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Journal articles on the topic 'Charter-parties'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 30 July 2024

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1

Gutsulyak, Vasiliy N. "The Types of the Charter-Parties in International Commercial Shipping." Proceedings of the Institute of State and Law of the RAS 14, no. 4 (2019): 108–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.35427/2073-4522-2019-14-4-gutsulyak.

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One of the most important tools for the use of sea and river vessels for the carriage of goods is a contract of affreightment (charter party). Under the terms of the charter-party, one party (the shipowner) transfers the vessel or part of its premises to the other party (the charterer) for the established remuneration (the freight).Despite the fact that charter-parties have long been used in the practice of shipping, however, today both in doctrine and in practice there is no unified approach to their classification and understanding of their legal nature.According to the author, at present al

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Viljoen, Frans. "Application of the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights by domestic courts in Africa." Journal of African Law 43, no. 1 (1999): 1–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s002185530000869x.

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The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights1 (hereinafter the “African Charter” or “Charter”) was adopted by the Organisation of African Unity (OAU) Assembly of Heads of State and Government in 1981. It entered into force on 21 October, 1986, after a majority of OAU member states had ratified the Charter. At present, 52 of the 53 member states have become parties: the only non-ratifying state is Eritrea.

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Pijaca, Marija, and Nikola Mandić. "Bareboat Charter Registry." Transactions on Maritime Science 5, no. 1 (2016): 48–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.7225/toms.v05.n01.006.

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The purpose of this article is to establish the concept of the bareboat charter registry and draw attention to a few significant international conventions that govern certain aspects of the bareboat charter registry. Also, the purpose is to present models which various countries apply to regulate the registration of vessels during the bareboat charter and analyse the contents of the provisions of the bareboat charter that regulate the relations between the contracting parties who wish to have the vessel registered in the bareboat charter registry. BIMCO’s Standard Bareboat Charter, also known

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Feasby, Colin. "Failing Students by Taking a Pass on the Charter in Pridgen v University of Calgary." Constitutional Forum / Forum constitutionnel 22, no. 1 (2013): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.21991/c9j380.

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What is the appropriate approach when a judge is presented with a Charter issue? Should a judge simply decide the issue based on the arguments presented by the parties? Or should a judge seek out alternative and more limited reasons for deciding the Charter issue or even reasons to avoid deciding the Charter issue altogether? There is little guidance in Canadian academic literature on these questions. This article raises these questions in the context of a concrete example—Pridgen v University of Calgary—where judges on two Courts took three different approaches to a Charter issue.

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Kiwanuka, Richard N. "The Meaning of “People” in the African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights." American Journal of International Law 82, no. 1 (1988): 80–101. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0002930000074170.

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The African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, also known as the Banjul Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, was adopted by the 18th Assembly of Heads of State and Government of the Organization of African Unity (OAU), held in Nairobi in June 1981. Contrary to some expectations, the Charter stayed in limbo for only 5 years. It entered into force on October 21, 1986, after the deposit of the 26th instrument of ratification, the number required by its Article 63(3). By April 16, 1987, there were 33 states parties to the Charter, which makes it the largest regional human rights system in exis

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Liebkind, Anina, Fredrik Norburg, and Andreas Holst. "Republic of Italy v Athena Investments A/S Before the Swedish Courts: Is There Still a Life After the CJEU’s Decision in Komstroy and PL Holdings?" European Investment Law and Arbitration Review Online 7, no. 1 (2022): 153–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24689017_0701009.

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The Swedish Court of Appeal considers the CJEU’s decisions in Republic of Poland v pl Holdings Sàrl and Republic of Moldova v Komstroy LLC regarding the validity of the arbitration clause included in Article 26 of the Energy Charter Treaty for intra-EU arbitrations, and recalls its request for a preliminary ruling in an ongoing challenge proceeding. Following up on our 2021 EILA Rev case-note, covering the parties’ submissions prior to the Court of Appeal’s request for a preliminary ruling, we further explore the parties’ recounts of the CJEU’s recent decisions and the implications under Swedi

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Liebkind, Anina, Fredrik Norburg, and Andreas Holst. "Republic of Italy v Athena Investments A/S Before the Swedish Courts: Is There Still a Life After the CJEU’s Decision in Komstroy and PL Holdings?" European Investment Law and Arbitration Review 7, Issue 1 (2022): 155–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.54648/eila2022009.

