Academic literature on the topic 'Chemical fire engines'
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Journal articles on the topic "Chemical fire engines"
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Kravchenko, N. G., I. A. Kozlov, V. K. Shchekin, and E. A. Efimova. "CLEANING CHEMICAL COMPOSITIONS FOR AIRCRAFT ENGINES (review)." Proceedings of VIAM, no. 1 (2021): 105–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.18577/2307-6046-2021-0-1-105-113.
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Different detergent compositions for removing contaminants from metal surfaces are considered. Components of detergent compositions and their effect on the properties are described. Examples of promising studies in this area are given, including those related to improving detergent properties, anticorrosion characteristics, fire safety and environmental friendliness. Attention is paid to compositions that provide simultaneous washing and preservation of metal. It is reported to determine effect of detergent compositions on other materials of aircraft.
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Han, Yong-taek. "Study on the Development of Multi-Purpose Fire Engines through Vehicle Safety Factor Design." International Journal of Fire Science and Engineering 36, no. 3 (September 30, 2022): 18–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.22d06965.
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With the recent rapid economic growth, the construction of high-rise buildings such as new town apartment complexes, residential-commercial complexes, and office buildings has increased. This study thus attempted to develop a multi-purpose fire engine to enhance the response to a fire and rescue efforts in line with the steady increase in the demand for safety in high-rise buildings, through a design that combined techniques that focused on large ladders and a midsized 5-ton fire pump engine. A ladder function was added to the most widely used fire engine, with the design incorporating a maximum ladder height of 20 m for fire suppression and lifesaving. A basket was fitted to the end of the ladder to enable firefighters to safely perform these tasks, while the outrigger was designed to vertically descend to allow ladder work as long as vehicle entry is possible despite illegally parked cars. Based on the chassis of a commercial 5-ton fire engine as a type of conventional midsized pump engine, the result was a multi-purpose fire engine developed for special uses that require both fire pump and ladder functions. The multi-purpose fire engine was designed in consideration of safety factors for the direct rescue of people from buildings using a basket rated for a maximum load of 250 kg, through the application of a boom in addition to the common fire pump. It is expected that after their rapid arrival at the scene of a fire, such multi-purpose fire engines could be used for firefighting or lifesaving at relatively low 2-6-story buildings. It is anticipated that the present investigation and other relevant studies will allow the application of this novel design to various other vehicle types such as water tanks, chemical tanks, and rescue vehicles.
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Li, Tianxin, and Yan Jiao. "Simulation study on the effects of different flow conditions on the combustion of square fire." E3S Web of Conferences 136 (2019): 02039. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/201913602039.
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Combustion is a process in which light and heat are produced when a series of complex chemical reactions take place. Our life has long been inseparable from combustion, such as coal for power generation, fuel oil for car engines, rocket propulsion, waste incineration; but at the same time, with the development of the city, the damage caused by frequent fires is more serious. The purpose of this topic is to study the laws of plane flame combustion under different conditions. It is proposed to simulate the real plane fire combustion conditions with different flow conditions such as wind speed, combustion space and opening conditions, and propose relevant cognition and Countermeasures Based on this. Through the analysis of the above points, we can simulate the combustion situation of different weather and floors un-der different real conditions, different scale indoor environment and boundary conditions, so as to carry out new building requirements and planning, and lay a referential foundation for the evaluation and control of the fire scale.
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Y, Alex, and Roji George Roy. "Production, Quantitative Analysis of Fatty Acids, Engine Performance and Emission Characteristics of Biodiesel Fuel Derived from Virgin Coconut Oil." International Journal of Innovative Science and Research Technology 5, no. 7 (August 18, 2020): 1397–404. http://dx.doi.org/10.38124/ijisrt20jul853.
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Biodiesel has become more attractive recently, because of its environmental benefits and the fact that it is made from renewable resources. Over the past few decades, most of the countries depending on diesel engines for transportation. Some of its valuable advantages like highest thermal efficiency made it very popular. At the same time, the cost of diesel fuel is increasing, due to the depletion of fossil fuels. In this current scenario, we need an alternative fuel instead of diesel fuel. Many of the researchers have successfully placed several works on generating energy from different types of alternative sources including solar and some kind of conversion processes including renewable agricultural products into liquid fuel. One of the biggest challenges for developing countries in relation to energy consumption is to develop and implement technologies that help to improve efficiency of automobile engines, also to reduce the emissions of harmful gases and particulate matters. In order to avoid environmental impacts, emissions are reduced or eliminated by introducing renewable energy resources. The present research chronicles the production and testing of renewable biodiesel fuel derived from virgin coconut oil on a diesel engine, to analyses the engine performance and emission characteristics. In the first phase of work, production of biodiesel fuel from virgin coconut oil using transeterification process with two types of catalysts (homogenous and heterogeneous). The preliminary results shows that, with the addition of homogenous catalyst called Potassium Hydroxide (KOH) with methanol shows much higher activity than that of heterogeneous catalysts, and it shows more similar properties with diesel fuel. The results obtained from the chemical test and physicochemical properties of transesterified biodiesel fuel clearly proves the above-mentioned statement. The chemical tests such as GCMS and FT-IR clearly shows that the biodiesel fuel has sufficient amount of volatile components and functional groups. Then, physicochemical properties include, Fire point, Flashpoint, density, and viscosity were analyzed. Finally, Engine performance and Emission characteristics were analysed to confirm, whether this biodiesel fuel is suitable for diesel engines, without any engine modifications. It was found to be, the transesterified virgin coconut oil biodiesel has similar properties to that of the diesel fuel. From the physiochemical properties and engine performance clearly shows that, coconut oil biodiesel is suitable for diesel engine on blending, at a blending percentage level of 20% with conventional diesel fuel. Since the obtained transesterified biofuel can be used as an alternative fuel for diesel engines. The several journal reports and find outs from experimental investigation clearly depicts that the efficiency of the transesterified biofuel mainly depends upon the amount of catalyst adding and type of catalysts present in the biofuel, whether it is homogenous or heterogeneous catalyst is suitable with methanol. Finally, from the analysis made from biodiesel fuel. Coconut Oil Biodiesel fuel has less emission characteristics than that of the diesel fuels.
