Academic literature on the topic 'Chemical industry, africa'
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Journal articles on the topic "Chemical industry, africa"
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Magdalena Smit, Anet, and Eddie Kotzee. "Investigating environmental management accounting in the chemical industry in South Africa." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 13, no. 1 (2016): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.13(1-1).2016.02.
Full textAbstract:
Environmental issues are of increasing concern to a variety of stakeholders in most countries all around the world. There is a growing consensus that conventional accounting practices simply do not provide adequate information to support decision-making in order to manage the environment. Environmental management accounting (EMA) is a combined approach that provides for the transition of data from financial accounting, cost accounting and mass balances to increase material efficiency, reduce environmental impacts and risks and, ultimately, lead to the reduction of environmental costs. This paper investigates the practise of EMA in the chemical industry. A questionnaire was administrated to a selected group of participants who are employees in the chemical industry in South Africa. Different functional roles from different types of chemical companies were identified to participate. The findings of this paper indicate that there is a good level of awareness of EMA in the South African chemical industry. Most organizations are applying sound environmental practices and are adopting environmental strategies and tools to improve their current status. Different levels of awareness exist between the different functional roles in the respective organizations. Operational and capital environmental information are disclosed and organizations do generate and record information on physical and monetary environmental management accounting
2
Gebashe, Fikisiwe C., Devashan Naidoo, Stephen O. Amoo, and Nqobile A. Masondo. "Cosmeceuticals: A Newly Expanding Industry in South Africa." Cosmetics 9, no. 4 (2022): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics9040077.
Full textAbstract:
Africa is counted amongst the cosmetic market contributors; however, South Africa’s remarkable plant diversity is still largely untapped in terms of its potential for medicinal and cosmetic purposes. Thus, we aim to provide a critical assessment of the advancements made in South African cosmeceuticals with emphasis towards online local companies/brands that are manufactured by small, medium and micro enterprises (SMMEs). For the current study, we limited our search of herbal cosmeceutical products to SMMEs with online websites, or products traded in other online cosmetic directories such as ‘Faithful to Nature’ and ‘African Botanicals’ using a simple Google search. We recorded more than 50 South African SMME companies/brands involved in the trade of cosmeceuticals. Skin and hair care were the major product categories widely traded in these online platforms. Furthermore, few patents were recorded from South African researchers and institutions thereof, which is quite alarming considering the extensive research that has been undertaken to study these commercially valuable plants. Based on the increasing number of new products and the wide pool of economically important plants coupled to their associated rich indigenous knowledge systems, the cosmeceutical sector can contribute to the economy, job creation, entrepreneurship skills, socio-economic development and intellectual property generation.
3
Gore, B. J., G. Gericke, and W. Delport. "PISCES: power industry integrated systems, chemical emissions study." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 10-11 (1999): 361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0683.
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Power industry chemical emissions study (PISCES) is a broad based study conducted by EPRI in the USA with input from utilities in the USA and other parts of the world. It aims to define the source, distribution, composition and fate of toxics in power plant process and waste streams. Eskom is partaking in this project to develop knowledge of trace element emissions from the power stations which will provide Eskom with sufficient information to determine the concentration levels of toxic trace element emissions from the power stations. From this, the fate of these emissions and their impacts on the environment can be determined. This paper is a report on the first sampling project conducted in South Africa at one of Eskom's power stations. The total study will involve sampling at other power stations and a risk analysis of the fate of the toxic elements emitted. This total study will be completed in 1999.
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Gravelet-Blondin, L. R., S. J. Barclay, C. M. Carliell, and C. A. Buckley. "Management of water resources in South Africa with respect to the textile industry." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 2-3 (1997): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0544.
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South Africa is a water scarce country with an average annual rainfall of less than 60% of the world average. It is therefore important to encourage industries to minimise water consumption, and recycle and re-use water and effluent where possible. The South African Department of Water Affairs and Forestry is responsible for the management of water resources in South Africa, thereby ensuring the provision of adequate water supplies of acceptable quality for all recognised users. Of the industrial effluents produced in South Africa, textile effluents are considered to be one of the most problematic in the KwaZulu-Natal coastal area, especially in terms of colour, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and salinity (total dissolved solids, TDS). Of these, colour is perceived to be the most problematic as it is visual pollution and gives rise to public complaints. The Department has been actively involved, through negotiations with management and local authorities, in encouraging the textile industries to reduce the colour load discharged from the factories. Four case studies will be presented describing the approach taken by the Department to solve the problem of textile effluent discharge.
5
Osa, Osayimwense, and Kausar Saida. "Harmonizing a Thriving World Palm Oil İndustry and Economy through Genuine Collaboration between Producers – Malaysia, Indonesia, and West Africa, and Consumers – India and China." GATR Global Journal of Business Social Sciences Review 1, no. 1 (2013): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gjbssr.2013.1.1(2).
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Objective This article probes the state of Africa's palm oil industry and economy today. Methodology/Technique Today, Malaysia, Indonesia, and West Africa are the world's major producers of palm oil; and India and China, the world's most densely populated countries, are the major consumers. However, why is it that West Africa that is naturally endowed with palm oil is the one that lags behind others in the global production of palm oil? Should this kind of natural endowment and the presence of the major world producers and the biggest consumers of palm oil not spell colossal success for global palm oil industry and economy? Findings Without an adequate demand for a commodity, supply will be limited, thus resulting in a downward supply curve. On the other hand, if there is a high demand for a commodity like palm oil, then it will be produced in abundance. Novelty Where and why it has fallen short, and what does need to be done via-a-vis the state of Malaysia's and Indonesia's palm oil sector and the presence of emerging economies like China and India against the backdrop of globalization. Type of Paper: Review Keywords: Palm oil; economy; consumption, globalization
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Agha, Hasan M., Norrizah Jafaar Sidik, Ali H. Jawad, Amjad Abdulhadi Mohammed, and Abdulmutalib Alabeed Alkamil. "Overview of Thaumatococcus Daniellii Plant, History, Uses, Benefits, and Characterization." Journal of Asian Scientific Research 12, no. 2 (2022): 80–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.55493/5003.v12i2.4505.
