Journal articles on the topic 'ChatGPT for Library Services'

Libraries play a crucial role in delivering reliable information using emerging technologies like artificial intelligence (AI), specifically ChatGPT. This study systematically reviews 11 articles from Scopus and Web of Science, focusing on ChatGPT's implications for library services. The identified themes include information retrieval, reference assistance, language support, user engagement, personalization, information literacy, collection development, and cataloging and classification. While ChatGPT offers various benefits, challenges such as intellectual property, privacy, bias, accuracy, and reliability limitations exist. This article underscores the need for in-depth qualitative or quantitative studies to explore ChatGPT's potential in library services.

ChatGPT merupakan teknologi AI, yang dapat diintegrasikan kedalam kegiatan operasional perpustakaan seperti layanan informasi dan processing koleksi seperti katalogisasi. ChatGPT tidak bisa menggantikan peran pustakawan dan perpustakaan sebagai sumber informasi. ChatGPT belum bisa dikatakan sebagai sumber informasi yang valid, maka hasil tanggapannya pun harus diverifikasi kesahihannya.

Purpose-Explore the impact of AI and ChatGPT on library information services; Design/methodology/approach-A sample of twenty-two reference questions are fed to ChatGPT and the answers are evaluated for quality and accuracy; Findings-ChatGPT are excellent in information retrieval in some areas, but it is not comparable to a reference librarian in others; Research limitations/implications-The findings may not be conclusive due to small sample size; Practical implications-Understand AI and ChatGPT and their behavior; Social implications -The knowledge from the study can assist librarians to adjust their services to better serve users; Originality/value-No research has been done in this area.

The popularization and application of ChatGPT intelligent dialogue tools provide more possibilities and options for library knowledge service intelligence. With the help of GPT technology, libraries can embed digital avatars in the library service system, utilize intelligent tools to generate cross-modal functions between text, images, and videos, establish associations and clustering between collection data, and upgrade knowledge services. SWOT analysis is a common business strategy tool that helps organizations understand their strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. This paper adopts SWOT analysis to analyze in detail the four aspects of the library in the context of the application of ChatGPT-like intelligent conversation tools, and puts forward the corresponding development proposals. ChatGPT can bring many advantages in library applications, including improving service efficiency, increasing librarians' productivity, and providing personalized services. With the continuous development and application of technology, the application of ChatGPT in the library field will also be expanded and deepened. However, it should also be seen that due to the limitations of ChatGPT's own technology and the defects of the database used for training, the application of intelligent dialog software will inevitably have certain difficulties and information security problems. Libraries need to provide high-quality text, big data and corpus for AI applications on a safe and controllable basis. With the help of intelligent dialog software, the transition to intelligent libraries can be accelerated.

Rationale of Study – Exploring the utilisation of ChatGPT in academic libraries, with a focus on ChatGPT's views, not only addresses immediate concerns within the library community but also advances an understanding of the evolving relationship between artificial intelligence and information services in contemporary society.Methodology – The study focused on the unique perspectives or viewpoints of ChatGPT itself. The main objective of the study was to explore ChatGPT's selfawareness and understanding of its role within the academic library context, including its perception of challenges, limitations, and contributions in facilitating information access and user support. The principal theory for this research study was grounded in the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM), which proposed that the perceived ease of use and perceived usefulness of technology are critical determinants of users' intentions to adopt and use that technology.Findings – The findings revealed that ChatGPT demonstrated an understanding of its function in this context, enhancing the user experience, addressing information queries, and navigating the diverse needs of library patrons. It acknowledged both its contributions and limitations. It recognised challenges in facilitating information access and user support, indicating a nuanced understanding of its role in assisting library patrons.Implications – This research contributes to the field of library and information science and offers insights into the broader implications of incorporating AI in information service settings.Originality – The study is one of the few exploring the perspectives on how it can help improve library services.

<em>Libraries play an important role in disseminating information, supporting research and fostering a learning environment M-Tech. and AI- GPTs, a state-of-the-art language model, offer promising solutions to create dynamic and interactive library environments. This paper explores the integration of M-Tech. and ChatGPT in libraries to enhance user engagement and information access, discusses the current landscape of M-Tech. and ChatGPT applications in libraries, analyzes their benefits, impact on user experiences, and aiming to provide insight about potential challenges and future directions of library services.</em> Keywords&mdash; Mobile technology, Artificial Intelligence, AI-based GPTs, ChatGPT, BharatGPT, chatsonic, SWOT analysis, GitaGPT, ChatGPT for Library Services, , KissanGPT.

The integration of ChatGPT into library promotions has transformed promotional efforts for the library team at King's. With its adaptability, ChatGPT enables the creation of personalised, dynamic email content tailored to specific interests swiftly. This not only enhances promotional effectiveness but also saves considerable time, allowing the team to focus on other services like literature search support. Consistently, ChatGPT has increased attendance and service uptake, showcasing its potential to enrich promotional activities, amplify impact, and strengthen connections with patrons. This technological advancement is instrumental in advancing the role of library professionals in the digital age, demonstrating the profound impact of AI integration in library services.

The rapid development of information and communication technology provides recommendations for libraries to optimize reference services to remain relevant and effective for users. One of the latest technologies that can be utilized is ChatGPT. ChatGPT is a large language model developed by OpenAI. This research aims to explore the role of ChatGPT technology in optimizing reference services for students at Prima Indonesia University Library. This study also seeks to identify the factors influencing the utilization of ChatGPT technology by students in accessing reference services. This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study method involving in-depth interviews with librarians and students, participatory observation, and document analysis. Thematic analysis will be used to analyze the collected data, ensuring data validity through source triangulation and member checking. This research is expected to provide insights into the potential of ChatGPT in enhancing reference services for students at Prima Indonesia University and offer recommendations for libraries to leverage the latest technology in optimizing their services. ChatGPT plays an important role in optimizing reference services for students at the Prima Indonesia University library. This technology offers easy access to information, search efficiency, and practicality which really helps students in meeting their reference needs.

Based on the conducted research, the possibilities of applying the artificial intelligence system ChatGPT to enhance and automate traditional library and bibliographic processes such as acquisition, cataloging, indexing, and reference services are considered. The methodology is based on evaluating the language model's capabilities in the context of these processes and provides detailed recommendations for the effective use of ChatGPT in library practice. The authors describe the ChatGPT existent information), differences in the accuracy of AI system responses across different languages, and the lack of real-time information updates. Methods for addressing potential issues associated with these limitations are proposed. Additionally, general recommendations for formulating queries are provided to maximize the effective utilization of ChatGPT in library practice. The importance of fact-checking to verify the accuracy of information obtained from the language model is emphasized. Recommendations are developed to optimize and automate acquisition, cataloging, indexing, and reference services processes. The authors conclude that ChatGPT can become a powerful tool in library work and has significant potential to improve and streamline traditional processes.