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Atkinson, Simon. "Fire seal is designed for use on aircraft with engines that operate at high temperatures." Sealing Technology 2020, no. 11 (November 2020): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1350-4789(20)30352-4.
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Chen, Shaoji, Jie Tian, Jiangtao Li, Wangzhen Li, and Zhiqing Zhang. "Investigation of the Performance and Emission Characteristics of a Diesel Engine with Different Diesel–Methanol Dual-Fuel Ratios." Processes 9, no. 11 (October 29, 2021): 1944. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9111944.
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In this paper, the effects of different diesel–methanol blends on the combustion and emission characteristics of diesel engines are investigated in terms of cylinder pressure, heat release rate, cylinder temperature, brake specific fuel consumption, thermal brake efficiency, brake power, and soot, nitrogen oxides, and carbon monoxide emissions in a four-stroke diesel engine. The corresponding three-dimensional Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) model was established using the Anstalt für Verbrennungskraftmaschinen List (AVL)-Fire coupled Chemkin program, and the chemical kinetic mechanism, including 135 reactions and 77 species, was established. The simulation model was verified by the experiment at 50% and 100% loads, and the combustion processes of pure diesel (D100) and diesel–methanol (D90M10, D80M20, and D70M30) were investigated, respectively. The results showed that the increase in methanol content in the blended fuel significantly improved the emission and power characteristics of the diesel engine. More specifically, at full load, the cylinder pressures increased by 0.78%, 1.21%, and 1.41% when the proportions of methanol in the blended fuel were 10%, 20%, and 30%, respectively. In addition, the power decreased by 2.76%, 5.04%, and 8.08%, respectively. When the proportion of methanol in the blended fuel was 10%, 20%, and 30%, the soot emissions were decreased by 16.45%, 29.35%, and 43.05%, respectively. Therefore, methanol content in blended fuel improves the combustion and emission characteristics of the engine.
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Kuzminskaya, A. M., M. V. Buzaeva, and O. V. Ageeva. "Modern methods to reduce evaporation and ensure safety when storing petroleum products in tanks." Technology of technosphere safety 94 (2021): 65–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.25257/tts.2021.4.94.65-75.
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Introduction. With long-term storage of gasoline in large-capacity tanks, the problem associated with their volatility becomes urgent. Evaporation of petroleum products and gasoline leads to a change in their physical and chemical properties, a decrease in the yield of light petroleum products during oil refining, and a deterioration in the performance characteristics of engines. In this regard, it becomes difficult to start engines, their reliability, fuel consumption increases and the service life is reduced. Lost light hydrocarbons pollute the environment and increase the fire hazard of enterprises. The aim of the work is to identify effective, inexpensive and safe methods for reducing the volatility of oil products, including gasoline, when stored in tanks. Research methods. A retrospective analysis of studies on the problems of reducing losses of petroleum products during their storage, transportation and use is carried out. Technical and organizational methods for reducing the evaporation of fuels and the use of chemical additives as an inexpensive and effective method for solving the problem of the volatility of gasolines are considered. The conclusion about the efficiency of using chemical additives to fuels to reduce volatility has been substantiated. Results and their discussion. Conclusions are made about the possibility of using surfactants as additives to reduce the evaporation of gasolines during long-term storage in tanks. The analysis of the main components and methods for the synthesis of surfactant compositions capable of creating a surfactant film at the liquid-atmosphere interface, which protects the liquid from evaporation. Conclusion. Reducing the volatility of gasoline with the use of inexpensive and effective additives introduced into the fuel in small quantities, not only reduces the explosion and fire hazard during storage in large tanks, reduces losses, but also prevents the negative impact on the environment from the ingress of low molecular hydrocarbons into it. Key words: volatility of petroleum products, losses during storage of gasoline, methods of reducing volatility, additives.
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Fuke, N., M. Sato, H. Shiga, M. Yamashita, T. Yokoi, Y. Kobayashi, A. Kobayashi, and R. Ikita. "(P2-58) A Multicasualty Event of Multiple Burn Victims Caused by Spout of Heated Hydrochloric Acid in a Chemical Plant." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 26, S1 (May 2011): s154—s155. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x11005024.
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BackgroundA sudden break-down of a heat-exchanger in vinyl chloride plant resulted in that 141 °C, 23% concentration of hydrochloric acid spouted out over the workers around it. Eight workers suffered and Ichihara City Fire Department was deployed in response to the call 3 minutes after the onset of the incident, 17 vehicles including 5 fire engines, 6 ambulances, and two helicopters. Finally three severely (> 80% of TBSA) burned, two moderately (20–80%) burned, and three slightly (< 20%) burned victims were identified and triaged. One severely burned was transferred at first to the closest tertiary care hospital (TUCMC) which existed within 2.5 km distance by an ambulance and other two and one moderately burned were transferred by helicopters to the neighboring tertiary care hospitals. Another moderately burned one was sent to TUCMC by an ambulance about 30 minutes later than the first one. Three slightly burned victims were sent to a local hospital and treated as an outpatient. This casualty mission was ended by 120 minutes after the call. Two among the three severely burned patients lost their lives but another severe one and two moderately burned were survived. Conclusions: With these considerations, the management of this multiple burn casualty was successful, partly because of small number of the victims and of that the incident occurred in a weekday morning.
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Wu, Gang, Jiaoxiu Li, Hao Guo, Xin Wang, and Guohe Jiang. "Numerical Method for Predicting Emissions from Biodiesel Blend Fuels in Diesel Engines of Inland Waterway Vessels." Journal of Marine Science and Engineering 11, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jmse11010086.