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The Swedish Court of Appeal considers the CJEU’s decisions in Republic of Poland v PL Holdings Sàrl and Republic of Moldova v Komstroy LLC regarding the validity of the arbitration clause included in Article 26 of the Energy Charter Treaty for intra-EU arbitrations, and recalls its request for a preliminary ruling in an ongoing challenge proceeding. Following up on our 2021 EILA Rev case-note, covering the parties’ submissions prior to the Court of Appeal’s request for a preliminary ruling, we further explore the parties’ recounts of the CJEU’s recent decisions and the implications under Swedi

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Frantziou, Eleni. "Case C-176/12 Association de Médiation Sociale: Some Reflections on the Horizontal Effect of the Charter and the Reach of Fundamental Employment Rights in the European Union." European Constitutional Law Review 10, no. 2 (2014): 332–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1574019614001205.

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On 15 January 2014, the Court of Justice (hereafter ‘the Court’) delivered its judgment in Association de Médiation Sociale (hereafter ‘AMS’). AMS brought for the first time before the Court the issue of horizontal applicability in relation to a provision of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights (hereafter ‘Charter’), namely Article 27 thereof, which enshrines the right of workers to information and consultation within the undertaking. The case therefore raised questions of ‘undeniable constitutional significance’, as Advocate-General Cruz Villalón had put it in his Opinion, regarding the post-

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Kioko, Ben. "The African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance as a Justiciable Instrument." Journal of African Law 63, S1 (2019): 39–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855319000044.

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AbstractThe African Charter on Democracy, Elections and Governance requires state parties to establish and strengthen democratic institutions, the rule of law, human rights and independent electoral systems. However, the extent to which these provisions can be invoked by individuals and non-governmental organizations before a court of law is uncertain. It is also unclear whether such provisions guarantee “stand-alone” individual rights and as such whether the charter could be considered to be a human rights instrument. This article seeks to analyse whether the charter is a human rights instrum

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Simanjuntak, Mangisi. "PENYELESAIAN SENGKETA BATAS LAUT ANTARA INDONESIA DENGAN NEGARA-NEGARA TETANGGA DITINJAU DARI KONVENSI PBB TAHUN 1982 TENTANG HUKUM LAUT (UNCLOS 1982)." Honeste Vivere 34, no. 2 (2024): 176–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.55809/hv.v34i2.341.

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The settlement of disputes both concerning maritime borders and the interpretation and application of the 1982 UN Convention on the law of the sea has also been regulated in articles 279 to 291 of the UN Convention. Article 279 states about the obligation to resolve disputes by peaceful means that:. States Parties shall settle any dispute between them concerning the interpretation or application of this Convention by peaceful means in accordance with article 2, paragraph 3 of the Charter of the United Nations (United Nations), and to this end shall seek settlement in the manner provided for in

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Gohar, Shaista, and Hamida Bibi. "Reflections of Charter of Democracy, 2006 in Zardari Era: A Critical Appraisal." Global Political Review VII, no. II (2022): 51–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.31703/gpr.2022(vii-ii).07.

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The two leading political parties of Pakistan, the Pakistan Peoples Party and Pakistan Muslim League (N)'s leaders, had passed some bitter political experiences. Both the parties also learnt a lesson from their respective exiles by President Musharraf and agreed to conclude the Charter of Democracy (CoD) in 2006 in London to strengthen the culture of democracy in Pakistan. However, the demise of Benazir Bhutto in 2007 paved the way for the PPP's newleadership, Asif Ali Zardari, to rule the country after the victory in the2008 General Elections. This paper attempts to highlight the main pledges

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Kitharidis, Sophocles. "The Power of Article 103 of the un Charter on Treaty Obligations." Journal of International Peacekeeping 20, no. 1-2 (2016): 111–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18754112-02001008.

