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Journal articles on the topic 'Checkers'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Markowitz, David M., Timothy R. Levine, Kim B. Serota, and Alivia D. Moore. "Cross-checking journalistic fact-checkers: The role of sampling and scaling in interpreting false and misleading statements." PLOS ONE 18, no. 7 (July 25, 2023): e0289004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0289004.

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Professional fact-checkers and fact-checking organizations provide a critical public service. Skeptics of modern media, however, often question the accuracy and objectivity of fact-checkers. The current study assessed agreement among two independent fact-checkers, The Washington Post and PolitiFact, regarding the false and misleading statements of then President Donald J. Trump. Differences in statement selection and deceptiveness scaling were investigated. The Washington Post checked PolitiFact fact-checks 77.4% of the time (22.6% selection disagreement). Moderate agreement was observed for deceptiveness scaling. Nearly complete agreement was observed for bottom-line attributed veracity. Additional cross-checking with other sources (Snopes, FactCheck.org), original sources, and with fact-checking for the first 100 days of President Joe Biden’s administration were inconsistent with potential ideology effects. Our evidence suggests fact-checking is a difficult enterprise, there is considerable variability between fact-checkers in the raw number of statements that are checked, and finally, selection and scaling account for apparent discrepancies among fact-checkers.

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Lim, Chloe. "Checking how fact-checkers check." Research & Politics 5, no. 3 (July 2018): 205316801878684. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2053168018786848.

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Fact-checking has gained prominence as a movement for revitalizing truth-seeking ideals in journalism. While fact-checkers are often assumed to code facts accurately, few studies have formally assessed fact-checkers’ overall performance. I evaluated the performance of two major fact-checkers in the USA, Fact Checker and Politifact, comparing their inter-rater reliability using a method that is regularly employed across the social sciences. Surprisingly, only one in 10 statements was found to be fact-checked by both fact-checkers. Regarding claims evaluated by both organizations, the fact-checkers performed fairly well on outright falsehoods or obvious truths; however, the agreement rate was much lower for statements in the more ambiguous scoring range (that is, “Half True” or “Mostly False”). The results suggest that fact-checking is difficult, and that validation is challenging. Fact-checkers rarely evaluate statements that are exactly the same, and disagree more often than one might suppose, particularly when politicians craft language to be ambiguous. At least in some cases, the strategic ambiguity of politicians may impede the fact-checking movement’s goals.

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Yu, Stephanie Wing Yin, Andre Ma, Vivian Hiu Man Tsang, Lulu Suet Wing Chung, Siu-Chung Leung, and Ling-Pong Leung. "Triage accuracy of online symptom checkers for Accident and Emergency Department patients." Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine 27, no. 4 (April 16, 2019): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1024907919842486.

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Background: Overutilisation of the Accident and Emergency Department is an increasingly serious healthcare challenge. Online symptom checkers could help alleviate this challenge by allowing patients to self-triage before visiting the Accident and Emergency Department. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the triage accuracy of online symptom checkers, which would help determine the potential roles of symptom checkers in an Accident and Emergency Department setting. Methods: A total of 100 random Accident and Emergency Department records were sampled from the Queen Mary Hospital in Hong Kong. The inclusion criteria were patients over the age of 18 attending the Queen Mary Hospital Accident and Emergency Department in 2016. Symptom checkers by Drugs.com and FamilyDoctor were selected as representative tools. One triage recommendation was generated by each symptom checker for each case record. Each symptom checker’s triage accuracy was then evaluated using a few outcome measures: overall sensitivity, sensitivity for emergency cases and specificity for non-emergency cases, when compared with the triage categories assigned by the triage nurses. Results: The results showed that Drugs.com had a higher overall triage accuracy than FamilyDoctor (74% and 50%, respectively), but both checkers are inadequately sensitive to emergency cases (70% and 45%, respectively) with low negative predictive values (43% and 24%, respectively). Conclusion: In their current states, symptom checkers are not yet suitable as alternatives to Accident and Emergency Department triage protocols due to their low overall sensitivities and negative predictive values. However, symptom checkers might serve as useful Accident and Emergency Department adjuncts in other ways, such as to provide more information prior to a patient’s arrival to streamline the triage and preparation process at the Accident and Emergency Department.

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Stans, Jelle. "A brief overview of animal symptom checkers." Open Veterinary Journal 10, no. 1 (April 21, 2020): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ovj.v10i1.1.

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Symptom checkers are tools that provide health information, including possible conditions, after entering one or more symptoms. Some symptom checkers also provide advice on how urgent medical attention should be sought. In addition to human symptom checkers, several tools are also available to check the symptoms of animals and provide veterinary triage advice. Unlike in human symptom checkers, this widespread availability has not lead to investigations of these tools. Indeed, little to no peer-reviewed research has been published regarding animal symptom checkers. This paper aims to describe some examples of animal symptom checkers. In addition, the proposals for future research are formulated by translating knowledge obtained from research into human symptom checkers. Keywords: Animal, Online, Pet, Symptom checker.

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Aboueid, Stephanie, Samantha Meyer, James R. Wallace, Shreya Mahajan, and Ashok Chaurasia. "Young Adults’ Perspectives on the Use of Symptom Checkers for Self-Triage and Self-Diagnosis: Qualitative Study." JMIR Public Health and Surveillance 7, no. 1 (January 6, 2021): e22637. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/22637.

