Journal articles: 'Cheetah'

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Mangiaterra, Sara, Laurie Marker, Matteo Cerquetella, Livio Galosi, Andrea Marchegiani, Alessandra Gavazza, and Giacomo Rossi. "Chronic Stress-Related Gastroenteric Pathology in Cheetah: Relation between Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors." Biology 11, no. 4 (April 15, 2022): 606. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/biology11040606.

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The rapid decline of cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus) throughout their range and long-term studies of captive breeding has increased conservation action for this species including the study of chronic diseases. Gastritis is one of the captive diseases that leads to high mortality presented with symptoms including vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, and weight loss. The disease presents different histological lesions in the gastrointestinal tract that are characterized by inconstant and different clinical appearance in captive and free-range cheetahs. The aim of this review is to summarize the causes of chronic gastritis in the cheetah. Factors including diet, living conditions, infections with gastric Helicobacter-like organisms (GHLOs), the lack of genetic polymorphism and the cheetah’s specific-immunocompetence are analyzed. All studies on gastroenteric cheetah pathologies, conducted between 1991 (to the best of our knowledge, the first report on online databases) and 2021, are included in this review, highlighting the possible correlation between stress-related captive conditions and chronic gastric pathology.

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MOLIA, S., R. W. KASTEN, M. J. STUCKEY, H. J. BOULOUIS, J. ALLEN, G. M. BORGO, J. E. KOEHLER, C. C. CHANG, and B. B. CHOMEL. "Isolation ofBartonella henselae, Bartonella koehleraesubsp.koehlerae, Bartonella koehleraesubsp.bothieriand a new subspecies ofB. koehleraefrom free-ranging lions (Panthera leo) from South Africa, cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) from Namibia and captive cheetahs from California." Epidemiology and Infection 144, no. 15 (July 25, 2016): 3237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268816001394.

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SUMMARYBartonellae are blood- and vector-borne Gram-negative bacteria, recognized as emerging pathogens. Whole-blood samples were collected from 58 free-ranging lions (Panthera leo) in South Africa and 17 cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) from Namibia. Blood samples were also collected from 11 cheetahs (more than once for some of them) at the San Diego Wildlife Safari Park. Bacteria were isolated from the blood of three (5%) lions, one (6%) Namibian cheetah and eight (73%) cheetahs from California. The lionBartonellaisolates were identified asB. henselae(two isolates) andB. koehleraesubsp.koehlerae. The Namibian cheetah strain was close but distinct from isolates from North American wild felids and clustered betweenB. henselaeandB. koehlerae. It should be considered as a new subspecies ofB. koehlerae. All the Californian semi-captive cheetah isolates were different fromB. henselaeorB. koehleraesubsp.koehleraeand from the Namibian cheetah isolate. They were also distinct from the strains isolated from Californian mountain lions (Felis concolor) and clustered with strains ofB. koehleraesubsp.bothieriisolated from free-ranging bobcats (Lynx rufus) in California. Therefore, it is likely that these captive cheetahs became infected by an indigenous strain for which bobcats are the natural reservoir.

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Sillero-Zubiri, Claudio, Susana Rostro-García, Dylan Burruss, Alkabouss Matchano, Abdoulaye Harouna, and Thomas Rabeil. "Saharan cheetah Acinonyx jubatus hecki, a ghostly dweller on Niger's Termit massif." Oryx 49, no. 4 (June 10, 2015): 591–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605315000290.

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AbstractThe Saharan cheetah Acinonyx jubatus hecki, once broadly distributed across north-western Africa, now occurs in only 9% of its former range and is categorized as Critically Endangered on the IUCN Red List. The Saharan cheetah is rare and threatened but there is a lack of reliable data on its population status and distribution. We report sightings of cheetahs in the Termit & Tin Toumma National Nature and Cultural Reserve of Niger, recorded using three methods: camera-trap surveys, sign surveys and interviews with local people. We recorded three individuals in camera-traps, three direct sightings of lone individuals, 43 distinct cheetah tracks, and one cheetah scat, which suggest a resident population. Most respondents had negative attitudes towards carnivores, including the cheetah. Paradoxically, local nomads reported no conflict with the cheetah and perceived that the number of cheetahs was declining. Attitudes towards carnivores were correlated with respondents’ age and level of education. Efforts to reduce killing of carnivores and their prey are needed but it is equally important for conservation initiatives to focus on increasing local knowledge about wildlife through education, particularly targeted at the younger generation. Our findings highlight the benefits of using various techniques for recording the presence of a rare carnivore.

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Marino, Morgan E., Melanie A. Mironovich, Nikole E. Ineck, Scott B. Citino, Jessica A. Emerson, David J. Maggs, Lyndon M. Coghill, et al. "Full Viral Genome Sequencing and Phylogenomic Analysis of Feline Herpesvirus Type 1 (FHV-1) in Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus)." Viruses 13, no. 11 (November 19, 2021): 2307. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/v13112307.

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Feline herpesvirus type 1 (FHV-1) is endemic in captive cheetahs and sporadically causes devastating disease. Modified live vaccines (MLV), intended for use in domestic cats, are used in some captive cheetah populations and have been anecdotally linked to disease in certain subpopulations. Ten FHV-1 isolates from ten captive cheetahs and one isolate from an MLV used to inoculate four of the host animals were analyzed. Viral DNA was extracted for full-genome sequencing by Illumina MiSeq with viral genomes then used for phylogenomic and recombinational analyses. The FHV-1 shed by vaccinated cheetahs were almost identical to the MLV, with few variants among viral genomes. Eight cheetah FHV-1 isolates and the MLV were grouped in a clade along with FHV-1 isolates from domestic cats in the USA. The remaining two cheetah FHV-1 isolates (unknown host vaccine status) were not associated with a clade. The likely ancestral origin of these two isolates involves recombination events between Australian domestic cat and cheetah FHV-1 isolates. Collectively, these data suggest that the MLV is capable of causing clinical disease and viral shedding in some cheetahs and represents evidence of interspecies transmission of virus between domestic and wild cats.

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Koester, Diana C., Elizabeth W. Freeman, David E. Wildt, Kimberly A. Terrell, Ashley D. Franklin, Karen Meeks, and Adrienne E. Crosier. "Group management influences reproductive function of the male cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus)." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 29, no. 3 (2017): 496. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd15138.

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Although the free-ranging cheetah is generally socially solitary, as many as 60% of males live in same-sex (usually sibling) coalitions. Under ex situ conditions, the cheetah experiences low reproductive success with only ~18% of males having ever produced young. Most male cheetahs (85%) are managed in captivity in coalitions, but with no data on the influence of social grouping on reproductive parameters. We examined the influence of singleton versus coalition management on various male cheetah physiological traits, including ejaculate quality and gonadal and adrenal hormone metabolite concentrations. We also assessed behaviour within coalitions for evidence of social hierarchy through initiation of interactions with group mates and relatedness to physiological traits. Ejaculate quality (including total motile and structurally normal spermatozoa per ejaculate) and androgen concentration profiles were higher (P < 0.05) in coalition compared with singleton males. These results support the conclusion that testis function in the cheetah, specifically related to the development of normal, motile spermatozoa and androgen production, is influenced by management with same-sex conspecifics. The findings have implications for ex situ conservation breeding programs by suggesting that reproductive quality can be enhanced through group maintenance of cheetah males.

