four works are then analysed in detail. These are: The Life and Letters of Charles Darwin edited by his son Francis Darwin. (1887); Charles Darwin: The fragmentary man by Geoffrey West (1937); Darwin and the Beagle by Alan Moorehead (1969); and Darwin by Adrian Desmond and James Moore (1991). The disparities between these works - disparities in purpose, form, and the image of Darwin that each presents - are so great that one must question whether biography is a continuous, evolving family of texts. Is it not, rather, a conglomeration of approaches to life-writing - approaches which critics have grouped into a single genre much as the ancients grouped whales with fishes, on the basis that "because certain of their structural features are analogous, they must be generically-related"? The findings of this thesis do not supply a comprehensive answer, but affirm that we need to re-evaluate concepts like "the evolution of biography". In an appendix I analyse The Life of Richard Owen by R.S. Owen (1894) and thereby reconsider certain of my conclusions about Victorian biography. (Owen was the most eminent naturalist of the era and is often supposed to have been Darwin's greatest rival, hence my choice of this particular work.)<br>AC 2018

Dissertação de mestrado em História, (Museologia), apresentada à Faculdade de Letras da Universidade de Coimbra<br>As mudanças dramáticas que as sociedades têm testemunhado nos últimos dois séculos têm deixado marcas na dinâmica dos museus. A abertura destes espaços a todos os públicos lançou novos desafios aos quais as equipas museológicas deverão responder. De utilização recente no nosso país, a avaliação museológica tem-se tornado uma óptima estratégia para os profissionais dos museus, ajudando-os a concretizar com maior rigor e qualidade o seu papel de divulgadores das ciências. Com o intuito de contribuir para o profundamento dos conhecimentos acerca da utilização das exibições como forma de divulgação científica, foi desenvolvido na exposição DARWIN 150|200 um projecto de avaliação sumativa (summative evaluation), onde foram aplicados Personal Meaning Mapping e questionários, realizadas observações e conversas informais. A elaboração deste trabalho permitiu identificar o papel que as exposições desempenham no aumento dos índices de cultura científica de todos aqueles que as visitam e identificar os factores que condicionam directamente o processo de aprendizagem em contexto museológico. Além disto, esta investigação reafirma a importância de desenvolver avaliações de exposições e de públicos nos museus.<br>The dramatic changes that societies have witnessed over the past two centuries had an impact on the dynamics of Museums. The opening of these spaces to all kinds of publics launched new challenges to which museological teams should respond. Of recent usage in our country, museological evaluation has become an excellent strategy for museum professionals, helping them to achieve with greater rigour and quality their role as communicators of science.In order to contribute to the improved knowledge about the use of exhibitions as a means of scientific divulgation, it was developed in the exhibition DARWIN 150 | 200 a project of “summative evaluation”, where it were applied Personal Meaning Mapping and questionnaires, and conducted observations and informal conversations. This work has allowed to identify the role that exhibitions play in increasing the scientific culture of all those who visit them and to identify the factors that influence directly the learning process in a museological context. Furthermore, this research reaffirms the importance of developing evaluations of museum exhibitions and publics.

The series of papers in this dissertation are aimed at testing evolutionary hypotheses concerning the adaptive advantages of religious values or experiences, a gender difference in purpose in life and the evolutionary relationship between deception and self-deception. Explanations are argued for in terms of their consequences for evolutionary fitness contributing to individual survival within the human species. Darwin's theory of natural selection within the framework of evolutionary psychology provides the theoretical background for the study. In psychology as well as in other social sciences, Darwinian theories of natural and sexual selection have been undergoing a revival with a significant upsurge of an interest in evolutionary psychology as a unifying paradigm for the understanding of human functioning as a living organism, optimising its fitness to survive the exigencies of environmental and social selection pressures. The broad or covering hypothesis addressed is that religious values or experiences, purpose in life, deception and self-deception each involve a kind of consciousness or strategic cognitive process that has evolved through the operation of natural selection due to its importance and worth for the survival of the individual. The study is empirical, conducted by using the technique of secondary analysis on the data yielded by the World Values Survey collected in 43 countries in its second wave of 1990 to 1993 as well as on a South African dataset containing variables of interest to the second and third papers of this dissertation. National aggregate data has been obtained from the United Nations Development Reports for the corresponding years under study. Findings showed a significantly positive relationship between religious values and evolutionary fitness promoting factors derived by factor analysis; a significantly greater purpose in life in females as compared to males; and a significantly positive relationship between deception and self-deception. However, the relationship between deception and evolutionary fitness promoting factors, derived by factor analysis, was inconclusive.<br>Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of Natal, 1999.