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Thaumatococcus daniellii (Benn.) Benth, known as “katempe” or “katemfe”. It grows in humid tropical forests and the coastal areas of West Africa, especially in Nigeria, Ghana, Central African Republic, Uganda, and Cote d'Ivoire. T. daniellii contains chemical compounds that have several uses in many fields and contain thaumatin protein, which plays an essential role in the food industry, used as a natural sweetener, and pharmaceutical industry. T. daniellii can play a significant role in economic growth in many countries in which it grows. This study summarises some crucial aspects of T. daniellii. As the study highlight, some of the chemical components are contained in the plant. In addition to the other medicinal benefits and applications used from T. daniellii. the study presented the importance of the plant in the production of thaumatin and highlighted the two types of this protein and the difference between them in the arrangement of amino acids.
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Iloh, Patrick, George Fanourakis, and Aurobindo Ogra. "Evaluation of Physical and Chemical Properties of South African Waste Foundry Sand (WFS) for Concrete Use." Sustainability 11, no. 1 (2019): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010193.
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The foundry industry in South Africa forms one of the greatest industries in the manufacturing sector. It produces waste foundry sand (WFS) that ends up in landfill sites. Around 80% of the WFS could be utilized as a substitute for sand in concrete. The utilization of WFS will benefit the industry, as raw materials (natural sand alternative) and energy are conserved, while costs of disposal are lowered. Soil pollution, as well as water and air resources, will be minimized and the foundries’ competitiveness will be improved. In this study, the physical and chemical properties of five WFSs (two clays and three chemically bonded molding sands) from Gauteng, South Africa were analyzed. The samples were investigated with a view to determine their conformity with applicable engineering criteria when used as a replacement, to various extents, of the fine aggregate. The main properties investigated included physical properties (particle gradation, moisture content, un-compacted bulk density, specific gravity, loss on ignition, clay content, and fineness modulus) and the chemical properties (X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), pH). The sands generally did not meet the standards pertaining to grading requirements. However, the chemical test results showed the composition of these sands to be comparable with results from other investigations and suitable for use as a natural sand replacement in concrete.
8
SANDHAM, LUKE ALAN, FELICITY VAN DER VYVER, and FRANCOIS PIETER RETIEF. "THE PERFORMANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT IN THE EXPLOSIVES MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN SOUTH AFRICA." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 15, no. 03 (2013): 1350013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333213500130.
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Explosives manufacture in South Africa is a major component of the chemical and mining industry, and as an important producer of hazardous chemicals it is also a potential contributor to significant environmental impacts. Environmental authorisation of explosives manufacturing activities is based primarily upon the quality of information made available in the Environmental Impact Report (EIR), but the quality of EIR for explosives manufacturing projects has never been investigated. A modified version of the Lee and Colley review package was used to determine the EIR quality of a sample of four explosives projects. The findings reveal that the EIRs were of a generally satisfactory quality, but with some areas of weakness that are readily linked to potentially significant environmental impacts, pointing to limitations in the EIA process regarding the production of explosives. Recommendations include improved training of EIA practitioners, the use of quality review checklists and external specialist review, development of guidelines and the use of risk assessment as additional tools to the EIA regulations.
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Dagestani, Abd Alwahed, Lingli Qing, and Mohamad Abou Houran. "What Remains Unsolved in Sub-African Environmental Exposure Information Disclosure: A Review." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 15, no. 10 (2022): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15100487.
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Background: Africa comprises the bulk of struggling economies. However, Sub-Saharan Africa is experiencing rapid industrialization and urbanization. Excessive resource use, pollution, and the absence of relevant environmental disclosure are factors that contribute to these human-made damages. Environmental pollution as a threat to sustainable development results from these damages. Although it has been established that Sub-Saharan Africa would benefit from resource-management development, sustainable environmental strategies, and a reduction in urbanization and persistent poverty, the information on these issues has not been made public. Objective: To provide a full account of the level of environmental-exposure disclosure in Sub-Saharan African countries, including the current level of progress, gaps, and prospects, we reviewed the literature on environmental exposure information research in African populations. Methodology: We searched PubMed and Google Scholar for peer-reviewed research articles, reviews, or books examining environmental exposure and information disclosure in human populations in Africa. Results: In total, 89 full-text articles were eligible for the inclusion criteria. A quality assessment of the retrieved articles using the PRISMA guidelines resulted in the exclusion of 40 articles; therefore, 49 studies were included in the final analysis. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the environmental exposure information on household injuries, the use of chemicals such as pesticides in farming, industry-linked vectors and diseases, laboratory chemical exposure, industrial exposure, and epigenetic factors are not well-disclosed to the population. Conclusion: Environmental information disclosure standards should be incorporated into central-government policy recommendations. Standards should identify polluting industries, and companies should refrain from the voluntary disclosure of environmental information to manage their reputation. Heavy-pollution industries should be made sufficiently transparent to lessen the company–media collusion on information disclosure.