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Giese, Lisa, Jörg Melzheimer, Dirk Bockmühl, Bernd Wasiolka, Wanja Rast, Anne Berger, and Bettina Wachter. "Using Machine Learning for Remote Behaviour Classification—Verifying Acceleration Data to Infer Feeding Events in Free-Ranging Cheetahs." Sensors 21, no. 16 (August 11, 2021): 5426. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21165426.

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Behavioural studies of elusive wildlife species are challenging but important when they are threatened and involved in human-wildlife conflicts. Accelerometers (ACCs) and supervised machine learning algorithms (MLAs) are valuable tools to remotely determine behaviours. Here we used five captive cheetahs in Namibia to test the applicability of ACC data in identifying six behaviours by using six MLAs on data we ground-truthed by direct observations. We included two ensemble learning approaches and a probability threshold to improve prediction accuracy. We used the model to then identify the behaviours in four free-ranging cheetah males. Feeding behaviours identified by the model and matched with corresponding GPS clusters were verified with previously identified kill sites in the field. The MLAs and the two ensemble learning approaches in the captive cheetahs achieved precision (recall) ranging from 80.1% to 100.0% (87.3% to 99.2%) for resting, walking and trotting/running behaviour, from 74.4% to 81.6% (54.8% and 82.4%) for feeding behaviour and from 0.0% to 97.1% (0.0% and 56.2%) for drinking and grooming behaviour. The model application to the ACC data of the free-ranging cheetahs successfully identified all nine kill sites and 17 of the 18 feeding events of the two brother groups. We demonstrated that our behavioural model reliably detects feeding events of free-ranging cheetahs. This has useful applications for the determination of cheetah kill sites and helping to mitigate human-cheetah conflicts.

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Weise, Florian J., Joseph R. Lemeris, Stuart J. Munro, Andrew Bowden, Cicelia Venter, Marlice van Vuuren, and Rudie J. van Vuuren. "Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) running the gauntlet: an evaluation of translocations into free-range environments in Namibia." PeerJ 3 (October 22, 2015): e1346. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.1346.

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Following dramatic range and population declines, the cheetah is Africa’s most endangered large felid. In Namibia, private land managers still trap cheetahs but increasingly consider moving animals instead of killing them. Across Africa, managers have translocated perceived conflict carnivores for decades, but rarely evaluated their actions. We analyse the outcomes of 15 cheetah translocations (for 23 adults and 10 dependent offspring) into free-range environments in Namibia. We released cheetahs at an average distance of 419.6 km ± 216.1 km SD (range: 71–816 km) after captive periods ranging from 1–1,184 days (350.6 days ± 439.0 days SD). An individual’s ability to survive the first year predominantly determined the overall translocation success of 40%. Post-release conflict and homing had less impact on success. Cheetah survival was lowest in the first three months after release. Human persecution (50% of deaths) and spotted hyaenas (29% of deaths) had the highest effect on survival. The degree of habituation to humans acquired during captivity significantly influenced chances of survival. Cheetahs surviving the initial post-release period (∼90 days) often settled into ranges and females reproduced successfully. However, all individuals exhibited extensive movements, frequently roaming >4,000 km2in the first six months after release (with a maximum of 19,743 km2in 112 days), resulting in low release site fidelity. Soft release and larger recipient area size did not improve site fidelity. Based on these outcomes, we evaluated which unfenced conservation areas in Namibia could potentially receive cheetahs. We found that there are currently few public and/or private reserves large enough to contain the movement profiles we observed in this study. This suggests that most translocations will result in cheetahs re-entering farmlands where they face a high risk of persecution. In conclusion, translocations into unconfined areas can successfully conserve individual cheetahs. Due to high mortality and unpredictable outcomes, however, conservation efforts need to focus on improving tolerance of cheetahs in commercial livestock and game farming areas in order to reduce the number of indiscriminately trapped animals.

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Melzheimer, Joerg, Sonja K. Heinrich, Bernd Wasiolka, Rebekka Mueller, Susanne Thalwitzer, Ivan Palmegiani, Annika Weigold, et al. "Communication hubs of an asocial cat are the source of a human–carnivore conflict and key to its solution." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 117, no. 52 (December 7, 2020): 33325–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2002487117.

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Human–wildlife conflicts occur worldwide. Although many nonlethal mitigation solutions are available, they rarely use the behavioral ecology of the conflict species to derive effective and long-lasting solutions. Here, we use a long-term study with 106 GPS-collared free-ranging cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) to demonstrate how new insights into the socio-spatial organization of this species provide the key for such a solution. GPS-collared territory holders marked and defended communication hubs (CHs) in the core area of their territories. The CHs/territories were distributed in a regular pattern across the landscape such that they were not contiguous with each other but separated by a surrounding matrix. They were kept in this way by successive territory holders, thus maintaining this overdispersed distribution. The CHs were also visited by nonterritorial cheetah males and females for information exchange, thus forming hotspots of cheetah activity and presence. We hypothesized that the CHs pose an increased predation risk to young calves for cattle farmers in Namibia. In an experimental approach, farmers shifted cattle herds away from the CHs during the calving season. This drastically reduced their calf losses by cheetahs because cheetahs did not follow the herds but instead preyed on naturally occurring local wildlife prey in the CHs. This implies that in the cheetah system, there are “problem areas,” the CHs, rather than “problem individuals.” The incorporation of the behavioral ecology of conflict species opens promising areas to search for solutions in other conflict species with nonhomogenous space use.

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Kherwar, Pramod Kumar, Binilraj Adhikari, and Devendra Adhikari. "Biomechanics of Cheetah with Applications in Robotics and Athletics." Journal of Multidisciplinary Science: MIKAILALSYS 2, no. 1 (December 28, 2023): 13–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.58578/mikailalsys.v2i1.2390.

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The primary emphasis of this article is on cheetahs as fast-moving terrestrial animals whose biomechanics are investigated. An investigation into the biomechanics of this animal provides light on its specialized adaptations that enable to attain extraordinary velocities, thereby shedding light on its evolutionary past and interspecies interactions. Cheetahs have undergone significant physiological, anatomical, and behavioral modifications to accommodate its exceptional speed. The research thoroughly examines the adaptations of the cheetah, encompassing its musculature, talons, and limb structure. Additionally, the respiratory and cardiovascular adaptations that cheetahs possess to facilitate sprinting are discussed in the article. This article also discusses how robot designers and athletes can utilize the strategies used by cheetahs to achieve extremely high speeds through adaptation.

