Relevant bibliographies by topics / Checkerboard test

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  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Book chapters
  4. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Checkerboard test'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 16 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Checkerboard test"

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White, R. L., D. S. Burgess, M. Manduru, and J. A. Bosso. "Comparison of three different in vitro methods of detecting synergy: time-kill, checkerboard, and E test." Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy 40, no. 8 (August 1996): 1914–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aac.40.8.1914.

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An in vitro method of detecting synergy which is simple to perform, accurate, and reproducible and has the potential for clinical extrapolation is desirable. Time-kill and checkerboard methods are the most widely used techniques to assess synergy but are time-consuming and labor-intensive. The Epsilometer test (E test), a less technically demanding test, has not been well studied for synergy testing. We performed synergy testing of Escherichia coli ATCC 35218, Enterobacter cloacae ATCC 23355, Pseudomonas aeruginosa ATCC 27853, and Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 29213 with various combinations of cefepime or ceftazidime with tobramycin or ciprofloxacin using time-kill, checkerboard, and E test techniques. Time-kill testing was performed against each organism alone and in combinations at one-fourth times the MIC (1/4 x MIC) and 2 x MIC. With checkerboard tests, the same combinations were studied at concentrations ranging from 1/32 x to 4 x MIC. Standard definitions for synergy, indifference, and antagonism were utilized. E test strips were crossed at a 90 degree angle so the scales met at the MIC of each drug alone, and the fractional inhibitory concentrations index was calculated on the basis of the resultant zone on inhibition. All antimicrobial combinations demonstrated some degree of synergy against the test organisms, and antagonism was infrequent. Agreement with time-kill testing ranged from 44 to 88% and 63 to 75% by the checkerboard and E test synergy methods, respectively. Despite each of these methods utilizing different conditions and endpoints, there was frequent agreement among the methods. Further comparisons of the E test synergy technique with the checkerboard and time-kill methods are warranted.
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Supriadi, S., D. Darmawan, and R. Septiawan. "Checkerboard test implementation into ionospheric tomography for SuGAr data." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1130 (November 2018): 012037. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1130/1/012037.

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Khang, Byung-Geun, and Edward A. Essock. "Apparent Relative Motion from a Checkerboard Surround." Perception 26, no. 7 (July 1997): 831–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1068/p260831.

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To better understand the Ouchi illusion in which a stationary picture generates illusory relative motion, the spatial properties of the constituent elements of the rectangular checkerboard background were examined. Results of experiment 1 revealed that the largest illusion was obtained with elements of approximately 20–30 min in width and 4–6 min in height, an orientation of the constituents that was orthogonal to that of the test grating, and a phase shift of the alternate stripes that was close to 180°. In experiment 2 it was found that the illusion increased in magnitude with increasing achromatic contrast but was minimal with a pattern of high chromatic contrast near isoluminance. In experiment 3, two test patches were presented simultaneously in the checkerboard background and were varied independently in their orientation to explore whether or not their motions were perceived as coherent (common fate). Patches having identical orientations, and nearly orthogonal to the surround, were synchronized more strongly than those having reflected orientations. Hysteresis related to the gain control of spatially overlapping visual units differing in their polarity (ON/OFF) was discussed as a possible cause of this phenomenon.
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Owen, Lucy, and Katie Laird. "Synergistic Combinations of Antibiotics with Cumin, Oregano and Rosewood Oils as a Strategy to Preserve the Antibiotic Repertoire." Current Traditional Medicine 5, no. 4 (October 15, 2019): 337–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/2215083805666190521102152.

