Journal articles: 'Chemical disinfection'

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Kriš, J., K. Munka, E. Büchlerová, M. Karácsonyová, and L. Gajdoš. "Chlorine dioxide disinfection by-products in the Nová Bystrica-Čadca-Žilina long distance water supply system." Water Supply 6, no. 2 (March 1, 2006): 209–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2006.071.

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In a process of water disinfection it is necessary to distinguish between primary disinfection focused on removal or inactivation of microbiological contaminants from raw water, and secondary disinfection focused on maintenance of residual concentration of the disinfector in distribution system. Current practice related to disinfection follows two approaches. The paper presents results from a stage task solution “Research of physical-chemical changes in water quality during its distribution” at the Nová Bystrica-Čadca-Žilina long distance water supply system (LDWSS) focused on the presence of disinfection by-products by using chlorine dioxide.

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Pinto, Luciana de Rezende, Paulo Maurício Batista Silva, and Vinicius Carvalho Porto. "Effects of long-term repeated chemical disinfection treatment on the surface hardness self-polymerizing reline resins." Journal of Research in Dentistry 1, no. 1 (April 23, 2013): 55. http://dx.doi.org/10.19177/jrd.v1e1201355-63.

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Denture hygiene techniques and procedures were developed in the 1960s and 1970s and most studies indicate the importance of mechanical biofilm removal by denture brushing associated with disinfection with chemical solutions. Studies in the literature show many chemical procedures that may be used for denture biofilm control. When the immersion procedure is used, the disinfectant should be selected with regard to its effectiveness in inactivating microorganisms without any adverse effects on the denture materials. PURPOSE: This study investigated the hardness of three self-polymerizing reline resins after long-term repeated chemical disinfections. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty round specimens (30 x 6mm) were made from each material: Jet, Kooliner and Tokuyama Rebase II Fast, and divided in 6 groups (n=10). The control group was stored in water and the others were disinfected with 1%, 2%, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite, 2% glutaraldehyde, and 4% chlorhexidine gluconate, respectively. The specimens were tested for knoop hardness (KHN) before disinfection and after 30, 90 and 180 disinfection cycles. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance followed by the Tukey test at 5%. RESULTS: The hardness of Jet resin varied from 18.74 ± 0.47 to 13.75 ± 0.95 KHN, Kooliner varied from 14.09 ± 1.63 to 7.52 ± 0.88 KHN, and Tokuyama Rebase II Fast from 12.57 ± 0.94 to 8.28 ± 0.39 KHN. Statistically significant decrease in hardness of the three reline acrylic resins was observed early after the first 30 disinfection cycles. CONCLUSION: The hardness of the tested materials decreased after immersion in water and after long-term repeated chemical disinfections.

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Zhang, Yin. "604 Comparing Disinfection of Different Dosages of Vaporized Hydrogen Peroxide in Burn Ward." Journal of Burn Care & Research 41, Supplement_1 (March 2020): S145. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jbcr/iraa024.230.

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Abstract Introduction The objective of this study is to compare the disinfection effects using the vaporized hydrogen peroxide disinfection method in critical burn ward. Methods A 110m3 empty ward of the burn center was selected as the experimental site. The Bacillus subtilis var. niger spores were opened and placed in 15 unprepared positions (with 0 m, 1 m, 2 m, 3 m, and 4 m from the disinfection machine, each of which was divided into upper, middle, and The lower 3 planes), as well as the 15 points of the cloth (the same position as before), are fixed with hydrogen peroxide indicating tape. The amount of hydrogen peroxide was calculated according to the size of the ward (8 g/m3, 12 g/m3, respectively), and disinfected at a rate of 10 g/min of hydrogen peroxide release flow. After 5 hours of disinfection, the chemical indicator tape and the bacteria pieces were taken out. Observe the discoloration of the chemical indicating tape. The bacteria pieces were placed in a test tube containing the broth culture medium, and the results were observed after incubation in a 37 ° C incubator for 7*24 hours. Results (1) Under the condition of no cover, the two disinfecting dose chemical indicating tapes are all discolored, and in the case of obstruction, they cannot be completely discolored; (2) When the amount of hydrogen peroxide disinfection is 8g/m3 and 12g/m3 respectively, The positive rates of unobstructed specimens were 6.67% and 2.67%, respectively, no significant difference (P= >0.05), and there was no difference in disinfection effect between the positions (P >0.05); (3) 8g/m3 disinfection dose The peak concentration is 255.9g, the peak concentration is 1h48min; the peak concentration is 337.6g at 12g/m3 disinfection, and the peak concentration is 2h26min. When the two disinfection doses were disinfected for 8 hours, the peak concentrations of the chambers were basically the same(1) Under the condition of no cover, the two disinfecting dose chemical indicating tapes are all discolored, and in the case of obstruction, they cannot be completely discolored; (2) When the amount of hydrogen peroxide disinfection is 8g/m3 and 12g/m3 respectively, The positive rates of unobstructed specimens were 6.67% and 2.67%, respectively, no significant difference (P= >0.05), and there was no difference in disinfection effect between the positions (P >0.05); (3) 8g/m3 disinfection dose The peak concentration is 255.9g, the peak concentration is 1h48min; the peak concentration is 337.6g at 12g/m3 disinfection, and the peak concentration is 2h26min. When the two disinfection doses were disinfected for 8 hours, the peak concentrations of the chambers were basically the same. Conclusions The use of vaporized hydrogen peroxide for terminal disinfection should be as full as possible to expose the items to be disinfected. Applicability of Research to Practice Disinfection.

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Atila, Funda. "Effect of Different substrate Disinfection Methods on the Production of Pleurotus ostreatus." Journal of Agricultural Studies 4, no. 4 (October 31, 2016): 52. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jas.v4i4.10051.