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Weise, Florian J., Varsha Vijay, Andrew P. Jacobson, Rebecca F. Schoonover, Rosemary J. Groom, Jane Horgan, Derek Keeping, et al. "The distribution and numbers of cheetah(Acinonyx jubatus)in southern Africa." PeerJ 5 (December 11, 2017): e4096. http://dx.doi.org/10.7717/peerj.4096.

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Assessing the numbers and distribution of threatened species is a central challenge in conservation, often made difficult because the species of concern are rare and elusive. For some predators, this may be compounded by their being sparsely distributed over large areas. Such is the case with the cheetahAcinonyx jubatus.The IUCN Red List process solicits comments, is democratic, transparent, widely-used, and has recently assessed the species. Here, we present additional methods to that process and provide quantitative approaches that may afford greater detail and a benchmark against which to compare future assessments. The cheetah poses challenges, but also affords unique opportunities. It is photogenic, allowing the compilation of thousands of crowd-sourced data. It is also persecuted for killing livestock, enabling estimation of local population densities from the numbers persecuted. Documented instances of persecution in areas with known human and livestock density mean that these data can provide an estimate of where the species may or may not occur in areas without observational data. Compilations of extensive telemetry data coupled with nearly 20,000 additional observations from 39 sources show that free-ranging cheetahs were present across approximately 789,700 km2of Namibia, Botswana, South Africa, and Zimbabwe (56%, 22%, 12% and 10% respectively) from 2010 to 2016, with an estimated adult population of 3,577 animals. We identified a further 742,800 km2of potential cheetah habitat within the study region with low human and livestock densities, where another ∼3,250 cheetahs may occur. Unlike many previous estimates, we make the data available and provide explicit information on exactly where cheetahs occur, or are unlikely to occur. We stress the value of gathering data from public sources though these data were mostly from well-visited protected areas. There is a contiguous, transboundary population of cheetah in southern Africa, known to be the largest in the world. We suggest that this population is more threatened than believed due to the concentration of about 55% of free-ranging individuals in two ecoregions. This area overlaps with commercial farmland with high persecution risk; adult cheetahs were removed at the rate of 0.3 individuals per 100 km2per year. Our population estimate for confirmed cheetah presence areas is 11% lower than the IUCN’s current assessment for the same region, lending additional support to the recent call for the up-listing of this species from vulnerable to endangered status.

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Fischer, B., M. Flint, K. Cole, and KA George. "Development of an evidence-based welfare approach for cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) under human care." Animal Welfare 30, no. 3 (August 31, 2021): 295–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.7120/09627286.30.3.006.

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Societal concern for animals under human care has influenced our approaches to advance animal welfare in a variety of contexts. The Animal Programs Department at the Columbus Zoo and Aquarium sought partnership with the Center for Human-Animal Interactions Research & Education (CHAIRE) at The Ohio State University to develop a holistic welfare approach for the animals within their department using a focal species, the cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus). A one-year project using the Five Domains Animal Welfare Model collected data over six 60-day periods to evaluate long-term cortisol production and behavioural observations of cheetahs under changing environmental factors. Species and individual histories were incorporated with behavioural observations and hair cortisol production, giving a holistic view of welfare. Cortisol and behavioural data were analysed using linear models to compare cheetahs at population and individual levels. Participation in a cheetah run activity, housing occupancy, and 60-day period were found to influence all behaviours within the population and stereotypic behaviour also differed within individual cheetahs. No differences in hair cortisol concentrations were found for the group, but further analysis revealed differences within individuals throughout the study. No correlation of stereotypic behaviour and cortisol levels were found. This study created a welfare assessment protocol that can be used within zoological institutes and was the first to measure cortisol concentrations in hair in cheetahs.

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Deem, Sharon L., Jeff C. H. Ko, and Scott B. Citino. "Anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of tiletamine-zolazepam-medetomidine in cheetahs." Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association 213, no. 7 (October 1, 1998): 1022–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.2460/javma.1998.213.07.1022.

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Objective— To evaluate anesthetic and cardiorespiratory effects of an intramuscular injection of a tiletamine-zolazepam-medetomidine combination in cheetahs. Design— Prospective study. Animals— 17 adult captive cheetahs. Procedure— The anesthetic combination was administered intramuscularly via a dart. Induction quality, duration of lateral recumbency, duration of recovery, and quality of anesthetic reversal with atipamezole were assessed. Cardiorespiratory variables (arterial blood gas partial pressures, arterial blood pressure, heart and respiratory rates, end-tidal CO2, oxygen saturation, and rectal temperature) were measured during anesthesia. Results— Sedation and lateral recumbency developed within 1.9 ± 1.0 (mean ± SD) and 4.3 ± 2.0 minutes of drug administration, respectively. Clinically acceptable cardiorespiratory and blood gas values were recorded for at least 87 minutes after drug administration in all but 1 cheetah. Hypoxemia and arrhythmias developed in 1 cheetah breathing room air but resolved after treatment with oxygen. Hypertension developed in all cheetahs. Significant differences in heart and respiratory rates, mean arterial blood pressure, arterial pH, partial pressure of oxygen, and hemoglobin saturation were found between cheetahs that did and did not receive oxygen supplementation. After administration of atipamezole, sternal recumbency and mobility returned within 6.9 ± 5.8 and 47.5 ± 102.2 minutes, respectively. Postreversal sedation, which lasted approximately 4 hours, developed in 4 cheetahs. Clinical Implications— Tiletamine-zolazepam-medetomidine delivered via a dart provided an alternative method for induction and maintenance of anesthesia in cheetahs. Atipamezole at the dose used was effective for reversal of this combination in the initial phase of anesthesia. (J Am Vet Med Assoc 1998:213:1022-1026)

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Gray, Lynn D., Robert Shane Simmons, Louisa Schmid Thedford, David B. Holiday, and Cathey Marsh. "Defective sperm cells in two captive cheetahs: analysis by TEM and SEM." Proceedings, annual meeting, Electron Microscopy Society of America 50, no. 1 (August 1992): 205–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0424820100123763.

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Captive breeding of cheetahs (Acinortyx jubatus) is of great interest to zoological parks and preserves. Semen quality is a major factor in successful reproduction and ultrastructural assessment can be helpful in choosing suitable males. There is, however, relatively little ultrastructural data on cheetah spermatozoa as compared with other species. Studies using both light and electron microscopy have indicated a high percentage of defective spermatozoa in cheetahs and have noted a number of specific defects including coiled tails, acrosomal malformations and basal plate “pouches”.

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Maly, Morgan A., Katie L. Edwards, Diana C. Koester, Charlotte E. Farin, and Adrienne E. Crosier. "Assessing puberty in female cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) via faecal hormone metabolites and body weight." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 33, no. 18 (2021): 841. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd21169.

