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Journal articles on the topic 'Charts, maps'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 28 July 2024

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1

Van Duzer, Chet. "The Cartographer Sets Sail: Eyewitness Records and Early Modern Maps." Culture & History Digital Journal 10, no. 2 (October 20, 2021): e016. http://dx.doi.org/10.3989/chdj.2021.016.

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In this article I examine early nautical charts and isolarii, or island books illustrated with maps, for evidence that indicates the maps were made on the basis of first-hand observation by the cartographer. There are very few claims on early nautical charts that the charts were created based on the cartographers’ own observations. I suggest that these claims are rare because chart-making was more an artistic enterprise than as a medium for recording discoveries. This conception of nautical charts changed with the advent of the Age of Discoveries, and claims that charts were made based on eyewitness information become more common. The case with isolarii is very different, although the maps in isolarii derive from the nautical chart tradition. Some of the creators of isolarii claim that their works were based on first-hand experience, but not always truthfully. Other authors neither sailed among the islands they describe nor claim to have visited them.

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2

Grocott, D. F. H. "Maps in Mind – How Animals Get Home?" Journal of Navigation 56, no. 1 (January 2003): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463302002126.

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The ability of animals to find their way, without the benefit of mechanical or electronic aids to navigation, has fascinated humans for centuries. Relying on innate knowledge, coupled with the extraction of navigational data from the natural features of the universe, animals continually confound humans with their skills in locomotion. The magnetic compass, sun compass, strip maps, snapshots, target maps, temperature charts and star charts are known to feature in the overall animal navigation kit. Each species selects the most appropriate ‘map/chart’ and navigation kit for its environment.

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3

Ovodas, Donatas, and Algimantas Česnulevičius. "Semiotic evaluation of Lithuania military air navigation charts." Geodesy and Cartography 63, no. 1 (June 1, 2014): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/geocart-2014-0007.

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Abstract Research of semiotic aspects Lithuanian military air navigation charts was based on the semantic, graphic and information load analysis. The aim of semantic analysis was to determine how the conventional cartographical symbols, used in air navigation charts, correspond with carto-linguistic and carto-semiotic requirements. The analysis of all the markings was performed complex and collected by questionnaire were interviewed various respondents: pilots, cartographers and other chart users. The researches seek two aims: evaluate information and graphical load of military air navigation charts. Information load evaluated to calculate all objects and phenomenon, which was in 25 cm² of map. Charts analysis showed that in low flight charts (LFC) average information load are 4 - 5 times richer than in the operational maps. Map signs optimization on LFC has to be managed very carefully, choosing signs that can reduce the load of information and helps for the information transfer process. Graphical load of maps evaluated of aeronautical maps is not great (5 - 12%) and does not require reduction the information load and generalization of charts. Air navigation charts analysis pointed that not all air navigation sings correspond carto-semiotic requirements and must be improved. The authors suggested some new sings for military air navigation chart, which are simpler, equivalent to human psychophysical perception criteria, creates faster communication and less load on the chart.

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4

Mielke, Jeff. "Visualizing phonetic segment frequencies with density-equalizing maps." Journal of the International Phonetic Association 48, no. 2 (March 14, 2017): 129–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0025100317000123.

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A method is demonstrated for creating density-equalizing maps of IPA consonant and vowel charts, where the size of a cell in the chart reflects information such as the crosslinguistic frequency of the consonant or vowel. Transforming the IPA charts in such a way allows the visualization of interactions between phonetic features. Density-equalizing maps are used to illustrate a range of facts about consonant and vowel inventories, including the frequency of consonants and vowels and the frequency of common diacritics, and to illustrate the frequency of deletion and epenthesis involving particular consonants and vowels. Solutions are proposed for issues involving genealogical sampling, counting pairs of very similar phones, and counting diacritics in relation to basic symbols.

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5

Steele, Philip. "History of Air Maps and Charts." Journal of Navigation 51, no. 2 (May 1998): 203–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463398007838.

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There is no generally accepted definition of the difference between a map and a chart. A widespread feeling probably exists favouring the old saying that maps are to look at and charts to work on. It is true that the term ‘aeronautical chart’ gained a general currency over alternative terms as contact flying gave way to aerial navigation. But, in this paper, the terms ‘map’ and ‘chart’ will be used as seems appropriate to each occasion, without attempt to conform to any particular definition.We can get an idea of what was available to the earliest aviators by looking at an Ordnance Survey reprint of one of their nineteenth century maps (Fig. 1). They are printed in one colour only, black on white. By far the predominant feature is the hill shading. Quite gentle hills are hachured with a heaviness which tends to obscure both natural features like rivers, lakes and woodlands and man-made constructions such as towns and villages, roads, canals and railways. Hills are, of course, very important features to those on the ground, since they limit the extent to which other features can be seen. To the soldier, the significance of high ground is self-evident, and it was principally for the ordnance requirements of soldiers that these maps had been developed. But when men began to view the ground from the air, the perspective changed. Hills appeared flattened out and, provided that you knew the height of the tallest in the area and were sure none would impede your take-off or landing, were of minor significance. Lakes and woods, though, were spread out before you in their distinctive shapes, while railway lines and canals presented bold straight lines and curves, and rivers their unique courses, to your view. The need was for new kinds of maps which would give due prominence to such features.

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6

Alves Gaspar, Joaquim, and Henrique Leitão. "Early Modern Nautical Charts and Maps: Working Through Different Cartographic Paradigms." Journal of Early Modern History 23, no. 1 (March 7, 2019): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15700658-12342627.