A Review of: Adetayo, A. J. (2023). ChatGPT and librarians for reference consultations. Internet Reference Services Quarterly, 27(3), 131–147. https://doi.org/10.1080/10875301.2023.2203681 Objective – To investigate students’ use of ChatGPT and its potential advantages and disadvantages compared to reference librarians at a university library. Design – Survey research. Setting – A university library in Nigeria. Subjects – Students familiar with ChatGPT (n=54) who were enrolled in a library users’ education course. Methods – A survey was conducted in a sample of undergraduate students enrolled in a library users’ education course, who had previously used ChatGPT. Participants were asked questions based on six categories that reflected frequency of use, types of inquiries, frequency of reference consultations, desire to consult reference librarians despite the availability of ChatGPT, and potential advantages and disadvantages of ChatGPT compared to reference librarians. A 4-point Likert scale was used to measure the responses from often to never, strongly agree to strongly disagree, and rarely to frequently. Main Results – The sample of students who participated (n=54) were a diverse group whose age varied from below 20 (35.2%) to above 30 years (31.5%) and represented a variety of fields of study, such as engineering, business and social sciences, arts, law, sciences, basic and medical sciences. Regarding frequency of use, the author reported that 40.7% of participants occasionally used ChatGPT, and 26.1% and 16.7% used it frequently or very frequently, respectively. Of the five options that represented types of inquiries (religious, political, academic, entertainment, and work), academic and work-related inquiries were topics most often searched in ChatGPT. Participants indicated that they consulted reference librarians occasionally (40.8%), frequently (37%), or rarely (22.2%). Most students (87%) would continue to consult reference librarians despite the availability of ChatGPT. For questions that compared ChatGPT to reference librarians, four options were provided to describe potential advantages and four options were provided to describe potential disadvantages. Most students agreed or strongly agreed that ChatGPT is more user friendly (83.4%), that it includes a broad knowledge base (90.7%), is easily accessible (83.3%), and saves time by responding to questions quickly (98%) compared to reference librarians. Fewer than half of the students agreed or strongly agreed that ChatGPT’s knowledge base is not up to date (47.2%). Most agreed or strongly agreed that it cannot comprehend some questions (72.3%), that it cannot read emotions as a librarian would (74.1%), and that responses to questions may be incorrect (66.6%). The potential advantage with the strongest response score was that ChatGPT saves time by responding to questions quickly (mean 3.52). The potential disadvantage with the strongest response score was ChatGPT could not read emotions as a librarian would (mean 2.91). Conclusion – Students from an academic institution acknowledged the potential advantages and disadvantages of ChatGPT over reference librarians, yet the majority of students would continue to utilize reference librarian services. The author suggests that ChatGPT is a versatile and useful tool as a supplement rather than a replacement for knowledgeable and personable reference librarians. Based on the results of the study, the author emphasizes the importance of interpersonal skills and enhanced accessibility of reference librarians outside of typical work hours.

Описан эксперимент по использованию модуля искусственного интеллекта ChatGPT-3.5 для выполнения типичных задач библиотечно-библиографической деятельности и аналогичных задач виртуальными справочными службами ряда федеральных библиотек Российской Федерации. Выявлены сильные и слабые стороны языковой модели. Полученные результаты эксперимента свидетельствуют, что ChatGPT уже в имеющейся версии 3.5 вполне пригоден для выполнения целого ряда информационных процессов при обязательном контроле со стороны квалифицированного библиотечного специалиста. An experiment was conducted to compare the performance of the artificial intelligence module ChatGPT 3.5 with that of virtual reference services offered by a number of federal libraries in the Russian Federation. The experiment involved typical library and bibliographic tasks and identified the strengths and weaknesses of the language model. The data obtained from the experiment indicate that ChatGPT 3.5 is suitable for performing certain information activity processes, provided that it is supervised by a qualified library specialist.

This study aims to analyze the development of AI use in libraries with bibliometric methods based on Scopus data. The study uses bibliometric analysis methods. Data were collected from the Scopus database using the keywords (Artificial intelligence OR AI) AND (Library" OR Libraries)) AND (Limit-To ( Subjec Area, "Soci" ) ) AND ( Limit-To ( Language , "English" ) ) AND ( Limit-To ( Doc Type , "ar" ) ). The data were analyzed using the R-biblioshiny and VOSviewer tools. The results of the study show that the trend of research on the use of artificial intelligence in libraries has increased significantly since 2020. The most widely used keywords in research on the use of artificial intelligence in libraries are artificial intelligence, machine learning academic libraries, libraries, ChatGPT, AI, library services, natural language processing, education information literacy and chatbots. The most productive main journals are Library Hi Tech News, Journal of Chemical Information and Modeling, Journal of Academic Librarianship, Library Hi Tech, Library Philosophy and Practice, and Electronic Library. The latest trending topics are AI literacy, electronic data interchange, intelligent libraries, library technologies, robotics in libraries, smart services, chatbots, ChatGPT, humanoid robot, large language models, library maching, library operations, library technology, openrefine, user experience, and research support. The results of this study can help libraries understand the direction of AI technology development to improve services.

The study explores the attitudes and experiences of undergraduate students towards the use of ChatGPT for reference services tool. Findings indicated that there is a growing popularity of ChatGPT on a global scale, while acknowledging its increasing adoption among understudied students. Findings reveal that ChatGPT holds potential advantages, such as time-saving capabilities and expansive knowledge, the study reveals its limitations. Issues surrounding reliability of information, inability to comprehend emotions, and currency of information stand out as constraints to the use of ChatGPT. The study recommends that library websites should be designed and incorporated with Chatbots interface.