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With fewer than 7500 cheetahs remaining in the wild, ex situ cheetah populations serve as an insurance policy against extinction and a resource to study species’ biology. This study aimed to identify the age of pubertal onset in ex situ female cheetahs using non-invasive faecal steroid hormone monitoring and body weights. Faecal samples from nine female cheetahs were collected two to three times weekly from 2 to 36months of age and body weights were recorded every 3months. Faecal oestrogen metabolites (FOM) and faecal glucocorticoid metabolites (FGM) were analysed using enzyme immunoassays and samples were categorised into 6-month intervals to compare endocrine characteristics. Faecal hormone and body weight data were analysed using generalised linear mixed models. Age was a significant predictor of mean and baseline FOM concentrations, number of FOM peaks, mean and maximum FOM peak concentrations and the number of cycles. Female cheetahs aged 24–30months exhibited a marked rise in mean FOM concentration and the number of FOM peaks and cycles increased with age until 24–30months. Females attained adult body weight by 21months of age. Mean and baseline FGM concentrations were highest at the 0–6 and 12–18months of age groups and did not follow the same FOM patterns. Based on body weight data, the FOM concentrations and peak patterning, females were considered pubertal from 24 to 30months of age. Characterisation of cheetah puberty has direct and significant implications for the improvement of management and reproductive success of cheetahs under human care. This information is particularly informative for identifying important windows of development, littermate dispersal and breeding introductions.

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Chen, Songting. "Cheetah." Proceedings of the VLDB Endowment 3, no. 1-2 (September 2010): 1459–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14778/1920841.1921020.

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Bass, Ellen. "Cheetah." Prairie Schooner 87, no. 3 (2013): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/psg.2013.0091.

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Ruble, Dallas B., Stijn Verschueren, Bogdan Cristescu, and Laurie L. Marker. "Rewilding Apex Predators Has Effects on Lower Trophic Levels: Cheetahs and Ungulates in a Woodland Savanna." Animals 12, no. 24 (December 14, 2022): 3532. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12243532.

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The restoration of ecosystems through trophic rewilding has become increasingly common worldwide, but the effects on predator–prey and ecosystem dynamics remain poorly understood. For example, predation pressure may impose spatiotemporal behavioural adjustments in prey individuals, affecting herbivory and predation success, and therefore potentially impinging on the long-term success of trophic rewilding through apex predator reintroduction. Predation risk might have detrimental effects on prey through displacement from water or other vital resources. We investigated how five species of African ungulates responded behaviourally to changes in predation risk, following cheetah releases in the system. We grouped ungulates by body size to represent preferred prey weight ranges of the cheetah and examined changes in visitation rates, duration of stay, and activity patterns at waterholes with and without cheetah presence. During cheetah presence, visitation rates of ungulates were low for medium-sized species but high for large-sized species, suggesting that the species within the cheetah’s preferred prey weight range adjusted behaviourally to minimize waterhole visits. Visits to waterholes were longer for small- and large-sized ungulates with cheetah presence, possibly indicating increased vigilance, or a strategy to maximize water intake per visit while minimizing visits. We did not detect significant differences in circadian or seasonal activity in waterhole visits, which may be attributable to the need of ungulates to access water year-round in our semi-arid study system and where migration was impeded due to physical barriers (fencing). We recommend further research into the long-term behavioural consequences of trophic rewilding on prey populations and trophic cascades to assist the success of recovery programs and to minimize potential detrimental effects at target sites.

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Crosier, Adrienne E., Julie Lamy, Priya Bapodra, Suzi Rapp, Morgan Maly, Randy Junge, Holly Haefele, Jason Ahistus, Jenny Santiestevan, and Pierre Comizzoli. "First Birth of Cheetah Cubs from In Vitro Fertilization and Embryo Transfer." Animals 10, no. 10 (October 5, 2020): 1811. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10101811.

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Approximately 30% of the Association of Zoos and Aquariums cheetah population (~350 total animals) is unlikely to breed naturally due to advanced age, health, or behavioral issues. Aging cheetah females (≥9 y old) are unlikely to become pregnant via natural breeding if they are nulliparous. We previously demonstrated that oocytes recovered from aged females were of similar quality compared with those recovered from younger females (2–8 y old). We hypothesize that transfer of 4–8 cell embryos produced by in vitro fertilization with oocytes from old donors could result in pregnancy after transfer into younger recipients. Female cheetahs (n = 3 aging donors and n = 3 young recipients) received 300 IU equine Chorionic Gonadotropin (eCG) and 3000 IU Luteinizing Hormone (LH) while fecal metabolites of estrogens and progestogens were closely monitored. At 28 h post-LH injection, oocytes were aspirated laparoscopically from donors and inseminated in vitro with cryopreserved sperm. After 48 h of in vitro culture, resulting embryos (4–8 cells) were transferred into the oviducts of recipient females. Pregnancy was confirmed in one recipient via ultrasound 32 days after transfer and by radiograph 62 days after transfer. Two cubs were born naturally after 90 days of gestation, representing the first cheetah births resulting from transfer of embryos produced in vitro.

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Crosier, Adrienne E., Laurie Marker, JoGayle Howard, Budhan S. Pukazhenthi, Josephine N. Henghali, and David E. Wildt. "Ejaculate traits in the Namibian cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus): influence of age, season and captivity." Reproduction, Fertility and Development 19, no. 2 (2007): 370. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/rd06057.

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The objective was to examine the influence of animal age, season and captivity status on seminal quality in wild-born cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) in Namibia, Africa. Animals were divided into three age categories: juvenile (14–24 months; n = 16 males, 23 ejaculates); adult (25–120 months; n = 76 males, 172 ejaculates); and aged (>120 months; n = 5 males, 5 ejaculates). Seasons were categorised into hot–wet (January–April), cold–dry (May–August) and hot–dry (September–December). A comparison between freshly wild-caught (n = 29 males, 41 ejaculates) and captive-held cheetahs (n = 68 males, 159 ejaculates) was also conducted. Raw ejaculates contained 69.0 ± 1.1% motile spermatozoa (mean ± s.e.m.) with 73.6 ± 1.5% of these cells containing an intact acrosome. Overall, 18.4 ± 0.9% of spermatozoa were morphologically normal, with midpiece anomalies being the most prevalent (~39%) defect. Juvenile cheetahs produced ejaculates with poorer sperm motility, forward progressive status, lower seminal volume and fewer total motile spermatozoa than adult and aged animals. Spermatogenesis continued unabated throughout the year and was minimally influenced by season. Proportions of sperm malformations were also not affected by season. Ejaculates from captive cheetahs had increased volume and intact acrosomes, but lower sperm density than wild-caught counterparts. In summary, Namibian cheetahs produce an extraordinarily high proportion of pleiomorphic spermatozoa regardless of age, season or living (captive versus free-ranging) status. Young males less than 2 years of age produce poorer ejaculate quality than adult and aged males. Because (1) all study animals were wild born and (2) there was little difference between freshly caught males and those maintained in captivity for protracted periods, our results affirm that teratospermia in the cheetah is mostly genetically derived. It also appears that an ex situ environment for the Namibian cheetah can ensure sperm quality comparable with that for free-living males.

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Wang, Chunlei, and Shigang Wang. "Bionic Control of Cheetah Bounding with a Segmented Spine." Applied Bionics and Biomechanics 2016 (2016): 1–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/5031586.