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Understanding Article 103 of the Charter of the United Nations (un Charter) has proven to be complex and controversial. This provision stipulates that in the event of a conflict, the obligations imposed on un Member States under the un Charter prevail over international treaty obligations. Difficulties arise when state parties must determine whether to construe the provision as applying narrowly only to express Charter obligations, or more widely to obligations generated by Charter bodies such as the United Nations Security Council (unsc). Within the context of un peacekeeping operations, such

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Ross, June. "The Common Law of Defamation Fails to Enter the Age of the Charter." Alberta Law Review 35, no. 1 (1996): 117. http://dx.doi.org/10.29173/alr1065.

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In this article the author criticizes the reluctance of the Courts to extend the influence of the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms to the common law as it applies between private parties. The author explores the courts' application of the Charter to the common law, tracing the development of the jurisprudence through several cases, and goes on to offer an analysis of the implications of this judicial stance for the protection of freedom of expression in the context of defamation law. The author argues for a reassessment of the current law of defamation, and contends that the Charter's r

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Boviatsis, Michail, and Georgios Daniil. "Legal Analysis of Impact of Revised BIMCO Clauses on Crew Health and Safety During COVID-19 Era." Transactions on Maritime Science 11, no. 1 (2022): 270–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.7225/toms.v11.n01.020.

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This paper evaluates how the revised BIMCO Crew Change Clause 2020 affected crew health during this period. To satisfy the need for specific clauses, regulating the contractual relationships during the COVID-19 period, BIMCO created sets of clauses, such as the BIMCO Crew Change Clauses for Time Charter Parties (2020). The rationale of those clauses was based upon the pre-existing BIMCO Infectious or Contagious Diseases Clause for Voyage and Time Charter Parties 2015, but it was evidenced that the COVID-19 virus had many intricacies. Thus, new sets of rules are presently emerging to eliminate

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Dimitrakieva, Svetlana, Ognyan Kostadinov, and Christiana Atanasova. "Comparative Analysis Of The Contracts For Maritime Transport Services. Chain Of Charter Parties." Pedagogika-Pedagogy 93, no. 6s (2021): 51–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.53656/ped21-6s.04com.

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A basic principle in Law is the freedom of contract. Particularly, in Private Shipping Law, contractual parties may agree on all lawful terms and conditions which are most appropriate for the performance of the carriage. During the years of maritime trade practice, different types of contracts has been created, as well as systems of Chain Charter Parities have been adopted, through all of which the relations between maritime traders were settled. All this has contributed to maritime commercial practices for the carriage to be carried out not only by the shipowners, but also by other maritime t

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Liang, Jessica. "Modifying the UN Charter through Subsequent Practice: Prospects for the Charter's Revitalisation." Nordic Journal of International Law 81, no. 1 (2012): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181011x618730.

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Despite the vast challenges facing the United Nations in its ever expanding mandate, the task of reforming the organisation remains encumbered by its onerous amendment procedures. Recent attempts to instigate formal changes to the Charter of the United Nations have all failed. In this context, it is argued that greater attention should be paid to the other ways in which changes can be made to the Charter. The subsequent practice of member states and organs can play an important role in informing changes to the Charter's application. The idea that treaties can be modified through subsequent pra

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Hiebert, Janet L. "Money and Elections: Can Citizens Participate on Fair Terms amidst Unrestricted Spending?" Canadian Journal of Political Science 31, no. 1 (1998): 91–111. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0008423900008696.

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AbstractIn 1996 the Alberta Court of Appeal struck down election spending limits for individuals, interest groups, corporations and unions for violating the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms. These spending restrictions were part of a complex regulatory regime which sought to promote fairness by controlling the election spending of candidates and parties. Although this decision was not appealed to the nation's highest court, the Supreme Court disapproved the Alberta ruling in an unrelated decision. This suggests that spending limits are justifiable under the Charter. Yet if new legislati

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18

Sulyma, A. P. "Shareholder agreement as the main manifestation of discretion in the corporate law of Ukraine." Analytical and Comparative Jurisprudence, no. 1 (May 29, 2023): 201–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.24144/2788-6018.2023.01.30.