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Dagestani, Abd Alwahed, Lingli Qing, and Mohamad Abou Houran. "What Remains Unsolved in Sub-African Environmental Exposure Information Disclosure: A Review." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 15, no. 10 (2022): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15100487.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Africa comprises the bulk of struggling economies. However, Sub-Saharan Africa is experiencing rapid industrialization and urbanization. Excessive resource use, pollution, and the absence of relevant environmental disclosure are factors that contribute to these human-made damages. Environmental pollution as a threat to sustainable development results from these damages. Although it has been established that Sub-Saharan Africa would benefit from resource-management development, sustainable environmental strategies, and a reduction in urbanization and persistent poverty, the information on these issues has not been made public. Objective: To provide a full account of the level of environmental-exposure disclosure in Sub-Saharan African countries, including the current level of progress, gaps, and prospects, we reviewed the literature on environmental exposure information research in African populations. Methodology: We searched PubMed and Google Scholar for peer-reviewed research articles, reviews, or books examining environmental exposure and information disclosure in human populations in Africa. Results: In total, 89 full-text articles were eligible for the inclusion criteria. A quality assessment of the retrieved articles using the PRISMA guidelines resulted in the exclusion of 40 articles; therefore, 49 studies were included in the final analysis. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the environmental exposure information on household injuries, the use of chemicals such as pesticides in farming, industry-linked vectors and diseases, laboratory chemical exposure, industrial exposure, and epigenetic factors are not well-disclosed to the population. Conclusion: Environmental information disclosure standards should be incorporated into central-government policy recommendations. Standards should identify polluting industries, and companies should refrain from the voluntary disclosure of environmental information to manage their reputation. Heavy-pollution industries should be made sufficiently transparent to lessen the company–media collusion on information disclosure.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Chemical industry, africa"
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Van, Schalkwyk Lourens. "Corporate wellness in a chemical industry in South Africa / L. van Schalkwyk." Thesis, North-West University, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/1486.
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Mouton, Duane Wilmot. "A plan for the development of a chemical industry in Coega industrial development zone." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/6434.
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Kato, Shuhei. "Contributions of a minerals industry cluster to sustainable development: A case study on human and social capital in Richards Bay, South Africa." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/25062.
Full textAbstract:
The South African economy has developed with its strong connection to the minerals extraction and processing industries. Rich endowments of coal and a well-established mining sector in the country enabled the generation and supply of competitively priced electricity to energy and capital intensive processing and chemical industries. Although the minerals industry cluster remains globally competitive at the present time, whether it can be a catalyst for sustainable development, economically, socially and environmentally is in question. Field work was carried out in Richards Bay to analyse the development contributions of the local aluminium industry cluster in terms of two of the five capitals essential for sustainable development, viz. human and social capital. This town is the host of world class aluminium smelters as well as mineral sands mining and smelting, amongst other energy intensive industries such as paper pulp and phosphate production. The analysis interrogates the importance of skills development and of collective action between various stakeholders centred on the Hillside smelter of South 32, and including interviews with representatives of ten further stakeholders. Evidence found shows that the minerals industry cluster has contributed to human capital development, and continues to do so, through well-established in-house training and mentorship programmes as well as their corporate social investment into enterprise and supplier development, education and primary health care. However, a more competitive and environmentally responsible industrial cluster would require continuous improvement through institutional and individual capabilities. Research and training institutions and government intervention have important roles to play in this regard. One of the major challenges is rooted in the lack of social capital development in the past. Although no single accepted definition nor standard for measuring exists, social capital can be defined as the norms and networks that enable people to act collectively. The racially segregated development pattern in the region had left residents with huge disparities and a trust deficit. This mitigated against collective actions within the community except in the few cases of natural disaster responses and crime prevention. This is evidenced in the free-riding of skilled labourers by some companies in the region and the failure of socio-economic development programmes in the past due to the low level of community buy-in. The research highlights that the significance of the local minerals industry cluster remains undoubtedly high; however, a facilitative process of social capital development is necessary to promote collective actions. The process requires accountable formal institutions who can mitigate social distrust, create dialogue and a cooperative environment between different interest groups. This is particularly important as the government resource-based industrialisation policy is centralised in developing linkages from extractive sector (downstream, upstream, and side-stream) but little attention has been paid to the aspect of social capital development. It is expected that the study itself contributes to social capital development and works as a communication platform to further promote studies in applying multidisciplinary learning-by-doing process across academia, policymakers, and practitioners.
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Drew, Margaret Jane. "Optimisation of the Ion exchange juice treatment plant at Ashton Cellars." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52389.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MScEng)--University of Stellenbosch, 2001.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Recently concern has been raised regarding effluent from wine cellars, as it often does
not comply with environmental legislation. It was with this in mind that the effluent
problem at Ashton Cellars was addressed.
After carrying out a water audit of the plant, described in Chapter 3, it was concluded
that the ion exchange plant is a significant contributor to the low pH and high
conductivity of the effluent dam. Decreasing the effluent from the ion exchange plant
should therefore help in improving the total effluent quality. During the water audit
opportunities to improve the effluent by making small process changes in the cellar
were identified.
The primary objective of this study was to provide guidelines to improve the quality
and decrease the volume of the effluent from the ion-exchange plant to more
environmentally acceptable levels, whilst maintaining product specifications and
production rates. This was achieved by studying the operation of the plant (Chapter 4)
and testing the characteristics of the current and alternative resins (Chapter 5).