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A cheetah model is built to mimic real cheetah and its mechanical and dimensional parameters are derived from the real cheetah. In particular, two joints in spine and four joints in a leg are used to realize the motion of segmented spine and segmented legs which are the key properties of the cheetah bounding. For actuating and stabilizing the bounding gait of cheetah, we present a bioinspired controller based on the state-machine. The controller mainly mimics the function of the cerebellum to plan the locomotion and keep the body balance. The haptic sensor and proprioception system are used to detect the trigger of the phase transition. Besides, the vestibular modulation could perceive the pitching angle of the trunk. At last, the cerebellum acts as the CPU to operate the information from the biological sensors. In addition, the calculated results are transmitted to the low-level controller to actuate and stabilize the cheetah bounding. Moreover, the delay feedback control method is employed to plan the motion of the leg joints to stabilize the pitching motion of trunk with the stability criterion. Finally, the cyclic cheetah bounding with biological properties is realized. Meanwhile, the stability and dynamic properties of the cheetah bounding gait are analyzed elaborately.

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Pennisi, Elizabeth. "Cheetah Countdown." Science News 144, no. 13 (September 25, 1993): 200. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3977367.

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Gosselin, S. J., D. L. Loudy, M. J. Tarr, W. F. Balistreri, K. D. R. Setchell, J. O. Johnston, L. W. Kramer, and B. L. Dresser. "Veno-occlusive Disease of the Liver in Captive Cheetah." Veterinary Pathology 25, no. 1 (January 1988): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098588802500107.

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Liver tissues from 126 captive cheetah were evaluated by light microscopy and histochemistry; eight animals were evaluated by electron microscopy. The main hepatic lesion, a vascular lesion resembling veno-occlusive disease (VOD) of the liver and characterized by subendothelial fibrosis and proliferation of smooth muscle-like cells in the central veins, was seen in 60% of the sexually mature cheetah. Although this hepatic vascular lesion was seen in cheetah as young as 1 year of age, the most severe lesions, usually associated with liver failure, were found in cheetah between the ages of 6 and 11. There was no sex predisposition, and in approximately 40% of the VOD cases, liver disease was not suspected clinically or at necropsy. VOD was found in other felidae, especially in the snow leopard. High levels of vitamin A in livers, as well as in diets of the cheetah, could be a contributing factor in the development of VOD in some groups of cheetah.

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Hughes, Courtney. "Exploring Children's Perceptions of Cheetahs through Storytelling: Implications for Cheetah Conservation." Applied Environmental Education & Communication 12, no. 3 (July 2013): 173–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1533015x.2013.838870.

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Mutoro, Noreen M., Jonas Eberle, Jana S. Petermann, Gertrud Schaab, Mary Wykstra, and Jan Christian Habel. "Impact of weather conditions on cheetah monitoring with scat detection dogs." Journal of Tropical Ecology 37, no. 5 (August 16, 2021): 222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0266467421000316.

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AbstractKnowledge on cheetah population densities across their current range is limited. Therefore, new and efficient assessment tools are needed to gain more knowledge on species distribution, ecology and behaviour. Scat detection dogs have emerged as an efficient and non-invasive method to monitor elusive and vulnerable animal species, like cheetahs, due to the dog’s superior olfactory system. However, the success of locating scat using detection dogs can be significantly improved under suitable weather conditions. We examined the impact of temperature, humidity and wind speed on detection rates of scat from cheetahs during a scat detection dog survey in Northern Kenya. We found that average wind speed positively influences the scat detection rate of detection dogs working on leash. Humidity showed no significant influence. Temperature showed a strong negative correlation with humidity and thus was excluded from our model analyses. While it is likely that wind speed is especially invalid for dogs working off leash, this study did not demonstrate this. Wind speed could thus influence the success of monitoring cheetahs or other target species. Our findings help to improve the survey and thus maximise the coverage of study area and the collection of target samples of elusive and rare species.

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Heinrich, Sonja K., Bettina Wachter, and Gudrun Wibbelt. "Benign Pigmented Dermal Basal Cell Tumor in a Namibian Cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus)." Case Reports in Veterinary Medicine 2016 (2016): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/7981765.

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A 3.5-year-old wild born cheetah (Acinonyx jubatus), living in a large enclosure on a private Namibian farm, developed a large exophytic nodular neoplasm in its skin at the height of the left shoulder blade. We describe the clinical appearance, the surgical removal, and histological examination of the tumor, which was diagnosed as a moderately pigmented benign basal cell tumor. A three-year follow-up showed no evidence of recurrence after the surgery. Although neoplasia is reported in nondomestic felids, only very few concern cheetahs. So far, no case of basal cell tumor was described in this species.

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Monterroso, Pedro, Filipe Rocha, Stefan van Wyk, Telmo António, Milcíades Chicomo, Selma Kosmas, Fernanda Lages, Ezequiel Fabiano, and Raquel Godinho. "Updated ranges of the Vulnerable cheetah and Endangered African wild dog in Angola." Oryx 54, no. 6 (February 12, 2020): 851–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0030605319000966.

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AbstractThe civil unrest that ravaged Angola for nearly 30 years took a heavy toll on the country's wildlife, and led to a lengthy absence of reliable information for many threatened species, including the cheetah Acinonyx jubatus and African wild dog Lycaon pictus. Using camera trapping we assessed the status of these two species in two areas of southern Angola, and complemented our findings by reviewing recent survey reports and observations to provide an update on the species' status. We found unequivocal evidence that African wild dogs are resident and reproducing in Bicuar National Park, where cheetahs appear to be absent. Conversely, cheetahs may be resident in western Cuando Cubango province, where African wild dogs may only be transient. Based on these and other recent records in Angola, we recommend a revision of these species' distribution ranges and note the need for monitoring of these remnant populations and for appropriate attention to any threats.

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Fraga, Gustavo Adam, and Graziela Frainer Knoll. "O uso do gimmick nas estratégias da marca Cheetos na rede social Instagram." Revista Thema 16, no. 3 (October 31, 2019): 560–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.15536/thema.v16.2019.560-578.1336.

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O objetivo deste trabalho é analisar o uso do gimmick no Instagram da marca Cheetos em suas estratégias de marketing digital. Para isso, tem-se os seguintes objetivos específicos: descrever como o personagem Chester Cheetah é representado nas postagens da marca; identificar as estratégias de marketing digital utilizadas em torno do gimmick; refletir sobre a importância do personagem para a marca na sua comunicação no Instagram. A metodologia é de caráter qualitativo com análise de conteúdo e uso das categorias: formato, conteúdo, estratégias de marketing digital e fase da presença digital. Foram analisados 43 posts da marca Cheetos no Instagram. Os resultados mostram que predomina o relacionamento nas postagens da marca Cheetos, introduzindo a interação com seu público e a humanização do personagem.

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Cohn, Jeffrey P. "Surprising Cheetah Genetics." BioScience 36, no. 6 (June 1986): 358–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/1310254.