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The use of alternative fuels in ships faces the dual challenge of emission regulations and cost of use. In this paper, the impact of biodiesel blends from cooking waste as a carbon-neutral fuel for inland waterway vessels was investigated. The software AVL FIRE was used to simulate the detailed chemical combustion process of a marine diesel engine running on D100 (pure diesel), B5 (5% biodiesel by volume), B10 (10% biodiesel by volume), and B15 (15% biodiesel by volume). The results showed that B5, B10, and B15 all provided a better air-fuel mixture and significantly reduced soot production. Based on the performance and emission values, B5, B10, and B15 cause relatively small differences in engine performance compared to diesel and are readily applicable in practice. Optimizing exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) and varying injection timing can further optimize biodiesel fuel combustion while reducing NOx and soot emissions. The results of this study are helpful for the application of waste cooking oil biodiesel fuel and reducing exhaust gas emissions from ships.
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Guo, Kangkang, Yongjie Ren, Yiheng Tong, Wei Lin, and Wansheng Nie. "Analysis of self-excited transverse combustion instability in a rectangular model rocket combustor." Physics of Fluids 34, no. 4 (April 2022): 047104. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0086226.
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A methane/oxygen mixture is considered to be an appropriate propellant for many future rocket engines due to its practicality and low cost. To better understand the combustion instability in methane/oxygen-fed rocket engines, the spontaneous transverse combustion instability in a rectangular multi-element combustor (RMC) was analyzed both experimentally and numerically. Severe combustion instabilities occurred in the RMC during repeatable hot-fire tests. The physical mechanisms were systematically investigated through numerical simulations based on the stress-blended eddy simulation and flamelet-generated manifolds method with detailed chemical mechanisms (GRI Mech 3.0). The numerical results for the frequency spectrum and spatial modes agree well with the theoretical analysis and experimental data. The driven regions of the combustion instability were identified on both sides of the combustion chamber through a Rayleigh index analysis. The longitudinal pressure oscillations in the oxidizer post were found to be coupled with the transverse pressure waves in the combustion chamber and led to periodic oscillations of the mass flow rate of propellant. Moreover, the mixing was highly enhanced when the pressure wave interacted with walls of the combustion chamber. Therefore, a sudden release of heat occurred. The pressure oscillations were enhanced by pulsated heat release. A closed-loop system with positive feedback associated with periodic oscillations mass flow rate of the propellant, and sudden heat release, was believed to account for the present combustion instability.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Chemical fire engines"
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Sinha, Majumdar Sreshtha. "Catalytic Reduction of Nitrogen Oxide Emissions with Lower Hydrocarbons for Natural gas-fired Lean-burn Engines." The Ohio State University, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1471602998.
Full textBooks on the topic "Chemical fire engines"
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G, Cleary Thomas, Yang John, and National Institute of Standards and Technology (U.S.), eds. An analysis of the Wright Patterson full-scale engine nacelle fire suppression experiments. Gaithersburg, MD: U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Technology Administration, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1997.
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Parker, Philip M. The 2007-2012 World Outlook for Dry and Wet Chemical Systems, Inert Gas Systems, Two-Wheeled Chemical Fire Engines, and Other Fixed-System Fire Extinguishing Equipment. ICON Group International, Inc., 2006.
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The 2006-2011 World Outlook for Dry and Wet Chemical Systems, Inert Gas Systems, Two-Wheeled Chemical Fire Engines, and Other Fixed-System Fire Extinguishing Equipment. Icon Group International, Inc., 2005.
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Smedley, Julia, Finlay Dick, and Steven Sadhra. Chemical hazards. Oxford University Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780199651627.003.0002.
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Chemical hazards: classification and labelling 42Chemical hazards, sampling and analysis methods 44Particles, fibres, fumes, and mistsCoal dust 49Cotton dust 50Flour dust 51Grain dust 52Wood dust 53Crystalline silica (quartz) 54Asbestos 55Machine-made mineral fibre 56Diesel engine exhaust emissions ...
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Fire suppression system performance of alternative agents in aircraft engine and dry bay laboratory simulations. Gaithersburg, MD: Building and Fire Research Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1995.
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Evaluation of alternative in-flight fire suppressants for full- scale testing in simulated aircraft engine nacelles and dry bays. Gaithersburg, MD: Building and Fire Research Laboratory, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 1994.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Chemical fire engines"
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Bellanca, Nicolò, and Luca Pardi. "Risorse e popolazione umana." In Studi e saggi, 21–45. Florence: Firenze University Press, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.36253/978-88-5518-195-2.06.
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The history of the genus Homo, and of the sapiens species in particular, is different from that of other species due to the extreme importance of cultural evolution compared to biological evolution. But from the discovery of how to use fire and generate it, up to the invention of the steam engine, man essentially lives, like the other organisms of the biosphere, on the energy flow guaranteed by solar radiation. With the encounter between machines and fossil fuels and the entry into the era of engines, the rules of the game change radically, and the activities of Homo sapiens change in extent and intensity, in such a way as to progressively reduce the living space of all other animal and plant species, except for the allied and commensal ones. The global industrialized society arising from the meeting between machines and fossil sources is presently facing two fundamental difficulties: the gradual saturation of terrestrial ecosystems with the waste of social and economic metabolism, and the finiteness of fossil energy sources, which are not easy replacement due to their special chemical-physical properties.
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Modarres, MohammadReza, and Miguel Almeida. "Application of the Computational Fluid Dynamics in Forest Fires Investigations for Mitigation of the Wildland-Urban Interface Fires’ Risks." In Advances in Forest Fire Research 2022, 533–38. Imprensa da Universidade de Coimbra, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.14195/978-989-26-2298-9_83.