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AbstractThe aim of this paper is to estimate which of disinfection method is more effective in case of higher yield and fewer cost in cultivation of Pleurotus ostreatus in rural areas. For this purpose, four different treatments; scalping in hot water (60, 80 and 100°C), and chemical disinfection (1% formaldehyde) were compared with sterilization by autoclave. It has been noticed that method of disinfection affects mycelium growing duration(day), yield(g/kg), biological efficiency (BE%), avarage weight of fruitbody(g), diameter of pileus(cm), stipe lenght(cm) and width(cm). P. ostreatus took significantly much time to colonise the substrate (19.9 days) disinfected by chemical disinfection compared with others. Chemical disinfection (271.28 g/kg and 91.96%) and scalding hot water at 80oC (263.42 g/kg and 90.83%) had highest productivity in terms of yield and BE, respectively, while scalding hot water at 60oC (136.08 g/kg and 46.92%) had least productivity. The largest diameter of fruitbody was obtained by scalding in hot water at 80oC, while the longest stipes were harvested in disinfected substrate by chemicals. In conclusion, cheaper and more easily applecable scalping in hot water 80°C and chemical disinfection may be use for the disinfection of growing substrates instead of sterilization with autoclave in rural areas.Keywords: mushroom growing substrate, disinfection methods, autoclaved, scalding, chemical disinfection, Pleurotus ostreatus

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Mude, Er S. K. "Health & Environmental Impact of Ultraviolet Radiation Exposure used in Currency Sanitizer." International Journal for Research in Applied Science and Engineering Technology 9, no. VI (June 20, 2021): 1695–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.22214/ijraset.2021.35379.

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Many of the ultraviolet (UV) sources used emit high intensities of UV light, capable of producing painful eye and skin burns. This paper provides information about the hazards associated with UV exposure and the safety precautions to take when working with these sources. Ultraviolet (UV) disinfection technology has existed for many years, but chemicals are still very prominent in disinfection applications today. UV disinfection does, however, provide many benefits over chemical options. It cannot be overdosed, and does not produce by-products, toxins, or volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions. It does not require the storage of hazardous materials and will not affect smell or taste in water and food disinfection applications. In addition, UV light is known to kill more waterborne microbes than chlorination. UV-C currency sanitizer is a fluid less device which can be used to perform the disinfection of various bacteria and viruses, it is based on UV-C light technology. It provides a portable ultraviolet disinfecting device for currency notes which comprises an acrylic case. The light is arranged in the top and bottom and inner layer coated with aluminum foil to increase the utilization of light rays.

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GomezGil-RS, Bruno, F. Alberto Abreu-Grobois, Jorge Romero-Jarero, and Maria Herrera-Vega. "Chemical Disinfection of Artemia Nauplii." Journal of the World Aquaculture Society 25, no. 4 (December 1994): 579–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1749-7345.1994.tb00829.x.

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Sartori, Evandro Afonso, Caroline Bom Schmidt, Luiz Fernando Walber, and Rosemary Sadami Arai Shinkai. "Effect of microwave disinfection on denture base adaptation and resin surface roughness." Brazilian Dental Journal 17, no. 3 (2006): 195–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s0103-64402006000300004.

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This study evaluated the effect of disinfection methods [chemical disinfection (immersion in 100 ppm chloride solution) or microwave disinfection (690 W for 6 min)] on the internal adaptation of denture bases and resin surface roughness. For the adaptation test, 18 maxillary denture bases were obtained from stone casts duplicated from a metallic master model and submitted to the following treatments: 1) control (no disinfection), 2) chemical disinfection or 3) microwave disinfection. Disinfection procedures were performed twice (T1, T2) with a 7-day interval between them. Internal adaptation was measured at baseline (T0) and after T1 and T2 by weighing a vinyl polysiloxane film reproducing the gap between the resin base and the master model. For surface roughness measurement, 60 rectangular (5x10x40 mm) resin specimens were either mechanically or chemically polished and then submitted to the disinfection treatments. Surface roughness (Ra) was recorded after polishing (T0) and after T1 and T2. Data were analyzed by ANOVA GLM for repeated measures and Bonferroni correction at 5% significance level. Bases submitted to microwave disinfection had gradual increase of misfit, while bases immersed in chloride solution did not differ from the control group. Surface roughness increased in the mechanical polishing groups with microwave disinfection and decreased in the chemical polishing groups.

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Pinto, Luciana Rezende, Dayane Rubim, Paulo Maurício Batista Silva, and Vinícius Carvalho Porto. "Effects of repeated long-term sodium hypochlorite disinfection treatment on surface hardness and roughness of self-polymerizing reline acrylic resins." Journal of Research in Dentistry 2, no. 1 (February 28, 2014): 91. http://dx.doi.org/10.19177/jrd.v2e1201491-101.

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Denture stomatitis is the most common alteration on the palate of denture wearers and deficient denture hygiene is an important predisposing factor, because it facilitates both the presence of Candida albicans and bacteria in saliva and their colonization on the oral mucosa and denture surfaces. Sodium hypochlorite is an efficient chemical disinfectant to eliminate denture biofilm, but the effect of long-term disinfection on reline acrylic resins was not studied. Purpose: This study investigated the hardness and roughness of three self-polymerizing reline resins after repeated long-term sodium hypochlorite disinfections. Material and methods: Forty round specimens (30 x 6mm) were made from each material: Jet, Kooliner and Tokuyama Rebase II Fast, and divided in 4 groups (n=10). The control group was stored in water and the others were disinfected with 1%, 2%, 5.25% sodium hypochlorite, respectively. The specimens were tested for knoop hardness (KHN) and roughness (Ra) before disinfection and after 30, 90 and 180 disinfection cycles. Data were analyzed by analysis of variance followed by the Tukey test at 5%. Results: The hardness of Jet resin varied from 18.74 ± 0.47 to 13.75 ± 0.95 KHN, Kooliner varied from 14.09 ± 1.63 to 7.52 ± 0.88 KHN, and Tokuyama Rebase II Fast from 12.57 ± 0.94 to 8.28 ± 0.39 KHN. Statistically significant decrease in hardness of the three reline acrylic resins was observed early after the first 30 disinfection cycles. Conclusion: The hardness of the tested materials decreased after immersion in water and after repeated long-term chemical disinfections

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Huh, Da-An, Woo Ri Chae, Hong Lyuer Lim, Joung Ho Kim, Yoo Sin Kim, Young-Whan Kim, and Kyong Whan Moon. "Optimizing Operating Parameters of High-Temperature Steam for Disinfecting Total Nematodes and Bacteria in Soil: Application of the Box−Behnken Design." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 14 (July 13, 2020): 5029. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17145029.