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Background: Formulations employing synergistic combinations of antibiotics with Essential Oils (EOs) could help preserve the antibiotic repertoire by improving their activity against resistant bacteria. Objective: Antimicrobial interactions between double and triple combinations of EOs, EO components and antibiotics were determined using the checkerboard method. The most active triple combinations were then assessed by a time-kill assay. Methods: Two synergistic EO-antibiotic combinations and eight additive EO-antibiotic combinations reduced the antibiotic minimum inhibitory concentration below clinical sensitivity breakpoints according to the checkerboard method. However, all the tested combinations were additive according to the time-kill assay; while the combinations completely killed S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa cells in 2 h. At least one EO compound from the combination alone completely killed the cells of test species. Results: Two synergistic EO-antibiotic combinations and eight additive EO-antibiotic combinations reduced the antibiotic minimum inhibitory concentration below clinical sensitivity breakpoints according to the checkerboard method. However, all the tested combinations were additive according to the time-kill assay; while the combinations completely killed S. aureus, E. coli and P. aeruginosa cells in 2 h. At least one EO compound from the combination alone completely killed the cells of test species. Conclusion: Positive interactions support the use of EOs or EO components to enhance antibiotic efficacy against antibiotic resistant bacteria. The EO-antibiotic combinations tested by the time kill assay were indifferent; therefore, the observed antimicrobial activity did not arise from synergistic mechanisms as indicated by the checkerboard method. Investigation of other synergistic combinations identified by the checkerboard method could reveal more promising candidates.
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Orhan, G., A. Bayram, Y. Zer, and I. Balci. "Synergy Tests by E Test and Checkerboard Methods of Antimicrobial Combinations against Brucella melitensis." Journal of Clinical Microbiology 43, no. 1 (January 1, 2005): 140–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jcm.43.1.140-143.2005.

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Sarnthein, Johannes, Maria Andersson, Michael B. Zimmermann, and Dominik Zumsteg. "High test–retest reliability of checkerboard reversal visual evoked potentials (VEP) over 8 months." Clinical Neurophysiology 120, no. 10 (October 2009): 1835–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.clinph.2009.08.014.

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Burns, K. C. "Meta-community structure of vascular epiphytes in a temperate rainforest." Botany 86, no. 11 (November 2008): 1252–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b08-084.

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I quantified the occurrence of all vascular plant species inhabiting 43 Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don trees in a temperate rainforest in British Columbia, Canada, to test whether (i) epiphyte species richness increased with tree diameter, and (ii) epiphyte distributions showed evidence for nestedness, checkerboard distributions, or compartmentalization. Nine vascular plant species were observed growing epiphytically. One species ( Polypodium glycyrrhiza Eat.) is an obligate epiphyte, while the remainder typically occurred on the forest floor. Smaller host trees (<0.5 m in diameter) lacked vascular epiphytes, and species richness increased with host diameter. No evidence for nested or checkerboarded distributions was observed. However, epiphyte distributions were compartmentalized, owing to five similar shrub species that tended to co-occur jointly, generating sharp turnover in species composition between host trees with and without shrubs. The lack of co-occurrence patterns indicative of interspecific interactions among epiphytes indicates that the epiphyte meta-community is structured stochastically from species that normally grow terrestrially.
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Kalkanci, Ayse, Murat Dizbay, Nuran Sari, Burce Yalcin, Isil Fidan, Dilek Arman, and Semra Kustimur. "Fluconazole, caspofungin, voriconazole in combination with amphotericin B." Open Medicine 5, no. 2 (April 1, 2010): 194–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11536-010-0010-0.

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AbstractCombined antifungal therapy has been suggested to enhance the efficacy and reduce the toxicity of antifungal agents. The aim of the study was to investigate the in vitro synergistic activity of caspofungin, voriconazole, and fluconazole with amphotericin B against ten isolates of Candida parapsilosis and Candida albicans strains which were resistant to azoles or amphotericin B. Three different antifungal combinations (amphotericin B [AP] — caspofungin [CS], amphotericin B — fluconazole [FL], and AP — voriconazole [VO]) were evaluated for in vitro synergistic effect by the microdilution checkerboard and E-test methods. For the majority of strains, the combination test showed indifferent activity. Via the E-test method, synergistic activity was seen in 3 strains in response to AP-CS combination treatment and in one strain after administration of AP-FL; however, no synergy was observed in response to combination treatment with P-VO. Antagonistic activity was the result in 1 strain treated with AP-CS as well as in 6 strains treated with AP-FL and AP-VO combinations. Via the microdilution test, no synergistic activity was seen after treatment with all 3 combinations. Antagonistic activity was the result in 2 strains with AP-CS, in 6 strains with AP-VO and in 5 strains with AP-FL combinations. Agreement between the checkerboard and E-test methods was observed to be approximately 72%. These combinations may be used in the case of antifungal resistance.
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Stone, Christopher, and Larry Bull. "For Real! XCS with Continuous-Valued Inputs." Evolutionary Computation 11, no. 3 (September 2003): 299–336. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/106365603322365315.