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The article discusses the prerequisites for establishing comprehensive legal regulation of the shareholder agreement in the corporate law of Ukraine. It argues that the shareholder agreement is an essential tool for regulating corporate relations and ensuring effective interaction among corporation members. The article emphasizes that the shareholder agreement is the main manifestation of discretion in the corporate law of Ukraine, and outlines its advantages over corporation charter, including greater flexibility, adaptability to unique circumstances, and the ability to establish optimal meth

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신학승. "A Study on the Liability for Third Party's Damage on the Time Charter-parties." International Commerce and Information Review 15, no. 2 (2013): 229–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.15798/kaici.15.2.201306.229.

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20

Anon. "International instruments. States parties to the 1981 African Charter on human and people's rights." Refugee Survey Quarterly 18, no. 1 (1999): 222–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/rsq/18.1.222.

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Skokauskas, Norbert, and Myron Belfer. "Global child mental health: what can we learn from countries with limited financial resources?" International Psychiatry 8, no. 2 (2011): 45–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600002460.

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In 1977 the World Health Organization recommended that every country throughout the world should have a national plan for child mental health. The United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child has been another important stimulus for child mental health policies and services in many countries. Adopted unanimously by the United Nations General Assembly in 1989 and instituted as international law in 1990, the Convention is an agreement on the basic protections that should be accorded to children. Adopted in 1961, the European Social Charter is the major European treaty that secures childre

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Sanger, Andrew. "STATE IMMUNITY AND THE RIGHT OF ACCESS TO A COURT UNDER THE EU CHARTER OF FUNDAMENTAL RIGHTS." International and Comparative Law Quarterly 65, no. 1 (2016): 213–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0020589315000524.

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AbstractThis article examines the application of the right of access to a court as guaranteed by Article 47 of the EU Charter of Fundamental Rights in cases involving State immunity. First, it considers the scope of the right of access to a court under the Charter, including its relationship with Article 6(1) of the European Convention on Human Rights, and the ways in which the Charter is given effect within UK law. Second, the article critically examines the Court of Appeal’s application of both Article 6(1) ECHR and Article 47 of the EU Charter in Benkharbouche v Sudan, a case brought by dom

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Kotut, Lindah, and D. Scott McCrickard. "The TL;DR Charter: Speculatively Demystifying Privacy Policy Documents and Terms Agreements." Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 6, GROUP (2022): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3492842.

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Privacy policy and term agreement documents are considered the gateway for software adoption and use. The documents provide a means for the provider to outline expectations of the software use, and also provide an often-separate document outlining how user data is collected, stored, and used--including if it is shared with other parties. A user agreeing with the terms, assumes that they have a full understanding the terms of the agreement and have provided consent. Often however, users do not read the documents because they are long and full of legalistic and inconsistent language, are regular

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Pál, Ádám, and Michal Radvan. "Financial Autonomy of the Local Self-governments in the Countries of the Visegrad Group in the Context of the European Charter of Local Self-government." Lex localis - Journal of Local Self-Government 20, no. 4 (2022): 1143–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4335/20.4.1143-1169(2022).

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The authors of the paper aim to provide a comparative insight into the financial autonomy of local self-governments in four Central European countries: Hungary, Slovakia, Poland, and the Czech Republic. The topic is presented through the relevant provisions of the European Charter of Local Self-Government, the only legally binding multilateral treaty in Europe addressing local self-governance. As all the four examined states are parties to the document, the authors used the outputs of its monitoring process to analyze the situation under all the relevant provisions of the Charter, paragraph by

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Johnson, Robert. "Strengthening the Monitoring of and Compliance with the Rights of the African Child." International Journal of Children’s Rights 23, no. 2 (2015): 365–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718182-55680009.

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The African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child is a progressive human rights instrument by international human rights standards. The provisions of theunConvention on the Rights of the Child and the African Charter are contrasted, noting stronger African provisions for the child’s ‘best interests’, stronger safeguards in areas of traditional or ‘cultural’ practices, and provisions concerning the ‘duties’ of the child and its implications for the child’s empowerment. Additionally, the African oversighting Committee holds stronger mandates than exist for theunCommittee on the Rights o

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Verburg, Cees. "Modernising the Energy Charter Treaty: An Opportunity to Enhance Legal Certainty in Investor-State Dispute Settlement." Journal of World Investment & Trade 20, no. 2-3 (2019): 425–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22119000-12340144.