Auditing of the ion exchanges plant included a detailed analysis of the regeneration
and loading of the ion exchange columns. It was concluded that the operation of the
plant can only be optimised once pH and/or conductivity meters, and preferably an
automated control system, are installed on the plant. The results given in this thesis
can be used as a guide when setting up such a control system.
Laboratory testing of the resins revealed that the cation resin currently being used on
the plant has been fouled and loads at a slow rate. When the resins are replaced, the
use of Purolite CISO and Purolite A103S should be considered as these resins gave
the most favourable results.
Some alternative treatment methods for the processing of grape must, have been
mentioned in Chapter 6.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Al meer kornrner word deesdae uitgespreek oor wynkelders se afvalwater, omdat dit
meerendeels nie aan die vereistes van omgewingswetgewing voldoen nie. Dit was met
hierdie probleem in die oog dat die afvalwater probleem by Ashton Kelders ondersoek
IS.
Nadat 'n wateroudit van die fabriek, soos beskryf in Hoofstuk 3, uitgevoer is, is daar
tot die slotsom gekom dat die ioonuitruilsisteem 'n groot bydra tot die lae pH en hoe
konduktiwiteit van die afvaldam lewer. Indien die ioonuitruilsisteem se uitvloeisel
verminder kon word, sou dit tot 'n groot mate bydrae tot 'n verbetering van die totale
uitvloei kwaliteit. Gedurende die wateroudit is verskeie moontlikhede vir die
verbetering van die uitvloei deur klein prosesveranderinge aan te bring, geidentifiseer.
Hierdie studie het as hoof oogmerk die daarstelling van riglyne vir die verbetering van
die kwaliteit en grote van die afvalstrome van die ioonuitruilsisteem om sodeende aan
omgewingswetgewing te voldoen, maar ter selfder tyd die produk spesifikasies en
tempos te handhaaf. Dit is gedoen deur die huidige bedryf van die fabriek te bestudeer
(Hoofstuk 4) en die eienskappe van die huidige en altematiewe ioonuitruilharse te
toets (Hoofstuk 5).
Die oudit van die ioonuitruilsisteem het 'n gedetaileerde anaIiese van die hergenerasie
en lading van die ioonuitruilkolornrne ingesluit. Daar is tot die slotsom gekom dat die
bedryf van die sisteem alleenlik geoptirniseer kon word indien pH en/of
konduktiwiteitsmeters, en verkieslik 'n automatiese kontrolesisteem geinstalleer word.
Die resultate van hierdie tesis kan as basis vir so 'n kontrole sisteem gebruik word.
Die laboratoriumtoetse op die harse het aan die lig gebring dat die katioonhars wat
tans in gebruik is, baie vervuil is en net teen 'n lae tempo belaai kan word. Wanneer
die harse vervang word, word die gebruik van Purolite el50 en Purolite A103S
aangeraai, aangesien hierdie harse die beste resultate gelewer het.
Altematiewe behandelingsmetodes van druifmos is in Hoofstuk 6 genoem.
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Sigge, G. O. (Gunnar Oliver). "Integration of anaerobic biological and advanced chemical oxidation processes to facilitate biodegradation of fruit canning and winery wastewaters." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/50374.
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De, Jager Debbie. "Membrane bioreactor application within the South African textile industry: pilot to full-scale." Thesis, Cape Peninsula University of Technology, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.11838/926.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis submitted in the requirements for the degree
Doctor Technologiae: Chemical Engineering
in the Faculty of
Engineering
at the
CAPE PENINSULA UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, 2013<br>To date, limited information has been published on textile wastewater treatment, for re-use, in South Africa (SA), with treatment processes focusing on conventional wastewater treatment methods. A large contributor to the contamination of water within textile industries is from dyehouse processes. A major concern in textile wastewater treatment is the release of azo dyes and their metabolites, some of which are carcinogenic and mutanogenic, into the environment since they are xenobiotic and aerobically recalcitrant to biodegradation. A necessity therefore exists to find an effective treatment method capable of removing both the strong colour and the toxic organic compounds from textile wastewater. Membrane bioreactors (MBRs) are favoured when treating high-strength wastewater, since the membrane area is determined by the hydraulic throughput and not the biological load; no sludge is wasted and all bacteria are retained within the reactor, including specific bacteria capable of degrading the toxic, non-biodegradable constituents present in textile wastewater. MBR systems, using various configurations have been utilised extensively in the rest of the world to treat textile wastewater at both lab and pilot-scale.
This DTech project formed part of a collaborative Water Research Commission (WRC) funded project K5/1900 - Pilot application of a dual-stage membrane bioreactor (dsMBR) for industrial wastewater treatment. The main purpose of this study was the on-site evaluation of a pilot-scale dsMBR incorporating two ultrafiltration (UF) sidestream membrane modules for the treatment, recovery and re-use of textile wastewater.
The objectives of this project were to determine the treatment efficiency of the system; to evaluate the degree of colour removal from the textile wastewater; to improve residual colour removal within the system using treatment processes, such as NF and RO, as well as to propose a design and cost for a full-scale plant.
A textile industry located in Bellville, Western Cape, was chosen as the industrial partner for the on-site evaluation of a semi-automated pilot wastewater treatment MBR plant using two 5.1 m2 Norit X-flow AirliftTM membrane modules. Since the wastewater treatment system was located on the premises, real continuously changing industrial wastewater was being treated. The industrial textile wastewater was treated in a series of tanks: 1) an anaerobic tank, which cleaved the azo bonds of the reactive dyes; 2) an anoxic tank containing reduced amounts of dissolved oxygen, in which denitrification occurred; and 3) an aerobic tank, in which i) nitrification, as well as ii) mineralisation of the aromatic amines occurred. The UF-membrane modules would account for the removal of any organic material.