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Abstract Of all the technical and scientific developments that made possible the European maritime expansion, the nautical chart is perhaps the least studied and understood. This fact is very surprising as it was with the information contained in those charts, and later imported to geographical maps and atlases, that the newly discovered lands were first shown to the European nations. There was, however, a deep incompatibility between these two cartographic paradigms—the nautical charts and the geographical maps—which remained unsolved throughout the sixteenth century and beyond, despite the attempts to harmonize the technical principles of Ptolemy’s Geography with the advances of nautical cartography. An eloquent symptom of such incompatibility was the difference between what was understood as an accurate depiction of the Earth, in the eyes of cosmographers and geographers, and what was considered by the pilots as an accurate nautical chart. The misunderstandings around these issues during the early modern period and the unsuccessful attempts at reconciliation were, in great part, the cause for some polemics among cosmographers, cartographers and pilots, such as the conflict in the Casa de Contratación around the charts of Diego Gutiérrez, a fact not entirely understood by historians. At the core of the difficulty lies the circumstance that only in the present day has the true nature of the nautical chart, as a navigational tool, started to be clarified. How the differences between geographical maps and nautical charts contributed to shape the History of Cartography in various periods, and how they are related to conflicting scholarly objectives and practices, is the subject of this essay. We will show, using the results of cartometric analysis, that not only were those artifacts constructed using different principles and with different purposes, but that they belonged to incompatible cartographic paradigms, and we will argue for the relevance of this fact for the history of science.

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7

Sarbach, Adrian, Thierry Weber, Katharina Henggeler, Luis Lutnyk, and Martin Raubal. "Evaluating and Comparing Airspace Structure Visualisation and Perception on Digital Aeronautical Charts." AGILE: GIScience Series 4 (June 6, 2023): 1–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/agile-giss-4-12-2023.

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Abstract. Given the challenge of visualising 3D space on a 2D map, maps used for in-flight navigation by pilots should be designed especially carefully. This paper studies, based on existing aeronautical charts, the visualisation, interaction, and interpretation of airspace structures with aviation infrastructure and the base map.We first developed a three-tiered evaluation grid for a cartographic analysis of existing aeronautical charts. Subsequently, we evaluated four countries’ maps based on our evaluation grid. To validate our analysis, we conducted a user study with 27 pilots, the users of aeronautical charts.The results of our cartographic analysis show that aeronautical charts produced by different countries all fulfil the need of pilots being able to orient themselves. According to our evaluation, the Swiss aeronautical chart scored slightly more favourably than the other evaluated charts for effective map-reading. These findings were confirmed in the results of the user study.The major contribution of this work is the evaluation grid for the cartographic analysis. With its different layers, adaptable main- and sub-topics, it can be used to compare and improve the design not only of aeronautical charts, but for a broad spectrum of thematic maps.

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8

Altić, Mirela. "The Sea Chart: The Illustrated History of Nautical Maps and Navigational Charts." Cartographic Journal 54, no. 2 (April 3, 2017): 185–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00087041.2017.1307038.

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9

Dror, Shuki, and Miryam Barad. "Enhancing Control Charts to Validate Strategy Maps." Quality Technology & Quantitative Management 3, no. 4 (January 2006): 529–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/16843703.2006.11673130.

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10

Leary, Neill. "Maps and Charts for Visual Air Navigation." Journal of Navigation 46, no. 1 (January 1993): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300011267.

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Back in 1914, an army surveyor who was carrying out an airborne reconnaissance of potential sites for a new military aerodrome to the west of London is alleged to have held his map upside down – and that, consequently, RAF Northolt was built to the south of what was then called the Great Central Railway Line instead of about a mile to the north-east near where South Ruislip is now. A short apocryphal story perhaps, undoubtedly distorted by the mists of history, but it serves to illustrate the need for aeronautical charts that are designed with the requirements of visual air navigation firmly in mind.

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11

Kotegova, K. A., A. D. Zaberezhniy, L. A. Neminushchaya, T. A. Skotnikovа, V. I. Eremets, E. V. Markova, S. A. Grin, and V. M. Popova. "Stability assessment of immunobiological medicinal products manufacturing for veterinary use with Shewhart control charts." Вестник российской сельскохозяйственной науки, no. 5 (December 15, 2023): 78–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.31857/2500-2082/2023/5/78-82.

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According to the current Rules of Good Manufacturing Practice of the Eurasian Economic Union, the principles of risk management for product quality must be applied to all aspects of the production and use of medicines for medical and veterinary purposes. The recommended quality risk management method used by regulators is the Shewhart Chart. Control charts, proposed in 1924 by W. Shewhart, are a graphical tool for applying statistical principles to process control. Statistical process control is a methodology for establishing and maintaining production at an acceptable and stable level, providing the required product quality. Control charts are used to collect data during the continuous recording of the characteristics of the quality of manufactured products. As a result of continuous analysis of information, control charts help to identify unusual patterns of data variation and take preventive measures to eliminate them and increase process stability. The use of Shewhart maps leads to a more detailed understanding of the process and helps to discover ways for valuable improvements. The purpose of the work is to assess the stability of the production of immunobiological medicinal products for veterinary use using Shewhart's control charts. The immunobiological drug "Oralrabivak" produced at the Schelkovo Biokombinat FKP was used as a model object. We used control charts of individual values (X-chart) and moving ranges (Rm-chart) and maps of mean values (-chart) and sample standard deviations (s-chart). The assessment of the stability of the production of Oralrabivak using Shewhart's control charts showed that during two production cycles (2021 and 2022) the technological process was in a state of statistical controllability. To improve the process and ensure the quality of the finished product, the specialists of the enterprise have taken preventive measures. The methodology of control charts made it possible to visualize and study in detail a new production process for the enterprise for a deeper understanding of its features by the specialists of the enterprise and further improvement.