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Concerns about the widespread use of pesticides have been growing due to the adverse effects of chemicals on the environment and human health. It has prompted worldwide research into the development of a replacement to chemical disinfection of soil. The efficiency of steam sterilization, an alternative to chemical methods, has improved as technology has advanced, and the Agricultural Research and Extension Service in Korea recommends the use of steam sterilization. However, few studies have been conducted on the effects and operating conditions of high-temperature steam disinfection. In this study, we present the optimum operating conditions of a high-steam disinfector, to maximize the cost-effectiveness and removal efficiency of total nematodes and total bacteria in soil using the Box−Behnken design. The experimental data were fitted to a second-order polynomial equation using multiple regression analysis, with coefficients of determination (R2) for each model of 0.9279, 0.9678, and 0.9979. The optimum conditions were found to be a steam temperature of 150.56 °C, running speed of 1.69 m/min, and spray depth of 15.0 cm, with a corresponding desirability value of 0.8367. In the model, these conditions cause the prediction of the following responses: nematode removal efficiency of 93.99%, bacteria removal efficiency of 97.49%, and oil consumption of 70.49 mL/m2. At the optimum conditions for the steam disinfector, the removal efficiencies of nematodes and bacteria were maximized, and the oil consumption was minimized. The results of our study can be used as basic data for efficient soil disinfection using high-temperature steam.

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Bensel, Tobias, Jens J. Bock, Anne Kebernik, Christin Arnold, Sonia Mansour, and Arne F. Boeckler. "Effect of Disinfectants on Mechanical Properties of Orthodontic Acrylics." International Journal of Biomaterials 2019 (April 24, 2019): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2019/1096208.

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Objective. Infection control protocols in dentistry dictate that orthodontic acrylics have to be disinfected. No specific products for orthodontic acrylics are available. The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of chemical disinfectants on mechanical properties of orthodontic acrylics.Materials and Methods. 260 test specimens of two cold-curing orthodontic acrylics were manufactured. Three chemical disinfecting agents were tested: Impresept, D050 Instru-Gen, and Stammopur DR. Test specimens were stored in distilled water and divided into test groups. E-Modulus, flexural strength, macro hardness, micro hardness, average roughness, and colour change were measured.Results. Disinfection agents showed no significant influence on E-modulus. Values ranged from 1783.80 ± 163.80 MPa (Forestacryl colourless) to 2474.00 ± 135.00 MPa (Orthocryl green) after storage in distilled water. Disinfection agents performed no significant influence on flexural strength. Values ranged from 18.64±1.59 N/mm2(Forestacryl colourless) to 25.64 ± 1.43 N/mm2(Orthocryl green) after storage in distilled water. Orthocryl colourless showed a reduction of the macro hardness after disinfection (Stammopur DR (p≤0.001), D050 Instru-Gen (p≤0.037)). Disinfection of Orthocryl green with D050 Instru-Gen (p<0.001) and Forestacryl colourless with Impresept (p≤0.001) led to a reduction of macro hardness. Micro hardness of Orthocryl colourless altered significantly after disinfection with D050 Instru-Gen (p≤0.001). Micro hardness of Forestacryl colourless increased (Impresept (p≤0.039)) and decreased (Stammopur DR (p≤0.006) Instru-Gen (p≤0.001)) after disinfection. Average roughness did not change significantly (Orthocryl colourless). Forestacryl colourless performed a significant change after disinfection with Stammopur DR (p≤0.05). This is also true for the disinfection of Orthocryl green and Forestacryl pink with Instru-Gen (p≤0.05). Disinfection performed no significant influence on colour change. ΔE-values were in a range of 1 to 2.Conclusions. Some orthodontic acrylics disinfection caused significant changes of determined parameters. Changes were specific for the applied disinfectant and tested orthodontic acrylic. Further studies should verify the impact of long-term disinfection intervals. Thus, from manufacturers of orthodontic acrylics recommendations for appropriate disinfectants would be desirable.

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Springthorpe, V. Susan, and Syed A. Sattar. "Chemical disinfection of virus‐contaminated surfaces." Critical Reviews in Environmental Control 20, no. 3 (January 1990): 169–229. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10643389009388396.

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Gyürék, Lyndon L., and Gordon R. Finch. "Modeling Water Treatment Chemical Disinfection Kinetics." Journal of Environmental Engineering 124, no. 9 (September 1998): 783–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1061/(asce)0733-9372(1998)124:9(783).

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Casewell, M. W. "Chemical disinfection in hospitals. 2nd Edn." Journal of Hospital Infection 30, no. 1 (May 1995): 83–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0195-6701(95)90257-0.

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Hoshino, Hiroshi. "Chemical Disinfection Method of Electrical Thermometer." JAPANES JOURNAL OF MEDICAL INSTRUMENTATION 57, no. 6 (June 1, 1987): 267–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.4286/ikakikaigaku.57.6_267.

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Moghaddam Arjmand, Masoumeh. "The Potential Effectiveness of Probiotic-Based Sanitation Procedures in Nosocomial Infection Control: A Review Article." Avicenna Journal of Environmental Health Engineering 6, no. 2 (December 31, 2019): 119–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.34172/ajehe.2019.16.

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The sanitation of the hospital environment for the purpose of preventing the transmission of nosocomial infections has a major role in reducing the infection of hospitalized patients with the bacteria living on hospital surfaces. The excessive use of chemical detergents in recent decades has led to microbial resistance in nosocomial infectious bacteria. Researchers’ attention has therefore been drawn to the use of probiotics for disinfecting hospital surfaces. The present study was conducted to assess the potential effectiveness of probiotic products in controlling the contamination of inert surfaces in the environment and medical instruments in health centers and investigate the claim that the antagonistic property of probiotic microorganisms offers an effective method for controlling nosocomial infections and a suitable alternative to conventional disinfection methods. A search was carried out for relevant articles published from 2000 to 2018 in databases including ISI, PubMed, Scopus, EMBASE, and Google Scholar, using the keywords "nosocomial infections", "disinfection", "sanitation", "probiotics" and "infected surfaces". The articles published from 2000 to 2018 confirmed the greater effectiveness of probiotic disinfection (by up to 90%) compared to conventional chemical disinfection in controlling nosocomial infections. Nevertheless, more extensive studies are needed on probiotics to determine the possibility of replacing good bacteria with bad bacteria in future decades.