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Background Young adults often browse the internet for self-triage and diagnosis. More sophisticated digital platforms such as symptom checkers have recently become pervasive; however, little is known about their use. Objective The aim of this study was to understand young adults’ (18-34 years old) perspectives on the use of the Google search engine versus a symptom checker, as well as to identify the barriers and enablers for using a symptom checker for self-triage and self-diagnosis. Methods A qualitative descriptive case study research design was used. Semistructured interviews were conducted with 24 young adults enrolled in a university in Ontario, Canada. All participants were given a clinical vignette and were asked to use a symptom checker (WebMD Symptom Checker or Babylon Health) while thinking out loud, and were asked questions regarding their experience. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and imported into the NVivo software program. Inductive thematic analysis was conducted independently by two researchers. Results Using the Google search engine was perceived to be faster and more customizable (ie, ability to enter symptoms freely in the search engine) than a symptom checker; however, a symptom checker was perceived to be useful for a more personalized assessment. After having used a symptom checker, most of the participants believed that the platform needed improvement in the areas of accuracy, security and privacy, and medical jargon used. Given these limitations, most participants believed that symptom checkers could be more useful for self-triage than for self-diagnosis. Interestingly, more than half of the participants were not aware of symptom checkers prior to this study and most believed that this lack of awareness about the existence of symptom checkers hindered their use. Conclusions Awareness related to the existence of symptom checkers and their integration into the health care system are required to maximize benefits related to these platforms. Addressing the barriers identified in this study is likely to increase the acceptance and use of symptom checkers by young adults.

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Rimbar, Hazelynn. "THE INFLUENCE OF SPELL-CHECKERS ON STUDENTS’ ABILITY TO GENERATE REPAIRS OF SPELLING ERRORS." Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS) 2, no. 1 (June 30, 2017): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol2iss1pp1-12.

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Recent studies show that spell-checkers help reduce students’ surface errors in writing by flagging spelling errors and giving correct spelling suggestions. This study investigates if the error correction provided by the spell-checker tool in word processors are internalized by students. A quasi-experimental two-group study was conducted on 30 Form 1 students in a school in Kuching, Sarawak. The learners were given dictations which contained words listed as commonly misspelled words according to Oxford University Press (2012). The experimental group were given three dictations- one in which they used word processors and allowed to use the spell-checker tool and the control group was given two dictations, both handwritten. The data gathered were analysed using a software for statistical analysis. This study found that, while the spell-checker helped the learners revise their spelling on one dictation exercise, learners still made the same errors in their spelling after the use of spell-checkers. Therefore it argues that while spell-checkers help eliminate surface errors, they have very little influence on correcting the errors on the cognitive level. Keywords: Spell-checkers, word processors, error correction, dictation, spellingCite as: Rimbar, H. (2017). The influence of spell-checkers on students’ ability to generate repairs of spelling errors. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 2(1), 1-12.

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Fleming, Jason, and Jean-Pierre Jeannon. "Head and neck cancer in the digital age: an evaluation of mobile health applications." BMJ Innovations 6, no. 1 (January 2020): 13–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjinnov-2019-000350.

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AimThe technology of online and mobile-based symptom checkers is developing on a background of unprecedented demand for General Practioner (GP) and medical services. This study was performed to assess the performance of popular ‘artificial intelligence’ symptom checkers currently available to the public and evaluate their accuracy as a screening tool for head and neck cancer symptoms.MethodWe selected three of the most popular and previously compared mobile application (app) symptom checkers available including Babylon (London), Your.md (London) and Ada (Ada Health GmbH, Munich). A recent Pan-London Suspected Cancer Referral Guide was obtained and distilled into a list of qualifying symptoms for referral to secondary care on a 2-week wait cancer pathway. A generic patient background was devised and each symptom was passed through the selected symptom checker apps. Differential diagnoses and recommended triage times were compared.ResultsOverall a cancer diagnosis was suggested possible in the differential diagnosis in 33% of symptoms. As a screening tool, Babylon was the most accurate for including a potential cancer diagnosis in the differential diagnosis, with a sensitivity of 45% cases, Ada with 32% and Your.md 23%. Ada attempted the most diagnoses, able to provide a differential diagnosis in 95% scenarios, but was also the most risk averse triage assessor, with 55% outcomes recommending medical advice immediately or within hours.ConclusionThe ability of modern symptom checkers to promote health awareness and self-checks is promising, but we have identified a number of areas of potential improvement. At present the sensitivity of the tested symptom checker apps remains low for head and neck cancer.

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Smith, Frederick E. "Door Checkers." Library & Archival Security 7, no. 1 (September 6, 1985): 7–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j114v07n01_02.

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Hurtley, S. M. "Playing Checkers." Science Signaling 4, no. 188 (August 30, 2011): ec237-ec237. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/scisignal.4188ec237.

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Aleksander, Igor. "Evolutionary checkers." Nature 402, no. 6764 (December 1999): 857–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/47201.

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Ergün, Funda, Sampath Kannan, S. Ravi Kumar, Ronitt Rubinfeld, and Mahesh Viswanathan. "Spot-Checkers." Journal of Computer and System Sciences 60, no. 3 (June 2000): 717–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jcss.1999.1692.

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Tarnick, Steffen. "Embedded Parity and Two-Rail TSC Checkers with Error-Memorizing Capability." VLSI Design 5, no. 4 (January 1, 1998): 347–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/1998/67574.