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12

Ashworth, William B. "Book Review: Astronomical Charts: Maps of the Heavens." Journal for the History of Astronomy 18, no. 4 (November 1987): 287–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002182868701800404.

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13

Wong, Jessie Yuk-Yong, and Rod Gerber. "Singapore Students' Perceptions of Graphs, Charts and Maps." Asia Pacific Journal of Education 17, no. 2 (January 1997): 63–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02188799708547762.

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14

Marelić, Tome. "Doubly Perceived Shape of the Adriatic Sea Basin on Early Modern Geographical Maps and Nautical Charts." Kartografija i geoinformacije 22, no. 39 (July 21, 2023): 20–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.32909/kg.22.39.2.

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The implementation of graticules on geographic maps and nautical charts, initially developed in the Hellenistic period, was a rediscovered novelty to Western European cartographers of the early modern period. The research sought to computationally examine the accuracy of spherical coordinates’ data extracted from selected geographical maps and nautical charts. Research results suggest that the cartographers who made geographic maps relied significantly on Claudius Ptolemy’s data on locations but managed to make certain accuracy improvements. The nautical charts with graticules showed significantly greater longitudinal accuracy, which suggests that they were created by using other data sources as their graphical templates; most likely the portolan charts that were already in existence at the time.

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15

Schnürer, Raimund, Martin Ritzi, Arzu Çöltekin, and René Sieber. "An empirical evaluation of three-dimensional pie charts with individually extruded sectors in a geovisualization context." Information Visualization 19, no. 3 (January 21, 2020): 183–206. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1473871619896103.

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This study compares participants’ performance in extracting information from three-dimensional pie charts with individually extruded sectors in a single map frame against two-dimensional pie and bar charts in adjacent map frames. Specifically, we examine the response accuracy and response times of 181 adults who were asked to (1) identify the highest magnitude, (2) estimate a proportion, (3) perform both at the same time, and (4) solve a map-related task using the two chart setups. For each task, charts were shown on backgrounds with increasing visual complexity: a blank, a borders-only, and a choropleth map. Furthermore, we tested whether participants’ performance improved through additional practice with the two chart types. We did not observe any differences in participants’ aggregated response accuracy or response times between the tested three-dimensional and two-dimensional chart types for the (1) highest magnitude task and (2) proportion task. However, participants solved the (3) combination task with two-dimensional pie and bar charts on a blank background more accurately and were faster in fulfilling the (4) spatial task with three-dimensional pie charts. The first difference, however, leveled for participants who gained more practice and who accomplished the combination task on maps with higher visual complexity, whereas the second difference persisted even for more trained subjects.

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16

Wilkening, Jan, Keni Han, and Mathias Jahnke. "Creating and evaluating web-based visualizations of multi-dimensional spatiotemporal data." Proceedings of the ICA 2 (July 10, 2019): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-proc-2-145-2019.

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> In this article, we present a method for visualizing multi-dimensional spatio-temporal data in an interactive web-based geovisualization. Our case study focuses on publicly available weather data in Germany. After processing the data with Python and desktop GIS, we integrated the data as web services in a browser-based application. This application displays several weather parameters with different types of visualisations, such as static maps, animated maps and charts. The usability of the web-based geovisualization was evaluated with a free-examination and a goal-directed task, using eye-tracking analysis. The evaluation focused on the question how people use static maps, animated maps and charts, dependent on different tasks. The results suggest that visualization elements such as animated maps, static maps and charts are particularly useful for certain types of tasks, and that more answering time correlates with less accurate answers.</p>

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17

Flegal, James M. "Data Visualization: Charts, Maps, and Interactive Graphics. Robert Grant." American Statistician 75, no. 1 (January 2, 2021): 113. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00031305.2020.1865062.

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18

Nicholson, Kendall. "The Truthful Art: Data, Charts and Maps for Communication." Technology|Architecture + Design 1, no. 2 (November 2017): 243–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/24751448.2017.1354630.

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19

Lee, John Chi Kin, and Rod Gerber. "Hong Kong Students' Perceptions of Graphs., Charts and Maps." Scandinavian Journal of Educational Research 43, no. 1 (March 1999): 19–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0031383990430102.

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20

Lanters, Chloe A., and Peter Fantke. "Structuring Complex Results using Network Maps and Hierarchical Charts." Procedia CIRP 69 (2018): 441–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.procir.2017.11.147.

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21

Sobczyński, Eugeniusz, and Jerzy Pietruszka. "Military aeronautical charts in the past and today." Polish Cartographical Review 50, no. 1 (March 1, 2018): 5–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pcr-2018-0002.