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Sethi, Sandeep, Graham Juby, Adam Zacheis, Coenraad Pretorius, Shivaji Deshmukh, Betsy Martin, Ed Torres, and Jeff Brown. "DISINFECTION USING MICROFILTRATION FOR RECLAMATION APPLICATIONS AND AS ALTERNATIVE TO CHEMICAL DISINFECTION." Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation 2002, no. 1 (January 1, 2002): 323–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.2175/193864702785033716.

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ROWAN, NEIL J., and JOHN G. ANDERSON. "Effectiveness of Cleaning and Disinfection Procedures on the Removal of Enterotoxigenic Bacillus cereus From Infant Feeding Bottles." Journal of Food Protection 61, no. 2 (February 1, 1998): 196–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-61.2.196.

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Reconstituted infant milk formulas are considered a food class of high risk because of the susceptibility of the infant population to enteric bacterial pathogens, severe response to enterotoxins, and increased mortality. Twenty infant feeding bottles, contaminated with different levels of enterotoxigenic Bacillus cereus, were subjected in triplicate to a variety of commonly used cleaning and disinfecting procedures. Although thorough cleaning reduced microbial numbers, it did not remove all B. cereus present. Three commercially available disinfection procedures (i.e., one chemical and two thermal) successfully eliminated this organism when the level of contamination was <105 organisms ml−1. However, the chemical disinfection method failed to eliminate enterotoxigenic B. cereus totally at potentially hazardous contamination levels (i.e., ≥105 organisms ml−1) that may be encountered under storage abuse conditions in the home.

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Iannelli, R., S. Ripari, B. Casini, A. Buzzigoli, G. Privitera, M. Verani, and A. Carducci. "Feasibility assessment of surface water disinfection by ultrafiltration." Water Supply 14, no. 4 (January 30, 2014): 522–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2014.003.

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Ultrafiltration (UF) has been presented as an alternative to chemical disinfection to obtain safe drinking water, for its ability to remove microbiological contamination. Hollow-fiber UF membranes are designed as an effective barrier to microorganisms, for their high manufacturing integrity and for the ‘potting’ method adopted to seal fibers to the feeding/extraction manifold. While the main advantage over chemical disinfection is the drastic reduction of disinfection-by-product (DBP) formation, some chemicals are still required to control fouling and related sanitary risks. This study aims at an up-to-date assessment of UF use for surface water disinfection by compact, minimally-attended, automated plants. A 3.5 m3/h automated UF pilot-plant was run for 8 months for drinking quality purification of surface water from Pescia stream. Standard drinking water parameters, as well as specific microbiological parameters (Legionella, Mycobacterium, Adenovirus, coliphage) and DBP formation were monitored. Final results highlighted that the plant could reach a good removal of bacteria and a significant reduction of viruses. However, the adopted operation/maintenance policies had a strong impact on energy and water consumption, efficacy of bacterium/virus barrier and DBP formation. Hence, an accurate and competent operation, as well as the assistance of chemical disinfection, are still required for safe drinking water production.

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Al-Issai, Laila, Walid Elshorbagy, Munjed Maraqa, Mohamed Hamouda, and Ahmed Soliman. "Use of Nanoparticles for the Disinfection of Desalinated Water." Water 11, no. 3 (March 18, 2019): 559. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/w11030559.

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When chemical disinfection is performed before or after desalination, a number of harmful compounds are formed. Thus, efforts have been directed toward developing alternative methods for water disinfection. In this study, seven nanoparticles (NPs) were evaluated for disinfecting water produced from reverse osmosis and multi-stage flash desalination plants. The tested NPs were silver, copper, silver-copper, zinc oxide, magnesium oxide, silicon dioxide, and carbon nanotubes. The antimicrobial activity of the NPs was investigated by batch studies in desalinated water samples spiked with E. coli, Enterobacter, Salmonella, and Enterococci. The Chick-Watson model was fitted to the inactivation data to evaluate the kinetic constant for each combination of NPs, water type, and indicator bacteria. The results indicated that silver and silver-copper NPs have the highest disinfection efficiency among the tested NPs. Among the bacteria, Enterobacter (strain TPC129) appears to be the most inactivated, while Enterococci (strain NCTC775) seems to be the least influenced by the NPs. Variations in the chemical characteristics of the tested water samples appeared to cause noticeable differences in the antibacterial efficacies of copper and magnesium oxide NPs, but not in those of the other NPs.

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Song, Li, Wei Li, Jian’an He, Lang Li, Tao Li, Dayong Gu, and Huanwen Tang. "Development of a Pulsed Xenon Ultraviolet Disinfection Device for Real-Time Air Disinfection in Ambulances." Journal of Healthcare Engineering 2020 (February 24, 2020): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2020/6053065.

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Objectives. We have developed a pulsed xenon ultraviolet light-based real-time air disinfection system with rapid and effective disinfection by using high-intensity pulse germicidal UV. Disinfection of the ambulance’s environment is critical in the prevention of infectious cross contamination. Methods. In this study, a pulsed xenon ultraviolet light-based air disinfection system was established for real-time air disinfection in ambulances. In this system, a pulsed xenon ultraviolet (PX-UV) was used to generate broad-spectrum (200–320 nm), high-intensity ultraviolet light to deactivate and kill bacteria and viruses. The results showed that the use of PX-UV could be effective in reducing E. coli, Staphylococcus albus, and environmental pathogens level in ambulances (≥90% reduction in 30 mins). Results. This device was relatively simple and easy to use and does not leave chemical residues or risk exposing patients and workers to toxic chemicals. Conclusions. This appears to be a practical alternative technology to achieve automated air disinfection in ambulances.

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Balakayeva, Alisa V., and N. V. Rusakov. "Comparative evaluation of the efficacy of plants for disinfection of medical waste." Hygiene and sanitation 95, no. 7 (October 28, 2019): 614–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/0016-9900-2016-95-7-614-617.