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In self-checking systems, checkers usually do not receive all code words during normal operation. Missing code words may prevent a checker from achieving the totally self-checking property. The paper presents a novel approach to the design of embedded parity and two-rail checkers that allows a checker to receive all code words irrespective of the set of code words that is provided by the functional circuit. A checker gets all code words by an LFSR while at the same time it monitors the output of the functional circuit. Additionally, the LFSR is able to capture the error patterns of noncode words. Captured error patterns will be modified since they will cycle through the LFSR. Thus, noncode words that are not detected due to undetected checker faults can be detected in later instances of time. The proposed method can be extended to the design of checkers for linear codes.

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Perdana, Iwan, and Muthia Farida. "ONLINE GRAMMAR CHECKERS AND THEIR USE FOR EFL WRITING." Journal of English Teaching, Applied Linguistics and Literatures (JETALL) 2, no. 2 (November 26, 2019): 67. http://dx.doi.org/10.20527/jetall.v2i2.7332.

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The presence of online grammar checkers as the result of technology advancement is inevitable to be popular among academicians and researchers. With more complete features offered to help improving writing, many utilize these tools to accomplish their work. This paper, thus, aims to present an overview of online grammar checkers and their use for EFL writing. Specifically, this paper explicates online grammar checkers and reviews some research investigating the use of these applications for writing. In addition, brief reviews about a number of online grammar checker tools comprising Grammarly, ProWritingAid, Ginger, and GrammarCheck are provided. Last, some suggestions are also offered for teachers and future researchers regarding the use of online grammar checkers.

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Shahi, Gautam Kishore. "FakeKG: A Knowledge Graph of Fake Claims for Improving Automated Fact-Checking (Student Abstract)." Proceedings of the AAAI Conference on Artificial Intelligence 37, no. 13 (June 26, 2023): 16320–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1609/aaai.v37i13.27020.

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False information could be dangerous if the claim is not debunked timely. Fact-checking organisations get a high volume of claims on different topics with immense velocity. The efficiency of the fact-checkers decreases due to 3V problems volume, velocity and variety. Especially during crises or elections, fact-checkers cannot handle user requests to verify the claim. Until now, no real-time curable centralised corpus of fact-checked articles is available. Also, the same claim is fact-checked by multiple fact-checking organisations with or without judgement. To fill this gap, we introduce FakeKG: A Knowledge Graph-Based approach for improving Automated Fact-checking. FakeKG is a centralised knowledge graph containing fact-checked articles from different sources that can be queried using the SPARQL endpoint. The proposed FakeKG can prescreen claim requests and filter them if the claim is already fact-checked and provide a judgement to the claim. It will also categorise the claim's domain so that the fact-checker can prioritise checking the incoming claims into different groups like health and election. This study proposes an approach for creating FakeKG and its future application for mitigating misinformation.

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Mansab, Fatma, Sohail Bhatti, and Daniel Goyal. "Reliability of COVID-19 symptom checkers as national triage tools: an international case comparison study." BMJ Health & Care Informatics 28, no. 1 (October 2021): e100448. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjhci-2021-100448.

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ObjectivesTriage is a critical component of the pandemic response. It affects morbidity, mortality and how effectively the available healthcare resources are used. In a number of nations the pandemic has sponsored the adoption of novel, online, patient-led triage systems—often referred to as COVID-19 symptom checkers. The current safety and reliability of these new automated triage systems remain unknown.MethodsWe tested six symptom checkers currently in use as triage tools at a national level against 52 cases simulating COVID-19 of various severities to determine if the symptom checkers appropriately triage time-critical cases onward to healthcare contact. We further analysed and compared each symptom checker to determine the discretionary aspects of triage decision-making that govern the automated advice generated.ResultsOf the 52 clinical presentations, the absolute rate of onward referral to any form of healthcare contact was: Singapore 100%, the USA 67%, Wales 65%, England 62%, Scotland 54% and Northern Ireland 46%. Triage decisions were broadly based on either estimates of ‘risk’ or ‘disease severity’. Risk-based symptom checkers were more reliable, with severity-based symptom checkers often triaging time-critical cases to stay home without clinical contact or follow-up.ConclusionThe COVID-19 symptom checkers analysed here were unable to reliably discriminate between mild and severe COVID-19. Risk-based symptom checkers may hold some promise of contributing to pandemic case management, while severity-based symptom checkers—the CDC and NHS 111 versions—confer too much risk to both public and healthcare services to be deemed a viable option for COVID-19 triage.

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Peterson, Ivars. "The Checkers Challenge." Science News 140, no. 3 (July 20, 1991): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3975880.

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Lewis, Kathy. "Patterns with Checkers." Mathematics Teaching in the Middle School 14, no. 7 (March 2009): 418–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.5951/mtms.14.7.0418.

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Schaeffer, J., N. Burch, Y. Bjornsson, A. Kishimoto, M. Muller, R. Lake, P. Lu, and S. Sutphen. "Checkers Is Solved." Science 317, no. 5844 (July 19, 2007): 1518–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1126/science.1144079.

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PENDARVIS, RICHARD. "INFRARED-SPECTROSCOPY CHECKERS." Chemical Educator 3, no. 4 (August 1998): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s00897980234a.