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Abstract The history of the development of military aeronautical charts began immediately before the First World War. The first charts created at that time did not differ much from topographic maps. Air planes were fairly slow back then and had a small range of action, which meant that the charts were developed at the scale of 1:200,000. When speed of aircraft increased, it soon turned out that this scale was too large. Therefore, many countries began to create charts with smaller scales: 1:300,000 and 1:500,000. The International Map of the World 1:1,000,000 (IMW) was frequently used for continental flights prior to the outbreak of the Second World War, while 1:3,500,000 and 1:5,000,000 maps were commonly used for intercontinental flights. The Second World War brought a breakthrough in the field of aeronautical chart development, especially after 7 December 1941, when the USA entered into the war. The Americans created more than 6000 map sheets and published more than 100 million copies, which covered all continents. In their cartographic endeavours, they were aided foremost by the Brits. On the other hand, the Third Reich had more than 1,500 officers and about 15,000 soldiers and civil servants involved in the development of maps and other geographic publications during the Second World War. What is more, the Reich employed local cartographers and made use of local source materials in all the countries it occupied. The Germans introduced one new element to the aeronautical charts – the printed reference grid which made it easier to command its air force. The experience gained during the Second World War and local conflicts was for the United States an impulse to undertake work on the standardization of the development of aeronautical charts. Initially, standardization work concerned only aeronautical charts issued by the US, but after the establishment of NATO, standardization began to be applied to all countries entering the Alliance. The currently binding NATO STANAGs (Standardization Agreements) distinguish between operational charts and special low-flight charts. The charts are developed in the WGS-84 coordinate system, where the WGS-84 ellipsoid of rotation is the reference surface. The cylindrical transverse Mercator projection was used for the scale of 1:250,000, while the conformal conic projection was used for other scales. The first aeronautical charts issued at the beginning of the 20th century contained only a dozen or so special symbols concerning charts’ navigational content, whereas currently the number of symbols and abbreviations found on such charts exceeds one hundred. The updating documents are published every 28 days in order to ensure that aeronautical charts remain up-to-date between releases of their subsequent editions. It concerns foremost aerial obstacles and air traffic zones. The aeronautical charts published by NATO have scales between 1:50,000 and 1:500,000 and the printed Military Grid Reference System (MGRS), while the aeronautical charts at scales between 1:250,000 and 1:2,000,000 contain the World Geographic Reference System (GEOREF). Nowadays, modern military air planes are characterised by their exceptional combat capabilities in terms of speed, range and manoeuvrability. Aside from aircraft, contemporary armed forces make increasingly frequent use of aerial robots, drones and unmanned cruise missiles. This is why, there has been a noticeable increase, especially in NATO, in the amount of work devoted to the standardization and development of aeronautical charts, as well as deepening of knowledge of navigation and aeronautical information.

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22

Fitria, Tira Nur. "Students’ preparation in IELTS Writing Task 1: How to write a summary of visual information." LingTera 11, no. 1 (April 29, 2024): 39–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/lt.v11i1.59520.

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The International English Language Testing System (IELTS) Writing Task 1 is used to test participants' ability to select and report main ideas, describe and compare data, identify trends in factual information, or describe a process. This research describes the types of questions in IELTS Writing Task 1 and how to write a summary of visual information usually in the form of a graph, chart, or diagram in IELTS Writing Task 1. This research uses a descriptive qualitative approach. The analysis shows that IELTS Academic Writing Task 1 emphasizes graph interpretation and analysis. In this activity, verbal proficiency must be multiplied by the ability to comprehend and represent information as graphs (graphicacy). The provided information may be directly reflective of what we see (as in pictures or drawings) or more abstract, such as spatial (maps, plans, and diagrams) or numerical (charts, graphs, and tables) information (as in tables and graphs. There are several types of IELTS Writing Task 1, for example, pie charts, bar charts, bar graphs, line graphs, tables, maps, diagram processes, line and bar charts, also pie and bar charts. Each form of data visualization has its way of describing it. To complete the IELTS Writing Task 1, participants are required to write a minimum of 150 words of writing or an essay. We can divide the number of words into 3 paragraphs (introduction, body, and conclusion) to make it easier to write an essay according to the data presented. The IELTS Writing Task 1 can be fairly challenging, particularly if we have not prepared. Overcoming these challenges requires good preparation, consistent practice, and a deep understanding of the IELTS format, structure, and requirements.

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23

Malkin, M., and K. Safonov. "Entropy charts and bifurcations for Lorenz maps with infinite derivatives." Chaos: An Interdisciplinary Journal of Nonlinear Science 31, no. 4 (April 2021): 043107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0040164.

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24

Clark, Mark T. "Tracking nuclear proliferation: A guide in maps and charts, 1996." Orbis 41, no. 1 (December 1997): 130. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0030-4387(97)90098-3.

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25

Krleža, Palmira, and Dubravka Mlinarić. "Visual Images on Medieval and Early Modern World Maps." Kartografija i geoinformacije 21, no. 38 (January 24, 2023): 26–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32909/kg.21.38.2.

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This interdisciplinary research is focused on visual images on maps of the known world spanning from the medieval to the early modern period. Regardless of their purpose, which could range from ideological representations of the medieval world, as were O or T maps, to practical sailing maps like portolan charts and other early modern nautical charts of the (already known) world in a smaller scale, they carried the standard scope of geo-cartographic data and content. Besides, they offered a rich illustrative component of respectable graphic quality. This depended on the purpose of the map, as well as the geographical knowledge of its author on one hand and on the skill and expertise of its creator on the other. Through this short synchronic and diachronic overview of the iconographic elements of Old World maps, especially in respect to Croatian lands, some chronological continuities of cartographic presentation were revealed. The spread of ideas and ideologies communicated and disseminated by these will also be discussed.

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Agnew, H. J., R. K. Woolley, and G. Parfitt. "The Navigator's Yeoman." Journal of Navigation 42, no. 2 (May 1989): 268–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463300014478.

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This paper is concerned with potential improvements in the way man interacts with machines, maps and charts. Particular motivation comes from the new navigational challenges provided by the increasingly widespread use of electronic position-fixing aids in the marine field. Whilst automatic plotting tables and moving light spots have provided part of the solution in larger ships, much recent investment has been witnessed in the development of ‘electronic chart’-based systems.For a number of practical reasons, among which are the lack of available data bases for these systems and little updating and distribution infrastructure for them, it is believed that there is unlikely to be a wide acceptance of such equipment as the primary or sole plotting aid for a considerable number of years to come.Yeoman, a navigation plotting system which uses existing conventional charts, was conceived and developed to provide a simple and effective man–chart interface with few drawbacks. This paper provides the background for the development, the product and potential future evolution.

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Kuznetsov, Aleksandr, and Ludmila Turukina. "Kicked Van der Pol oscillator: from differential equation to maps." Izvestiya VUZ. Applied Nonlinear Dynamics 9, no. 6 (2002): 69–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.18500/0869-6632-2001-9-6-69-82.