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Realistic modeling of the vegetation fires based on reliable data from laboratory experiments is a key factor in the prediction of the fire dynamics ‎behavior and its spread rate in wildlands. A robust understating of the fire behavior in different species can provide a pragmatic insight to take precautionary steps to mitigate the fire risks in Wildland-urban interfaces. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling of ‎wildland fires ‎offers a considerably high load of information needed for engineers and policymakers. This paper addresses the numerical modeling of common Ivy (Hedera helix) and grapevine ‎(Vitis)‎ plants using the fire dynamics ‎simulation for the fire behavior analysis. Other species which authors have conducted experiments are Acacia, Apple tree, Arizona cypress, Bay laurel (Laurus nobilis), Blueberry tree (Prunus Spinosa), Cherry Tree, Fig tree, Gum rockrose (Cistus ladanifer), Hydrangea, Kiwi tree, Leyland cypress, Lindens (Tilia), Loquat (Eriobotrya japonica), Nerium oleander, Olive tree, Pacific madrone (Arbutus menziesii), Rhus typhina (Anacardiaceae), The Holly (Ilex Aquifolium), Thuja occidentalis (white cedar), and Wild Blackberry (Rubus Ulmifolius) shrub, in alphabetical order. The corresponding mathematical modelings of these experiments are being carried out by the authors. The current numerical study was performed using the NIST open-source FDS 6.7.7 code, developed by ‎‎the National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) with specific emphasis on the heat release rate from fires in different types of indigenous plants common in the Mediterranean climate, especially in Portugal. The validations of the numerical results are realized based on the observations from the ‎experiments conducted at the Laboratório de Estudos Sobre Incêndios Florestais (LEIF) by the authors. The large-eddy ‎simulation (LES) is used in these sets of simulations to close the turbulence equations in the low-Mach regime. The 2nd order accurate finite difference approximation scheme is used to discretize the governing equations on uniformly spaced three-dimensional staggered grids. The flow obstructions are ‎treated using the simple immersed boundary method. Comparing the results of the FDS with those from the practical experiments, it is concluded that mathematical modeling of the vegetation fires can provide reasonably accurate results based on the fuel’s physical and chemical characteristics along with operating boundary conditions.
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Bruwelheide, Karin S., Henry M. Miller, Douglas W. Owsley, and Timothy B. Riordan. "The Lead Coffins of St. Mary’s." In Unearthing St. Mary's City, 183–200. University Press of Florida, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5744/florida/9780813066837.003.0011.
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Three unidentified lead coffins were discovered at Historic St. Mary’s City during a remote sensing and archaeological excavation of a 1660s brick chapel. Their investigation led to a re-examination of two additional lead coffins from a nearby brick vault constructed in 1694 and believed to house the bodies of Maryland’s first royal governor and his wife. These five rare coffins and their contents, examined by an interdisciplinary team including nuclear physicists, engineers, a pollen specialist, geologist, archaeologists, and forensic anthropologists, provide information on seventeenth-century identities, colonial life, and behaviours lost over time. Previously unknown aspects of diet, health, and childcare are revealed through skeletal and chemical analyses. The information from these high-status individuals serves as a contrast and comparison to other, less affluent individuals buried at St. Mary’s and throughout the Chesapeake region.
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Raff, Lionel, Ranga Komanduri, Martin Hagan, and Satish Bukkapatnam. "Summary, Conclusions, and Future Trends." In Neural Networks in Chemical Reaction Dynamics. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199765652.003.0015.
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Since the introduction of classical and semiclassical molecular dynamics (MD) methods in the 1960s and Gaussian procedures to conduct electronic structure calculations in the 1970s, a principal objective of theoretical chemistry has been to combine the two methods so that MD and quantum mechanical studies can be conducted on ab initio potential surfaces. Although numerous procedures have been attempted, the goal of first principles, ab initio dynamics calculations has proven to be elusive when the system contains five or more atoms moving in unrestricted three-dimensional space. For many years, the conventional wisdom has been that ab initio MD calculations for complex systems containing five or more atoms with several open reaction channels are presently beyond our computational capabilities. The rationale for this view are (a) the inherent difficulty of high level ab initio quantum calculations on complex systems that may take numerous, large-scale computations impossible, (b) the large dimensionality of the configuration space for such systems that makes it necessary to examine prohibitively large numbers of nuclear configurations, and (c) the extreme difficulty associated with obtaining sufficiently converged results to permit accurate interpolation of numerical data obtained from electronic structure calculations when the dimensionality of the system is nine or greater. Neural networks (NN) derive their name from the fact that their interlocking structure superficially resembles the neural network of a human brain and from the fact that NNs can sense the underlying correlations that exist in a database and properly map them in a manner analogous to the way a human brain can execute pattern recognition. Artificial neurons were first proposed in 1943 by Warren McCulloch, a neurophysiologist, and Walter Pitts, an MIT logician. NNs have been employed by engineers for decades to assist in the solution of a multitude of problems. Nevertheless, the power of NNs to assist in the solution of numerous problems that occur in chemical reaction dynamics is just now being realized by the chemistry community.
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Minear, Roger A., and Mark A. Nanny. "Solution and Condensed Phase Characterization." In Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy in Environment Chemistry. Oxford University Press, 1997. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195097511.003.0012.