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Mańdziuk, Jacek, Magdalena Kusiak, and Karol Walędzik. "Evolutionary-based heuristic generators for checkers and give-away checkers." Expert Systems 24, no. 4 (September 2007): 189–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0394.2007.00429.x.

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Zobel, Marc, Bernhard Knapp, Jama Nateqi, and Alistair Martin. "Correlating global trends in COVID-19 cases with online symptom checker self-assessments." PLOS ONE 18, no. 2 (February 10, 2023): e0281709. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0281709.

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Background Online symptom checkers are digital health solutions that provide a differential diagnosis based on a user’s symptoms. During the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, symptom checkers have become increasingly important due to physical distance constraints and reduced access to in-person medical consultations. Furthermore, various symptom checkers specialised in the assessment of COVID-19 infection have been produced. Objectives Assess the correlation between COVID-19 risk assessments from an online symptom checker and current trends in COVID-19 infections. Analyse whether those correlations are reflective of various country-wise quality of life measures. Lastly, determine whether the trends found in symptom checker assessments predict or lag relative to those of the COVID-19 infections. Materials and methods In this study, we compile the outcomes of COVID-19 risk assessments provided by the symptom checker Symptoma (www.symptoma.com) in 18 countries with suitably large user bases. We analyse this dataset’s spatial and temporal features compared to the number of newly confirmed COVID-19 cases published by the respective countries. Results We find an average correlation of 0.342 between the number of Symptoma users assessed to have a high risk of a COVID-19 infection and the official COVID-19 infection numbers. Further, we show a significant relationship between that correlation and the self-reported health of a country. Lastly, we find that the symptom checker is, on average, ahead (median +3 days) of the official infection numbers for most countries. Conclusion We show that online symptom checkers can capture the national-level trends in coronavirus infections. As such, they provide a valuable and unique information source in policymaking against pandemics, unrestricted by conventional resources.

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Bolton, Whitney. "Checking the spellers." English Today 9, no. 2 (April 1993): 45–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266078400000377.

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Aboueid, Stephanie, Samantha B. Meyer, James R. Wallace, Shreya Mahajan, Teeyaa Nur, and Ashok Chaurasia. "Use of symptom checkers for COVID-19-related symptoms among university students: a qualitative study." BMJ Innovations 7, no. 2 (January 29, 2021): 253–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjinnov-2020-000498.

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ObjectiveSymptom checkers are potentially beneficial tools during pandemics. To increase the use of the platform, perspectives of end users must be gathered. Our objectives were to understand the perspectives and experiences of young adults related to the use of symptom checkers for assessing COVID-19-related symptoms and to identify areas for improvement.MethodsWe conducted semistructured qualitative interviews with 22 young adults (18–34 years of age) at a university in Ontario, Canada. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed, and analysed using inductive thematic analysis.ResultsWe identified six main themes related to the decision of using a symptom checker for COVID-19 symptoms: (1) presence of symptoms or a combination of symptoms, (2) knowledge about COVID-19 symptoms, (3) fear of seeking in-person healthcare services, (4) awareness about symptom checkers, (5) paranoia and (6) curiosity. Participants who used symptom checkers shared by governmental entities reported an overall positive experience. Individuals who used non-credible sources reported suboptimal experiences due to lack of perceived credibility. Five main areas for improvement were identified: (1) information about the creators of the platform, (2) explanation of symptoms, (3) personalised experience, (4) language options, and (5) option to get tested.ConclusionsThis study suggests an increased acceptance of symptom checkers due to the perceived risks of infection associated with seeking in-person healthcare services. Symptom checkers have the potential to reduce the burden on healthcare systems and health professionals, especially during pandemics; however, these platforms could be improved to increase use.

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Hameleers, Michael, and Toni G. L. A. van der Meer. "Misinformation and Polarization in a High-Choice Media Environment: How Effective Are Political Fact-Checkers?" Communication Research 47, no. 2 (January 13, 2019): 227–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0093650218819671.

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One of the most fundamental changes in today’s political information environment is an increasing lack of communicative truthfulness. To explore this worrisome phenomenon, this study aims to investigate the effects of political misinformation by integrating three theoretical approaches: (1) misinformation, (2) polarization, and (3) selective exposure. In this article, we examine the role of fact-checkers in discrediting polarized misinformation in a fragmented media environment. We rely on two experiments ( N = 1,117) in which we vary exposure to attitudinal-congruent or incongruent political news and a follow-up fact-check article debunking the information. Participants were either forced to see or free to select a fact-checker. Results show that fact-checkers can be successful as they (1) lower agreement with attitudinally congruent political misinformation and (2) can overcome political polarization. Moreover, dependent on the issue, fact-checkers are most likely to be selected when they confirm prior attitudes and avoided when they are incongruent, indicating a confirmation bias for selecting corrective information. The freedom to select or avoid fact-checkers does not have an impact on political beliefs.

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Kujala, Sari, and Iiris Hörhammer. "Health Care Professionals’ Experiences of Web-Based Symptom Checkers for Triage: Cross-sectional Survey Study." Journal of Medical Internet Research 24, no. 5 (May 5, 2022): e33505. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/33505.