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There are presented results of the comparative evaluation of the effectiveness of plants for disinfection of medical waste which use 4 most common hardware technologies: treatment by saturated steam pressure, moist heat, microwave exposure and chemical disinfection with refinement. The efficiency ofplants using physical methods of influence was shown to be higher in comparison with hardware chemical disinfection.

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Rutala, William A., and David J. Weber. "Disinfection of Endoscopes: Review of New Chemical Sterilants Used for High-Level Disinfection." Infection Control & Hospital Epidemiology 20, no. 01 (January 1999): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/501544.

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AbstractChemical sterilants are used to high-level disinfect heat-sensitive semicritical items such as endoscopes. Most endoscopes have been reprocessed between each patient use with glutaraldehyde (>2%) or the Steris System 1. Several new chemical sterilants have been developed recently, including 7.5% hydrogen peroxide, 0.08% peracetic acid plus 1.0% hydrogen peroxide, and 0.55% orthophthalaldehyde. In order to aid the infection control professional in choosing the appropriate disinfection methodology, this article reviews the characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of high-level disinfectants intended for reprocessing endoscopes.

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Sattar, Syed A., Heather Jacobsen, Hasina Rahman, Timothy M. Cusack, and Joseph R. Rubino. "Interruption of Rotavirus Spread through Chemical Disinfection." Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 15, no. 12 (December 1994): 751–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/30148419.

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Stanton, Carina. "Guideline for manual chemical high-level disinfection." AORN Journal 107, no. 1 (January 2018): P7—P9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aorn.12028.

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Jyoti, K. K., and A. B. Pandit. "Effect of cavitation on chemical disinfection efficiency." Water Research 38, no. 9 (May 2004): 2249–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.watres.2004.02.012.

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Link, Terri. "Guideline Implementation: Manual Chemical High‐Level Disinfection." AORN Journal 108, no. 4 (September 28, 2018): 399–410. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/aorn.12373.

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Lykins, Benjamin W., Wayne E. Koffskey, and Robert G. Miller. "Chemical Products and Toxicologic Effects of Disinfection." Journal - American Water Works Association 78, no. 11 (November 1986): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1551-8833.1986.tb05850.x.

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Sattar, Syed A., Heather Jacobsen, Hasina Rahman, Timothy M. Cusack, and Joseph R. Rubino. "Interruption of Rotavirus Spread through Chemical Disinfection." Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology 15, no. 12 (December 1994): 751–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1086/646852.

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Kheraif, Abdulaziz Abdullah Al. "Surface Roughness of Polyvinyl Siloxane Impression Materials Following Chemical Disinfection, Autoclave and Microwave Sterilization." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 14, no. 3 (2013): 483–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1349.

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ABSTRACT Background Autoclave sterilization and microwave sterilization has been suggested as the effective methods for the disinfection of elastomeric impressions, but subjecting elastomeric impressions to extreme temperature may have adverse effects on critical properties of the elastomers. Aim To evaluate the effect of chemical disinfection as well as autoclave and microwave sterilization on the surface roughness of elastomeric impression materials. Materials and methods The surface roughness of five commercially available polyvinyl siloxane impression materials (Coltene President, Affinis Perfect impression, Aquasil, 3M ESPE Express and GC Exafast) were evaluated after subjecting them to chemical disinfection, autoclaving and microwave sterilization using a Talysurf Intra 50 instrument. Twenty specimens from each material were fabricated and divided into four equal groups, three experimental and one control (n = 25). The differences in the mean surface roughness between the treatment groups were recorded and statistically analyzed. Results No statistically significant increase in the surface roughness was observed when the specimens were subjected to chemical disinfection and autoclave sterilization, increase in roughness and discoloration was observed in all the materials when specimens were subjected to microwave sterilization. Conclusion Chemical disinfection did not have a significant effect but, since it is less effective, autoclave sterilization can be considered effective and autoclaving did not show any specimen discoloration as in microwave sterilization. Microwave sterilization may be considered when impressions are used to make diagnostic casts. A significant increase in surface roughness may produce rougher casts, resulting in rougher tissue surfaces for denture and cast restorations. Clinical significance Autoclave sterilization of vinyl polysiloxane elastomeric impressions for 5 minutes at 134°C at 20 psi may be considered an effective method over chemical disinfection and microwave sterilization, because chemical disinfection does not eliminate all disease-causing microorganisms and microwave sterilization leads to a rougher impression surface. How to cite this article Al Kheraif AA. Surface Roughness of Polyvinyl Siloxane Impression Materials Following Chemical Disinfection, Autoclave and Microwave Sterilization. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(3):483-487.

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Al-Sayah, Mohammad Hussein. "Chemical disinfectants of COVID-19: an overview." Journal of Water and Health 18, no. 5 (July 22, 2020): 843–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2020.108.

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Abstract The outbreak of coronavirus (COVID-19) has led to a broad use of chemical disinfectants in order to sterilize public spaces and prevent contamination. This paper surveys the chemicals that are effective in deactivating the virus and their mode of action. It presents the different chemical classes of disinfectants and identifies the chemical features of these compounds that pertain to their biocidal activity, relevant to surface/water disinfection.

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Saipullaev, Magomedzapir, Ali Koichuev, Artigat Batyrova, Zarima Gadzhimuradova, and Tamila Mirzoeva. "The disinfecting properties of Penox-1 solutions for sanitation of objects of veterinary supervision." E3S Web of Conferences 175 (2020): 03012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202017503012.

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In the literature there is no complete data on the use of slaked lime as a disinfectant disinfectant. All veterinary publications indicate that a 10 - 20% solution of slaked lime has a disinfecting effect. However, the technology of carrying out, as well as modes of disinfection, are not specifically indicated in any literature. There is no data on which infectious diseases they affect, at what concentration, exposure and consumption of the disinfectant it can be applied, on smooth or rough surfaces, the frequency of whitewashing or wet disinfection, etc. Until now, the issue of the solubility of slaked lime in water and other chemical compounds has not been completely resolved. In addition, the lack of a disinfectant - 10 - 20% slaked lime, is a low disinfection efficiency, high corrosion activity in relation to metal products, a large flow rate of a solution of 1 -1.5 l / m2, which is carried out 2 - 3 times by whitewash.