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Müller, R. Dietmar. "An Indian cheetah." Nature 449, no. 7164 (October 2007): 795–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/449795a.

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Bedient, Calvin. "Sheer; and: Cheetah." Colorado Review 39, no. 3 (2012): 118–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/col.2012.0026.

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Aron, Jacob. "Computer says cheetah." New Scientist 224, no. 3000-3001 (December 2014): 18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0262-4079(14)62427-1.

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Bekoff, Marc. "The compleat cheetah." Trends in Ecology & Evolution 10, no. 2 (February 1995): 87–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0169-5347(00)88990-9.

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May, Robert M. "The cheetah controversy." Nature 374, no. 6520 (March 1995): 309–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/374309a0.

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Stobbs, Rebecca, and Jeanne Norris. "Courageous Cheetah Car." Science and Children 60, no. 2 (November 2022): 36–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/19434812.2022.12291836.

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Papendick, R. E., L. Munson, T. D. O'Brien, and K. H. Johnson. "Systemic AA Amyloidosis in Captive Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus)." Veterinary Pathology 34, no. 6 (November 1997): 549–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/030098589703400602.

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Ongoing disease surveillance of necropsied captive cheetahs ( Acinonyx jubatus) ( n = 141) revealed a high prevalence of renal amyloidosis ( n = 54 [38%]; age 1 to 16 years). The prevalence increased from 20% in pre-1990 necropsies to 70% of cheetahs necropsied in 1995. In 74% of the cheetahs with amyloidosis, renal failure was determined to be the sole or partial cause of death. Papillary necrosis was seen only in affected cheetahs and involved 25% of these animals. Amyloid was present predominantly in the medullary interstitium, with minimal glomerular involvement. The amyloid deposits were immunohistochemically identified as AA type using antisera to both human and canine protein AA. A high percentage (52%) of animals with renal amyloid also had subsinusoidal hepatic AA amyloid deposits. Inflammatory diseases were identified in 100% of affected cheetahs. The most common inflammatory disease was chronic lymphoplasmacytic gastritis. The prevalence and severity of gastritis was higher in cheetahs with amyloidosis, and the prevalence of severe gastritis increased from 16% to 43%, coinciding with the increase in prevalence of amyloidosis. These findings suggest that cheetahs have a high prevalence of systemic amyloidosis in response to inflammation and that renal amyloidosis is an increasingly significant cause of morbidity and mortality in captive cheetah populations. Factors of potential importance in the apparent high prevalence of AA amyloidosis in cheetahs are currently being investigated in our laboratories.

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Lindsey, P., C. J. Tambling, R. Brummer, H. Davies-Mostert, M. Hayward, K. Marnewick, and D. Parker. "Minimum prey and area requirements of the Vulnerable cheetah Acinonyx jubatus: implications for reintroduction and management of the species in South Africa." Oryx 45, no. 4 (August 31, 2011): 587–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s003060531000150x.

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AbstractIn South Africa there are efforts to manage reintroduced subpopulations of the Vulnerable cheetah Acinonyx jubatus in small reserves (10–1,000 km2) as a managed metapopulation. We estimated areas required to support cheetahs given varying prey densities, prey profiles and presence/absence of competing predators. A recent population and habitat viability assessment indicated that 20 subpopulations of 10 cheetahs or 10 subpopulations of 15 cheetahs are required to retain 90% of the heterozygosity of free-ranging cheetahs and to overcome stochastic events in the absence or presence of lions Panthera leo, respectively. We estimate that 203 ± SE 42 km2 (range 48–466 km2) is required to support 10 cheetahs in the absence of lions, whereas 703 ± SE 311 km2 (166–2,806 km2) is required to support 15 cheetahs given equal numbers of lions, and 2,424 ± SE 890 km2 (727–3,739 km2) given equal numbers of leopards Panthera pardus, spotted hyaenas Crocuta crocuta, wild dogs Lycaon pictus and lions. Existing subpopulations of cheetahs generally occur at densities higher than our mean predicted densities but usually within the range of predicted densities. The large area requirements of cheetahs have implications for the development of the managed metapopulation. Sourcing reintroduction sites of the sizes required to support recommended subpopulation sizes will be difficult. Consequently, innovative measures to increase the carrying capacity of reserves for cheetahs and/or to enlarge reserves will be required. Managers may be forced to stock cheetahs close to or beyond the carrying capacity of their reserves. Consequently, careful management of reintroduced subpopulations will be required to prevent declines in prey populations.

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Christiansen, P., and J. H. Mazak. "A primitive Late Pliocene cheetah, and evolution of the cheetah lineage." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 106, no. 2 (December 29, 2008): 512–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0810435106.

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Krengel, Annika, Valentino Cattori, Marina L. Meli, Bettina Wachter, Jürg Böni, Leslie R. Bisset, Susanne Thalwitzer, et al. "Gammaretrovirus-Specific Antibodies in Free-Ranging and Captive Namibian Cheetahs." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 22, no. 6 (March 25, 2015): 611–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00705-14.

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ABSTRACTThe cheetah population in Namibia is the largest free-ranging population in the world and a key population for research regarding the health status of this species. We used serological methods and quantitative real-time PCR to test free-ranging and captive Namibian cheetahs for the presence of feline leukemia virus (FeLV), a gammaretrovirus that can be highly aggressive in populations with low genetic diversity, such as cheetahs. We also assessed the presence of antibodies to other gammaretroviruses and the responses to a FeLV vaccine developed for domestic cats. Up to 19% of the free-ranging cheetahs, 27% of the captive nonvaccinated cheetahs, and 86% of the captive vaccinated cheetahs tested positive for FeLV antibodies. FeLV-antibody-positive free-ranging cheetahs also tested positive for Rauscher murine leukemia virus antibodies. Nevertheless, FeLV was not detectable by quantitative real-time PCR and no reverse transcriptase activity was detectable by product-enhanced reverse transcriptase assay in the plasma of cheetahs or the supernatants from cultures of peripheral blood mononuclear cells. The presence of antibodies to gammaretroviruses in clinically healthy specimens may be caused either by infection with a low-pathogenic retrovirus or by the expression of endogenous retroviral sequences. The strong humoral immune responses to FeLV vaccination demonstrate that cheetahs can respond to the vaccine and that vaccination against FeLV infection may be beneficial should FeLV infection ever become a threat, as was seen in Iberian lynx and Florida panthers.

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Mangiaterra, Sara, Anne Schmidt-Küntzel, Laurie Marker, Alessandro Di Cerbo, Renato Piccinini, Davide Guadagnini, Maria Elena Turba, et al. "Effect of a Probiotic Mixture in Captive Cheetahs (Acinonyx Jubatus) with Gastrointestinal Symptoms—A Pilot Study." Animals 12, no. 3 (February 7, 2022): 395. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12030395.