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Many real-world problems are not conveniently expressed using the ternary representation typically used by Learning Classifier Systems and for such problems an interval-based representation is preferable. We analyse two interval-based representations recently proposed for XCS, together with their associated operators and find evidence of considerable representational and operator bias. We propose a new interval-based representation that is more straightforward than the previous ones and analyse its bias. The representations presented and their analysis are also applicable to other Learning Classifier System architectures. We discuss limitations of the real multiplexer problem, a benchmark problem used for Learning Classifier Systems that have a continuous-valued representation, and propose a new test problem, the checkerboard problem, that matches many classes of real-world problem more closely than the real multiplexer. Representations and operators are compared using both the real multiplexer and checkerboard problems and we find that representational, operator and sampling bias all affect the performance of XCS in continuous-valued environments.
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Sasidharan, Nishanth Kumar, Sreerag Ravikumar Sreekala, Jubi Jacob, and Bala Nambisan. "In VitroSynergistic Effect of Curcumin in Combination with Third Generation Cephalosporins against Bacteria Associated with Infectious Diarrhea." BioMed Research International 2014 (2014): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/561456.

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Diarrhea is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality in humans in developed and developing countries. Furthermore, increased resistance to antibiotics has resulted in serious challenges in the treatment of this infectious disease worldwide. Therefore, there exists a need to develop alternative natural or combination drug therapies. The aim of the present study was to investigate the synergistic effect of curcumin-1 in combination with three antibiotics against five diarrhea causing bacteria. The antibacterial activity of curcumin-1 and antibiotics was assessed by the broth microdilution method, checkerboard dilution test, and time-kill assay. Antimicrobial activity of curcumin-1 was observed against all tested strains. The MICs of curcumin-1 against test bacteria ranged from 125 to 1000 μg/mL. In the checkerboard test, curcumin-1 markedly reduced the MICs of the antibiotics cefaclor, cefodizime, and cefotaxime. Significant synergistic effect was recorded by curcumin-1 in combination with cefotaxime. The toxicity of curcumin-1 with and without antibiotics was tested against foreskin (FS) normal fibroblast and no significant cytotoxicity was observed. From our result it is evident that curcumin-1 enhances the antibiotic potentials against diarrhea causing bacteria inin vitrocondition. This study suggested that curcumin-1 in combination with antibiotics could lead to the development of new combination of antibiotics against diarrhea causing bacteria.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Checkerboard test"

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Nacev, Nikola. "Bezpečné aplikace s mikrokontroléry." Master's thesis, Vysoké učení technické v Brně. Fakulta elektrotechniky a komunikačních technologií, 2008. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-217490.

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The deals of thesis were described methods for designing safety applications, made analysis of possible microcontroller faults of long-run system, described software and hardware methods for fault detection in microcontroller and applied some March test to microcontroller. To application were chosen MATS+, PMOVI and March SS tests. These tests were modified to word-oriented memory. Further it was made analysis of modified tests to determination fault coverage, testing times and program memory requirement. To determination of fault coverage was created virtual memory with fault function models. March tests were compared with each other and with another pattern test (checkboard test).
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Novotná, Simona. "Pokročilé testování antibakteriální aktivity kandidátních nově syntetizovaných sloučenin." Master's thesis, 2020. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-412447.