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Improvements in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) instrumentation, magnetic field strength, pulse sequences, and computer technology and software have increased the range of applications and specific elements available for study by NMR. The five chapters in this Part clearly indicate the benefits of these advances, especially regarding studies of aquatic, environmental significance. Each of the studies focuses on environmentally significant issues. For example, chlorination is widely used to disinfect drinking waters, a method that can produce undesirable disinfection by-products. This was first recognized in 1974 with the discovery of trihalomethanes in most finished drinking waters where hypochlorite was used for disinfection. Chapter 7 examines the chlorination of alanine and relates it to the chlorination reactions of acetaldehyde and ammonia, a topic of importance with respect to drinking water disinfection. Aluminum is also widely used in drinking water treatment, and understanding its hydrolysis chemistry and complexation behavior is of great importance to aquatic chemistry. In addition, the aquatic chemistry of aluminum is important because acid rain can release soluble aluminum ions from clay into soil water, possibly damaging terrestrial plant life. Aluminum may eventually reach and accumulate in hydrological systems where it can be toxic to aquatic life. Chapters 8 and 9 focus on 27Al NMR in defining aqueous aluminum speciation in a mildly acidic solution or in the presence of complexing organic compounds. Furthermore, aluminum is of environmental and geochemical significance since it is an integral component of clays, another ubiquitous constituent of natural waters (surface and ground). Interaction between clays, cations, and internal water molecules can be significant in understanding the fate and transport of chemicals through the environment. Since colloidal suspensions of clay materials frequently represent challenges to water and wastewater treatment, understanding of physical and chemical processes are of tantamount importance to the environmental scientist and engineer. Chapter 10 explores cation behavior in clay matrices by using “uncommon” nuclei such as 7Li, 23Na, and 133Cs as probes. This is unique in that many NMR studies of complexation in clay have focused primarily upon the nuclei 27A1 and 29Si.
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Skinner, H. Catherine W., Malcolm Ross, and Clifford Frondel. "What Is an Inorganic Fiber?" In Asbestos and Other Fibrous Materials. Oxford University Press, 1989. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195039672.003.0004.
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Fibers are everywhere around us. They are essential parts of the human body, our hair, for example; the threads in our clothing, natural or synthetic; the insulation in our houses. Natural fibers have been useful to humans for more than ten thousand years. They were mixed with clay before firing to strengthen and reinforce pottery vessels, making them more durable. Textiles that combined the fibers of flax and asbestos were known in ancient times for their seemingly magical resistance to fire and decay. It was industrialization, however, that caused a dramatic increase in the use of natural inorganic or mineral fibers. By the late nineteenth century asbestos had become an important commodity with a variety of commercial applications. It served as insulation to control heat generated by engines and, because of its incombustibility, as a fire retardant in its more recent general use as building insulation. Asbestos fibers are found worldwide in many products: as reinforcement in cement water pipes and the inert and durable mesh material used in filtration processes of chemicals and petroleum, for example. However, asbestos is not the only inorganic fiber in use today. Synthetic inorganic fibers abound. Glass fibers have replaced copper wire in some intercontinental telephone cables. Fiberglas (a trade name) has become the insulation material of choice in construction. Carbon and graphite fiber composites are favored materials for tennis racket frames and golf clubs. Fibrous inorganic materials have become commonplace in our everyday lives. As the use of inorganic fibers increased, there were some indications that fibers might be hazardous to our health. Since the first century A.D. it was suspected that asbestos might be the cause of illness among those who mined and processed the material. Asbestosis, a debilitating and sometimes fatal lung disorder, was documented and described in the nineteenth century. Within the last 25 years, lung cancer and mesothelioma have also been linked to asbestos exposure among construction and textile workers, as well as others exposed to dusts containing asbestos fibers. Although the etiology and specific mechanisms that give rise to these two cancers are not yet understood, concern for the health of exposed workers led the governments of the United States and other countries to specify the maximum allowable concentrations of asbestos in the ambient air of the workplace.
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Juo, Anthony S. R., and Kathrin Franzluebbers. "Soil Management: An Overview." In Tropical Soils. Oxford University Press, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780195115987.003.0013.
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The term “soil management” refers to the human manipulation of chemical, physical, and biological conditions of the soil for the production of agricultural plants. Good soil management helps maintain and improve soil fertility while sustaining optimum crop yield over time, whereas inappropriate soil management practices can lead to the degradation of soil fertility and a declining crop yield within a relatively short period of time. In a cropped field, where pests and disease are not limiting factors, the decline in crop yield over time may be attributed to several soil-related factors, namely, deterioration of soil physical conditions, such as surface crusting and subsurface compaction, depletion of available nutrients in the soil and soil acidification, soil moisture stress (drought or waterlogging), and the decline in soil organic matter and soil biological activity. Thus, major tasks of soil management for crop production include the following: • tillage and seedbed preparation • replenishment of soil nutrients • soil moisture management • maintenance of soil organic matter The main purposes of tillage are to loosen a compacted surface soil to facilitate seed emergence and root growth through improved soil aeration and water storage, and to eradicate weeds before planting and control subsequent weed growth during the cropping season. Common tillage practices used in tropical agriculture are as follows: • Slash-and-burn, followed by sowing seeds into holes made by punching a wooden stick into the porous surface soil. • Slash-and-burn, followed by heaping or ridging the compacted surface soil using a hand hoe. • Plowing, harrowing, and puddling in irrigated rice paddies using water buffalo or a two-wheel power-tiller. • Ridge tillage using a hand hoe, animal traction or an engine-powered tractor on crusted or compacted soils and poorly drained clayey soils. • Minimum or strip tillage with a crop-residue mulch on coarse-textured soils and on sloping land. • Conventional tillage involving plowing and harrowing on fine-textured soils and compacted soils on flatland. • Minimum tillage with a plant-residue mulch or cover crop in annual and tree crop mixed systems (agroforestry).
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Sivagami, Arasu, Michael Angelo Kandavalli, and Bhaskarrao Yakkala. "Design and Evaluation of an Automated Monitoring and Control System for Greenhouse Crop Production." In Next-Generation Greenhouses for Food Security. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.97316.