<strong>Purpose:</strong> <em>Artificial Intelligent (AI) Technology-based systems are expected to replace or complement many services in various industries. AI-based GPTs are able to provide expert information in all industry sectors. Hence it is decided to examine the possibility of using ChatGPT to replace the conventional Library in higher education. </em> <strong>Methodology:</strong> <em>We made an exploratory study on the effects of AI-Based ChatGPT on Higher Education Libraries. This includes a description of the effect of technology on information collection and an analysis of the AI-based GPTs in terms of their capability to provide the right information at any time by evaluating the model of AI-based GPTs in terms of information generation and dissemination. This also includes a systematic comparison of the services provided by traditional libraries and digital libraries with AI-based GPT for students/readers, a study of the advantages, benefits, constraints, and disadvantages of ChatGPT in terms of providing Library services to readers by ABCD analysis framework and interpretation of the impact of AI-based GPTs on the information collection process of the Higher Education System.</em> <strong>Findings:</strong> <em>Based on analysis, comparison, and evaluation of ChatGPT with traditional and digital library systems, some suggestions are given on the use of AI-GTPs in Higher Education based on its advantages and benefits to the readers of tangible or intangible resources provided in libraries. It is found that AI-based GPTs are expected to be complementary to traditional libraries in terms of providing customized information support. </em> <strong>Originality/Value: </strong><em>An exploratory study is carried out based on collecting information from various authentic sources to analyse, compare, evaluate, and interpret the topic under consideration on the effect of AI-based ChatGPT on higher education libraries. </em> <strong>Type of Paper</strong>: <em>Explorative Study.</em>

Analisis bibliometrik telah dilakukan terhadap 200 publikasi tentang “ChatGPT”, setelah dilakukan pengecekan ulang menggunakan software mendeley hanya 127 yang dapat digunakan, publikasi ini diambil melalui software Publish-or-Perish dengan menggunakan basis data Google Scholar. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pembahasan ruang lingkup atau kata kunci “ChatGPT” dalam publikasi internasional menggunakan pendekatan bibliometrik. Bibliometrik merupakan metode statistik untuk menganalisis metadata publikasi yang tersedia dalam basis data publikasi dalam hal ini menggunakan aplikasi Publish-of-Perish kemudian mengekstrak hasil pencarian menggunakan VOSviewer. Melalui VOSviewer didapatkan sebelas cluster yang ditandai dengan kode warna merah, hijau, biru tua, kuning, ungu, biru muda, jingga, coklat, merah muda, peach, dan hijau muda. Berdasarkan hasil analisis dari VOSviewer, didapatkan topik yang paling sering dibahas adalah ChatGPT, artificial intelligence, dan natural language processing. Sementara itu, untuk tiga topik yang paling jarang dibahas adalah qualitative research, cybersecurity, dan library services.

With the enormous growth in interest and use of generative artificial intelligence (AI) systems seen since the launch of ChatGPT in autumn 2022 have come questions both about the legal status of AI outputs, and of using protected works as training inputs. It is inevitable that UK higher education institution (HEI) library copyright advice services will see an increase in questions around use of works with AI as a result. Staff working in such library services are not lawyers or able to offer legal advice to their academic researchers. Nonetheless, they must look at the issues raised, consider how to advise in analogous situations of using copyright material, and offer opinion to researchers accordingly. While the legal questions remain to be answered definitively, copyright librarians can still offer advice on both open licences and use of copyright material under permitted exceptions. We look here at how library services can address questions on copyright and open licences for generative AI for researchers in UK HEIs.

Large language models (LLMs) have ushered in transformative information retrieval, organisation, and dissemination possibilities. The study investigates the utilisation of LLMs by library and information science (LIS) students. A survey through a case study was done to unveil the evolving role of LLMs in LIS education and practice. Stratified and purposive sampling was used to select 59 students doing a degree in LIS at a public university in Zimbabwe. An online questionnaire was used to collect data which was analysed using content analysis. The findings showed that the students were aware of ChatGPT which they used for content generation. The major challenge was misinformation, bias, and the ethical considerations in using ChatGPT. The authors recommend the importance of training both students and educators on the ethical use of LLMs and the introduction of artificial intelligence literacy programmes. No study was done on the perception and use of LLMs by LIS students in Zimbabwe. The study contributes to a better understanding of how emerging technologies are reshaping the field and how students are at the forefront of navigating their opportunities and challenges. The results can inform curriculum development, training programs, and policy formulation for incorporating LLMs into library and information services.

Rationale of Study - This study used a qualitative research design to explore the digital marketing prospects and challenges of integrating AI tools in library marketing in academic libraries in Tanzania. Methodology – Data was collected from fourteen purposively selected librarians from seven university libraries in the Dar es Salaam, Arusha, and Kilimanjaro regions. Findings – Findings revealed that most libraries have embarked on marketing their services and resources through social media pages, preferably Instagram and Facebook, while maintaining a webpage linked to the institutional website to provide links to electronic resources, schedules for library training, and other educational posts. Most librarians interviewed identified content generation to keep the library’s social media pages and websites updated with engaging posts and articles as the most daunting challenge. Through literature, it has emerged that librarians could leverage ChatGPT as a content-generation tool for posts, images, and captions. At the same time, chatbots and voice assistants could be utilised to provide services to users around the clock while raising awareness of library services through personalised recommendations and resource discovery. The challenges to integrating AI into library marketing that emerged during the study include the absence of well-articulated AI use policies among these institutions, financial constraints, education and training gaps, lack of institutional support, and librarians’ attitudes. Implications – Therefore, the study recommends continuing professional education on emerging technologies, changing attitudes among librarians, and incorporating library marketing initiatives into library policies and strategic plans to garner financial and institutional support. Originality – This study contributes to the underexplored domain of artificial intelligence (AI) adoption in marketing library services and resources, particularly within Tanzania’s academic libraries. The findings highlight unique contextual challenges and opportunities, advancing theoretical and practical insights into AI-driven marketing strategies in academic library settings.