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Dynamics of а kicked Van der Pol system is considered. Approximate 2D and 1D maps are derived. Comparative analysis of efficiency of these maps is undertaken with the help of dynamical regimes charts, bifurcation diagrams and phase portraits technique. Peculiarities of the synchronization effects the kicked oscillator are discussed in comparison with traditional circle map.

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Moreira, Sergio Francisco Seabra, and Mirtes Cristina Marins de Oliveira. "The Truthful Art: Data, Charts and Maps for Communication - Alberto Cairo." InfoDesign - Revista Brasileira de Design da Informação 14, no. 3 (December 31, 2017): 397–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.51358/id.v14i3.561.

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Apresentação sucinta da segunda obra da trilogia que o autor, Alberto Cairo, iniciou em 2012 com The Functional Art (2012). Lançado em 2016 apenas na língua inglesa, o presente trabalho, em síntese, defende princípios para o trabalho de escolher, descartar e visualizar dados de um modo que estes tornem-se significativos. Reúne conhecimentos distribuídos de forma encadeada, com base em princípios estatísticos que compõem o conteúdo mais denso e extenso do trabalho. Pode ser lido por iniciantes e iniciados na lida de interpretar e apresentar dados por meio de visualizações.

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Borkowski, Boleslaw, Artur Wiliński, Wieslaw Szczesny, and Zbigniew Binderman. "MATHEMATICAL ANALYSIS OF SYNTHETIC METERS BASED ON RADAR CHARTS." Mathematical Modelling and Analysis 25, no. 3 (July 8, 2020): 473–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.3846/mma.2020.11223.

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This work contains a description of a technique for constructing two synthetic indicators (measures) using a graphical presentation in the form of radar maps. The paper presents the structure and properties of indicators and their formal notation specially created for this purpose using the analogon of a scalar product of vectors. In particular, it proves the theorem on polygon fields, induced by radar maps, prepared for structural vectors, which allows to build concentration indicators. In order to demonstrate the usefulness of tools constructed by such means, the example shows how significant structural changes can be imperceptible when utilizing only the GINI concentration indicator’s value, but are noticeable when using the concentration indicator developed by the authors. In addition, it illustrates the change in the value of concentration indicators (GINI and the indicator developed by the authors) on two families of Lorenz curves, together with changes in concentration. The practical application of this technique for constructing indicators that create rankings is presented on empirical data on the level of material deprivation in the countries that joined the EU in 2004 and 2007. These data have also been annotated (for comparison purposes) using the so-called overrepresentation maps (Grade Correspondence Analysis method).

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30

Kajimura, Toru. "History of Japan’s chart production in 150 years." Abstracts of the ICA 1 (July 15, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/ica-abs-1-157-2019.

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<p><strong>Abstract.</strong> In 1853, the United States sent Commodore Perry with 4 warships to Japan, and urged opening the country to the world. Since then, Japan had entered into treaties of commerce with Western nations, and opened the ports for these nations. However, Japan was in military disadvantage with other nations having charting knowledge of Japan and it surroundings. As a result, a decision was made to establish chart production capabilities in Japan in the view of the national security. Soon after, the Japanese chief military commander opened two naval officer training facilities in Nagasaki (1855) and Tsukiji (1857). Surveying was also one of the subjects of taught at these training organizations.</p><p>Japan Hydrographic Department (JHD, currently Japan Hydrographic & Oceanographic Department) was established as the organization for chart production under the navy in 1871, and graduates of the above naval officer training facilities led the activities of JHD in its early stage. The first Chief Hydrographer YANAGI Narayoshi was one of them. JHD published its first navigational chart “KAMAISHI BAY of RIKUCHU” in 1872, the next year of its establishment, and expanded its chart series after that.</p><p>As Japan experienced several wars and expanded its national jurisdiction by 1945, JHD expanded its chart series. Most of these charts were open to the merchant ships, but some of them were not open to public as military secrets at that time. Furthermore, JHD, as one of the organizations under the navy, made aeronautical charts for naval airplanes. These charts have been stored in archives, but some were lost in fires. Not all of charts ever published by JHD exist now. The existing charts published by 1945 are kept in the Hydrographic & Oceanographic Museum.</p><p>After World War II, JHD was restructured as one of the organizations of Japan Coast Guard under the Ministry of Transport (currently the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure and Transport). The chart production of Japan in post war days has received big influences by the economic situation of Japan and the world, frameworks of international societies and developments of the technologies.</p><p>In the viewpoint of the economic situation, the number of chart publication increased due to the large number of the constructions of domestic harbours in the periods of the post war reconstruction and the following high economic growth of Japan, but it has decreased little by little since 1970’s by the influences of such as depressions of domestic economy, and decrease of ships registered in Japan and Japanese mariners. On the other hand, JHOD has published navigational charts written only in English in recent years for foreign mariners which number increases like supplementing a decrease of Japanese mariners. Moreover, JHOD has published basic maps of the sea as basic material of use, development, environmental preservation and the natural disaster prevention etc. of the ocean.</p><p>In the viewpoint of the frameworks of the international societies, JHOD has published fishery charts which show the fishery areas on the agreements between neighbouring countries, and also writes the straight baselines and limits of the territorial sea on the navigational charts according to United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.</p><p>In the viewpoint of the developments of the technologies, innovations of positioning technology and improvement of the computer ability influenced largely in chart production. JHOD used to publish Decca charts and Loran charts in the age of radio navigation. Because satellite navigation became common in recent years, the difference between WGS84 and Tokyo-datum (nearly 500&thinsp;m) was put in questions. Corresponding to it, JHOD temporarily published some Tokyo-datum charts on which latitude and longitude lines based on WGS84 in green were added, and since 2000, JHOD has published navigational charts based on WGS84 and no more on Tokyo-datum. Furthermore, with the growth of computer ability, JHOD has shifted its chart compilation from full manually to by using computer assisted partly, and in 1996, JHOD established chart compilation process under fully computer assisted. In addition, JHOD published the first electronic navigational chart (ENC) in the world in 1995.</p><p>JHOD as the responsible organization of Japan for chart production will continue to produce charts in the future adjusting to the environment that surrounds charts and navigations.</p></p>

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Houghton, Frank. "A review of mortality maps included in the Annual Reports on Vital Statistics for Ireland 1864-1998." Irish Geography 35, no. 2 (August 11, 2014): 213–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.55650/igj.2002.240.