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Abstract The Energy Charter Treaty is a multilateral trade and investment agreement that is currently the most often-invoked investment agreement worldwide. A review of the case law under the treaty shows that its provisions have been interpreted and applied inconsistently by arbitral tribunals and domestic courts. Considering the financial and reputational consequences of investment arbitration for both the investor and the State, a lack of ‘legal certainty’ adversely affects all parties involved. This article identifies various inconsistencies, some of the causes, and proposes solutions that

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Marasabessy, Zulfikri, and Dwi Aryanti Ramadhani. "Perlindungan Hukum Terhadap Perusahaan Pelayaran Atas Wanprestasi Pencarter dalam Perjanjian Pengangkutan." Mimbar Keadilan 16, no. 1 (2023): 55–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.30996/mk.v16i1.7797.

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Shipping companies are one of the parties that are vulnerable to becoming victims of default in a charter party agreement, thus in practice shipping companies as carriers always apply clauses of retention rights and sell cargo clauses in their charter party agreement. This research is a follow-up to earlier research that has discovered that charterers often commit acts of default, where this research focuses on legal protection for shipping companies in the event of default by charterers. This research is qualitative research using normative juridical research methods based on laws and case ap

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Deshta, Professor Sunil, and Aastha Agnihotri. "A Study on Nomenclature Debate on the ‘Use of Force,’ ‘Armed Attack’ and ‘Aggression’ as the Right to Self Defence." Commonwealth Law Review Journal 09 (2023): 176–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.55662/clrj.2023.906.

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International Law on Armed Conflict lays down specific guidelines on the conduct of the States, the parties who are signatories and conform to the international comity. The paper highlights the implications of the preamble of the United Nations Charter, which was introduced by the comity of international players in the Second world war to mitigate any possibility of another war. The state signatories to the charter not only aspired to restore peace but also to bring about standard norms of the conduct of civilized states through this Charter. The present paper discusses the juxtaposition of sp

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Pratama, Dito Alif. "Fiqh and Contested Authorities: Rethinking the Role of Sole Mediator in Building the Non-Violent Religious Practices According to the Medina Charter." AJIS: Academic Journal of Islamic Studies 8, no. 2 (2023): 313. http://dx.doi.org/10.29240/ajis.v8i2.8594.

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The Medina Charter, also known as the Medina Constitution and was proposed by the Prophet Muhammad in 622 AD, is often regarded as one of the most important legal documents in Islamic history which provides an early example of peace building concepts in Islam, establishing the principles of governance, social relations, and religious tolerance in the early Muslim community. Based on a literature-review method, this paper, indeed, is an attempt to explore the performance of fiqh and its contested authorities which focuses on examining how far the role of a sole mediator (top-level approach) can

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Asa’ari, Asa’ari, Jafar Ahmad, Andri Nurjaman, Doli Witro, and Raid Alghani. "TITLE WALIYUL AMRI ADH-DHARURI BI SYAUKAH AS NU’S SUPPORT TO SOEKARNO IN GUIDED DEMOCRACY 1959-1965." Analisa: Journal of Social Science and Religion 7, no. 2 (2022): 215–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.18784/analisa.v7i2.1784.

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The Nahdlatul Ulama Party is one of the Islamic parties that became a loyalist party to President Soekarno during the implementation of guided democracy. This is because the political strategy used by the NU Party is a realistic political strategy and tends to be accommodating and cooperative in dealing with President Soekarno’s new political situation, namely guided democracy. So that after the NU Party decided to accept guided democracy, the return of the 1945 Constitution, and the Nasakom and Manipol-Usdek, the NU party supported the leadership of President Soekarno, one of its supports was

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Faradilla, Rizka, and Adwani Adwani. "CHEMICAL WEAPON USAGE RELATED TO SELF-DEFENSE ARRANGEMENT IN ARTICLE 51 OF THE UNITED NATIONS CHARTER." Student Journal of International Law 2, no. 1 (2022): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/sjil.v2i1.21729.