This research delves into the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) in Nigerian university&nbsp;libraries, exploring the awareness, adoption, and potential impact of AI on library services. The study employs a qualitative approach, utilizing a case study design to capture the perspectives of reference librarians in the north-central geopolitical zone of Nigeria. Data were collected through &nbsp;semi-structured interviews with 52 reference librarians, focusing on their awareness of AI, motivators and mitigators to its use in library services, and concerns regarding its potential impact. Findings reveal that while reference librarians demonstrate a substantial awareness of AI tools such as ChatGPT and Gemini, their utilisation remains primarily for personal use rather than professional service delivery within libraries. Challenges such as training, and infrastructure mitigated the integration of AI into library operations, restricting its effectiveness in supporting students and faculty. This research underscores the need for targeted training programs and &nbsp;infrastructure investments to facilitate the effective adoption of AI in Nigerian university libraries.&nbsp; By understanding librarians' perspectives and addressing their concerns, libraries can harness the transformative potential of AI to enhance service delivery and meet the evolving needs of their clientele in the digital era.&nbsp;

In this interview, Reece Steinberg, Head of Library Learning Services and Business Liaison Librarian at Toronto Metropolitan University (TMU), shared insights into his extensive experience in library instruction and research support. With 17 years in librarianship, Steinberg has specialized in assisting entrepreneurs and business students while exploring topics such as the ethics of storytelling, library instruction, and the impact of neoliberalism on business research. He discussed his preparatory approach for teaching, emphasizing the importance of understanding course content and collaborating with professors to tailor lessons. Steinberg described the dual nature of his instructional work, which includes both recurring class sessions and one-on-one interactions, highlighting the value of diverse teaching methods to reach and support students. He shared practical advice on effective teaching, such as soliciting real-time feedback to adjust lessons. Reflecting on changes in instructional work, Steinberg noted the evolving impact of technology and anticipated shifts in assignment formats due to emerging tools like ChatGPT. His insights offer a comprehensive view of current trends and future directions in library instruction.

Industry 4.0 and situation of Corona pandemic encourage the development of chatbots. The Matana university library in Indonesia is facing protocol implementation due to the pandemic, library staff vacancies and the need to improve 24x7 online services. Therefore, a solution is needed to resolve these kinds of problems. The success of chatbots in the business world and public services is the reason for the adoption of chatbots to overcome these problems. The first phase of chatbot development focuses on Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ). The development model for chatbot applications development uses a prototyping model by utilizing Dialogflow, namely the natural language understanding (NLU) platform. Agents, intents, entities, contexts, events, fulfilment, and integration need to be considered before designing a chatbot conversation. The test results are the chatbot is feasible to be accepted and operated. The variety of phrases entered into the Intent will improve accuracy. However, the accuracy of this chatbot will become lower if the language conveyed uses a lot of abbreviations or local / foreign languages. In further development, it is necessary to apply the system implementation and system maintenance phases, make chatbot responses not rigid like robots, add other library services such as new member registration, information on book availability, user satisfaction and so on.

The digital transformation of the modern society is characterized by the onrush of Artificial Intelligence (AI), as one of the promising and long-term vectors of librarianship digitalization. The AI-based chatbots provide a number of library services and accomplish tasks that traditionally were pertained to human librarians and information specialists. The author investigates into the potential of chatbot technology, specifies and characterizes them, and defines the related risks of using chatbots in library services. The purpose is to understand how the chatbot technology changes and supplements the library and information services. For the purposes of the study, the general dialectical method, theoretical analysis and generalization of research and specialized technical literature, standards on AI and library digitalization are applied. Within the study, the basic functions of chatbot technology are determined, i. e. interactive personalized dialog with a user, economically efficient virtual reference instrument for library routine. The author concludes that the chatbot technology is a trend of distance communication with the users, meeting their information and sociocultural demands online 24/7. However, despite their vast intelligence and technological potential, the chatbots are unable to remove human librarians and interpersonal communication, though they supplement their capabilities, computerize the major part of library services, thus make it possible for the library staff to focus on complex interactions with library visitors and creative professional tasks.

Chatbot is a digital technology based on artificial intelligence that has been utilized by various libraries to support the efficiency of information services. The use of chatbots is considered capable of creating a smart library ecosystem so it is important to continue to be developed so that customers are satisfied with the information services provided. This study aims to provide an overview of the benefits that can be obtained by libraries from implementing chatbots to achieve the concept of a smart library. The method used in this study is a literature review from the Google Scholar and Scopus database. There are 5 articles as the main research data. The results show that there are at least 2 benefits that can be obtained from implementing chatbots in library information services, namely: personalized information services and integration of cyberspace with libraries. In personalized information services, customers can get information that suits their needs without having to be overwhelmed with unnecessary information. As for integrating cyber space with real life, customers are able to access services without having to come to the location. Efficiency is the key word in the use of technology to support library services. More in-depth empirical research on chatbots, especially in Indonesia, needs to be carried out to be able to develop and evaluate the use of this technology.

This study explores the development of a mobile-based library application equipped with an FAQ chatbot to enhance the efficiency of library management at SMA Negeri 2 Tumijajar. The application is designed to facilitate user access to library services such as book searches, borrowing, and returning, while also providing automated responses to frequently asked questions. The research employs the Research and Development (R&amp;D) method, encompassing several stages: needs analysis, design, development, testing, and evaluation. Testing results indicate that the application features an intuitive interface, functions effectively across various devices, and is regarded as user-friendly by both library staff and students. Furthermore, the chatbot service has proven to be effective in addressing common inquiries, thereby reducing the workload of library staff. The study concludes that the mobile-based library application with an FAQ chatbot significantly improves the efficiency of information services and library management. Recommendations for future research include optimizing chatbot algorithms and enhancing application compatibility with various devices.

A Review of: Rodriguez, S., &amp; Mune, C. (2022). Uncoding library chatbots: Deploying a new virtual reference tool at the San Jose State University Library. Reference Services Review, 50(3), 392-405. https://doi.org/10.1108/RSR-05-2022-0020 Objective – To describe the development of an artificial intelligence (AI) chatbot to support virtual reference services at an academic library. Design – Case study. Setting – A public university library in the United States. Subjects – 1,682 chatbot-user interactions. Methods – A university librarian and two graduate student interns researched and developed an AI chatbot to meet virtual reference needs. Developed using chatbot development software, Dialogflow, the chatbot was populated with questions, keywords, and other training phrases entered during user inquiries, text-based responses to inquiries, and intents (i.e., programmed mappings between user inquiries and chatbot responses). The chatbot utilized natural language processing and AI training for basic circulation and reference questions, and included interactive elements and embeddable widgets supported by Kommunicate (i.e., a bot support platform for chat widgets). The chatbot was enabled after live reference hours were over. User interactions with the chatbot were collected across 18 months since its launch. The authors used analytics from Kommunicate and Dialogflow to examine user interactions. Main Results – User interactions increased gradually since the launch of the chatbot. The chatbot logged approximately 44 monthly interactions during the spring 2021 term, which increased to approximately 137 monthly interactions during the spring 2022 term. The authors identified the most common reasons for users to engage the chatbot, using the chatbot’s triggered intents from user inquiries. These reasons included information about hours for the library building and live reference services, finding library resources (e.g., peer-reviewed articles, books), getting help from a librarian, locating databases and research guides, information about borrowing library items (e.g., laptops, books), and reporting issues with library resources. Conclusion – Libraries can successfully develop and train AI chatbots with minimal technical expertise and resources. The authors offered user experience considerations from their experience with the project, including editing library FAQs to be concise and easy to understand, testing and ensuring chatbot text and elements are accessible, and continuous maintenance of chatbot content. Kommunicate, Dialogflow, Google Analytics, and Crazy Egg (i.e., a web usage analytics tool) could not provide more in-depth user data (e.g., user clicks, scroll maps, heat maps), with plans to further explore other usage analysis software to collect the data. The authors noted that only 10% of users engaged the chatbot beyond the initial welcome prompt, requiring more research and user testing on how to facilitate user engagement.