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Charles University in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Biological and Medical Sciences Study program: Pharmacy Author: Simona Novotná Supervisor: RNDr. Klára Konečná, Ph.D. Title of diploma thesis: Advanced antibacterial activity testing of candidate newly synthesized compounds Background: The aim of this thesis was to perform an extended study of the antibacterial activity of selected newly synthesized rhodanine derivatives. In this study, activity against clinical isolates of bacterial strains of the genus Staphylococcus and Enterococcus was evaluated. The main part of the work also includes the evaluation of the antibacterial activity of one selected substance in combination with commercially available antibiotics using the checkerboard method. Methods: Evaluation of the antibacterial activity of tested substances was performed using the broth microdilution method according to EUCAST guidelines (with minor modifications). The activity of these substances was evaluated against clinical isolates of bacteria of the genera Staphylococcus and Enterococcus and one Staphylococcus aureus MRSA reference strain (ATCC 43300, CCM 4750). For a selected compound with a demonstrably promising antistaphylococcal effect, the combined effect of this substance was tested with three...
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Book chapters on the topic "Checkerboard test"

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Heckel, Waldemar. "Epilogue." In In the Path of Conquest, 279–84. Oxford University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190076689.003.0017.

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Alexander’s conquests were both aided and hampered by internal divisions in both West and East. The rivalry of the Greek city-states, Athens, Thebes, and Sparta, limited their willingness and ability to cooperate with one another and made them easy prey for the Macedonian conqueror. And here the principle of divide and conquer came into play. In the East the checkerboard of allies and enemies worked equally well, but the fact that beyond the Indus there were very few who had had a strong allegiance to the Achaemenids, and thus equally few to transfer this allegiance to Alexander. Not surprisingly these areas were the first to test the new master, now ensconced in his new capital virtually equidistant from the fringes. In the Achaemenid heartland, the Iranian nobility, whom Alexander had indulged in the hope of creating stability, reverted to their old ways—testing the power of the central authority for their own advantage. Persia had given them a long leash, but Alexander and his Successors were less forgiving. Nevertheless, the fragmentation of the empire under the new regime resulted as much from the aspirations of those who sought to replace Alexander as from agitations for “freedom” on the part of the conquered. They had, in fact, simply changed masters, and the rest—if Alexander had not died prematurely—would have been “business as usual.”
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Conference papers on the topic "Checkerboard test"

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Schellenberg, Sven-Olaf. "Localization of defects using checkerboard test structures." In Microelectronic and MEMS Technologies, edited by Gudrun Kissinger and Larg H. Weiland. SPIE, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.425270.

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Omori, Kentaro, and Yoshiya Oda. "Checkerboard resolution test for natural earthquake tomography of volcanic island in Hachijojima." In The 13th SEGJ International Symposium, Tokyo, Japan, 12-14 November 2018. Society of Exploration Geophysicists and Society of Exploration Geophysicists of Japan, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1190/segj2018-126.1.

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Omori, K., and Yoshiya Oda. "Checkerboard resolution test for natural earthquake tomography of volcanic islands in Tokyo." In The 22nd International Symposium on Recent Advances in Exploration Geophysics (RAEG 2018). Netherlands: EAGE Publications BV, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.3997/2352-8265.20140230.

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Hui, Mei, Xinji Li, Ning Li, Shinan Hu, Ming Liu, Lingqin Kong, Liquan Dong, and Yuejin Zhao. "Brightness checkerboard lattice method for the calibration of the coaxial reverse Hartmann test." In International Conference on Optical Instruments and Technology 2017: Optoelectronic Measurement Technology and System, edited by Jigui Zhu, Kexin Xu, Liquan Dong, Hwa-Yaw Tam, and Hai Xiao. SPIE, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.2288068.

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Hess, Christopher, Larg H. Weiland, Guenter Lau, and Rainer Hiller. "Correlation between particle defects and electrical faults determined with laser scattering systems and digital measurements on checkerboard test structures." In Microelectronic Manufacturing 1996, edited by Ali Keshavarzi, Sharad Prasad, and Hans-Dieter Hartmann. SPIE, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.250853.

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Boyne, D., J. Goertz, and D. Parsons. "Test and Failure Analysis Implications of a Novel Inter-Bit Dependency in a Non-Volatile Memory." In ISTFA 1997. ASM International, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.31399/asm.cp.istfa1997p0025.