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Since 1864, some 135 reports have been produced examining marriages, birth and deaths for Ireland. The reports produced during the period prior to World War I are notable for the maps and charts that are included and the level of detail provided. Recent reports have failed to include mortality maps, while those produced since 1950 generally show a declining level of detail.Key index words: report on vital statistics, mortality, maps

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Cody, Jeffrey, and David Buisseret. "From Sea Charts to Satellite Images: Interpreting North American History through Maps." Technology and Culture 33, no. 2 (April 1992): 368. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3105877.

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Proctor, Tony. "Computer Produced Mind-Maps, Rich Pictures and Charts as Aids to Creativity." Creativity and Innovation Management 4, no. 4 (December 1995): 242–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8691.1995.tb00229.x.

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Marchese, Courtney. "The Truthful Art: Data, Charts, and Maps for Communication, by Alberto Cairo." Design and Culture 10, no. 2 (May 4, 2018): 229–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17547075.2018.1465704.

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Silverman, Helene. "IDEAS." Arithmetic Teacher 37, no. 4 (December 1989): 27–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/at.37.4.0027.

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36

Vereschaka, T. V., and A. A. Gorevalova. "Navigational nautical charts: a retrospective view at information potential." Geodesy and Cartography 971, no. 5 (June 20, 2021): 39–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2021-971-5-39-50.

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The article explore more than a century of nautical charts’ content evolution based on the symbols, published in 1910, 1937, 1961, 1971, 1985 and 2016. This paper presents an analysis of the structure and the “general remarks“ to the publications and describes trends of the symbols correspondence to the standards of the International Hydrographic Organization. The ways of optimizing the structure and the content of charts based on the examples of the coastline and the bottom sediment are proposed . The information on electronic navigation charts, visualization features of mapping objects on them and of their corresponding symbols is provided. The differences in the informational potential of paper and electronic charts are revealed, sample fragments of both charts are demonstrated for comparison. The classifiers for both maps are compared using the example of navigation equipment (buoys). A summary table illustrates the evolution of electronic nautical charts content. The authors prove the conformity of the marine charts content and usage to the modern standards usage to the modern standards and show the ways of their further improvement.

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Koteich, Bilal, Éric Saux, and Wissame Laddada. "Knowledge-Based Recommendation for On-Demand Mapping: Application to Nautical Charts." ISPRS International Journal of Geo-Information 10, no. 11 (November 17, 2021): 786. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijgi10110786.

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Maps have long been seen as a single cartographic product for different uses, with the user having to adapt their interpretation to his or her own needs. On-demand mapping reverses this paradigm in that it is the map that adapts to the user’s needs and context of use. Still often manual and reserved for professionals, on-demand mapping is evolving toward an automation of its processes and a democratization of its use. An on-demand mapping service is a chain of several consecutive steps leading to a target map that precisely meets the needs and requirements of a user. This article addresses the issue of selecting relevant thematic layers with a specific context of use. We propose a knowledge-based recommendation approach that aims to guide a cartographer through the process of map-making. Our system is based on high- and low-level ontologies, the latter modeling the concepts specific to different types of maps targeted. By focusing on maritime maps, we address the representation of knowledge in this context of use, where recommendations rely on axiomatic and rule-based reasoning. For this purpose, we choose description logics as a formalism for knowledge representation in order to make cartographic knowledge machine readable.

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El-Rabbany, Ahmed. "Assessment of Hydrographic Data Uncertainty for Seamless Reference Surface." Journal of Navigation 59, no. 2 (April 6, 2006): 213–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0373463306003729.

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The development of a seamless vertical reference surface is accompanied by a number of challenges pertinent to the availability, volume and uncertainty of bathymetric and topographic data. Data uncertainty, which is by far the most difficult to deal with, is attributed to various sources of errors including those of geodetic and hydrographic origin. The uncertainties in the geodetic measurements originate mainly from the limitations in the geodetic technique employed, i.e. terrestrial or space. Old nautical charts and topographic maps were based on terrestrial techniques, which are far less accurate than modern space techniques. In addition, the distribution of the positioning uncertainty is not expected to follow a consistent pattern across the chart (map). This is mainly due to the inconsistent datum distortion as well as the discrepancies in the measuring techniques in the subsequent chart (map) versions. The existing paper (and digitized) charts in many areas of the world were also based on old hydrographic surveying methods, for example the lead-line, which are far less accurate than modern techniques such as multibeam echo-sounding surveys. This creates inconsistent depth uncertainty across the chart. As uncertainties are propagated into the estimated transformation parameters, estimated positions and their covariance matrix, it is of utmost importance that they are properly modelled. This paper addresses the issue of uncertainty in hydrographic data and suggests ways to account for it.

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S, ABINAYA. "DATA VISUALIZATION USING POWER BI." International Scientific Journal of Engineering and Management 03, no. 04 (April 23, 2024): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.55041/isjem01536.