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has become an indispensable tool in our daily lives and is a concept that refers to complex tasks that usually require significant human effort. Chatbots stand out as one of the primary applications of artificial intelligence, aiming to foster an interactive dialogue environment between humans and machines to address inquiries through textual or voice interfaces that simulate human cognition. Libraries can serve as an ideal environment for implementing this technology, where it can deliver advanced information services and streamline repetitive routine tasks typically performed by library staff. The paper discusses the applications of chatbots in automating library services, including reference services, user recommendations, information retrieval, data analysis, and other related processes, and their mechanism of action in processing natural language queries and responding to them accurately. Through a web survey, the study identified eighteen chatbot models that could be implemented in libraries. This survey provided details about these bots, including their type (free or commercial), ownership, release date, operating platforms, and key features. This allows libraries to choose from them. Integrating chatbots into libraries will open new horizons for enhancing their services and improving the user experience. Despite the benefits offered by these chatbots, they face several challenges and concerns regarding their usage, notably data privacy and security, and bias in retrieval. It is expected that in the future, these chatbots will become a fundamental component of providing library services.

Purpose The recent COVID-19 pandemic affects all segments of the population in all possible fields of life. To encounter this critical situation and to safeguard the health of the library users &amp; library staff, the library services have been forced to adapt and accept the “new normal” and give a greater use and reliance on virtual space than ever before with physical spaces. This paper aims to demonstrate an artificial intelligence (AI)-driven solution that can be practically implemented in the form of a “InfoBot” or “Chatbot” to fulfil user needs 24/7 with minimal or without human intervention. Design/methodology/approach To give a general overview of the use of AI Chatbot in libraries and its multitasking features followed by the practical implementation, a versatile AIchatbot service, Engati is used as a target bot with its basic free plan. Findings The study findings reveal that AI Chatbots offer a dependable solution for the libraries to initiate virtual assistance, thus augmenting the reference service while adding a newer dimension to virtual reference service. Social implications Innovative and intelligent information service would be overcoming the time and location barriers reaffirming the concept of “library without walls” while falling in line with the five laws of library science as propounded by Dr S.R. Ranganathan, the father of library science in India. Originality/value Though the implementation of bots and chatbots is not a purely novel concept to explore, no such research has been conducted focusing particularly on its exceptional benefits in the library in reference to the recent pandemic.

The author discusses the key concepts of the artificial intelligence, computerized analysis and machine learning. The chatbots СhatGPT, GigaChat, Alisa can be used in the libraries and information centers to assist in translations of foreign publications, article reviewing, etc. The author examines the possibility of integrating chatbot into the websites to render the first assistance to the users, in particular beyond office hours. The author reviews using AI for literature system reviewing and argues that the selection process is more efficient, and time is saved. He demonstrates the AI capabilities to improve the relevance of response to the search queries in the library computerized systems and to develop user personal account services. The latter would enable to generate personalized recommendations for articles, patents and reviews within the subject scope of studies and to select the most relevant materials for publication. For the system proper operation, the author suggests to develop the system for evaluation of the produced materials and services quality. Based on this system and requested materials, the personalized analytical and recommendation system can be generated to identify the lines of further research and development. Despite underdeveloped technologies, impossibility of total replacement of the humans, high implementation costs, etc., the AI methods and algorithms of learning and analysis enable to computerize several information processing operations, to reveal patterns and trends, t o p redict u ser n eeds, w hich l ays t he w ay f or d eveloping a nd i mproving services in the libraries and information centers

Intelligent chatbots are an excellent addition to the information platforms of institutions focused on interacting with people in the context of the digital transformation of the social sphere of society. In accordance with this trend, various libraries are introducing chatbots into their technological sphere in order to provide better library and information services to visitors, optimize the time and labor costs of library staff. The article explores the possibilities of chatbot technology and their application in the library. It is described RASA tools in the field of natural language processing, which were used to develop a library chatbot. It is demonstrated the chatbot functionality using specific examples.

The rapid evolution of information and communication technologies has created a pressing need for higher education institutions to modernize their Information Technology (IT) governance practices. This article proposes an innovative solution to enhance the governance and efficiency of IT services while optimizing and personalizing user experience. The proposed solution consists of a chatbot using Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Natural Language Processing (NLP) combined with the Information Technology Infrastructure Library (ITIL) standard to automate the management of IT services in the digital work environment (ENT). Intended for students, teachers, and administrators, this chatbot provides reactive support by responding to requests, reducing waiting times, and improving satisfaction. It also helps decrease operational costs and the workload of support teams by autonomously handling recurring requests. Beyond efficiency improvements, the chatbot contributes significantly to IT governance by providing structured service management, improving decision-making through real-time data, and supporting compliance with governance frameworks. An online survey conducted among 120 students revealed slow processing of requests and unavailability of services, justifying the need for this chatbot. The chatbot was designed with advanced NLP and Machine Learning (ML) technologies. Preliminary tests demonstrate the chatbot’s response reliability, with an accuracy rate of 96% and a response time decrease to an average of 4.17 seconds. The use of chatbots has considerable potential for universities to improve the efficiency of digital services offered to students.

The objective is to determine the direction of implementing artificial intelligence (AI) in the activities of foreign and domestic academic libraries. Methods. The research is based on a combination of the method of analyzing the content of publications with the methods of systematization, generalization, surveying employees of academic libraries in Ukraine, and the method of comparative analysis. Results. It was found that the general directions for practical application of AI technologies in academic libraries of foreign and Ukrainian countries are: training, reference work, intelligent user service, and collection management. The main direction of the ChatGPT application is: to study this tool, and its application in reference and advertising activities. It was established that in libraries of foreign universities, the following are being initiated: the creation of intellectual spaces (USA); the use of robotics (Canada, China); and the formation of a smart library (USA, China). Conclusions. The importance of implementing AI technologies in the activities of academic libraries, which create new opportunities for scientific research and education, is confirmed. At the same time, the research confirms the insufficient level of AI implementation by university libraries to provide innovative alternative services. It is urgent to develop a strategy for the university library regarding implementing AI technologies and developing employees' relevant competencies.