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Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) are classified as “vulnerable” species due to the low numbers persisting in the wild. Gastrointestinal diseases are very common in this species when they are kept in captivity, in particular gastritis. Clinical signs are predominantly characterized by vomiting, diarrhea, weight loss and anorexia. In this study, we evaluated the efficacy of a multi-strain probiotic in two groups of cheetahs: Group A (n = 4)—rescued cheetahs housed at the Cheetah Conservation Fund (Otjiwarongo, Namibia); Group B (n = 9)—captive cheetahs housed in Italian zoos. Animals showed gastrointestinal signs of different severity, and were positive for Helicobacter spp., detected by PCR in stool samples. Two sachets of probiotic formulation were administered to all cheetahs once a day for 21 consecutive days. Clinical conditions (appetite loss, vomiting, stool consistency and Body Condition Score) before (T0) and after 21 days of probiotic administration (T1) were then compared using a simplified Feline Chronic Enteropathy Activity Index (FCEAI) score. A slight but not significant improvement in the scores was observed in Group A, which had mild intestinal symptoms, while a significant decrease in vomiting and stool consistency (**p < 0.01) scores was observed in Group B, which had more pronounced symptoms. Results suggest that high concentrations of live probiotics can be of help in managing gastrointestinal signs in cheetahs.

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Goudhaman, M. "Cheetah chase algorithm (CCA): a nature-inspired metaheuristic algorithm." International Journal of Engineering & Technology 7, no. 3 (August 22, 2018): 1804. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijet.v7i3.18.14616.

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In recent years, appreciable attention among analysts to take care of the extraordinary enhancement issues utilizing metaheuristic algorithms in the domain area of Swarm Intelligence. Many metaheuristic algorithms have been developed by inspiring various nature phenomena’s. Exploration and exploitation are distinctive capacities and confine each other, along these lines, customary calculations require numerous parameters and bunches of expenses to accomplish the adjust, and furthermore need to modify parameters for various enhancement issues. In this paper, another populace based algorithm, the Cheetah Chase Algorithm (CCA), is presented. Distinctive features of Cheetah and their characteristics has been the essential motivation for advancement of this optimization algorithm. Cheetah Chase Algorithm (CCA) has awesome capacities both in exploitation and exploration, is proposed to address these issues. To start with, CCA endeavours to locate the optimal solution in the assigned hunt territory. It at that point utilizes history data to pursue its prey. CCA can, hence, decide the situation of the worldwide ideal. CCA accomplishes solid exploitation and exploration with these highlights. Additionally, as indicated by various issues, CCA executes versatile parameter change. The self-examination and analysis of this exploration show that each CCA capacity can have different beneficial outcomes, while the execution correlation exhibits CCAs predominance over conventional metaheuristic algorithms. The proposed Cheetah Chase Algorithm is developed by the process of hunting and chasing of Cheetah to capture its prey with the parameters of high speed, velocity and greater accelerations.

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Mayer, Bernadette. "The Screaming Cheetah Wheelies." Grand Street, no. 56 (1996): 160. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/25008013.

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42

Lindburg, Donald G., and David Shen. "Cheetah Fertility, Diversity, Niche." Science News 144, no. 25/26 (December 18, 1993): 403. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3977702.

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Benirschke, K. "Tears of the Cheetah." Journal of Heredity 95, no. 1 (January 1, 2004): 89–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhered/esh013.

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Mangiaterra, Sara, Silvia Vincenzetti, Giacomo Rossi, Andrea Marchegiani, Alessandra Gavazza, Thierry Petit, Gianni Sagratini, Massimo Ricciutelli, and Matteo Cerquetella. "Evaluation of the Fecal Proteome in Healthy and Diseased Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) Suffering from Gastrointestinal Disorders." Animals 12, no. 18 (September 13, 2022): 2392. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani12182392.

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Fecal proteomics allows for the identification of proteins and peptides present in stools and is useful in finding possible new biomarkers for diagnosing and/or monitoring gastrointestinal (GI) disorders. In the present study, we investigated the fecal proteome in healthy and diseased cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus). Captive individuals of this species frequently show gastrointestinal disorders characterized by recurrent episodes of diarrhea, rare episodes of vomiting and weight loss, associated with Helicobacter spp. infection. Fecal proteomic evaluation has been performed by two-dimensional electrophoresis followed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. In healthy cheetahs, the results showed the presence of the following proteins: collagen alpha-1 (II) chain, transthyretin, IgG Fc-binding protein, titin, dystonin, isopentenyl-diphosphate Delta-isomerase 1, sodium/potassium-transporting ATPase subunit alpha-1 and protein disulfide-isomerase A6. The presence of albumin isoforms was found only in diseased cheetahs. The present paper reports the study of the fecal proteome in the cheetah, evidences some differences between healthy and diseased patients and confirms, once again, the potential of fecal proteomics for the study of the GI environment, with promising developments regarding the identification of new diagnostic/monitoring markers.

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Wilson, John W., Michael G. L. Mills, Rory P. Wilson, Gerrit Peters, Margaret E. J. Mills, John R. Speakman, Sarah M. Durant, Nigel C. Bennett, Nikki J. Marks, and Michael Scantlebury. "Cheetahs, Acinonyx jubatus , balance turn capacity with pace when chasing prey." Biology Letters 9, no. 5 (October 23, 2013): 20130620. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0620.

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Predator–prey interactions are fundamental in the evolution and structure of ecological communities. Our understanding, however, of the strategies used in pursuit and evasion remains limited. Here, we report on the hunting dynamics of the world's fastest land animal, the cheetah, Acinonyx jubatus . Using miniaturized data loggers, we recorded fine-scale movement, speed and acceleration of free-ranging cheetahs to measure how hunting dynamics relate to chasing different sized prey. Cheetahs attained hunting speeds of up to 18.94 m s −1 and accelerated up to 7.5 m s −2 with greatest angular velocities achieved during the terminal phase of the hunt. The interplay between forward and lateral acceleration during chases showed that the total forces involved in speed changes and turning were approximately constant over time but varied with prey type. Thus, rather than a simple maximum speed chase, cheetahs first accelerate to decrease the distance to their prey, before reducing speed 5–8 s from the end of the hunt, so as to facilitate rapid turns to match prey escape tactics, varying the precise strategy according to prey species. Predator and prey thus pit a fine balance of speed against manoeuvring capability in a race for survival.

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Terio, K. A., L. Munson, and P. F. Moore. "Characterization of the Gastric Immune Response in Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) With Helicobacter-Associated Gastritis." Veterinary Pathology 49, no. 5 (July 5, 2011): 824–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0300985811412620.