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Kerwick, M. I., S. M. Reddy, A. H. L. Chamberlain, and D. M. Holt. "Electrochemical disinfection, an environmentally acceptable method of drinking water disinfection?" Electrochimica Acta 50, no. 25-26 (September 2005): 5270–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2005.02.074.

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Reddy, R. Vamshidhar, K. Tanveer, K. Dinesh Sharma, Naveen Kokkula, PL Suresh, and Meher Sudhakar. "Evaluation of Effectiveness of Chemical Disinfectants in Reducing Bacterial Growth on Orthodontic Instruments." Journal of Contemporary Dental Practice 14, no. 6 (2013): 1039–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp-journals-10024-1447.

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ABSTRACT Infection control requires serious effort in all fields of dentistry including orthodontics. Though there are various means of sterilization and disinfection in dental office, chemical disinfection is the most preferred method among orthodontists. The purpose of this study is to evaluate different chemical sterilization and disinfection methods used in orthodontic offices, which would guide the orthodontists in infection control. How to cite this article Reddy RV, Tanveer K, Sharma KD, Kokkula N, Suresh PL, Sudhakar M. Evaluation of Effectiveness of Chemical Disinfectants in Reducing Bacterial Growth on Orthodontic Instruments. J Contemp Dent Pract 2013;14(6): 1039-1043.

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Cho, J., H. Choi, I. S. Kim, and G. Amy. "Chemical aspects and by-products of electrolyser." Water Supply 1, no. 4 (June 1, 2001): 159–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2001.0080.

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The electrolyser is a disinfection device consisting of a series of porous graphite plates through which water flows while low voltage and current are applied. This electrolyser had been demonstrated successfully for efficient microbial (coliform bacteria, bacteriophage, Giardia, and Cryptosporidium) inactivation before this study. In this study, chemical aspects were evaluated in terms of the formation of disinfectants and/or oxidants as well as disinfection by-products (DBPs) during the disinfection by the electrolyser. Experiments were performed under constant electrolyser conditions but variable water quality conditions (electrolyte type and concentration, dissolved organic carbon, bromide ion (Br-) and, to an extent, pH). It was shown that disinfectants and (chlorinated or ozonated) DBPs could be measured successfully for the effluent samples from the electrolyser. Chlorination by-products did not pose any problem in compliance to drinking water regulations, while bromate and chlorate (ozonation by-products) were shown to be formed at levels near their respective regulation levels, but only under extreme water quality conditions.

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Zdeb, Monika, Justyna Zamorska, and Andżelika Pietrzyk. "Disinfection of rainwater as a way to their microbiological stability and safe use." E3S Web of Conferences 44 (2018): 00199. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/20184400199.

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Research on the microbiological quality of rainwater collected from roof surfaces indicates their significant contamination with microorganisms, including potentially pathogenic ones. The aim of the research was to attempt disinfection of rainwater with chemical methods and to evaluate the effectiveness of this disinfection. The research was carried out with the use of appropriate means in the case of decontamination of large volumes of water, when it is important to maintain their biological stability - chlorination and ozonation. After the disinfector was administered for 4 weeks, bacterial microflora (stability) was observed in stored water. The control was carried out by determining the total amount of bacteria at 37°C and the total amount of bacteria at 22°C on the reference medium (agar A) and on the non-standard substrate (R2A agar). The number of indicator bacteria was also determined: fecal streptococci and Escherichia coli (on the chromogenic medium). Changes in the amount of microorganisms after disinfection processes were also monitored by flow cytometry. The research results clearly indicate better chlorinating disinfection effects. It allows the removal of indicator microorganisms in a relatively short time (1 hour), and the effect of the disinfectant lasts up to about a half month.

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Yadav, Maharshi, Dr Jyoti, and Vitthal L. Gole. "Water disinfection using acoustic cavitation: A mini review." International Journal of Engineering, Science and Technology 13, no. 1 (July 9, 2021): 69–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijest.v13i1.10s.

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The waterborne disease is a major concern for India and root cause of this non-ability of water disinfection technology at affordable cost to all. Hence it is necessary to understand the disinfection of water to achieve goal of healthy society. Various methods and technologies like Chlorination, iodine, silver, coagulation flocculation, iron Nano particles, UV, Solar disinfection, distillation, Reverse osmosis, slow sand filters, activated charcoal filter, electrochemical oxidation, cavitation, plasma techniques, electrocoagulation, photo catalysis and many more have been evolved over the years. Despite of availability of techniques for water disinfection, but larger scale application still is a major challenge, especially in developing countries where almost eighty percent diseases are cause by waterborne. Acoustic cavitation is base technique highly useful for water disinfection. This mini review discussed various aspects of acoustic cavitation and potential application for water disinfection. Acoustic cavitation with chemical disinfection techniques is also very beneficial because it reduces the use of chemical so production of byproducts reduces automatically.

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Fuzawa, Miyu, Kang-Mo Ku, Sindy Paola Palma-Salgado, Kenya Nagasaka, Hao Feng, John A. Juvik, Daisuke Sano, Joanna L. Shisler, and Thanh H. Nguyen. "Effect of Leaf Surface Chemical Properties on Efficacy of Sanitizer for Rotavirus Inactivation." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 82, no. 20 (August 12, 2016): 6214–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01778-16.