Mobile applications are software applications developed for small and wireless computing devices such as smartphones and tablets, rather than desktops or laptops. With advancements in networking technologies, mobile applications are increasingly utilized in the field of education, particularly in libraries, to engage more users. They are predominantly preferred for providing library services such as accessing e-resources like e-books, e-journals, e-newspapers, e-patents, etc. Additionally, these applications provide users with access at any time, from anywhere, and help save time. This paper briefly explains the design of a mobile application for Dr. GRD Memorial Library, the main library of PSG College of Technology, using Jotform, a free, no-code app builder that allows sharing multiple forms, links, and other elements in a single app that works on any device. To enhance interactivity, a chatbot is also incorporated using an AI chatbot builder, Chatbase, primarily utilized for adding chat widgets in mobile applications.

Mobile applications are software applications developed for small and wireless computing devices such as smartphones and tablets, rather than desktops or laptops. With advancements in networking technologies, mobile applications are increasingly utilized in the field of education, particularly in libraries, to engage more users. They are predominantly preferred for providing library services such as accessing e-resources like e-books, e-journals, e-newspapers, e-patents, etc. Additionally, these applications provide users with access at any time, from anywhere, and help save time. This paper briefly explains the design of a mobile application for Dr. GRD Memorial Library, the main library of PSG College of Technology, using Jotform, a free, no-code app builder that allows sharing multiple forms, links, and other elements in a single app that works on any device. To enhance interactivity, a chatbot is also incorporated using an AI chatbot builder, Chatbase, primarily utilized for adding chat widgets in mobile applications.

Conversational software, or chatbots in popular parlance, has been in vogue amongst organizations for a few decades now. In sync with the trend, various libraries and knowledge resource centres have also adopted them within their technological fold, with an aim to provide improved services to patrons. The only bottleneck towards such implementation has been the dearth of open source conversational software platforms. The purpose of the paper is to conceptualize a library chatbot using a recently developed, artificial intelligence-powered open source conversational software platform named Rasa Stack. It introduces the essence of chatbot technology and their present day application in libraries, illustrates how the technical underpinnings of Rasa Stack can be leveraged to develop a library chatbot, and reflects on the potential future research in this direction.

<strong>The objective</strong>&nbsp;is to determine the direction of implementing artificial intelligence (AI) in the activities of foreign and domestic academic libraries.&nbsp;<strong>Methods.</strong>&nbsp;The research is based on a combination of the method of analyzing the content of publications with the methods of systematization, generalization, surveying employees of academic libraries in Ukraine, and the method of comparative analysis.&nbsp;<strong>Results</strong>. It was found that the general directions for practical application of AI technologies in academic libraries of foreign and Ukrainian countries are: training, reference work, intelligent user service, and&nbsp;collection management. The main direction of the ChatGPT application is: to study this tool, and&nbsp;its&nbsp;application in reference and advertising activities. It was established that in libraries of foreign universities, the following are being initiated: the creation of intellectual spaces (USA); the use of robotics (Canada, China); and the formation of a smart library (USA, China).&nbsp;<strong>Conclusions</strong>. The importance of implementing AI technologies in the activities of academic libraries, which create new opportunities for scientific research and education, is confirmed. At the same time, the research confirms the insufficient level of AI implementation by university libraries to provide innovative alternative services. It is urgent to develop a strategy for the university library regarding implementing AI technologies and developing employees' relevant competencies.

Chatbots have become an integral part of our digital lives, presenting new ways of interacting with machines and information. Communication is mediated through chatbots, where humans and machines exchange information and ideas through chats, opening up new communication opportunities and challenges. The library, as the main unit of a university, has the primary task of providing services for librarians to feel comfortable in finding and obtaining the necessary references. Based on the concepts of mediated communication, digital libraries, and chatbots, we will also use literary analysis, focused group discussions, and narrative analysis. The library must be able to adapt and adapt to technological developments, in providing its services to librarians. This article provides an overview of the form of communication media as a means of facilitating librarians in obtaining information quickly and accurately. A library is a service unit, so the input from a librarian is the ammunition for the existence of a library. Before getting a service, of course, sufficient information is needed, accurate and quick so that librarians can more easily browse the references in the library, especially in today's digital age, where we have to revolutionize ourselves to respond to technological changes. From the discussion and analysis of some literature, this article provides an overview of the need for mediated communication patterns in providing more effective and efficient services, in this case through Chatbot.

With the advent of generative AI, generative AI services are being developed and introduced in various industries. In this study, we attempted to understand librarians’ perceptions and the factors influencing librarians’ intent to provide a generative AI chatbot service in the medical library. Based on the extended technology acceptance model, factors and research models were designed. A survey was conducted on librarians working in the medical library from September 4th to 17th, 2023, and a total of 64 questionnaires were collected. Factor analysis, reliability analysis, and mediated regression analysis following Baron and Kenny’s method were performed on these response results using the SPSS program. Eight factors were extracted through factor analysis, and mediated regression analysis was conducted on them. As a result, it was confirmed that recognition and convenience directly affect the intention to provide a generative AI chatbot service, and the perceived ease of use had no mediating effect. However, the perceived usefulness had a partial mediating effect on the two factors. It was confirmed that the positive perception of medical librarians is the most important factor in providing generative AI chatbot service to users. Additionally, medical library librarians recognized that the convenience of the generative AI chatbot service could be applied usefully to users.

Objective. The purpose of the publication is to study the possibilities of using chatbots as one of the tools for developing an inclusive environment in an academic library. Methods. The study analyzed international experience and software for creating AI-based chatbots. Results. An academic library can use open-source software to create chatbots, but this method will require significant resources. An alternative is commercial services, which are quite easy to use but require monthly funding. Conclusions. Chatbot is a very promising direction for building an inclusive direction, and each library can choose how to create and use it according to its needs.

