Academic literature on the topic 'Chat (Internet) – Sociologie'

This paper examines the on- and off-line identity performance of a group of Hong Kong middle-class working mothers who are users of an internet based community. The development of my involvement in this community from lurker to participant and then to virtual ethnographer provides a unique opportunity to compare the on- and off-line interactions of an Internet based community. By examining the relationship between the dominant discourse of motherhood and these women's motherhood performances on- and off-line, three modes of performativity are identified and discussed. I argue that although there is considerable pressure within this community to uphold the dominant motherhood discourse, users’ reflexivity and subversion regarding this performance are evident in both on-line and off-line contexts. In particular, users’ performativity in what I call the ‘Si Nais behaving badly’ mode can be read as a reaction towards, though not necessarily subversive of, society's prevailing conception of motherhood. My findings throw light on how the structure of internet chat frames these women's presentation of self, and how internet chat exposes aspects of their self-hood, which portray a much more varied identity than the literature on motherhood currently suggests.

In this article, the authors provide a layered analysis of Ebola-chan, a visual cultural artifact of the 2014–2015 Ebola outbreak. Rather than considering her as a two-dimensional anime character (i.e. as a simple iconic coping mechanism and/or a fear response), this recent Internet meme is analyzed using an integrated semiotic and structural approach that involves discussion of the genesis of disaster humor in light of the changing world of the Internet, the history of anthropomorphism of disease, and the biosocial nature of an infectious disease epidemic. Our analysis is designed to advance both the anthropology of the Internet and the anthropology of infectious disease. As a multi-vocal symbol with different meanings for different audiences, Ebola-chan represents a social response to a lethal epidemic in the digital age.

The Internet is now being used as a mechanism for the delivery of social support on a global scale, chiefly through the formation of self-help groups. Most of the research that has been undertaken on these groups has focussed on Usenet and the use of newsgroups for social support. This paper examines the use of an Internet Relay Chat (IRC) ‘room’, by a self-help group composed of problem drinkers. The group had an international membership and advocated the use of social support, rather than intervention by professional services, to help its membership overcome problem drinking. The paper considers the roles that these new forms of Internet mediated self-help and social support might play in changing the relationships of those who participate in them towards traditional health and social care services. The paper also critically examines the extent to which such fora might function as virtual ‘communities’ of care.

A pesquisa apresenta as análises da dissertação “Os jovens e o mundo virtu@l: as artimanhas dos valores nos ch@ts da internet”, têm como objetivo identificar valores construídos pelos jovens na comunicação cibernética e suas implicações na construção identitária individual e coletiva, explora concepções conceituais a respeito da categoria juventude a partir do saber elaborado nas relações “comunicacionais experienciadas” no ciberespaço. Explora relações com a aprendizagem escolar e informal das salas de bate papo. Abordagem qualitativa, com pesquisa descritiva e exploratória, constituída por instrumentos com técnicas múltiplas, indo da formalidade dos questionários à informalidade das salas de chats. A análise e interpretação dos dados norteiam-se pelo método analítico e dialético, permitindo constante formulação de hipóteses. O referencial teórico entremeia esclarecendo aspectos da sociologia e psicologia da juventude, axiologia dos valores e sentido/significado da tecnologia. O ciberespaço ressignifica espaços do ensinar/aprender nas múltiplas facetas que o sujeito, hoje, se compõe/constrói.

AbstractThe Internet has, for varied reasons, emerged as a critical mediating tool in the everyday experience for many young people. Opportunities for access and participation are vast and well-documented. There are, however, risks, or more accurately ‘problematic situations’, associated with these online experiences. From a digital youth’s perspective, real and perceived threats, primarily related to content, contact and conduct, all play to policy agendas, and adult fears of how best to protect youth within virtual space where the boundaries of private and public are easily blurred and compromised. Drawing upon a purposive sample of four high schools, in greater Melbourne, Australia, frequency analysis is performed on questionnaire data from 770 students aged 12–18. Adapting the research taxonomy from the EU Kids Online (2014, EU Kids Online: findings, methods, recommendations (deliverable D1.6)) project, this paper extends that work by developing a more comprehensive coding structure to reflect the complex attitudes high school students of this study exhibit with their online practice. In doing so, this research, via a more nuanced classification, supports the ongoing validity of previous research that points to navigation of the Internet as a continuing contestation between balancing opportunity and risk.