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ABSTRACTThe use of sanitizers is essential for produce safety. However, little is known about how sanitizer efficacy varies with respect to the chemical surface properties of produce. To answer this question, the disinfection efficacies of an oxidant-based sanitizer and a new surfactant-based sanitizer for porcine rotavirus (PRV) strain OSU were examined. PRV was attached to the leaf surfaces of two kale cultivars with high epicuticular wax contents and one cultivar of endive with a low epicuticular wax content and then treated with each sanitizer. The efficacy of the oxidant-based sanitizer correlated with leaf wax content as evidenced by the 1-log10PRV disinfection on endive surfaces (low wax content) and 3-log10disinfection of the cultivars with higher wax contents. In contrast, the surfactant-based sanitizer showed similar PRV disinfection efficacies (up to 3 log10) that were independent of leaf wax content. A statistical difference was observed with the disinfection efficacies of the oxidant-based sanitizer for suspended and attached PRV, while the surfactant-based sanitizer showed similar PRV disinfection efficacies. Significant reductions in the entry and replication of PRV were observed after treatment with either disinfectant. Moreover, the oxidant-based-sanitizer-treated PRV showed sialic acid-specific binding to the host cells, whereas the surfactant-based sanitizer increased the nonspecific binding of PRV to the host cells. These findings suggest that the surface properties of fresh produce may affect the efficacy of virus disinfection, implying that food sanitizers should be carefully selected for the different surface characteristics of fresh produce.IMPORTANCEFood sanitizer efficacies are affected by the surface properties of vegetables. This study evaluated the disinfection efficacies of two food sanitizers, an oxidant-based sanitizer and a surfactant-based sanitizer, on porcine rotavirus strain OSU adhering to the leaf epicuticular surfaces of high- and low-wax-content cultivars. The disinfection efficacy of the oxidant-based sanitizer was affected by the surface properties of the vegetables, while the surfactant-based sanitizer was effective for both high- and low-wax leafy vegetable cultivars. This study suggests that the surface properties of vegetables may be an important factor that interacts with disinfection with food sanitizers of rotaviruses adhering to fresh produce.

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Strader, Phillip, Younghwan Lee, Peter Teska, Xiaobao Li, and Jacob L. Jones. "Approaches for Characterizing Surfaces Damaged by Disinfection in Healthcare." Nano LIFE 09, no. 04 (December 2019): 1950002. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1793984419500028.

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Healthcare-Associated Infections (HAIs) are a significant cause of morbidity and mortality and occur in many healthcare facilities including hospitals, surgery centers and long-term care facilities. It is well known that some pathogens can persist on healthcare surfaces for weeks to months and spread readily to new surfaces. It is current practice to disinfect or clean surfaces routinely in order to reduce the risk of HAIs. However, routine cleaning can damage the surface chemically or mechanically, which may actually increase the surface contamination. Fundamental knowledge is therefore needed to understand the influence of cleaning and disinfection on healthcare surfaces in order to mitigate pathogen persistence. In this study, materials and objects found in healthcare facilities were selected and exposed to disinfection procedures including wiping and soaking with readily available chemical disinfectants. A variety of chemical disinfectants were selected which contain hydrogen peroxide, quaternary ammonia, and chlorine, respectively. Optical microscopy, contact angle measurement, atomic force microscopy (AFM), Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy and nanoindentation are used to analyze surface characteristics before and after disinfection in order to study the effect of disinfection on material properties. Disinfection procedures are found to cause changes to surface properties of materials and objects which can be detected and observed or quantified by the approaches used in this study. The methods should become regular practice in the studies of healthcare surfaces and their role in HAIs. Each method in this study may not be reliably applied to every object or disinfection scenario. Sample geometry and features may influence response during measurement and affect results. The combination of the approaches is able to sufficiently characterize chemical, mechanical, and topological changes to the surface.

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Paliy, Andriy, Anatoliy Paliy, Alexander Nanka, Olga Chalaya, and Oleksandr Chalyi. "ESTABLISHMENT OF THE EFFICIENCY OF ANIMAL BREEDING PREMISES DISINFECTION BY MODERN DISINFECTANTS." EUREKA: Life Sciences 4 (July 31, 2019): 3–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21303/2504-5695.2019.00959.

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The technological complex of veterinary-sanitary and organization-economic arrangements, conducted for prophylaxis and fight against infectious diseases inevitably includes disinfection, directed on inactivation of pathogenic agents in the environment. At applying new disinfectants in practice in the whole structure of the technological process of animal husbandry products, it is necessary to determine their sensitivity to the circulating microflora. The aim of the study was to establish the effectiveness of using new disinfecting preparations of different chemical groups and to determine regimes of their application in the whole complex of anti-epizootic prophylactic arrangements. Disinfecting preparations “Hermicidan FF plus”, “Peroxan forte”, “Viro-xal” were used in experiments. The quality of the conducted disinfection was controlled by separation of sanitary-representative microorganisms – bacteria of the colon bacillus group. It has been established, that the disinfecting preparations “Hermicidan FF plus”, “Peroxan forte”, “Viro-xal” have bactericidal properties relative to the sanitary-representative microorganisms and can be used in the general complex of sanitary-hygienic arrangements. The disinfectant “Hermicidan FF plus” has bactericidal properties in concentration 0,5 % at exposition 1 hour, preparation “Peroxan Forte” is effective at using in concentration 1,0 % at exposition 1 hour, and the disinfecting means “Viro xal” acts bactericidially in concentration 1,0 % at exposition 3 hours. For today the question of search for new technological, high-effective disinfecting preparations that correspond to existent requirements of biological safety and protection remains urgent.

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Galal-Gorchev, Hend. "Chlorine in Water Disinfection." Pure and Applied Chemistry 68, no. 9 (September 30, 1996): 1731–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac199668091731.

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Disinfection of drinking-water is one of the main achievements of our time in the protection of public health. The use of chlorine for the destruction of microbiological pathogens is essential to protect the public from outbreaks of waterborne disease. Chlorine, as well as other disinfectants, produces a variety of chemical by-products. The risk from the presence of microbial pathogens in drinking-water is estimated to be several orders of magnitude greater than the risk from chlorination by-products. Any efforts to control these by-products must not compromise the microbiological quality of drinking-water.

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Andersson, Anna, Elin Lavonen, Mourad Harir, Michael Gonsior, Norbert Hertkorn, Philippe Schmitt-Kopplin, Henrik Kylin, and David Bastviken. "Selective removal of natural organic matter during drinking water production changes the composition of disinfection by-products." Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology 6, no. 3 (2020): 779–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ew00931k.

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Hinchliffe, DJ, BD Condon, CA Madison, M. Reynolds, and RJ Hron. "An optimized co-formulation minimized quaternary ammonium compounds adsorption onto raw cotton disposable disinfecting wipes and maintained efficacy against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa." Textile Research Journal 88, no. 20 (July 28, 2017): 2329–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0040517517720505.