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Abstract Failure analysis of non-volatile memory arrays can be complicated by the history of bits elsewhere in the array. This generally is in contrast to volatile memories, in which the state of all bits can quickly be reset by over-writing the bits, or by simply removing power from the array. On one of our products, EEPROM bits failed to program if certain patterns of bits were programmed elsewhere in the EEPROM array. During programming, high voltages (&gt;18 volts) are present within the EEPROM array. Such voltage levels caused a narrow field oxide region to break down, thereby pulling down the programming voltage and preventing the successful programming of EEPROM transistors. What complicated the analysis, however, was that the breakdown only occurs if a checkerboard pattern is being programmed in one part of the array, while specific other EEPROM bits had previously been programmed elsewhere in the array. Until the failure mechanism was well understood, electrical screens were difficult to implement, because they typically do not account for complicated interactions between bits. This is especially true for nonvolatile memories, for which test time costs often prohibit the use of complicated test patterns with improved test coverage. This paper reviews the failure analysis, and proceeds to highlight the importance of knowing the contents of nonvolatile arrays prior to performing either failure analysis or automated testing on such an array. The case study therefore applies to both test and failure analysis engineers.
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Renuka Balakrishna, Ananya, Ingo Muench, and John E. Huber. "Study of Periodic Domain Patterns in Tetragonal Ferroelectrics Using Phase-Field Methods." In ASME 2015 Conference on Smart Materials, Adaptive Structures and Intelligent Systems. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/smasis2015-8823.

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A sharp-interface model based on the linear constrained theory of laminates identifies eight distinct rank-2 periodic patterns in tetragonal ferroelectrics. While some of the periodic solutions, such as the herringbone and stripe patterns are commonly observed, others such as the checkerboard pattern consisting of repeating polarization vortices are rarely seen in experiments. The linear constrained theory predicts compatible domain arrangements, but neglects gradient effects at domain walls and misfit stresses due to junctions of domains. Here, we employ a phase-field model to test the stability of the periodic domain patterns with in-plane polarizations, under periodic boundary conditions which impose zero average stress and electric field. The results indicate that domain patterns containing strong disclinations are of high energy and typically unstable in the absence of external stresses or electric fields. The study also provides insight into the internal stresses developed in the various domain patterns.
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Lambe, Andrew B., and Aleksander Czekanski. "Adaptive Topology Optimization Using a Continuous Approximation of Material Distribution." In ASME 2016 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2016-65537.

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Structural topology optimization seeks to distribute material in a design domain to produce the stiffest structure for a given mass or the lightest structure for a given strength. In the density-based approach to topology optimization, the design domain is divided into small elements and an optimization algorithm determines whether each element in the optimal design contains solid material or void. Solutions obtained using this method may suffer from a variety of issues, such as a checkerboard pattern of solid and void elements, large transition regions between solid and void parts of the structure, and dependence of the final solution on the initial mesh. Typically, these issues are mitigated using filters, projection functions, or a combination of the two. However, applying these techniques requires the user to select a few parameter values and the optimal design strongly depends on the selected parameters. This work presents an alternative approach to addressing the aforementioned issues in density-based topology optimization. Rather than assigning a separate design variable to each element in the domain, a continuous approximation of the density field is used. This field is interpolated using finite element shape functions with the scaling coefficients of these shape functions acting as design variables in the optimization problem. Although this technique is known to produce an optimal design that is free of checkerboard patterns, it leads to a large transition region at the boundary of the structure whose size depends on the size of the finite elements used. To systematically reduce the size of this transition region, the finite element mesh is locally refined near the structural boundary and the design is optimized again. Because the mesh implicitly controls the size of the transition region, local refinement and optimization continue until the smallest cells in the mesh reach an acceptable resolution. A local refinement indicator is developed to identify and refine cells lying in the transition region. Local isotropic mesh refinement is used to maintain reasonable cell sizes over most of the design domain and, consequently, keep the computational cost of both the finite element analysis and the optimization down. Anisotropic mesh refinement may also be used with a suitable indicator, though it is not demonstrated here. While both continuous density parametrization and adaptive mesh refinement have been applied independently to problems in topology optimization, this work applies them simultaneously for the first time. Structural designs produced by this method are shown to be free of checkerboard patterns and contain features whose size is largely controlled by the initial coarse mesh. In addition, the boundary can be sharply identified for additional processing, such as translation to a CAD file in preparation for fabrication and manufacturing. A disadvantage of the current method is that small features may emerge in the refined parts of the mesh after multiple refinements. Computations were carried out using open-source finite-element analysis and optimization tools. Results are presented for a pair of well-known two-dimensional topology optimization test problems. While not demonstrated in this work, the methodology can be extended easily to three-dimensional problems.
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Zhao, Qing-hai, Xiao-kai Chen, Yi Lin, and Zheng-Dong Ma. "Linear Heat Conduction Equation Based Filtering Iteration for Topology Optimization." In ASME 2012 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2012-87631.