Online deception is a phenomenon on the Internet, facilitated by restrictions on communication channels. As communication on the Internet is largely exchanged in textual form, deception about personal data such as sex, age, and appearance can be difficult to detect. Research on online deception has been focused thus far on what deceivers lie about and what motivates them to do so. Little is known about how persons feel when they are deceived in an online environment and about whether sex differences exist in the intensity of those feelings. Furthermore, research on online deception largely lacks a theoretical basis. In the current studies, differences between the sexes with respect to their reaction to online deception about sex, age, and appearance were analyzed in a framework of sex-specific mating strategies predicted by evolutionary theory. The results of a structured online interview showed that sex-specific differences in reaction to online gender switching and appearance deception can be explained by mating strategies. Gender switching was found to be more disturbing when committed by a chat partner of the same sex than when committed by a chat partner of the opposite sex. Appearance deception was found to be more disturbing when committed by chat partners of the opposite sex. The data on age deception were not in line with the theory of mate-choice strategies. Even a second online questionnaire study could not entirely clarify the issue but did reveal interfering factors (such as online harassment, legal issues, life expectancy) that probably influence the effect driven by evolution.

Cette thèse étudie les interactions écrites se déroulant en temps réel ou différé sur internet (chats, forums, et listes de discussion) et l'émergence d'identités de relations et de collectifs. L'enquête bat en brèche les analyses qui présentent internet comme un espace d'échange libre et ouvert aux rencontres de différences. Pour rendre compte de cet environnement, les recherches doivent s'attacher à décrire les interactions électroniques indépendamment de modèles idéaux - tels que les échanges thématiquement structurés et la conversation en face à face - par rapport auxquels elles feraient figure de modes de communication appauvris. Cette thèse montre donc que les activités d'écriture électronique méritent d'être étudiées pour elles-mêmes, afin d'élucider comment elles engagent ceux qui entendent y participer à produire activement leurs identités, leurs relations et des collectifs, c'est-à-dire à constituer internet comme un média de communication
This research studies synchronous and asynchronous written electronic interactions on internet : chats, newsgroups and discussion lists. The detailed analysis of electronic writing shows how this activities constitute identities, relationships and collectives. This praxeological analysis refute the conceptions of internet as a space where one can exchange freely and which is open to the meeting of different opinions and more generally of difference between people. Usually, the studies of electronic interactions qualify them as impoverished in comparison to other communication models which are taken for granted by the analysis such as thematically structured exchanges or face to face conversation. This research shows that electronic interactions must be analyzed for themselves in order to understand how they engage particpants to actively produce identities, relations and collectives, i. E. To constitute internet as communication media

This research uses observation, interviews and content analysis to examine the perceived and actual risks arising from Internet use in eight educational establishments. The majority of staff interviewed expressed concern about online pornography and the dangers of web based chat rooms. Additionally staff were anxious about the risks posed by hate engendering sites, websites encouraging experimentation, copyright infringement and threats to network security. In considering these school Internet risk narratives I make a distinction between concern that the student is "at risk" and that they are "dangerous”, posing a threat to the institution. I point out that in the primary schools staff talked about students solely as being "at risk", whereas in secondary schools this concern was tempered with the view that students misusing the school Internet also posed a danger to the institution. In the post-16 college Internet risks were almost solely expressed in terms of the "dangerous student". While only a sparse student risk narrative existed, with a few students anxious about on-line pornography, chat-lines and security there was non-verbal evidence indicating that students were worried about being punished for misusing the Internet. In assessing the "student- at-risk", I argue that exposure to pornography via the school Internet was not likely to pose an actual risk, while undesirable others in chat rooms, hateful websites and sites encouraging experimentation all posed actual, though statistically remote, risks. Considering the Internet activities of the "dangerous student", I found little evidence to suggest that the issues of school image, staff authority and copyright should be a source of great concern, although I note that school network security was an actual risk which deserves more attention. Finally, I consider institutional attempts to control Internet use and alleviate some of these perceived and actual risks through the use of rhetoric, exclusion and surveillance.