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Abstract- This paper aims to find out the regulation and the use of chemical weapons as a state’s self-defense and to explain why some countries use chemical weapons to defend themselves from attacks by other countries. This study was conducted based on normative legal method. It was found that Article 51 of the United Nations Charter, which regulates self-defense, does not specifically explain the use of permissible weapons in self-defense, so in practice, there are still many countries that use chemical weapons despite their use being forbidden in war (humanitarian law). The United Nations s

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Bekov, Ikhtiyor. "Formation and development of a multi-party system in Uzbekistan." Jurisprudence 1, no. 5 (2021): 39–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.51788/tsul.jurisprudence.1.5./uzyw6798.

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The article provides a scientific and theoretical analysis of the essence and content of the phenomenon of the party, the legal nature of the multiparty system, the impact of its formation on the mechanism of the political system, the role of parties in the political and social life of our society, the main tasks facing them. The goals of the existing political parties in Uzbekistan were analyzed from the point of view of the electorate. In addition, the author analyzes the formation of a multi-party system, positive and negative trends in the development of political parties, and offers solut

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Zimina, N. "THE ROLE OF REGIONAL BRANCHES OF POLITICAL PARTIES IN PUBLIC ADMINISTRATION IN THE TRANSBAIKAL REGION." Transbaikal State University Journal 26, no. 10 (2020): 46–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/2227-9245-2020-26-10-46-50.

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Modern political parties and their regional branches have become an integral part of the political system of society, an important participant in public administration. They have their own organizational and legal basis, are registered as a non-profit organization, have their own Charter, program, leaders, and own goals and objectives. One of the tasks of any political party is to participate in managing the life of society, in solving its issues. One of the party’s tasks is to participate in public administration by representing the interests of the population of the regions during elections

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Trahan, Jennifer. "The Rome Statute's Amendment on the Crime of Aggression: Negotiations at the Kampala Review Conference." International Criminal Law Review 11, no. 1 (2011): 49–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/157181211x543920.

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AbstractThis past June, in Kampala, Uganda, at the first Review Conference on the International Criminal Court, States Parties forged an historic agreement, amending the Rome Statute to define the crime of aggression, and agreeing on conditions for the exercise of jurisdiction. While the definition had been essentially agreed upon during years of earlier negotiations, delegations in Kampala had to grapple with a host of complex issues related to the exercise of jurisdiction. They resolved that jurisdiction will be triggered both through Security Council referrals, as well as State Party or Pro

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Borisova, Nadezhda V., and Petr V. Panov. "Regionalism and multi-level governance on language policy in European countries." Ars Administrandi (Искусство управления) 14, no. 1 (2022): 150–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.17072/2218-9173-2022-1-150-173.

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Introduction: European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, adopted by the Council of Europe, has become an important regulator of language policy in the signatory and ratifying countries. As a result, language policy towards minorities, turns out to be a bright example of multi-level governance (MLG) – a new pattern of political interactions, which is characterized not by hierarchical system of subordination to one center (the state), but pluralistic, dispersed activity of many actors interacting at different and interconnected levels of power. MLG, however, differs across various regi

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Colbert, Janet L. "Protecting Internal Audit Workpapers From Discovery." Journal of Applied Business Research (JABR) 11, no. 4 (2011): 36. http://dx.doi.org/10.19030/jabr.v11i4.5845.

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Access to internal audit workpapers is increasingly being requested or demanded by parties external to the entity. To protect workpapers from discovery, internal auditors may take proactive measures. Such measures include developing comprehensive job descriptions, having workpaper policies and a corporate charter, and conducting investigations under the direction of an attorney. Despite proactive measures, sensitive information may still be petitioned. To shield confidential information, internal auditors may invoke the attorney-client privilege, the work-product privilege, or other, less well

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Viljoen, Frans. "State reporting under the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights: a boost from the South." Journal of African Law 44, no. 1 (2000): 110–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021855300012080.

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The problems of the absence or infrequency of states parties reports to the African Commission and the inadequacy of many that are submitted needs to be addressed. At the 25th session of the African Commission, South Africa presented its initial report. This process before, during and after the examination of the report is discussed and provides both encouragement for states to comply with their reporting obligations under the African Charter and useful lessons for states wishing to improve the quality of their reports.

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Lewandowski, Adam M., Debbie G. DePalma, Rebecca S. Englund, and Melissa M. Cartwright. "Operationalizing the Roles of Experiential Learning." Experiential Learning and Teaching in Higher Education 1, no. 2 (2022): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.46787/elthe.v1i2.3373.