The wastewater stream was characterised by a chemical oxygen demand (COD) range of between 45 to 2,820 mg/L and an average biological oxygen demand (BOD) of 192.5 mg/L. The dsMBR achieved an average COD reduction of 75% with a maximum of 97% over the 220 day test period. The COD concentration obtained after dsMBR treatment averaged at 191 mg/L, which was well within the City of Cape Town industrial wastewater discharge standard. The average reduction in turbidity and TSS was 94% and 19.6%, respectively, during the UF-MBR stage of the system. Subsequent treatment of the UF permeate with nanofiltration (NF) for 4 days, alternated with reverse osmosis (RO) for 14 days removed both the residual colour and salt present in the UF permeate. A consistent reduction in the colour of the incoming wastewater was evident. The colour in the wastewater was reduced from an average of 659 ADMI units to ~12 ADMI units in the NF permeate, a lower American dye manufacturing index (ADMI) (i.e. method of colour representation) compared to the potable water (~17 ADMI units) utilised by the industrial partner in their dyeing processes. The colour was reduced from an average of 659 to ~20 ADMI units in the RO permeate, a lower ADMI and therefore colour when compared to the potable water. An average conductivity rejection of 91% was achieved with conductivity being reduced from an average of 7,700 to 693 μS/cm and the TDS reduced from an average of 5,700 to 473 mg/L, which facilitated an average TDS rejection of 92%. Based on the composition of the UF permeate fed to the RO membrane a maximum removal of 98.7% was achieved for both conductivity and total dissolved solids (TDS).
The proposed full-scale plant would incorporate a UF-MBR system, followed by NF, RO, flocculation and a filter press. Therefore, the two waste products produced during operation of the proposed full-scale plant, would be the solid filter cakes and the liquid filtrate from the filter press. Implementing the proposed full-scale plant it would cost the industrial partner an operating cost of ZAR 113.85 and ZAR 3,415.49 to treat 97.1 m3 and 2,913 m3 of textile wastewater, respectively, per day and per month. This results in an annual saving of ZAR 845,848 on potable water expenses.
This research, would provide SA textile industries, with an option to: 1) reduce their water consumption, thereby utilising less of a valuable decreasing commodity; 2) meet the SA government discharge standards and reduce their discharge costs; 3) reduce their carbon footprint (i.e. reduce their impact on the environment) by re-using their treated wastewater and therefore using less water from the municipality; and 4) decrease their annual expenditure on water, since the treated wastewater would be available for re-use.
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Bosch, Adina Cornelia. "Investigation of the chemical composition and nutritional value of smoothhound shark (Mustelus mustelus) meat." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/20261.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MSc Food Sc)--Stellenbosch University, 2012.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to determine the proximate composition of five individual body sites of
the Mustelus mustelus shark in order to evaluate the cross carcass variation of the individual
proximate components (moisture, protein, lipid, ash) of the meat. This variation was determined in
order to find a representative sample of the edible part of the shark (fillet and body flap). Secondly,
this sample representing the entire shark fillet was used to investigate the endogenous factors
(gender, size and life cycle stage) and their effects on the individual proximate components and
other meat components (amino acids, fatty acids, minerals, histamine and mercury contents).
Finally, all this data was combined to describe the average chemical composition and nutritional
value of M. mustelus meat.
None of the proximate components showed any variation between the different fillet
positions. This indicated that the fillet is homogenous and samples for chemical analyses can be
taken anywhere on the fillet as representative of the entire fillet.
It was found that all three main effects (gender, size and life cycle stage) did not have major
influences on most of the components of the chemical composition of M. mustelus meat analysed.
Higher fatty acid levels (SFA, MUFA and PUFA) were observed in large females than in large
males as well as in non-pregnant large females compared to pregnant large females. According to
statistical analysis, large males had higher total mercury levels than large females. The only
component affected by size variation was the fatty acids, showing a trend to decrease in quantity
before maturity was reached. Variation due to life cycle stages was mostly evident in the fatty acid
component with some small effects on two mineral components, aluminium and copper, which had
slightly higher levels in pregnant large females than in non-pregnant large females.
M. mustelus meat has an average proximate composition of 75% moisture, 23% protein,
1.6% lipids and 1.4% ash (weight per wet weight). The protein is, however, an over-estimation of
the true protein value as the meat contains significant amounts of non-protein nitrogen (NPN) in
the form of urea which contributes to the N concentration. M. mustelus meat is a good source of
some essential amino acids, especially lysine and threonine (78% of the daily requirements for an
adult in a 100g portion), but low in minerals. The meat has a healthy lipid content with a good ratio
(>0.45) of PUFA:SFA (0.83) as well as a healthy (<4) n-6:n-3 fatty acid ratio of 0.39. The histamine
content was very low or not detectable but some samples contained total mercury values above
the maximum safe limit.
Although further research is needed for some meat components, these results are a
valuable contribution to the new South African Food Composition Tables being compiled.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om die proksimale samestelling van die vleis vanaf vyf afsonderlike
posisies op die liggaam van die Mustelus mustelus haai te bepaal. Sodoende is die variasie, met
betrekking tot die verskillende proksimale komponente (vog, proteïen, lipiede en as), in terme van
die totale karkas, bepaal. Die proksimale variasie is bepaal om vas te stel hoe ʼn
verteenwoordigende monster van die totale karkas geneem kan word. Gevolglik is hierdie
verteenwoordigende monster gebruik om die effek van geslag, grootte en die verskillende fases
van die lewens-siklus op die afsonderlike proksimale komponente asook ander vleis komponente
(aminosure, vetsure, minerale, histamien en kwik inhoud) te ondersoek. Laastens is al hierdie
inligting gebruik om die algemene samestelling en voedingswaarde van M. mustelus vleis te
bespreek.