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An embedded system integrated with sensors based on nanomaterial is proposed for closely monitoring and control microclimate parameters 24 hours a day to maximise production over the whole crop growth season by introducing greenhouse for the cultivation of plants or specific plant species. The system will also eliminate errors in human intervention to optimise production of crops. This system consists of sensors and actuators, an Analogue to Digital Converter (ADC) and a Raspberry Pi. The system will determine whether a defined threshold is passed by any climate parameter and systematically changes via the controller. The current work reduces human input through automated irrigation to optimally utilize a scarce resource, namely water. Climatic parameters for plant growth such as, moisture, humidity, temperature, water pressure in drip pipe, soil salinity etc. are monitored and optimized. Furthermore, work was extended to include GSM to control the entire farm remotely. For its success, it is very important to choose a greenhouse location. For instance, the problems are quite different when choosing an adjoining greenhouse, for instance a sunroom or greenhouse. The greenhouse location should be chosen for sunlight, proximity to power and water sources, wind, drain and freeze pockets, and the proximity of the garden and house. The intention behind accomplishment and devise of GSM based Fertigation System is to construct and evaluate the requirement of water in the yield as farming is the major resource of production which habitually depends on the water accessibility. Irrigation of water is usually done by manual method. To ease the work of the farmer GSM based automatic Fertigation (includes chemigation too) system can be implemented so that water wastage can be reduced and also the fertilizer can be added accordingly. Also the Soil Salinity can be checked and reduced if exceeds certain limit. By using GSM, only GSM command via GSM mobile can control the start and stop action of a motor that feeds the field with the water. GSM is used for controlling the entire process and the entire system backbone. It can be used from any distance to control irrigation. The results are assessed by electronic simulator PROTEUS using the desired optimised parameters, the design of this automated greenhouse system with PIC controller. As the inputs to the microcontroller and as an LCD screen record the respective outputs, the model produces a soil moisture sensor, light sensor and temperature sensor. The system performance is accurate and repeatable for measuring and controlling the four parameters that are crucial for plant growth - temperature, humidity, soil moisture and light intensity. With the reduction in electricity consumption, maintenance and complexity, and a flexible and precise environment control form for agriculture, the new system successfully cured quite a couple of defects in existing systems. Nano composite film sensors (Graphene and Graphene mixed in order to optimise the input of fertilisers for chemical composition determination. Using nano technology in agriculture enforces the firm bond between the engineer and farmer. Nano material film-based gas sensors were used to measure the presence of oxygen and CO2.using graphene nano composite sensors integrated into an embedded system, to detect the presence and levels of gases. Improve crop growth with combined red and blue light for lighting under the leavened and solar-powered LED lighting modules. This was achieved by graph/solar cells. The light was measured at the photosynthesis flux (PPFD) of 165 μmol m-2 s-1 by 10 cm of its LED module. LED lights were provided between 4:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. in the daytime treatments and night treatments from 10 to 10 hours. The use of the nighttime interlumination of LEDs was also economical than the interlumination of charts. Thus, nightlighting LEDs can effectively improve plant growth and output with less energy than the summer and winter times. Solar panels are best functioning during times of strong sunlight today, but begin to wan when they become too hot and cloudy. By allowing Solar Panels to produce electricity during harsh weather conditions and increase efficiency, a breakthrough in graphene-based solar panels can change everything. Ultimately with a fully autonomous system, agricultural productivity and efficiency, the length of the growing season, energy consumption and water consumption were recorded and monitored by exporting the data over GSM environment. With the steady decrease in the cost of high-performing hardware and software, the increased acceptance of self-employed farming systems, and the emerging agricultural system industry, the results will be reliable control systems covering various aspects of quality and production quantity.
Conference papers on the topic "Chemical fire engines"
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Khairallah, H. A., and U. O. Koylu. "Combustion Simulation of Hydrogen-Fuelled Diesel Engines Using Detailed Chemical Kinetics." In ASME 2013 International Mechanical Engineering Congress and Exposition. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/imece2013-65194.
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During the past decade, considerable effort has been made to introduce alternative energy sources for use in conventional diesel and gasoline engines. Many researchers have attempted to use hydrogen as a fuel in the diesel engine due to its ability to reduce pollutant emissions, such as carbon monoxide and unburned hydrocarbons. With the rapid increase in computational capabilities, 3D computational fluid dynamics CFD codes become essential tools for practical design, control and optimization of hydrogen engines. In the present study, detailed chemical kinetic reactions with twenty steps of hydrogen oxidation with additional nitrogen oxidation reactions were coupled with AVL FIRE® code to study combustion processes in a diesel engine using hydrogen as the fuel. Moreover, a spark ignition model built by C++ program was incorporated into the AVL FIRE® software to simulate the hydrogen ignition behavior. The model was validated by the experimental results and employed to examine important parameters that have significant effects on the engine performance. The simulation results show that the variations of peak in-cylinder pressure, heat release rate, gas cylinder temperature, ignition delay, combustion duration, and NO emissions reasonably agree with the experimental findings. The exhaust gas recirculation (EGR) was also employed at different levels in the engine model. It was found that both peak cylinder pressure and gas cylinder temperature decrease as EGR level increases due to dilution effect. The computations are consistent with the hypothesis that gas cylinder temperature decreases with increasing EGR level and that the decrease in gas cylinder temperature results in the reduction in NO emissions.
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Hamilton, Len, Jim Cowart, and Dianne Luning Prak. "Predicting the Physical and Chemical Ignition Delays in a Military Diesel Engine Running n-Hexadecane Fuel." In ASME 2013 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2013-19057.
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There are currently numerous efforts to create renewable fuels that have similar properties to conventional diesel fuels. One major future challenge is evaluating how these new fuels will function in older legacy diesel engines. It is desired to have physically based modeling tools that will predict new fuel performance without extensive full scale engine testing. This study evaluates two modeling tools that are used together to predict ignition delay in a military diesel engine running n-hexadecane as a fuel across the engine’s speed-load range. AVL-FIRE® is used to predict the physical delay of the fuel from the start of injection until the formation of a combustible mixture. Then a detailed LLNL chemical kinetic mechanism is used to predict the chemical ignition delay. This total model predicted ignition delay is then compared to the experimental engine data. The combined model predicted results show good agreement to that of the experimental data across the engine operating range with the chemical delay being a larger fraction of the total ignition delay. This study shows that predictive tools have the potential to evaluate new fuel combustion performance.