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This paper discusses Power BI, a Microsoft-developed business intelligence tool, for data visualization. It discusses its components, such as charts, maps, matrices, and custom visuals, and its process of connecting and importing data from various sources. The paper also discusses the advanced data modeling and transformation features, allowing users to shape and prepare their data for effective visualization. It also discusses the collaboration and sharing capabilities of Power BI, enabling teams to work together on data visualizations and distribute them to stakeholders. The paper also highlights best practices for creating effective data visualizations, such as selecting appropriate chart types, applying proper formatting, and incorporating interactivity and drill-down capabilities.

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Dunn, Richard. "Framed Rectangle Charts or Statistical Maps with Shading: An Experiment in Graphical Perception." American Statistician 42, no. 2 (May 1988): 123. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2684484.

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Dunn, Richard. "Framed Rectangle Charts or Statistical Maps with Shading: An Experiment in Graphical Perception." American Statistician 42, no. 2 (May 1988): 123–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00031305.1988.10475541.

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42

Seo, Kyung-Soon. "The charts of Korean Fishery and the foreign countries maps of Japan Navy." Korea-Japan Historical Review 84 (May 31, 2024): 131–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.18496/kjhr.2024.5.84.131.

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Cui, Yang, Gao Song Cui, Chao Jiang Wen, and Tao Liu. "Study on the Design Methods of Seabed Sediment Thematic Maps’ Symbols." Applied Mechanics and Materials 295-298 (February 2013): 2388–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.295-298.2388.

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In order to meet the designed demands of military seabed sediment thematic map, this paper researches the designed methods of sediment symbols on military seabed sediment thematic map. Combined with analyzing the characteristics of sediment elements, this paper studies the restrictive factors and designed principles of seabed sediment symbols on general charts. For the sake of the requirements of marine military affairs, this paper discusses the designed principles and implemented methods of sediment symbols on military seabed sediment thematic map.

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Dyrcz, Czesław. "Phenomenon of Icing and a Review of Ice Accretion Nomograms, Models and Charts in Navigation." Scientific Journal of Polish Naval Academy 219, no. 4 (December 1, 2019): 5–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/sjpna-2019-0022.

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Abstract The paper presents results of research based on analysis of marine icing nomograms, models and charts using in the sea navigation. The problem of ships icing occurs in specific weather and geographical conditions. Every year numbers of vessels navigate in these areas meet a phenomenon of icing. Ice on decks of ships can be formed from fresh water or sea (salt) water. Ships operating in waters where the phenomime of icing is occurred use for safety navigation icing nomograms and icing charts. Icing charts are created based on icing models. The main aim of the article is to perform a review of currently used in the sea navigation icing nomograms and icing maps, based on icing models, used in navigation to depict the phenomenon of icing.

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Richards, Clive, and Yuri Engelhardt. "The DNA of information design for charts and diagrams." Information Design Journal 25, no. 3 (December 31, 2019): 277–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1075/idj.25.3.05ric.

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Abstract A comprehensive framework is presented for analyzing and specifying an extensive range of visualizations, such as statistical charts, maps, family trees, Venn diagrams, flow charts, texts using indenting, technical drawings and scientific illustrations. This paper describes how the fundamental ‘DNA’ building blocks of visual encoding and composition can be combined into ‘visualization patterns’ that specify these and other types of visualizations. We offer different ways of specifying each visualization pattern, including through a DNA tree diagram and through a rigorously systematic natural language sentence. Using this framework, a design tool is proposed for exploring visualization design options.

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Urgilez-Clavijo, Andrea, David Rivas-Tabares, Anne Gobin, and Juan de la Riva. "Comprehensive Framework for Analysing the Intensity of Land Use and Land Cover Change in Continental Ecuadorian Biosphere Reserves." Sustainability 16, no. 4 (February 13, 2024): 1566. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su16041566.

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The conventional methods of land use and land cover (LULC) analysis are frequently based on crosstabulation matrices. However, this analysis becomes complex when including sites with multiple management zones and categories at different time points. This is challenging regarding data processing and the presentation of numerous results. We transformed the graphical representation of conventional Intensity Analysis to assess and compare the intensity and magnitude of LULC changes in six Continental Ecuadorian Biosphere Reserves at three levels: interval, category, and transition, and at three time intervals. A dimension reduction strategy was used to convert multiple bar charts into three composite heat maps. The results confirm the global conservation effectiveness in the core zones among the biosphere reserves with less than 10% change, but worrisome dynamics were detected in buffers and transitions with a change of up to 10% for all periods. Deforestation and agriculture were detected as the most relevant land processes. This work highlights the dimension reduction by summarizing 17, 51, and 312 bar charts from conventional Intensity Analysis in three composite heat maps, one for each level of analysis. Systematic suspicious transitions occurred in the water body category because of its dynamics and misclassification in LULC maps.

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Hayasaka, Hiroshi, Galina V. Sokolova, Andrey Ostroukhov, and Daisuke Naito. "Classification of Active Fires and Weather Conditions in the Lower Amur River Basin." Remote Sensing 12, no. 19 (October 1, 2020): 3204. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/rs12193204.

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Most wildland fires in boreal forests occur during summer, but major fires in the lower Amur River Basin of the southern Khabarovsk Krai (SKK) mainly occur in spring. To reduce active fires in the SKK, we carried out daily analysis of MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) hotspot (HS) data and various weather charts. HS data of 17 years from 2003 were used to identify the average seasonal fire occurrence. Active fire-periods were extracted by considering the number of daily HSs and their continuity. Weather charts, temperature maps, and wind maps during the top 12 active fire-periods were examined to clarify each fire weather condition. Analysis results showed that there were four active fire-periods that occurred in April, May, July, and October. Weather charts during the top active fire-periods showed active fires in April and October occurred under strong wind conditions (these wind velocities were over 30 km h−1) related to low-pressure systems. The very active summer fire at the end of June 2012 occurred related to warm air mass advection promoted by large westerly meandering. We showed clear fire weather conditions in the SKK from March to October. If a proper fire weather forecast is developed based on our results, more efficient and timely firefighting can be carried out.