Geen van die proksimale komponente het enige variasie getoon tussen afsonderlike
liggaamsposisies nie. Hierdie resultaat dui daarop dat die vleis van ʼn M. mustelus haai homogeen
is regoor die karkas en dat ʼn vleis monster vanaf enige posisie op die karkas geneem kan word as
ʼn verteenwoordigende monster.
Daar is gevind dat geslag, grootte en fase van die lewens-siklus geen merkwaardige
invloed het op die vleis se samestelling nie. Hoër vetsuur konsentrasies (versadigde, monoonversadigde
en poli-onversadigde vetsure) is gevind in groot vroulike haaie en nie-dragtige
vroulike haaie as in groot manlike haaie en dragtige vroulike haaie onderskeidelik. Statisties, het
groot manlike haaie hoër vlakke van totale kwik as groot vroulike haaie. Die enigste vleis
komponent wat beïnvloed is deur die grootte van die haai, is die vetsure, wat verminder het voor
volwassenheid bereik is en dan weer vermeerder soos die haai groter word. Variasie as gevolg
van die verskillende fases van die lewens-siklus is meestal gevind in die vetsuursamestelling, en
die minimale het ook gevarieer ten opsigte van die elemente aluminium en boor wat effense hoër
vlakke getoon het in dragtige haaie as in nie-dragtige haaie.
M. mustelus vleis het ʼn gemiddelde proksimale samestelling van 75% vog, 23% proteïen,
1.6% lipiede en 1.4% as (nat massa). Die proteïen waarde is ʼn oorskatting van die ware proteïen
waarde as gevolg van hoë nie-proteïen stikstof in die vorm van ureum wat bydra tot die totale
stikstof inhoud. M. mustelus vleis blyk ʼn goeie bron van sommige essensiële aminosure soos lisien
en treonien (78% van die daaglikse aanbevole dosis), maar laag in mineraal inhoud. Die vleis het ʼn
gesonde vet inhoud met ʼn goeie (>0.045) poli-onversadigde:versadigde vetsuur verhouding (0.83)
asook ʼn gesonde (<4) omega 6 tot omega 3 vetsuur verhouding van 0.39. Die histamien inhoud
van die vleis was baie laag of onder die meetbare limiet, maar sekere monsters het ʼn totale kwik
inhoud getoon wat bo die maksimum veilige limiet is.
Hoewel verdere navorsing ten opsigte van sekere van die vleis komponente vereis word,
lewer hierdie resultate ʼn waardevolle bydrae tot die nuwe Suid-Afrikaanse voedsel samestellings
tabelle wat tans opgestel word.
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Carelse, Valery Vanessa. "An analysis of the safety practices at Sasol Polymers by applying a safety culture framework." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/8523.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (MBA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2011.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Many organisations have reached plateaus in their safety performance and are constantly exploring new methods to improve. Traditional safety practices e.g. engineering solutions, safety management systems, and other administrative controls do not enable organisations to make the required step change in safety performance.
Safety culture is a new safety “buzz word” and is promoted as a phenomenon that could assist organisations in improving safety performance in their endeavour to safety excellence. It is however, a relatively new concept and research in this field was completed during the past two decades only.
Safety culture is a multi-dimensional, dynamic and complex concept. An improved understanding of the safety culture concept is required to enable organisations to determine the value of pursuing safety culture enhancement in their quest for superior safety performance.
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Reddick, Jane. "An investigation of cleaner production opportunities in the South African coal mining industry." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/5410.
Full textAbstract:
Includes bibliographical references.<br>The coal mining and processing industry in South Africa is responsible for significant local and regional environmental impacts, most notably those on water quality. As a result, legislation is becoming more stringent, public concerns are increasing and mine rehabilitation costs, which are incurred by the mining companies, are increasing. In response to this, the coal mining industry is recognising the importance of proper environmental management. However, the focus is still largely on end-of-pipe solutions. Cleaner Production (CP), which is a continuous preventative approach to environmental issues, has been demonstrated to be a cost-effective means of reducing wastes, increasing process efficiencies and improving the resource utilisation of coal mines in several countries, as well as of certain South African industries. It is therefore expected that Cleaner Production can provide the South African coal mining industry with an efficient, cost-effective approach to minimiSing its environmental footprint, and to meeting present and future legislation. This thesis aims to investigate whether this is in fact the case, by investigating and proposing feasible CP interventions for the coal mining industry.
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Giantsos, John. "The effects of trade policy on the development of the South African petrochemical industry." Thesis, Rhodes University, 1995. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1002749.