Orientador: Thomas Patrick Dwyer
Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Filosofia e Ciencias Humanas
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Mestrado

Cette thèse porte sur la dynamique sociotechnique à l'œuvre dans le développement d'un dispositif de chat via Internet : l'Internet Relay Chat (IRC). Elle montre qu'il est constamment co-construit par un ensemble d'actants humains et non humains organisés en réseaux sociotechniques appelés « réseaux IRC », parmi lesquels on ne peut distinguer de façon nette les usagers et les concepteurs du dispositif. La thèse s'attache à comprendre les modalités et les mobiles de cette co-construction. Située à l'intersection de deux champs d'étude : la sociologie de l'innovation – dans la perspective des Science & Technology Studies (STS) – et les études sur la communication médiatisée par ordinateur (CMO), notre problématique s'inscrit dans le sillage d'apports théoriques récents qui font valoir que le rôle des usagers dans la construction des dispositifs avait été sous-estimé, en particulier dans le cas des artefacts numériques, qui semblent offrir une plus grande « plasticité » à l'usage. Alors que l'idée d'un usager non seulement acteur, mais aussi contributeur des dispositifs techniques est de plus en plus fréquemment mise de l'avant aujourd'hui, nous constatons que la nature de cette contribution est souvent limitée au contenu. Le cas de l'IRC est intéressant en ce qu'il donne à voir la contribution des usagers à la structure même du dispositif. La recherche s'appuie sur un cadre conceptuel issu de trois approches théoriques en STS : la construction sociale des technologies, la théorie de l'acteur-réseau et le modèle « écologique » des mondes sociaux. Ces trois approches sont mises à contribution pour fournir les éléments d'une théorie de la co-construction qui, par rapport aux modèles classiques de l'innovation, redistribue la capacité d'agir entre les acteurs du développement d'un dispositif sociotechnique. Ainsi, les rôles de concepteur et d'usager s'avèrent être eux-mêmes co-construits dans le processus. Les concepts de communauté de pratique et d'arène d'habileté technique sont mobilisés pour expliquer les ressorts sociaux de l'engagement des acteurs dans cette co-construction. Au plan méthodologique, la recherche est une étude de cas portant plus spécifiquement sur la genèse et le développement de deux des principaux réseaux IRC : EFnet et Undernet. L'objet d'étude spécifique est constitué d'une série de controverses survenues entre 1990 et 2001 et ayant abouti à des sauts qualitatifs dans l'évolution de ces réseaux. Les méthodes mobilisées sont principalement l'analyse de discours et l'ethnographie en ligne, combinées aux techniques d'enquête sur les controverses sociotechniques propres aux STS. Concrètement, le protocole d'enquête a consisté en trois points : a) observation en ligne; b) étude de contenu et analyse de discours portant sur un corpus de documentation disponible sur le Web ainsi que sur les archives de quatre listes de discussion et de deux forums Usenet; et c) entretiens en ligne synchrones et asynchrones avec une douzaine d'acteurs clé du développement de l'IRC. Tandis que l'identification de moments critiques dans le développement du dispositif a permis de repérer des controverses et événements structurants, c'est leur analyse qui a fait ressortir la notion de service comme clé pour comprendre les modalités de co-construction du dispositif. Entendu initialement dans son sens courant (lié à la notion d'usager au sens de client), le service s'est peu à peu « traduit » sous la forme de programmes de plus en plus élaborés jusqu'à constituer des boîtes (presque) noires : les « robots » (bots) officiels ou services IRC. Sur EFnet, ce processus a été longtemps inhibé voire réprimé. Mais les usagers ont développé leurs propres réponses aux lacunes que comportait le protocole technique originel, notamment en créant leurs propres bots pour protéger leurs canaux. Par contraste, les promoteurs d'Undernet ont voulu se démarquer d'EFnet en plaçant le service aux usagers et l'implication de l'usager dans le dispositif au coeur de leur projet. Sur Undernet, le channel service est un concept hybride : c'est un service au sens organisationnel, et un service au sens technique de bot. Le flou définitionnel entourant la notion de service dans le discours des acteurs de l'IRC révèle son statut d'objet-frontière autour duquel s'articulent des « philosophies » du chat parfois divergentes au point de creuser des frontières techniques entre réseaux IRC et, par là même, entre communautés de pratique du chat.