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This article focuses on the partnership between Discovery Charter School of Rochester, New York, founded in 2011, and Nazareth College Partners for Learning. The Partners for Learning program engages Nazareth College students in partnerships with the children, teachers, and staff of eight urban sites. The authors examine the four critical roles that work to foster program success: (1) Associate Director for the Center for Civic Engagement, (2) Student Site Coordinator, (3) Site Representative, and (4) Classroom Teacher. We describe each of the four roles, how the roles support experiential lea

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Finger, Leslie K., and Sarah Reckhow. "Policy Feedback and the Polarization of Interest Groups." State Politics & Policy Quarterly 22, no. 1 (2021): 70–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/spq.2021.25.

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AbstractWe use the case of education interest groups to examine how and when policy changes lead interest groups to polarize in their support for political parties. Using over 145,000 campaign contributions from all 50 states from 2000 to 2017, we test whether the passage of private school choice, charter laws, and labor retrenchment policies led to the polarization of education interest groups over time. In 2000, teachers unions were the dominant group and mostly aligned with Democrats. Meanwhile, Republicans lacked support from any education groups. This pattern was consistent across states.

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Maulana, Faisal. "Paradoks HAM Dalam Hubungan Internasional: Humanitarian Intervention Di Suriah." Journal of Law, Administration, and Social Science 4, no. 2 (2024): 234–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.54957/jolas.v4i2.614.

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Human rights have been approved as an achievement for every nation according to the 1945 UN Charter. So the UN formed the UN Security Council which has the responsibility to protect parties who are victims of human rights violations due to war crimes through humanitarian intervention and R2P. However, several things hinder the creation of a world without human rights violations, especially in the international system. In the end, this creates a new paradox in the goals of the UN formed based on the 1945 UN Charter. HAM telah disetujui sebagai pencapaian bagi setiap bangsa menurut Piagam PBB 19

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Boviatsis, M. "Legal assessment of BIMCO’s infectious or contagious diseases (IOCD) clauses for voyage and time charter parties." Marine Policy 144 (October 2022): 105206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.marpol.2022.105206.

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Zimina, N. "RESEARCH METHODOLOGY OF POLITICAL PARTIES." TRANSBAIKAL STATE UNIVERSITY JOURNAL 27, no. 8 (2021): 70–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/2227-9245-2021-27-8-70-73.

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The subyecf of the analysis is the methods of party research, which is reflected in the topic of the article. The риг- pose of the scientific analysis of the research methodology of political parties is a complete and comprehensive analysis of the methods used in the study of political parties, taking into account the changing research methods of such a dynamically changing political institution as the party. The basis of the political science analysis of the methodology of political parties is the study of the appropriate methods used by scientists in the research of the parties1 activities,

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Ryniker, Anne. "The ICRC's position on “humanitarian intervention”." International Review of the Red Cross 83, no. 842 (2001): 527–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1560775500105826.

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• International humanitarian law cannot serve as a basis for armed intervention in response to grave violations of its provisions; the use of force is governed by the United Nations Charter. • It is not for the ICRC to pronounce on the legality or legitimacy of such intervention. • International humanitarian law applies when intervention forces are engaged in hostilities with one or more of the parties to the conflict. • The ICRC seeks to promote the term “armed intervention in response to grave violations of human rights and of international humanitarian law”.

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Zimina, N. "ANALYSIS OF THE MODERN POLITICAL PARTIES’ FUNCTIONALITY IN RUSSIA." Transbaikal State University Journal 27, no. 1 (2021): 52–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/2227-9245-2021-27-1-52-56.

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Modern political parties and their regional branches become an integral part of the political system of society, an important participant in public administration. They have their own organizational and legal basis, have their own charter, program, leaders, their own goals and objectives, and perform certain functions. One of the goals of any political party is to participate in the political life of society, in solving its issues. One of the party’s tasks is to participate in public administration, as a means of representing the interests of the population during elections at various levels a

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Zimina, N. "STATUTORY REGULATION OF POLITICAL PARTIES’ ACTIVITIES IN MODERN RUSSIA." Transbaikal State University Journal 27, no. 4 (2021): 84–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.21209/2227-9245-2021-27-4-84-88.