Full textAbstract:
The objective of the research was to determine the role which South African trade policy played in shaping the development of the domestic petrochemical industry. The focus of the study falls on the domestic development of the petrochemical industry in general, and the polymer industry in particular. Three broad stages are distinguished in the domestic development of the petrochemical industry. Prior to the early 1970's development occurred primarily on an ad hoc basis, with the establishment of domestic production plants for most major petrochemicals. The development of the domestic petrochemical industry over the period from the early 1970's to the early 1980's was characterised by rapid growth in the domestic production of petrochemicals, while the period from the early 1980's to the early 1990's saw a significant slowdown in the annual growth rate for the domestic production of petrochemicals. The role of trade policy in the industry's development over each of these three periods could not be established conclusively. In each period a number of factors were identified which may have impacted on the industry's development. However, two factors do appear to have played particularly important roles in the industry's development prior to the early 1980's, namely strong growth in domestic petrochemical demand and the provision of a substantial degree of protection through quantitative import controls and tariffs. with regard to the industry's development over the period from the early 1980's to the early 1990's, a number of factors were identified which may have influenced trends in domestic petrochemical production, including the withdrawal of quantitative import controls and the progressive lowering of import tariffs, the depreciation of the rand in the mid-1980's, a slowdown in the growth of the domestic demand for petrochemicals, the fall in the international prices of petrochemicals in the early 1980's, and the fall in the international oil price in the mid-1980's. In view of the small size of the domestic petrochemical market it is recommended that local petrochemical producers should continue to expand their focus beyond that of producing solely for the requirements of the domestic market. In light of the key role played by the petrochemical industry in a modern economy, it is also recommended that the industry in South Africa receive more attention from policy makers than it has in the past.
Books on the topic "Chemical industry, africa"
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Group, The Chemicals Research, and Chemicals Research Group. Chemical Industry in South Africa: A Strategic Entry Report, 2000 (Strategic Planning Series). 2nd ed. Icon Group International, Inc., 2005.
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Indigo: In Search of the Colour That Seduced the World. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2012.
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McKinley, Catherine E. Indigo: In Search of the Colour That Seduced the World. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2011.
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McKinley, Catherine E. Indigo: In Search of the Color That Seduced the World. Bloomsbury Publishing USA, 2012.
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McKinley, Catherine E. Indigo: In Search of the Colour That Seduced the World. Bloomsbury Publishing Plc, 2011.
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Brown, Jeannette. African American Women Chemists. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199742882.001.0001.
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Dr. Marie Maynard Daly received her PhD in Chemistry from Columbia University in 1947. Although she was hardly the first of her race and gender to engage in the field, she was the first African American woman to receive a PhD in chemistry in the United States. In this book, Jeannette Brown, an African American woman chemist herself, will present a wide-ranging historical introduction to the relatively new presence of African American women in the field of chemistry. It will detail their struggles to obtain an education and their efforts to succeed in a field in which there were few African American men, much less African American women. The book contains sketches of the lives of African America women chemists from the earliest pioneers up until the late 1960's when the Civil Rights Acts were passed and greater career opportunities began to emerge. In each sketch, Brown will explore women's motivation to study the field and detail their often quite significant accomplishments. Chapters focus on chemists in academia, industry, and government, as well as chemical engineers, whose career path is very different from that of the tradition chemist. The book concludes with a chapter on the future of African American women chemists, which will be of interest to all women interested in science.
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Oiling the Urban Economy: Land, Labour, Capital, and the State in Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana. Taylor & Francis Group, 2014.
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Obeng-Odoom, Franklin. Oiling the Urban Economy: Land, Labour, Capital, and the State in Sekondi-Takoradi, Ghana. CRC Press LLC, 2014.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Chemical industry, africa"
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Olatunji, Ololade. "Chemical Recycling and Energy Recovery from Plastics and Other Polymers in Africa." In Plastic and Polymer Industry by Region. Springer Nature Singapore, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-5231-9_9.
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Özsoy, Özlem, and Metin Gürler. "COVID-19's Effect on Global Trade in the Post-Pandemic Period." In The Transformation of Global Trade in a New World. IGI Global, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-6684-5950-8.ch006.
Full textAbstract:
By the end of May 2022 according to the data, the number of cases increased to 530 million, the number of virus-related deaths increased to 6.3 million, and the CFR decreased to 1.18 with the increase in vaccination. The full vaccination rate increased to 60% at the end of May. It should not be overlooked that vaccination is 18% in Africa and 11.8% in low-income countries. The global output GDP will be 99.4 trillion dollars in 2022 and 147 trillion dollars in 2035. It is also clearly seen that China will surpass the USA in national income at current prices in 2028. It is estimated that global imports will reach 23.5 trillion dollars in 2022 and 36.6 trillion dollars in 2035. It is expected that the chemicals and chemical products industry will be at the top with imports of 6.1 trillion dollars in 2022 and 9.5 trillion dollars in 2035 and is accounted for 25.3% of global imports in 2021. It is estimated that this rate will increase to 28.8% in 2035. Hong Kong is at the top with the Trade Openness Index value of 4.06 in 2022 and 4.5 in 2035.
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Bala, Jibril Abdullahi, Olayemi Mikail Olaniyi, Taliha Abiodun Folorunso, and Emmanuel Daniya. "Design of an Agribusiness Innovative and Autonomous Robot System for Chemical Weed Control for Staple Food Crops Production in Sub-Saharan Africa." In Advances in Business Information Systems and Analytics. IGI Global, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-4849-3.ch013.
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Agriculture and agribusinesses suffer from many challenges, despite their significance to global economic growth. One of the challenges is the lack of appropriate technology to drive the industry to the next level of development. This technological gap contributes to reduced yield and profit without a reduction in manual labour, cost, and stress. Robotics have been explored to boost agricultural production and improve agribusiness productivity. Several weed control robots have been developed for research and field uses, but these systems are not suitable for weed control in large commercial farms or lack control schemes for navigation and weed control. This study presents the design of an autonomous robot system for chemical weed control. The system uses control theory, artificial intelligence, and image processing to navigate a farm environment, identify weeds, and apply herbicide where necessary. Upon implementation and adoption, this system would increase agricultural productivity with minimal human input, thereby leading to an increase in revenue and profit for agribusinesses.