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Captive cheetahs have an unusually severe progressive gastritis that is not present in wild cheetahs infected with the same strains of Helicobacter. This gastritis, when severe, has florid lymphocyte and plasma cell infiltrates in the epithelium and lamina propria with gland destruction, parietal cell loss, and, in some cases, lymphoid follicles. The local gastric immune response was characterized by immunohistochemistry in 21 cheetahs with varying degrees of gastritis. The character of the response was similar among types of gastritis except that cheetahs with severe gastritis had increased numbers (up to 70%) of lamina proprial CD79a+CD21– B cells. CD3+CD4+ T cells were present in the lamina propria, and CD3+CD8α+ T cells were within the glandular epithelium. Lymphoid aggregates had follicular differentiation with a central core of CD79a+/CD45R+ B cells and with an outer zone of CD3+ T cells that expressed both CD4 and CD8 antigens. MHC II antigens were diffusely expressed throughout the glandular and superficial epithelium. No cheetah had evidence of autoantibodies against the gastric mucosa when gastric samples from 30 cheetahs with different degrees of gastritis were incubated with autologous and heterologous serum. These findings indicate that T-cell distribution in cheetahs is qualitatively similar to that in other species infected with Helicobacter but that large numbers of lamina propria activated B cells and plasma cells did distinguish cheetahs with severe gastritis. Further research is needed to determine whether alterations in the Th1:Th2 balance are the cause of this more plasmacytic response in some cheetahs.

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Hetem, Robyn S., Duncan Mitchell, Brenda A. de Witt, Linda G. Fick, Leith C. R. Meyer, Shane K. Maloney, and Andrea Fuller. "Cheetah do not abandon hunts because they overheat." Biology Letters 9, no. 5 (October 23, 2013): 20130472. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsbl.2013.0472.

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Hunting cheetah reportedly store metabolic heat during the chase and abandon chases because they overheat. Using biologging to remotely measure the body temperature (every minute) and locomotor activity (every 5 min) of four free-living cheetah, hunting spontaneously, we found that cheetah abandoned hunts, but not because they overheated. Body temperature averaged 38.4°C when the chase was terminated. Storage of metabolic heat did not compromise hunts. The increase in body temperature following a successful hunt was double that of an unsuccessful hunt (1.3°C ± 0.2°C versus 0.5°C ± 0.1°C), even though the level of activity during the hunts was similar. We propose that the increase in body temperature following a successful hunt is a stress hyperthermia, rather than an exercise-induced hyperthermia.

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Groenewald, H. B., W. M. Wagner, and R. M. Kirberger. "A radiological study of the sesamoid bones and os meniscus of the cheetah (Acinonyxjubatus)." Veterinary and Comparative Orthopaedics and Traumatology 13, no. 04 (2000): 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1632656.

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SummaryA radiological study of the sesamoids was undertaken in differing numbers of joints from 10 cheetahs. Each sesamoid was described and measured. Sesamoids were not found in the elbow and tarsal joints. A sesamoid was found in the abductor digiti 1 longus muscle as well as paired sesamoids were found at the interosseous muscle insertions palmarly of digits #1–5 and plantarly of digits #2–5. There were significant differences between abaxial and axial lengths of some of these sesamoids and the palmar sesamoids were significantly shorter than their plantar counterparts. In the stifle, a patella, a popliteal and two gastrocnemius sesamoids were present. The lateral gastrocnemius sesamoid was significantly longer than the medial one and had a peculiar bilobed appearance. An os meniscus was constantly present in the cranial aspect of the medial meniscus. The shape of the sesamoids and the presence of an os meniscus in the cheetah differed from those seen in the domestic dog and cat and were ascribed to differences in form and function.The radiological appearance of the sesamoids and os meniscus were described in adult cheetahs and compared to the domestic dog and cat. Possible anatomical and physiological factors influencing their appearance are postulated.

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Thalwitzer, Susanne, Bettina Wachter, Nadia Robert, Gudrun Wibbelt, Thomas Müller, Johann Lonzer, Marina L. Meli, Gert Bay, Heribert Hofer, and Hans Lutz. "Seroprevalences to Viral Pathogens in Free-Ranging and Captive Cheetahs (Acinonyx jubatus) on Namibian Farmland." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 17, no. 2 (February 2010): 232–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00345-09.

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ABSTRACT Cheetah populations are diminishing rapidly in their natural habitat. One reason for their decline is thought to be a high susceptibility to (infectious) diseases because cheetahs in zoos suffer from high disease-induced mortality. Data on the health status of free-ranging cheetahs are scarce, and little is known about their exposure and susceptibility to infectious diseases. We determined seroprevalences to nine key viruses (feline herpesvirus 1, feline calicivirus, feline parvovirus, feline coronavirus, canine distemper virus, feline immunodeficiency virus [FIV], puma lentivirus, feline leukemia virus, and rabies virus) in 68 free-ranging cheetahs on east-central Namibian farmland, 24 nonvaccinated Namibian captive cheetahs, and several other wild carnivore species and conducted necropsies of cheetahs and other wild carnivores. Eight of 11 other wild carnivores were seropositive for at least one of the viruses, including the first record of an FIV-like infection in a wild felid west of the Kalahari, the caracal (Felis caracal). Seroprevalences of the free-ranging cheetahs were below 5% for all nine viruses, which is significantly lower than seroprevalences in nonvaccinated captive cheetahs and those for five of seven viruses in previously studied free-ranging cheetahs from north-central Namibia (L. Munson, L. Marker, E. Dubovi, J. A. Spencer, J. F. Evermann, and S. J. O'Brien, J. Wildl. Dis. 40:23-31, 2004). There was no clinical or pathological evidence of infectious diseases in living or dead cheetahs. The results suggest that while free-ranging wild carnivores may be a source of pathogens, the distribution of seroprevalences across studies mirrored local human population density and factors associated with human habitation, probably reflecting contact opportunities with (nonvaccinated) domestic and feral cats and dogs. They also suggest that Namibian cheetahs respond effectively to viral challenges, encouraging consistent and sustainable conservation efforts.

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de Almeida Monteiro Melo Ferraz, Marcia, Jennifer Beth Nagashima, Michael James Noonan, Adrienne E. Crosier, and Nucharin Songsasen. "Oviductal Extracellular Vesicles Improve Post-Thaw Sperm Function in Red Wolves and Cheetahs." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 10 (May 25, 2020): 3733. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21103733.

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Artificial insemination (AI) is a valuable tool for ex situ wildlife conservation, allowing the re-infusion and dissemination of genetic material, even after death of the donor. However, the application of AI to species conservation is still limited, due mainly to the poor survival of cryopreserved sperm. Recent work demonstrated that oviductal extracellular vesicles (oEVs) improved cat sperm motility and reduced premature acrosomal exocytosis. Here, we build on these findings by describing the protein content of dog and cat oEVs and investigating whether the incubation of cryopreserved red wolf and cheetah sperm with oEVs during thawing improves sperm function. Both red wolf and cheetah sperm thawed with dog and cat oEVs, respectively, had more intact acrosomes than the non-EV controls. Moreover, red wolf sperm thawed in the presence of dog oEVs better maintained sperm motility over time (>15%) though such an improvement was not observed in cheetah sperm. Our work demonstrates that dog and cat oEVs carry proteins important for sperm function and improve post-thaw motility and/or acrosome integrity of red wolf and cheetah sperm in vitro. The findings show how oEVs can be a valuable tool for improving the success of AI with cryopreserved sperm in threatened species.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Cheetah'

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