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Background Web-based symptom checkers are promising tools that provide help to patients seeking guidance on health problems. Many health organizations have started using them to enhance triage. Patients use the symptom checker to report their symptoms online and submit the report to the health care center through the system. Health care professionals (registered nurse, practical nurse, general physician, physiotherapist, etc) receive patient inquiries with urgency rating, decide on actions to be taken, and communicate these to the patients. The success of the adoption, however, depends on whether the tools can efficiently support health care professionals’ workflow and achieve their support. Objective This study explores the factors influencing health care professionals’ support for a web-based symptom checker for triage. Methods Data were collected through a web-based survey of 639 health care professionals using either of the two most used web-based symptom checkers in the Finnish public primary care. Linear regression models were fitted to study the associations between the study variables and health care professionals’ support for the symptom checkers. In addition, the health care professionals’ comments collected via survey were qualitatively analyzed to elicit additional insights about the benefits and challenges of the clinical use of symptom checkers. Results Results show that the perceived beneficial influence of the symptom checkers on health care professionals’ work and the perceived usability of the tools were positively associated with professionals’ support. The perceived benefits to patients and organizational support for use were positively associated, and threat to professionals’ autonomy was negatively associated with health care professionals’ support. These associations were, however, not independent of other factors included in the models. The influences on professionals’ work were both positive and negative; the tools streamlined work by providing preliminary information on patients and reduced the number of phone calls, but they also created extra work as the professionals needed to call patients and ask clarifying questions. Managing time between the use of symptom checkers and other tasks was also challenging. Meanwhile, according to health care professionals’ experience, the symptom checkers benefited patients as they received help quickly with a lower threshold for care. Conclusions The efficient use of symptom checkers for triage requires usable solutions that support health care professionals’ work. High-quality information about the patients’ conditions and an efficient way of communicating with patients are needed. Using a new eHealth tool also requires that health organizations and teams reorganize their workflows and work distributions to support clinical processes.

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Salkovskis, Paul M., Josie Millar, James D. Gregory, and Karina Wahl. "The Termination of Checking and the Role of Just Right Feelings: A Study of Obsessional Checkers Compared with Anxious and Non-clinical Controls." Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy 45, no. 2 (November 9, 2016): 139–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s135246581600031x.

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Background: Repeated checking in OCD can be understood from a cognitive perspective as the motivated need to achieve certainty about the outcome of a potentially risky action, leading to the application of Elevated Evidence Requirements (EER) and overuse of subjective criteria. Method: Twenty-four obsessional checkers, 22 anxious controls, and 26 non-clinical controls were interviewed about and rated recent episodes where they felt (a) they needed to check and (b) checked mainly out of habit (i.e. not obsessionally). Results: Both subjective and objective criteria were rated as significantly more important in obsessional checkers than in controls; obsessional checkers also used more criteria overall for the termination of the check, and rated more criteria as “extremely important” than the control groups. The termination of the check was rated as more effortful for obsessional checkers than for the comparison groups. Analysis of the interview data was consistent with the ratings. Feelings of “rightness” were associated with the termination of a check for obsessional checkers but not for controls. Conclusion: Results were consistent with the proposal that the use of “just right feelings” to terminate checking are related to EER.

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Clair, A. H., K. N’Diaye, T. Baroukh, J. B. Pochon, M. Morgiève, E. Hantouche, B. Falissard, A. Pelissolo, and L. Mallet. "Excessive checking for non-anxiogenic stimuli in obsessive-compulsive disorder." European Psychiatry 28, no. 8 (October 2013): 507–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2012.11.003.

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AbstractBackgroundRepetitive checking in obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) would serve to relieve obsession-related anxiety and/or to compensate memory deficit, but experimental literature on this subject is inconsistent. The main objective is to test the influence of obsession-related anxiety and memory on repetitive checking in OCD.MethodsTwenty-three OCD checkers, 17 OCD non-checkers and 41 controls performed a delayed-matching-to-sample task with an unrestricted checking option. Some stimuli were obsession-related in order to measure the influence of anxiety on checking. A version of the task without checking possibility was used to assess memory abilities.ResultsOCD checkers had similar memory performances but checked more than the other groups when presented with non-anxiogenic stimuli. Level of anxiety associated to the stimulus did not influence the number of checks.ConclusionsIncreased checking in OCD checkers, being independent of memory abilities and primary obsession-related anxiety, would, therefore, be closer to an automated behaviour than a coping strategy.

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Ortin, Francisco, Daniel Zapico, Jose Quiroga, and Miguel Garcia. "Automatic Generation of Object-Oriented Type Checkers." Lecture Notes on Software Engineering 2, no. 4 (2014): 288–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.7763/lnse.2014.v2.138.

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Takeoka, Fumi, Masaharu Komori, M. Takahashi, A. Kubo, Toshiyuki Takatsuji, Sonko Osawa, and Osamu Sato. "Analysis of Gear Measurement Using Virtual Gear Checker (VGC)." Key Engineering Materials 381-382 (June 2008): 577–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.381-382.577.

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Tooth flank form deviation of micrometers influences vibration and noise characteristics of gears and therefore strict quality control of tooth flank form is demanded. However, since gear checker is structurally-complex, it is difficult to analyze how error factors of gear checkers influence the measurement result. In this research, Virtual Gear Checker (VGC) is proposed, which is a simulation program of gear measurement considering the mechanisms and motions of gear checkers and possible error factors. The influence of the error factors on the measurement result can be clarified by VGC. VGC is also able to calculate the theoretical measurement result of non-involute helicoid artifact. It is easy for VGC to measure tooth flank form repeatedly in virtual space and therefore it can assess the uncertainty of measurement with gear checker. The uncertainty of gear measurement is calculated as an example.