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The transmission of infectious agents can occur through secondary routes by contact with contaminated inanimate objects in clinical and food service settings. Effective disinfection of exposed surfaces can aid in reducing secondary transmission of infectious agents. Quaternary ammonium compounds (quats) are biocides widely used as active ingredients in disinfecting solutions and are effective against a wide range of microorganisms, including those with antibiotic resistance. Cellulosic fibers such as cotton are desirable as disposable substrates for the application of disinfecting solutions, since they have good absorbency and cleaning properties and are sustainable and biodegradable. However, cotton fibers deplete quats from solution through strong ionic interactions at the solid–liquid interface, thereby reducing the amount of quat deposited onto a surface for effective disinfection. In this study, we used response surface methodology to model the depletion of the quat, alkyldimethylbenzylammonium chloride (ADBAC), onto cotton wipe substrates in the presence of chemical compounds that interfered or competed with the ionic interactions between the quat and the cotton fiber surface. Preliminary efficacy testing successfully demonstrated that an optimized disinfecting ADBAC co-formulation applied with a raw cotton disposable wipe maintained efficacy against representative gram negative ( Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and gram positive ( Staphylococcus aureus) bacteria compared to a control disinfecting solution containing only ADBAC. Our optimized disinfecting ADBAC co-formulation remained efficacious against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecalis, demonstrating for the first time that quat adsorption onto cotton substrates can be minimized and efficacy maintained with inexpensive added chemistries.

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Kekare, Trupti. "Alternative Methods for Chemical Disinfection of Potable Water." Advanced Materials Proceedings 5, no. 4 (October 1, 2020): 20040416. http://dx.doi.org/10.5185/amp.2020.040416.

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Luukkonen, T., J. Teeriniemi, H. Prokkola, J. Rämö, and U. Lassi. "Chemical aspects of peracetic acid based wastewater disinfection." Water SA 40, no. 1 (January 16, 2014): 73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/wsa.v40i1.9.

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Ghernaout, Djamel, and Badiaa Ghernaout. "From chemical disinfection to electrodisinfection: The obligatory itinerary?" Desalination and Water Treatment 16, no. 1-3 (April 2010): 156–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.5004/dwt.2010.1085.

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Ghebremichael, K., A. Gebremeskel, N. Trifunovic, and G. Amy. "Modeling disinfection by-products: coupling hydraulicand chemical models." Water Supply 8, no. 3 (September 1, 2008): 289–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2008.073.

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There are established chemical models that can predict disinfectant decay and DBPs formation with respect to various water quality parameters and reaction time (water age). While models such as EPANET are powerful tools in hydraulic simulations, they have limited use in simulating water quality, containing only a basic chlorine decay subroutine. This paper presents a study on the use of a link that was developed to couple the external water quality models and the hydraulic model of EPANET 2.The coupled model has been applied to a hypothetical distribution system under steady and non steady conditions. Simulations have taken the form of sensitivity analyses to probe operational strategies such as modified treatment as well as optimized secondary disinfection in order to maintain sufficient chlorine residual at critical points within the distribution system. Simulations have also been performed to compare the relative rates of formation of THMs vs HAAs as well as individual species. Of particular interest is optimization of chlorine dose to minimize residual chlorine under non-steady-state conditions.

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Lloyd-Evans, Nellie, V. Susan Springthorpe, and Syed A. Sattar. "Chemical disinfection of human rotavirus-contaminated inanimate surfaces." Journal of Hygiene 97, no. 1 (August 1986): 163–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022172400064445.

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SUMMARYFomites may play a role in the transmission of rotavirus infections, and in view of this, 27 disinfectants were evaluated for their ability to inactivate human rotavirus (HRV) on contaminated non-porous inanimate surfaces. Disks of stainless steel, glass and two types of plastics were contaminated with about 107 plaque-forming units of HRV suspended in faecal matter. The inoculum was allowed todry and an equal volume of the product under test was applied to the contaminated surface. After contact for 1 min, the action of the disinfectant was stopped by dilution. Surviving infectious virus on the disks was determined by plaque assay in MA-104 cells. A product was considered to be effective if itcould reduce the virus titre by at least 3 log10. Only 33·3% (9/27) of the formulations tested proved to be effective. Further testing of the effective products, which included antiseptics, instrument soaks and hard-surface disinfectants, showed that all of them could, in fact, reduce the virus titre on contaminated surfaces by at least 6 log10. These findings show the relative resistance of HRV to a widerange of chemical disinfectants in common use, and also emphasize the need for a more thorough evaluation of the virucidal potential of formulations regularly employed in attempts to prevent and control outbreaks of rotaviral diarrhoea.

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Zhang, Jing, and Chen Yan Hu. "Review on Disinfection Pretreatment Processes to Remove Water N-Nitrosodimethylamine Disinfection By-Products." Advanced Materials Research 610-613 (December 2012): 1833–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amr.610-613.1833.

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As a new finding disinfection by-product (DBP), N-nitrosodimethylamine is becoming research focus for its high carcinogenicity. Some pretreatment technologies of drinking water such as activated carbon adsorption, enhanced coagulation, chemical oxidation, biological oxidation, advanced oxidation were summarized. As shown above, the control effect of process of NDMA and its precursors were analyzed.

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Folch, M., E. Huertas, J. C. Tapias, M. Salgot, and F. Brissaud. "Wastewater reclamation through a physical-chemical pilot and two disinfection systems (ozone and chlorine dioxide) combination." Water Supply 3, no. 3 (June 1, 2003): 161–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/ws.2003.0022.

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The DRAC, (“Desinfecció i Reutilització d'Agües Residuals a Catalunya”, Wastewater disinfection and reuse in Catalonia - Spain), project is included in a RDD (Research, Development, and Demonstration) program. The project arises from the necessity to define reclamation treatments guaranteeing an effluent with enough quality to be reused with a minimal microbiological risk. This paper presents the first results obtained from the combination of a physical-chemical pilot and two disinfection pilot systems: ozone and chlorine dioxide. The combination of physical-chemical and disinfection systems allows the use of lower doses of disinfectants, thus minimising the negative impacts of the whole process and improving the reliability of the reclamation facilities.

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Samir, Rasha, Maha Niazy, and Hagar Bastawy. "The Antibacterial Potentiality of Photo-activated Disinfection Versus a Chemical Disinfection Solution on Carious Dentin." Al-Azhar Dental Journal for Girls 4, no. 3 (July 1, 2017): 197–203. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/adjg.2017.5259.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Chemical disinfection'

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