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48

Fateev, V. F., O. V. Denisenko, I. S. Silvestrov, D. S. Bobrov, M. M. Murzabekov, R. A. Davlatov, and V. P. Lopatin. "New methods and means of preparing maps for navigating geophysical fields of the Earth." Geodesy and Cartography 989, no. 11 (December 20, 2022): 21–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.22389/0016-7126-2022-989-11-21-31.

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The article deals with the matters of creating an integrated navigation system using measurements of the Earth`s gravitational and magnetic fields’ parameters (EGF and EMF). Such a system is to contain a strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS), as well as sensors for the current parameters of the EGF and EMF. Its simulation was carried out. As a result it was found out that, due to the use of information on the parameters of the EGF and EMF, an error of several hundred meters can be obtained. Based on the results of full-scale tests of the created integrated navigation system for the EGF and EMF, a real error of 900 m was obtained with a correction interval of SINS readings of 4 minutes. According to the results of modeling and testing of the mentioned system, the main tasks and ways to solve them are identified. The requirements for measurers of geophysical fields’ parameters and navigation charts are considered, a number of new navigation meters, new methods and tools for preparing navigation charts are proposed. The ways of developing relativistic geodesy and the possibility of using the gravitational-wave astronomy achievements in gravimetry are considered.

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Moen, M. A. N., A. P. Doulgeris, S. N. Anfinsen, A. H. H. Renner, N. Hughes, S. Gerland, and T. Eltoft. "Comparison of feature based segmentation of full polarimetric SAR satellite sea ice images with manually drawn ice charts." Cryosphere 7, no. 6 (November 7, 2013): 1693–705. http://dx.doi.org/10.5194/tc-7-1693-2013.

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Abstract. In this paper we investigate the performance of an algorithm for automatic segmentation of full polarimetric, synthetic aperture radar (SAR) sea ice scenes. The algorithm uses statistical and polarimetric properties of the backscattered radar signals to segment the SAR image into a specified number of classes. This number was determined in advance from visual inspection of the SAR image and by available in situ measurements. The segmentation result was then compared to ice charts drawn by ice service analysts. The comparison revealed big discrepancies between the charts of the analysts, and between the manual and the automatic segmentations. In the succeeding analysis, the automatic segmentation chart was labeled into ice types by sea ice experts, and the SAR features used in the segmentation were interpreted in terms of physical sea ice properties. Utilizing polarimetric information in sea ice charting will increase the efficiency and exactness of the maps. The number of classes used in the segmentation has shown to be of significant importance. Thus, studies of automatic and robust estimation of the number of ice classes in SAR sea ice scenes will be highly relevant for future work.

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Chusyairi, Ahmad, Surya Hadi Kurniawan, Jafar Shadiq, Mayjen Tomy Sutanto, and Afifah Putri Witjaksono. "Perancangan Sistem Pengamanan Data Digital Dengan Metode ADDIE Pada HIMPAUDI Kecamatan Bekasi Barat." INFORMATICS FOR EDUCATORS AND PROFESSIONAL : Journal of Informatics 6, no. 1 (December 30, 2021): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.51211/itbi.v6i1.1658.

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Abstrak: HIMPAUDI di Bekasi Barat dengan berkoordinasi orang tua merasa kesulitan dalam melakukan pemantauan ketika anak berinteraksi dengan media digital, apa saja yang dilakukan anak dalam media digital, aplikasi apa yang sering digunakan dalam media digital, berapa lama anak menggunakan gawai dalam bermedia digital, sehingga dapat melakukan pencegahan dan mengatasi ancaman untuk keselamatan pada anak dalam bermedia digital. Metode yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah Analysis, Design, Development dan Implementation (ADDIE). Sistem pengamanan data digital yang diimplementasikan memiliki fitur login dari Google ++ atau Facebook. Profil HIMPAUDI, pilihan sebagai orang tua atau anak, dimana anak dapat melakukan penelusuran lebih aman saat belajar online, smartphone dapat aktif dan non aktif dengan diseting oleh orang tua, sehingga dapat melacak lokasi anak. Fitur tambahan yang lain adalah penelusuran berupa grafik Pie Chart untuk link yang berbahaya dan link yang bersifat aman dengan seting tanggal untuk dilakukan blok, grafik Pie Chart jumlah pengguna aplikasi dengan seting tanggal untuk dilakukan blok, dan tracking dengan Google Maps dimana terdapat email lebih dari 1 pengguna. Kata kunci: Anak Usia Dini, HIMPAUDI Kecamatan Bekasi Barat, Media Digital, Metode ADDIE Abstract: HIMPAUDI in West Bekasi in coordination with parents find it difficult to monitor when children interact with digital media, what children do in digital media, what applications are often used in digital media, how long children use devices in digital media so that they can perform prevention and overcoming threats to child safety in digital media. The method used in this research is Analysis, Design, Development, and Implementation (ADDIE). The implemented digital data security system has a login feature from Google ++ or Facebook. The HIMPAUDI profile, the choice as a parent or child, where children can search more safely while learning online, smartphones can be active and inactive with settings by parents, so they can track the location of the child. Other additional features are searched in the form of Pie Chart charts for dangerous links and safe links with date settings to block, Pie Chart charts for the number of application users with date settings to block, and tracking with Google Maps where there is more than 1 email user. Keywords: ADDIE Method, Digital Media, Early Childhood, HIMPAUDI West Bekasi District

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