Tese de doutoramento em Letras, na área de História (História da Cultura) apresentada à Fac. de Letras da Univ. de Coimbra<br>Na introdução do nosso estudo definimos o nosso referente, a teoria da evolução darwiniana e as suas relações privilegiadas com os evolucionismos de Herbert Spencer e de Ernst Hæckel, para sabermos exactamente o que é que íamos procurar na cultura portuguesa e para podermos caracterizar o tipo de acolhimento que a filosofia, as diversas teorias da história e da sociedade fizeram do darwinismo. Além disso, procurámos transmitir uma ideia propedêutica da recepção do darwinismo em Portugal; por um lado, através das suas incidências nas ciências naturais e, por outro lado, tomando como barómetro os artigos e as notícias que se publicaram, expressamente, para homenagear o sábio inglês, por ocasião da sua morte, em 1882, e aquando do quinquagésimo aniversário da Origem das espécies, em 1909. O nosso estudo divide-se em três partes, correspondentes a três domínios (filosofia, história e engenharia social) que ordenámos segundo o critério clássico do grau de abstracção. Embora distintas, as três partes estão unidas por uma comunidade problemática que, tomada globalmente, consiste em determinar o valor que nos referidos campos foi atribuído à teoria darwiniana. Consoante as particularidades das fontes, aquela problemática comum diversifica-se em múltiplas questões. Entre estas, refira-se, nomeadamente, a averiguação e o exame das formas de apropriação e de uso que as teorias da história e da sociedade fizeram da lógica evolucionária de Darwin, entre 1865 e 1914. Na primeira parte, analisamos os efeitos produzidos pelo darwinismo na reflexão filosófica anteriana. Se o poeta filósofo não é toda a filosofia portuguesa, entre 1865 e 1914, a verdade é que ele foi o único que lutou pela salvação filosófica da ciência, em particular, da teoria científica da evolução. Antero, "o Só", como foi identificado por Manuel Laranjeira, concebeu uma metafísica evolucionista que valorizava a teoria darwiniana da evolução, mas que também via na Weltanschauung cientista um sinal dos tempos. Assim, embora Antero recuse o estatuto de filosofia ao monismo hæckeliano, atribui-lhe o mérito de mostrar que a verdadeira filosofia não podia ser construída à margem do progresso científico. O esforço único e criativo que Antero desenvolveu para conciliar a metafísica com a ciência impôs que lhe tivessemos dado um tratamento de distinção. Na segunda parte do nosso estudo, analisamos o impacto do darwinismo na história, e especialmente, na teoria teofiliana da história, nas posições dos críticos de Teófilo Braga, na "teoria da história universal" de Oliveira Martins, nos estudos de Ramalho Ortigão e, finalmente, na teoria da história da Augusto Coelho. Conforme se verificará, os modos como os referidos autores enquadram e utilizam os enunciados darwinianos da "preservação das raças favorecidas na luta pela vida" ou selecção natural, da luta inter-racial, da hereditariedade, do evolver imprevisível, etc., acusam diferenças que, em última análise, traduzem variações do chamado "mito ariano" (Léon Poliakov) que, na época considerada, recebeu a cobertura da lógica darwinista da história. A terceira parte do nosso estudo intitula-se engenharia social (conhecer para transformar) e nela abordamos a construção sociológica teofiliana, o modelo-zénite de Júlio de Matos, a apropriação do darwinismo pela teoria-prática anarquista e os reflexos da eugenia em Portugal, no período histórico em causa. O ideário acrata, com a sua fundamentação cientista, é aquele que melhor permite provar que o darwinismo se converteu num Zeitgeist; por outro lado, é o testemunho mais perturbador de que a lógica darwiniana da história serviu ideários sociais que, em rigor, estavam completamente fora dos horizontes do sábio inglês. O nosso estudo termina com o consenso alargado da elite pensante, sobretudo médica, em torno das implicações eugénicas do darwinismo. A moderação das propostas eugénicas avançadas, entre 1865 e 1914, a prudência jurídica nesta delicada matéria, aliadas a outros indicativos da época, revelam a profunda "paixão" de Portugal pela França.

This dissertation reveals that the American reception of evolution often hinged on the theory's implications for gender and that Darwinian ideas significantly shaped feminist thought in the U.S. While the impact of evolution on American culture has been widely studied, few scholars have done so using gender as a category of analysis. Similarly, evolutionary theory is largely absent from histories of American feminist thought. Yet, Darwin's ideas, specifically those in The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex (1871), had profound ramifications for gender and sex. Nineteenth century scientists and laypeople alike eagerly applied Darwin's theories to the "woman question," generally to the detriment of women. At the same time, key female activists embraced evolution as an appealing alternative to biblical gender strictures (namely the story of Adam and Eve) and enthusiastically incorporated it into their speeches and writings. My work describes how women including Antoinette Brown Blackwell, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, and Charlotte Perkins Gilman utilized Darwinian principles to challenge traditional justifications for female subordination and bolster their arguments for women's rights. Furthermore, my research demonstrates that gender roles, particularly those pertaining to courtship, marriage, and reproduction, were reformulated in accordance with Darwin's theory of sexual selection, altering popular ideas about motherhood and paving the way for eugenics and birth control. My interdisciplinary project draws on scientific and mainstream publications, the feminist press, prescriptive literature, fiction, popular culture, and archival materials, and it explores both intellectual developments and their impact on people's daily lives. I argue that evolution shifted the terms of debate from women's souls to women's bodies, encouraged feminists to claim "equivalence" rather than "equality," inspired opponents and proponents of women's rights to ground their arguments in science (most frequently biology and zoology), destigmatized sex as a topic of scientific inquiry, and galvanized support for greater female autonomy in reproductive decisions. Looking at gender, religion, and evolutionary theory in concert not only helps us more fully comprehend the construction of gender and the development of American feminism, especially its troubled relationships with religion and science, it also enriches our understanding of the American reception of Darwin.<br>text