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The basis for the statutory regulation of political parties is the consolidation of relevant norms in the federal laws “On Political Parties”, “On Public Associations”, “On Basic Guarantees of Electoral Rights and the right to participate in a referendum of citizens of the Russian Federation”, “On Elections of Deputies of the State Duma of the Federal Assembly of the Russian Federation”, “On Elections of the President of the Russian Federation”. Political parties have their own organizational and legal basis, have their own charter, program, leaders, their own goals and objectives, and perform

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de Wet, Erika. "Referrals to the International Criminal Court Under Chapter VII of the United Nations Charter and the Immunity of Foreign State Officials." AJIL Unbound 112 (2018): 33–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/aju.2018.13.

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This contribution explores the implications of United Nations Security Council (UNSC) referrals under Chapter VII of the Charter of the United Nations to the International Criminal Court (ICC) for the immunity ratione personae of officials of states that are not party to the ICC Statute. While Article 13(b) of the ICC Statute allows the ICC to receive referrals of situations by the UNSC, disagreement remains among authors as to when such a referral removes the customary immunity attached to a head of state of a nonstate party to the ICC Statute. In particular, it remains disputed whether the b

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Samsidar Jamaluddin, Muhrim Djakat, Hidayatussalam Hidayatussalam, Sabri Samin, and Misbahuddin. "OPPORTUNITIES AND CHALLENGES OF THE IMPLEMENTATION OF ISLAMIC LAW IN INDONESIA." International Journal of Social Science 2, no. 5 (2023): 2177–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.53625/ijss.v2i5.4930.

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Islamic law only became an authoritative source (a legal source that has legal force) in constitutional law when the Jakarta Charter was placed in the Republic of Indonesia's Presidential Decree dated 5 July 159 as can be seen in the preamble to the Decree as follows: "That we believe that the Jakarta Charter is dated 22 June 1945 animates the 1945 Constitution and constitutes a series of units in the Constitution.” The word "animating" negatively means that it is not permissible to make laws in the Indonesian state that are contrary to Islamic law for its adherents. Even though Islamic law ha

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Камышанский, Владимир, and Vladimir Kamyshanskiy. "Corporate Contract and an Agreement on the Implementation of the Rights of Members of Society: Some Problems of Correlation." Journal of Russian Law 4, no. 1 (2016): 0. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/17230.

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The article provides a critical analysis of legislative regulation of the corporate agreement and an agreement on the implementation of the rights of members of a limited liability company. It is alleged that the corporate contract has undoubted relevance and usefulness to the participants of companies, as it allows to regulate relations in the implementation of corporate rights is not a natural way, and on a contractual basis, recognized by the parties and provide legal protection for the parties to the contract. It stands out as a number of circumstances that require legislative authorizatio

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Hose Pranando, Yuda, and Erix Oxana Putra. "Legality of the Use of Armed Forces Against Foreign Parties Obstructing Efforts to Eradicate Illegal, Unregulated, Unreported Fishing in the Exclusive Economic Zone." Siber International Journal of Advanced Law (SIJAL) 1, no. 1 (2023): 23–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.38035/sijal.v1i1.5.

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The purpose of this research is to find out the legality of the entry of Chinese coastguards into Indonesia's EEZ to protect the Kway Fei 10078 Fishing Boat and to find out the legality of using armed forces against foreign parties who obstruct efforts to eradicate Illegal, Unregulated, Unreported Fishing in EEZ and to find out what actions Indonesia should take against China's actions. This study uses normative juridical research methods, namely looking for applicable provisions and library materials. Based on the analysis and research conducted, it was concluded that the entry of the Chinese

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GALLANT, KENNETH S. "The International Criminal Court in the System of States and International Organizations." Leiden Journal of International Law 16, no. 3 (2003): 553–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0922156503001298.

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The International Criminal Court has a different mandate – exercise of criminal jurisdiction over individuals – from most international organizations. It may help to develop the law of international organizations concerning structure and internal operations, relationships with states, and relationships with other international organizations, as well as concerning relationships with individuals. The ICC assigns its judicial and quasi-political functions appropriately. Notably, the power to make agreements is divided functionally among the judicial and prosecutorial Organs and the Assembly of St

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