The variety of smart connection applications continues to increase, and the need for better communication in the network emerges. The conversation application is a solution that users widely use. The one quite popular today is also known as ChatBot. In this study, the implementation of the ChatBot application was applied to the LMS (Learning Management System). The implementation of ChatBot used the ReactJS library technology in creating the user interface. This application could help students learn outside the classroom, especially if they experience difficulties in the learning process. Furthermore, in this study, the Dialogflow technology was tested for matching sentence combinations in the ChatBot application. The tests were carried out on informatics engineering students at the State Polytechnic of Malang in learning Microsoft Office applications. The results of the research experiment resulted in a 100% accuracy value for original sentence questions from the database and 72% accuracy-free questions, for usability testing produces a calculation value of 88.97%. From the results, it could be concluded that it was very feasible and met the criteria in the usability aspect.

Implementing third-party services to develop a chatbot is not cost-effective for many small and medium enterprises especially considering that many services only supports one language at a time. To address this gap, this paper proposes a multilingual chatbot system that will allow companies and organizations to customize and deploy their own multilingual chatbot service with two extended features, which are live chat and ticketing system. The chatbot will also be able to understand and reply in English, Malay, and Chinese as well as customizable given the dialogue shell and knowledge base. To achieve this, the development uses TypeScript for frontend web application while Go as the backend development. The development language for mobile application is Dart and the User Interface (UI) library is React. Finally, the database management system used is MongoDB. The developed prototype is then evaluated via a survey questionnaire and the findings suggested that the proposed system would be able to assist small and medium-sized business and organizations to deploy their own chatbot system as an alternative to existing customer services.

<strong>Objective.&nbsp;</strong>The purpose of the publication is to study the possibilities of using chatbots as one of the tools for developing an inclusive environment in an academic library.&nbsp;<strong>Methods.</strong>&nbsp;The study analyzed international experience and software for creating AI-based chatbots.<strong>&nbsp;Results.</strong>&nbsp;An academic library can use open-source software to create chatbots, but this method will require significant resources. An alternative is commercial services, which are quite easy to use but require monthly funding.&nbsp;<strong>Conclusions.</strong> Chatbot is a very promising direction for building an inclusive direction, and each library can choose how to create and use it according to its needs.

Creating a chatbot to be used by the students to get their queries responded easily from the college website. The College Chatbot has the capacity to make friendly conversations; respond the course and faculty details; give the link for the academic calendar; answer the frequently asked questions; calculate the fees based on the student's input; and give the timings, address, contacts, and events information of the departments like Union and Library. To build the chatbot, Microsoft Azure bot service as well as Microsoft cognitive services, namely, Text Analytics, LUIS, and QnA Maker are used. In order to address these problems, the College Enquiry Chatbot extends the implementation of the current chatbots by adding sentiment analysis and active learning

Amidst the ever-changing landscape of English language education, where virtual platforms shape new learning paradigms, this research determines the revolutionary potential of ChatGPT to foster English language acquisition in Pakistan. English is a second language in Pakistan and the learners face multiple challenges in its acquisition. To understand the influence of ChatGPT on English language students, the study relied on quantitative data, using the Technology Acceptance Model (TAM) along with social impact. To test the hypothesized relationships, the study gathered 400 valid responses from English-language students studying at various universities in the southern districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province via purposive sampling. For data analysis, the study applied structure equation modelling through Smart-PLS and found that social influence, perceived usefulness, and perceived ease of use stimulate students’ intentions to use ChatGPT for English language learning. 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Information and Communication Technology, or ICT for short, has changed the game regarding academic libraries. It’s made things so much more accessible, boosting research efficiency and how users engage with resources. This case study takes a closer look at the cool ICT practices that St. Xavier’s University, Kolkata Library, led by Dr. Stephen, has put into play to create a tech-savvy learning space. This study shows some key initiatives, especially IP-based and remote access to e-resources that the library subscribes to. Then, there’s research support through tools like Turnitin and Grammarly. SXUK Library has digital memberships with organizations like NDLI, DELNET, the American Library, and the British Council Library. This means SXUK library users can easily access many academic materials from around the world. The SXUK Library also rolled out the Knimbus Discovery Tool and a mobile app to help improve research and learning outcomes. This makes it super easy for users to find and manage scholarly resources. SXUK Library developed Subject Gateways for Management and Law using Google Sites, which helps with focused research in those areas. Inclusivity is also a priority, as shown by the Kibo Access Point, which supports disabled and multilingual learners. Also introduced Virtual Reference Services using Gmail, WhatsApp, and even an AI Chatbot for academic support, giving students instant help from wherever they are. This study showcases how SXUK Library’s ICT-driven practices have boosted accessibility, inclusivity, and research productivity. Honestly, it sets a fantastic example for modern academic libraries everywhere. By tapping into innovative digital tools and connecting with global research networks, SXUK Library creates a forward-thinking, tech-driven academic environment and sets new benchmarks in higher education. It’s exciting to see where this all leads!

The purpose of the article&nbsp;is to analyze the foreign experience of using artificial intelligence in the digital marketing of libraries, to outline the main directions, prospects and problems of applying these technologies in Ukraine, and to formulate recommendations for the successful implementation of AI in the digital marketing of Ukrainian libraries. Research methods.&nbsp;In order to achieve our goal, we utilized several scientific methods such as analysis, substantiation, systematization, comparison, and generalization. To gather empirical data, we conducted a content analysis of relevant literature and case studies of foreign libraries that have integrated AI in their digital marketing strategies. The data collected underwent statistical analysis, and we utilized the results to formulate recommendations for Ukrainian libraries to successfully implement artificial intelligence in their digital marketing strategies. Scientific novelty.&nbsp;The article presents a new perspective on implementing digital marketing methods in libraries through the use of artificial intelligence. By analyzing foreign experiences, the article suggests effective strategies and tools for promoting library services in the digital environment. Furthermore, the article emphasizes the potential of artificial intelligence technologies to address challenges faced by the library industry in Ukraine and offers practical recommendations for their implementation. Conclusions.&nbsp;Five main areas of artificial intelligence application in the digital marketing of foreign libraries have been identified: chatbots, recommendation systems, smart libraries, digital archives, and user behaviour analysis. Prospects for the implementation of AI include personalization of user experience through content recommendations based on user&rsquo;s preferences and search history; improvement of search functionality by providing more accurate and relevant results; increasing user engagement through real-time interaction with chatbots; analysis of user behaviour to develop targeted marketing campaigns; simplification of analysis of large amounts of data and identification of patterns and trends; automation of routine tasks, etc. Challenges in using AI technologies: lack of necessary resources, technical and technological recommendations, knowledge and skills, etc. Libraries can organize cooperation with AI specialists or other libraries that have already implemented AI fragments; identify areas that require improvement and investment; identify staff with the necessary skills and knowledge to manage and support smart technologies; consider ICT gadgets as a means of efficiently providing information services; and work to improve the efficiency of information and communication technologies; constantly improve their skills and evaluate and adapt services and technologies; have a clearly defined marketing strategy and AI implementation plan that meet the library&rsquo;s goals and objectives.