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This paper deals with an alternative approach to density and sensitivity filtering based on the solution of the linear heat conduction equation which is proposed for eliminating checkerboard patterns and mesh dependence in topology optimization problems. In order to guarantee the existence, uniqueness and stability of the solution of PDE, Neumann boundary conditions are introduced. With the help of the existing computational framework of FEM, boundary points have been extended to satisfy Neumann boundary conditions, and together with finite difference method to solve this initial boundary value. In order to guarantee the stability, stability factor is introduced to control the deviation for the solution of the finite difference method. Then the filtering technique is directly applied to the design variables and the design sensitivities, respectively. Especially, different from previous methods based on convolution operation, filtering iteration is employed to ensure the function to eliminate numerical instability. When the value of stability factor is changed at setting range, the number of times of filtering is manually corresponding set. At last, using different test examples in 2D show the advantage and effectiveness of filtering iteration of the new filter method in compared with previous filter method.
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Mautner, Tom. "Manipulation of Microfluidic Flows Using Time Dependent Wall Temperatures." In ASME 2004 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. ASMEDC, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2004-61279.

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One module in a bioagent detector currently under development involves a flow-through PCR module [1] [3] [4]. Conventional, flow-through PCR devices utilize three heaters to obtain the required temperatures in each zone, the length of which is specified by the required sample residence times. An alternate design uses two wall heaters with substrate conduction supplying the center zone temperature. The concept of using a conduction based PCR device led to an extensive computational study of various channel wall temperature profiles that would produce enhanced mixing in a variety of microfluidic devices. The results are applicable to micro channel designs in general even tough motivated by the conduction based PCR configuration. The lattice Boltzmann (LB) method was used to perform low Reynolds number (typically Re=0.10) simulations for two and three dimensional channel geometries having various wall temperature distributions. The momentum and thermal lattice Boltzmann equations were coupled via a body force term in the momentum equation. Initial computations using two- and three-heater configurations in two dimensions demonstrated excellent comparisons with published data provided that both the top and bottom walls were heated. If only one wall was heated, large vertical thermal gradients occurred resulting in non-uniform temperature fields. However, when the same conditions were applied to three dimensional channels, lower temperatures were observed in the center of the channel regardless of the wall temperatures or channel aspect ratio. Parametric studies were performed to evaluate the effects of thermal coupling, thermal diffusion coefficients, entrance temperatures, wall temperature configurations and channel geometry. If was found that moderate variation of the thermal diffusion coefficient produced only minor differences in the temperature field, and large changes in the thermal coupling magnitude demonstrated transition from natural to forced convection flows. The simulations also indicate that the largest effect on flow and temperature uniformity arises from the applied wall temperature distribution (various thickness channel walls). It was found, in 2D, that if the channel wall starts from ambient temperature, the applied heating, on the outer surfaces only, may not result in the desired wall or fluid temperatures. However, once the channel walls are heated to a uniform temperature, excellent temperature distributions are obtained for both thick and thin channel walls. Additionally, a checkerboard pattern of wall heaters was used to test its application to promoting mixing. Results were favorable in creating enhanced mixing; however, the temperature pattern did not produce uniform temperature profiles in the channel.
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