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Jacobs, Michael Lee, and D. O. Staley. "Calculations in Chess, Checkers." Science News 137, no. 1 (January 6, 1990): 3. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3974229.

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Heoh, Hong Koo. "Life and Stone Checkers." Journal of the Korean Medical Association 40, no. 12 (1997): 1698. http://dx.doi.org/10.5124/jkma.1997.40.12.1698.

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Schaeffer, Jonathan. "SOLVING CHECKERS: FIRST RESULT." ICGA Journal 28, no. 1 (March 1, 2005): 32–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/icg-2005-28107.

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Mourad, S., and E. J. McCluskey. "Testability of parity checkers." IEEE Transactions on Industrial Electronics 36, no. 2 (May 1989): 254–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/41.19077.

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Singer, Jane B. "Fact-Checkers as Entrepreneurs." Journalism Practice 12, no. 8 (July 24, 2018): 1070–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2018.1493946.

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Singer, Jane B. "Fact-checkers as Entrepreneurs." Journalism Practice 13, no. 8 (August 19, 2019): 976–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17512786.2019.1646613.

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Dudding, N. "Workload Numbers for Checkers." Cytopathology 9, no. 4 (July 1998): 281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-2303.1998.00003.x.

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Nicolaidis, M., and B. Courtois. "Strongly code disjoint checkers." IEEE Transactions on Computers 37, no. 6 (June 1988): 751–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/12.2217.

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Aboueid, Stephanie, Samantha B. Meyer, James Wallace, and Ashok Chaurasia. "Latent classes associated with the intention to use a symptom checker for self-triage." PLOS ONE 16, no. 11 (November 3, 2021): e0259547. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0259547.

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It is currently unknown which attitude-based profiles are associated with symptom checker use for self-triage. We sought to identify, among university students, attitude-based latent classes (population profiles) and the association between latent classes with the future use of symptom checkers for self-triage. Informed by the Technology Acceptance Model and a larger mixed methods study, a cross-sectional survey was developed and administered to students (aged between 18 and 34 years of age) at a University in Ontario. Latent class analysis (LCA) was used to identify attitude-based profiles that exist among the sample while general linear modeling was applied to identify the association between latent classes and future symptom checker use for self-triage. Of the 1,547 students who opened the survey link, 1,365 did not use a symptom checker in the past year and were thus identified as “non-users”. After removing missing data (remaining sample = n = 1,305), LCA revealed five attitude-based profiles: tech acceptors, tech rejectors, skeptics, tech seekers, and unsure acceptors. Tech acceptors and tech rejectors were the most and least prevalent classes, respectively. As compared to tech rejectors, tech seekers and unsure acceptors were the latent classes with the highest and lowest odds of future symptom checker use, respectively. After controlling for confounders, the effect of latent classes on symptom checker use remains significant (p-value < .0001) with the odds of future use in tech acceptors being 5.6 times higher than the odds of future symptom checker use in tech rejectors [CI: (3.458, 9.078); p-value < .0001]. Attitudes towards AI and symptom checker functionality result in different population profiles that have different odds of using symptom checkers for self-triage. Identifying a person’s or group’s membership to a population profile could help in developing and delivering tailored interventions aimed at maximizing use of validated symptom checkers.

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Yanfi, Yanfi, Ford Lumban Gaol, Benfano Soewito, and Harco Leslie Hendric Spits Warnars. "Spell Checker for the Indonesian Language: Extensive Review." International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering 12, no. 5 (May 1, 2022): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.46338/ijetae0522_01.

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Abstract— Typographical errors are common in written languages, including Indonesian. It will, however, lead to a misunderstanding of the meaning of the words. Nevertheless, an Indonesian spell checker is still uncommon. Furthermore, no extensive literature review of spell checkers for the Indonesian language has been conducted. This study aimed to present extensive literature on spelling correction in the Indonesian language. The methods used were discovering any literature related to the study topic for the period 2017-2022, applying some keywords, and enforcing inclusion and exclusion criteria. According to the findings of this study, in the previous five years, research on spell checkers has increased, and many researchers from various provinces in Indonesia have used different methods or algorithms to evaluate word errors. Keywords— Indonesian language, Methods, spell checker, extensive literature review, typographical error

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Drolsbach, Chiara Patricia, and Nicolas Pröllochs. "Diffusion of Community Fact-Checked Misinformation on Twitter." Proceedings of the ACM on Human-Computer Interaction 7, CSCW2 (September 28, 2023): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3610058.

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The spread of misinformation on social media is a pressing societal problem that platforms, policymakers, and researchers continue to grapple with. As a countermeasure, recent works have proposed to employ non-expert fact-checkers in the crowd to fact-check social media content. While experimental studies suggest that crowds might be able to accurately assess the veracity of social media content, an understanding of how crowd fact-checked (mis-)information spreads is missing. In this work, we empirically analyze the spread of misleading vs. not misleading community fact-checked posts on social media. For this purpose, we employ a dataset of community-created fact-checks from Twitter's "Birdwatch" pilot and map them to resharing cascades on Twitter. Different from earlier studies analyzing the spread of misinformation listed on third-party fact-checking websites (e.g., snopes.com), we find that community fact-checked misinformation is less viral. Specifically, misleading posts are estimated to receive 36.62% fewer retweets than not misleading posts. A partial explanation may lie in differences in the fact-checking targets: community fact-checkers tend to fact-check posts from influential user accounts with many followers, while expert fact-checks tend to target posts that are shared by less influential users. We further find that there are significant differences in virality across different sub-types of misinformation (e.g., factual errors, missing context, manipulated media). Moreover, we conduct a user study to assess the perceived reliability of (real-world) community-created fact-checks. Here, we find that users, to a large extent, agree with community-created fact-checks. Altogether, our findings offer insights into how misleading vs. not misleading posts spread and highlight the crucial role of sample selection when studying misinformation on social media.