Creating a concept for a facial recognition chatbot is the main objective of the project. The work of chatbots in a variety of fields, such as marketing, education, healthcare, entertainment, has grown significantly in recent years. A chatbot is a piece of software that performs text or text-to-speech internet chats in place of face-to-face contact. Chatbots and other dialog systems are utilized for a number of purposes, including information gathering, request routing, and customer assistance. Some chatbot solutions look for generic keywords and respond with frequently used phrases that are pulled from a related library, while others utilize sophisticated AI, natural language processing, and intricate word categorization techniques. Here, we have added additional features including facial and language recognition. A facial recognition system is a technological device that uses a database of faces and digital images or video frames to identify a person's face. This kind of equipment locates and quantifies face features from a picture, usually to confirm users' identities through ID verification services.

Purpose This paper aims to explore integrating chatbot applications into libraries to improve reference services. Design/methodology/approach This paper explores the benefits of using chatbots as virtual reference librarians. Emma the Mentor Public Library’s Catbot is used as a case study. Findings Chatbots cannot replicate the complexity of human interaction (both knowledge and emotional), but these can provide a cost-effective way to answer the majority of routine reference questions and direct users to the appropriate service. Originality/value Readers will increase their awareness of how chatbots can streamline the work of the reference department by answering the majority of routine reference questions and freeing library staff to focus on more demanding research and tasks uniquely suited to humans.

This study presents the development of an AI-powered chatbot tailored to assist college students with academic, campus-related, and personal development queries. Designed as a student-support software prototype, the system integrates natural language processing (NLP), text-to-speech (TTS), speech-to-text (STT), and machine learning models to deliver real-time information and interactive responses. Key features include course recommendations, timetable access, placement updates, NPTEL/hackathon alerts, library book availability, and image-based building identification. The chatbot also supports media uploads and provides mental health resources and career guidance through a conversational interface. Tested with over 50 student queries, it achieved a 92% response accuracy, identified college buildings from images with 85% accuracy, and reduced average information-seeking time by 65% compared to manual methods. Additionally, the inclusion of TTS and STT functionalities enhanced accessibility for differently abled users. This AI-driven solution fosters a smarter and more connected campus environment by streamlining support services and promoting student engagement. Future enhancements will focus on expanding the knowledge base, improving multilingual support, and refining interactive capabilities through broader user testing.

ABSTRACT Chatbots are increasingly popular in various fields, including in libraries, to improve services and interactions with users. In choosing a chatbot for libraries, proper criteria are needed. Some common chatbot frameworks are Dialogflow, Microsoft Bot Framework, IBM Watson Assistant, and Rasa, which have advantages and disadvantages in the library context. This research conducts a systematic literature review on the selection criteria and comparison of popular chatbot frameworks such as Dialogflow, Microsoft Bot Framework, IBM Watson Assistant, and Rasa in library implementation. The research method used a systematic literature review from sources such as IEEE, Proquest, and ScienceDirect. The keywords used were ("Chatbot" OR "Bot" OR "Conversational agent" OR "Virtual assistant") AND ("Dialogflow" OR "IBM Watson Assistant" OR "Microsoft Bot Framework" OR "Rasa"). The results show that the criteria in chatbot selection include Natural Language Understanding (NLU) pipeline customization capabilities, ease of use, integration with Machine Learning and Natural Language Processing, integration capabilities with communication channels, natural language understanding capabilities, validation with automated user story extraction systems, flexibility in development, and tools for natural language processing and machine learning. Although no articles specifically addressing chatbots were found in the library, this research provides an overview of chatbot selection criteria and provides information on the advantages and disadvantages of each chatbot framework as outlined in the results and discussion table. In conclusion, although research questions RQ1 and RQ2 cannot be answered due to the lack of specific articles about chatbots in libraries, this research provides an overview of chatbot selection criteria and can provide an understanding of the advantages and disadvantages of existing chatbot frameworks... ABSTRAK Chatbot semakin populer di berbagai bidang, termasuk di perpustakaan, untuk meningkatkan layanan dan interaksi dengan pengguna. Dalam memilih chatbot untuk perpustakaan, kriteria yang tepat diperlukan. Beberapa framework chatbot umum adalah Dialogflow, Microsoft Bot Framework, IBM Watson Assistant, dan Rasa, yang memiliki kelebihan dan kekurangan dalam konteks perpustakaan. Penelitian ini melakukan tinjauan literatur sistematis tentang kriteria pemilihan dan perbandingan framework chatbot populer seperti Dialogflow, Microsoft Bot Framework, IBM Watson Assistant, dan Rasa dalam implementasi perpustakaan. Metode penelitian menggunakan tinjauan literatur sistematis dari sumber seperti IEEE, Proquest, dan ScienceDirect. Kata kunci yang digunakan adalah ("Chatbot" OR "Bot" OR "Conversational agent" OR "Virtual assistant") AND ("Dialogflow" OR "IBM Watson Assistant" OR "Microsoft Bot Framework" OR "Rasa"). Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kriteria dalam pemilihan chatbot mencakup kemampuan penyesuaian pipeline Natural Language Understanding (NLU), kemudahan penggunaan, integrasi dengan Machine Learning dan Natural Language Processing, kemampuan integrasi dengan saluran komunikasi, kemampuan memahami bahasa alami, validasi dengan sistem ekstraksi cerita pengguna otomatis, fleksibilitas dalam pengembangan, dan alat untuk pemrosesan bahasa alami dan pembelajaran mesin. Meskipun tidak ditemukan artikel yang secara khusus membahas chatbot di perpustakaan, penelitian ini memberikan gambaran umum tentang kriteria pemilihan chatbot dan memberikan informasi tentang kelebihan dan kekurangan masing-masing framework chatbot seperti yang diuraikan dalam tabel hasil dan pembahasan. Dalam kesimpulannya, meskipun pertanyaan penelitian RQ1 dan RQ2 tidak dapat terjawab karena kurangnya artikel yang spesifik tentang chatbot di perpustakaan, penelitian ini memberikan gambaran umum tentang kriteria pemilihan chatbot dan dapat memberikan pemahaman tentang kelebihan dan kekurangan framework chatbot yang ada.