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Suslov, D. I., J. S. Hardi, B. Knapp, and M. Oschwald. "Hot-fire testing of liquid oxygen/hydrogen single coaxial injector at high-pressure conditions with optical diagnostics." In Progress in Propulsion Physics – Volume 11. Les Ulis, France: EDP Sciences, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/eucass/201911391.
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Injector behavior is of utmost importance for the performance and stability of liquid rocket engines (LREs). A major problem is getting a highly efficient homogeneous mixture and effective chemical reaction of fuels at minimum chamber length. Despite substantial progress in numerical simulations, a need for experimental data at representative conditions for development and validation of numerical design tools still exists. Therefore, in the framework of the DLR-project “ProTau,” the authors have performed tests to create an extended data base for numerical tool validation for high-pressure liquid oxygen (LOx) / hydrogen combustion. During the experimental investigations, a windowed DLR subscale thrust chamber model “C” (designated BKC) has been operated over a broad range of conditions at reduced pressures of approximately 0.8 (4 MPa), 1 (5 MPa), and 1.2 (6 MPa) with respect to the thermodynamic critical pressure of oxygen. Liquid oxygen and gaseous hydrogen (GH2) have been injected through a single coaxial injector element at temperatures of ~ 120 and ~ 130 K, respectively. High-speed optical diagnostics have been implemented, including imaging of OH* emission and shadowgraph imaging at frequencies from 8 up to 10 kHz to visualize the flow field.
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Kakati, Jyotirmoy, Tapan K. Gogoi, Sukhamoy Pal, and Ujjwal K. Saha. "Potentiality of Yellow Oleander (Thevetia Peruviana) Seed Oil as an Alternative Diesel Fuel in Compression Ignition Engines." In ASME 2021 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2021-67419.
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Abstract Biodiesel has been accepted as a clean and an eco-friendly green diesel fuel by the entire world. In India, various non-edible oils have been tested for exploring their suitability as a fuel in diesel engines. In the north eastern states of India, many oil bearing seeds such as Koroch (a variety of Pongamia glabra), Nahar (Mesua ferrea), Terminalia (Terminalia belerica Robx), Kutkura (Meyna spinosa Roxb), Amari (Amoora Wallichii King), Yellow oleander (Thevetia peruviana) and others are found in abundance. In this article, the Yellow oleander seed oil (YOSO) has been investigated for biodiesel production and characterization. The oil content in Yellow oleander seed is found to be 63.87%. The free fatty acid (FFA) content in YOSO is measured, and is found to be 32.0%; hence the two-step acid-base catalysis transesterification process has been adopted for producing biodiesel from the YOSO. YOSO contains 5.03% palmitic, 6.92% stearic, 48.14% oleic and 31.37% linoleic acid. The density, calorific value and kinematic viscosity of Yellow oleander fatty acid methyl ester (YO-FAME) are 879.7 kg/m3, 40.159 MJ/kg and 4.63 mm2/s respectively. Most of the fuel properties of YO-FAME meet ASTM D6751 and EN 14214 biodiesel standards. The YO-FAME exhibits a low sulphur content of 13.0 ppm and a high cetane number of 58.3. Fire point and pour point of YO-FAME were found to be 158°C and 5°C respectively. The physio-chemical properties of YO-FAME has been compared with FAME of Yellow oleander, Ratanjot (Jatropha curcus), Terminalia (Terminalia belerica Robx.) and Nahar (Mesua ferrea).
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Taglialegami, Joseph, Gregory Bogin, Eric Osecky, and Anthony M. Dean. "Simulation of n-Heptane and Surrogate Fuels for Advanced Combustion Engines (FACE) in a Single-Cylinder Compression Ignition Engine." In ASME 2013 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2013-19257.
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A CFD model of a HATZ diesel engine was developed for the purpose of simulating low temperature combustion (LTC) of surrogate diesel fuels for the Fuels for Advanced Combustion Engines (FACE). Initial validation of the model was performed using n-heptane data from a single cylinder HATZ diesel engine. Simulations were run with both a detailed n-heptane mechanism and several reduced mechanisms to determine the suitability of using a reduced mechanism to capture the main ignition characteristics and emissions. It was found that a 173 species n-heptane mechanism predicts start of combustion (SOC) within 0.5 crank angle degrees of the detailed 561 species mechanism. The 173 species mechanism required 27 hours of computational time to reach the end of the simulation whereas the 561 species detailed mechanism required 41 hours under the same conditions. Two additional reduced mechanisms, containing 85 and 35 species, were provided reasonable accuracy with a computational time of 8 hours and 2 hours, respectively. Due to the varying physical and chemical properties of the FACE surrogates, a sensitivity analysis of the effects of the physical properties was conducted by changing the n-heptane physical properties to those of n-hexadecane while keeping the chemistry the same. As expected, when the fuel properties of n-hexadecane (which is less volatile than n-heptane) were used with the n-heptane kinetics, SOC was delayed and the net heat release rate was reduced. The FACE fuels were developed to fulfill the need for research grade fuels that are able to represent common refinery stream fuels. Since the FACE fuels consist of hundreds of fuel components, it is not feasible to model the actual FACE fuels in a full-scale engine model. An alternative is to develop surrogates consisting of relatively few species for which detailed mechanisms are available. Even then this mechanism would need to be reduced to make the computation practical. For this work, a detailed diesel surrogate mechanism was reduced from 4016 species to 1046 species to match the characteristics for FACE fuels 1, 3, 5, 8, and 9. The surrogates only contain 4–7 species. Using the single chemical mechanism to represent five surrogate FACE fuels, it was found that ∼200°C of air preheat was required to achieve autoignition in the HATZ model compared to the 130°C of air preheat required experimentally. Initial runs have found that there were similar trends in SOC and heat release between the FACE fuel surrogate experiments and simulations for the respective fuels. Future work will require improvements on the single chemical mechanism to represent the five surrogate FACE fuels.