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Harada, Yukinori, Tetsu Sakamoto, Shu Sugimoto, and Taro Shimizu. "Longitudinal Changes in Diagnostic Accuracy of a Differential Diagnosis List Developed by an AI-Based Symptom Checker: Retrospective Observational Study." JMIR Formative Research 8 (May 17, 2024): e53985. http://dx.doi.org/10.2196/53985.

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Background Artificial intelligence (AI) symptom checker models should be trained using real-world patient data to improve their diagnostic accuracy. Given that AI-based symptom checkers are currently used in clinical practice, their performance should improve over time. However, longitudinal evaluations of the diagnostic accuracy of these symptom checkers are limited. Objective This study aimed to assess the longitudinal changes in the accuracy of differential diagnosis lists created by an AI-based symptom checker used in the real world. Methods This was a single-center, retrospective, observational study. Patients who visited an outpatient clinic without an appointment between May 1, 2019, and April 30, 2022, and who were admitted to a community hospital in Japan within 30 days of their index visit were considered eligible. We only included patients who underwent an AI-based symptom checkup at the index visit, and the diagnosis was finally confirmed during follow-up. Final diagnoses were categorized as common or uncommon, and all cases were categorized as typical or atypical. The primary outcome measure was the accuracy of the differential diagnosis list created by the AI-based symptom checker, defined as the final diagnosis in a list of 10 differential diagnoses created by the symptom checker. To assess the change in the symptom checker’s diagnostic accuracy over 3 years, we used a chi-square test to compare the primary outcome over 3 periods: from May 1, 2019, to April 30, 2020 (first year); from May 1, 2020, to April 30, 2021 (second year); and from May 1, 2021, to April 30, 2022 (third year). Results A total of 381 patients were included. Common diseases comprised 257 (67.5%) cases, and typical presentations were observed in 298 (78.2%) cases. Overall, the accuracy of the differential diagnosis list created by the AI-based symptom checker was 172 (45.1%), which did not differ across the 3 years (first year: 97/219, 44.3%; second year: 32/72, 44.4%; and third year: 43/90, 47.7%; P=.85). The accuracy of the differential diagnosis list created by the symptom checker was low in those with uncommon diseases (30/124, 24.2%) and atypical presentations (12/83, 14.5%). In the multivariate logistic regression model, common disease (P<.001; odds ratio 4.13, 95% CI 2.50-6.98) and typical presentation (P<.001; odds ratio 6.92, 95% CI 3.62-14.2) were significantly associated with the accuracy of the differential diagnosis list created by the symptom checker. Conclusions A 3-year longitudinal survey of the diagnostic accuracy of differential diagnosis lists developed by an AI-based symptom checker, which has been implemented in real-world clinical practice settings, showed no improvement over time. Uncommon diseases and atypical presentations were independently associated with a lower diagnostic accuracy. In the future, symptom checkers should be trained to recognize uncommon conditions.

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Long, Robert. "ONLINE GRAMMAR CHECKERS VERSUS SELF-EDITING: AN INVESTIGATION OF ERROR CORRECTION RATES AND WRITING QUALITY." Journal of Nusantara Studies (JONUS) 7, no. 1 (January 13, 2022): 441–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol7iss1pp441-458.

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Background and Purpose: In order to compete with native speakers, EFL and ESL students are under more pressure to produce native-like academic papers. This has led to more reliance on online grammar checkers, but these can be ineffective with regards to identifying and giving feedback on particular grammatical forms, phrasing and issues relating to style. Language learners may not be effectively correcting these errors. Hence, this study aims to examine the effectiveness of one online grammar checker, grammarly.com, with that of self-editing. Methodology: This case study employed a descriptive approach to data analysis. 199 essays were collected from undergraduates at four universities in Kyushu, dated from April, 2019 to January, 2020. 99 essays were proofed by an online grammar checker, while 100 essays were self-edited. The English proficiency level of the participants was at the lower to intermediate range (i.e., TOEIC 300 to a TOEIC 500). The online grammar checker Grammarly was utilized by all participants to minimize issues relating to feedback. In the analysis of data, the complexity, accuracy, and fluency (CAF) of the essays was assessed in order to examine the significant changes between the first and other drafts, and the types of errors produced. Findings: Results showed that there were no significant differences found in terms of the methods of editing, although the participants who employed online grammar checkers had better results. It was also shown that there were no significant differences in terms of syntactical complexity with either method of editing. There were fewer errors committed by the participants who self-edited, but there were no significant differences in the edited drafts with regards to errors/100 ratios, error-free clauses, and error-free clause ratios. The study showed marginal differences between the two methods of proofing but indicated that online tools can be useful for identifying certain grammatical errors. Contributions: This paper argues that educators need to work more with EFL learners on the editorial and proofing process, but online grammar checkers may be a useful pedagogical tool to help low-proficient L2 learners. Keywords: Writing quality, editing, online grammar checkers, proofing, syntactical complexity. Cite as: Long, R. (2022). Online grammar checkers versus self-editing: An investigation of error correction rates and writing quality. Journal of Nusantara Studies, 7(1), 441-458. http://dx.doi.org/10.24200/jonus.vol7iss1pp441-458

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Selezi, Simão Pedro Mateus. "Mathematics Exploration Extant in The Checker Game: A Mathematics Teaching Contribution." Revista Angolana de Ciencias 5, no. 2 (December 15, 2023): e050209. http://dx.doi.org/10.54580/r0502.09.