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Yang, Shiyou, and Rolf D. Reitz. "A Continuous Multi-Component Fuel Flame Propagation and Chemical Kinetics Model." In ASME 2009 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. ASMEDC, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2009-76076.
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A continuous multi-component fuel flame propagation and chemical kinetics model has been developed. In the multicomponent fuel model, the theory of continuous thermodynamics was used to model the properties and composition of fuels such as gasoline. The difference between the current continuous multi-component fuel model and previous similar models in the literature is that the source terms contributed by chemistry in the mean and the second moment transport equations have been considered. This new model was validated using results from a discrete multi-component fuel model. In the flame propagation and chemical kinetics model, five improved combustion sub-models were also integrated with the new continuous multi-component fuel model. To consider the change of local fuel vapor mixture composition, a “PRF adaptive” method is proposed that formulates a relationship between the fuel vapor mixture PRF number (or octane number) and the fuel vapor mixture composition based on the mean molecular weight and/or variance of the fuel vapor mixture composition in each cell. Simulations of single droplet vaporization with a single-component fuel (iso-octane) were compared with multi-component fuel cases.
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IVANOV, V. S., S. S. SERGEEV, S. M. FROLOV, YU M. MIRONOV, A. E. NOVIKOV, and I. I. SCHULZ. "PRESSURE MEASUREMENTS IN ROTATING DETONATION ENGINES." In 12TH INTERNATIONAL COLLOQUIUM ON PULSED AND CONTINUOUS DETONATIONS. TORUS PRESS, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.30826/icpcd12a28.
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The use of Rotating Detonation Engines (RDEs) is a promising way to efficiently convert the chemical energy of fuel into the mechanical energy for propulsion. The values of local pressure in the RDEs are the most important indicators of the operation process efficiency. Pressure sensors in RDEs are exposed to high temperatures ( 3000 K) and pressures (10 MPa), as well as mechanical vibrations. Therefore, the duration of test fires of RDEs with pressure sensors mounted directly in the RDE walls is usually very short (from tenths of a second to several seconds) to avoid sensors£ destruction.
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Trenshaw, Kyle F., and Rachel Monfredo. "Academic Success Skills in First-Year Chemical Engineers: A Before and After Look at the Pandemic." In 2021 IEEE Frontiers in Education Conference (FIE). IEEE, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/fie49875.2021.9637473.
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Yang, Junfeng, Valeri I. Golovitchev, Chitralkumar V. Naik, and Ellen Meeks. "Comparative Study of Diesel Oil and Biodiesel Spray Combustion Based on Detailed Chemical Mechanisms." In ASME 2012 Internal Combustion Engine Division Spring Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/ices2012-81162.
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A master combustion mechanism of biodiesel fuels has recently been developed by Westbrook and co-workers [1]. This detailed mechanism involves 5037 species and 19990 reactions, the size, which prohibits its direct use in computational fluid dynamic (CFD) applications. In the present work, various mechanism reduction methods included in the Reaction Workbench software [2] were used to derive a semi-detailed reduced combustion mechanism maintaining the accuracy of the master mechanism for a desired set of engine conditions. The reduced combustion mechanism for a five-component biodiesel fuel was implemented in the FORTÉ CFD simulation package [3] to take advantage of advanced chemistry solver methodologies and advanced spray models. The spray characteristics, e.g. the liquid penetration and flame lift-off distances of RME fuel were modeled in a constant-volume combustion chamber. The modeling results were compared with the experimental data. Engine simulations were performed for the Volvo D12C heavy-duty diesel engine fueled by RME on a 72° sector mesh. Predictions were validated against measured in-cylinder parameters and exhaust emission concentrations. The semi-detailed mechanism was shown to be an efficient and accurate representation of actual biodiesel combustion and emissions formation. Meanwhile, as a comparative study, the simulation based on a detailed diesel oil surrogate mechanism were performed for diesel oil under the same conditions.
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Vitek, Oldrich, Vit Dolecek, Dmitry Goryntsev, Ferry Tap, Zoran Pavlovic, and Peter Priesching. "Application of Tabulated Detailed Chemistry to LES Model of Diesel ICE Combustion." In ASME 2019 Internal Combustion Engine Division Fall Technical Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icef2019-7128.
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Abstract The use of 3-D CFD combustion models based on tabulated chemistry is becoming increasingly popular. Especially the runtime benefit is attractive, as the tabulated chemistry method allows including state-of-the-art chemical reaction schemes in CFD simulations without significant penalties in terms of computational time. In this work, the Tabkin FGM combustion model in AVL FIRE is used to perform LES simulations of a diesel ICE (AVL SCRE). Four load conditions are investigated with three different fuel surrogates. Predicted data are compared with reference ones (measurements or data from calibrated 0-D/1-D model) while discussing differences between them. CPU benefits are quantified. The main conclusion is that such CFD model has high predictive ability while requiring low calibration effort and being relatively fast, hence it is an interesting alternative to RANS-based industrial applications.
Reports on the topic "Chemical fire engines"
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Nakajima, Toru, Jun-chi Matsumoto, Kiriko Kashiwakura, Ken-chi Akiyama, and Yoshiyuki Ko. Chemical Characterization of Ultra-Fine Particle Emitted from Diesel Engine. Warrendale, PA: SAE International, May 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.4271/2005-08-0144.
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Grzybowski, Bartosz A. Engines of discovery: Computers in advanced synthesis planning and identification of drug candidates. AsiaChem Magazine, November 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.51167/acm00010.
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After over five decades of efforts, computers have recently begun to plan chemical syntheses of complex targets at a level comparable to human experts. With this milestone achieved, it is now time to ponder not only how the machines will accelerate and multiplex synthetic design, but also how they will guide the discovery of new targets having desired properties.
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Farrell, John T., John Holladay, and Robert Wagner. Co-Optimization of Fuels & Engines: Fuel Blendstocks with the Potential to Optimize Future Gasoline Engine Performance; Identification of Five Chemical Families for Detailed Evaluation. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1434413.
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