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Aversion to mathematics shown by learners belonging to different age stages, worries and challenges mathematicians and/ or mathematics teachers to develop surveys which might improve learners´ mathematics learnings. “Thawing” recondite mathematics in several games may aid to provide a different mathematics vision. The current research article aims to identify and analyze the “concealed” mathematics through checker games played in Angola, mostly in Cuando Cubango province. The survey is placed in ethnomathematics and considering its sorts, qualitative methodology has been used supported by a half-structured interview, direct observation to picture recording. The research was conducted in the Menongue municipality (Cuando Cubango capital city). The three versions of checkers games were described (12 by 12; 10 by 10 and 8 by 8), some questions were created that guided this investigation (Why does the structure of the checkers game have the same number of rows and columns? Why do players when placing checkers pieces in the middle always leave two empty rows? Why is the sum of rows and columns equal to the even number? Why is each painted square on the checkers board corresponds to an odd number?) and, finally, some mathematical concepts involved in that game were explored (such as, for example, the notion of the Cartesian plane, diagonal lines, distance between two points, median (element of Statistics), numbers even and odd).

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Chen, Lu-Nung, Shun-Shii Lin, and Chih-Hung Chen. "Jump wins Chinese Checkers tournament." ICGA Journal 42, no. 1 (May 28, 2020): 46–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/icg-190131.

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Tschichold, Cornelia. "Evaluating second language grammar checkers." Travaux neuchâtelois de linguistique, no. 21 (September 1, 1994): 195–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.26034/tranel.1994.2388.

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Rodríguez-Pérez, Carlos, and Taís Seibt. "critérios dos fact-checkers brasileiros." Brazilian journalism research 18, no. 2 (August 29, 2022): 350–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.25200/bjr.v18n2.2022.1510.

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RESUMO – Buscamos conhecer propósitos, motivações e rotinas da prática de fact-checking no Brasil, a partir das percepções dos jornalistas. A pesquisa se baseia em questionário autogestionado, no qual 29 respondentes manifestaram seu grau de concordância com um conjunto de afirmações. Como resultados, temos que o principal propósito consiste em detectar e combater conteúdos falsos e enganosos nos canais digitais e que a transparência em mostrar fontes e dados que sustentam a classificação do conteúdo é um valor fortemente compartilhado. Há variações quanto à facilidade em usar ferramentas digitais entre membros e não-membros da IFCN, assim como diferenças nas pressões ao exercício profissional conforme a faixa etária. ABSTRACT – This research aims to know the purposes, motivations, and routines of the fact-checking practice in Brazil. We developed a self-administered questionnaire to understand the perceptions of journalists. The sample (n=29) expressed their level of agreement with a group of statements. The results show the central purpose is to detect and combat false and misleading content on digital channels. Also, the principle of transparency regarding news sources and data that support a content evaluation is firmly appreciated. Differences emerge related to the ease of using digital tools between IFCN members and non-members. Age is a relevant factor regarding the pressures during the journalism practice. RESUMEN – Este artículo busca conocer los propósitos, motivaciones y rutinas de la práctica del fact-checking en Brasil a partir de las percepciones de los periodistas. La investigación se base en un cuestionario autogestionado, en el cual 29 periodistas manifestaron su nivel de acuerdo sobre un conjunto de afirmaciones. Los resultados muestran que el principal propósito consiste en detectar y combatir contenidos falsos y engañosos en los canales digitales y que la transparencia en mostrar fuentes y datos que sustenten la calificación del contenido es un principio fuertemente compartido. Hay diferencias en cuanto a la facilidad de uso de las herramientas digitales entre aquellos miembros y no miembros de la IFCN, así como en la influencia de presiones en el ejercicio profesional por grupos etarios.

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Schaeffer, J. "Chinook Is World Checkers Champion!" ICGA Journal 17, no. 3 (September 1, 1994): 174. http://dx.doi.org/10.3233/icg-1994-17312.

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Gatla, Om Rameshwar, Mai Zheng, Muhammad Hameed, Viacheslav Dubeyko, Adam Manzanares, Filip Blagojevic, Cyril Guyot, and Robert Mateescu. "Towards Robust File System Checkers." ACM Transactions on Storage 14, no. 4 (December 15, 2018): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1145/3281031.

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Cheatham, Tom. "MESSAGE DECRYPTION AND SPELLING CHECKERS." Cryptologia 11, no. 2 (April 1987): 115–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/0161-118791861901.

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Orlik, Y. G., P. V. Glyakov, and R. M. Varova. "Chemical checkers on the computer." Journal of Chemical Education 70, no. 4 (April 1993): 297. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed070p297.

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