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Sunday Noah, Akpan. "Oil Palm Empty Fruit Bunches (OPEFB) – Alternative Fibre Source for Papermaking." In Elaeis guineensis. IntechOpen, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98256.
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Elaeis guineensis (oil palm) is one of the most economical perennial oil crops for its valuable oil-producing fruits in tropical regions such as West Africa and South-East Asia. During oil extraction process, these fruits are usually stripped from the fruit bunches leaving behind empty bunches to be discarded as residues. Thus, empty fruit bunches (EFB) of Elaeis guineensis are usually considered as waste in the oil palm industry. The abundance of oil palm empty fruit bunches (OPEFB) has created enormous environmental issue, ranging from fouling, attraction of pests, greenhouse gas emissions to soil acidification, thus posing very serious threats to humans and the environment. Globally, in 2014 alone, over 22.4 million tons of EFB were estimated to have been produced. Therefore, exploring eco-friendly disposal methods and productive utilisation of oil palm EFB as alternative fibrous material for papermaking becomes imperative in converting waste to wealth, and initiating environmental wellness. Elaeis guineensis empty fruit bunch (EFB) fibre on the average measures 0.99 μm in length, while the fibre diameter and cell wall thickness are 19.1 μm and 3.38 μm respectively. Fibres of EFB are of ligno-cellulosic materials, consisting on the average of an estimated cellulosic content of 30–50%, 15–35% of hemicelluloses and the lignin constituting about 20–30% of extractive-free fibre. The rich cellulose base of EFB fibre makes Elaeis guineensis a good potential resource for papermaking furnish moreso that the pulp and paper industry is often referred to as the cellulose industry. Every 5 tons of EFB gives 1 ton of pulp for papermaking. This book chapter will therefore attempt to examine the fibre morphological characteristics of oil palm empty fruit bunch, the chemical properties of EFB fibre, papermaking potentials of empty fruit bunches and ultimately their impact on the environment.
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Brown, Jeannette E. "Introduction." In African American Women Chemists in the Modern Era. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780190615178.003.0005.
Full textAbstract:
When I wrote my first book African American Women Chemists I neglected to state that it was a historical book. I researched to find the first African American woman who had studied chemistry in college and worked in the field. The woman that I found was Josephine Silane Yates who studied chemistry at the Rhode Island Normal School in order to become a science teacher. She was hired by the Lincoln Institute in 1881 and later was, I believe, the first African American woman to become a professor and head a department of science. But then again there might be women who traveled out of the country to study because of racial prejudice in this country. The book ended with some women like myself who were hired as chemists in the industry before the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Therefore, I decided to write another book about the current African American women chemists who, as I say, are hiding in plain sight. To do this, I again researched women by using the web or by asking questions of people I met at American Chemical Society ACS or National Organization for the Professional Advances of Black Chemists and Chemical Engineers (NOBCChE) meetings. I asked women to tell me their life stories and allow me to take their oral history, which I recorded and which were transcribed thanks to the people at the Chemical Heritage Foundation in Philadelphia, PA. Most of the stories of these women will be archived at the CHF in their oral history collection. The women who were chosen to be in this book are an amazing group of women. Most of them are in academia because it is easy to get in touch with professors since they publish their research on the web. Some have worked for the government in the national laboratories and a few have worked in industry. Some of these women grew up in the Jim Crow south where they went to segregated schools but were lucky because they were smart and had teachers and parents who wanted them to succeed despite everything they had to go through.
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Brown, Jeannette. "Next Steps." In African American Women Chemists. Oxford University Press, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199742882.003.0013.
Full textAbstract:
This book covers the stories of African American women chemists who entered the field before the civil rights era or shortly thereafter. The women in this book were swimming against the tide. They chose to enter a career in which they were among the first persons of their gender and race. There are many young American women currently active in the profession of chemistry. Young girls are still interested in becoming scientists; however, they still have to fight to make sure they receive a good education in science. This need for good education is discussed in a book titled, Swimming against the Tide: African American Girls and Science Education, by Dr. Sandra L Hanson. Dr. Hanson studied young African American girls in high school and their attitudes toward science, which has traditionally been a male profession. One of Dr. Hanson’s conclusions is that these young girls had never seen a role model, African American women chemists, either in books or in person. She also discovered that the young women were still interested in science, even though they received little encouragement from their teachers. Dr. Hanson found that the parents of the girls encouraged their interest in science, with mothers being their biggest cheerleaders. Dr. Hanson would like to see more science teachers encourage young African American girls to study science. One of the women in this book, Allene Johnson, served as a high school chemistry teacher and made a career both of mentoring science teachers and of encouraging African Americans, both male and female, to enter careers in chemistry. Most of the other women in this book also have mentored women who wanted to become chemists either in academia or in industry. What resources are available to young people if they are interested in chemistry as a career? There are many organizations that are focused on careers in chemistry. The major one is the American Chemical Society (ACS). However, one should first consider this question: What is chemistry? Chemistry is a varied profession.
Conference papers on the topic "Chemical industry, africa"
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Soltani, Amir, Benoit Decroux, Andres Negre, et al. "Evaluating the Impact of Reservoir Cooling on the Surfactant Flood Efficiency." In International Petroleum Technology Conference. IPTC, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2523/iptc-21351-ms.
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Abstract EOR surfactants are usually formulated at the initial reservoir temperature. Is this a correct approach? Field data from three Single-Well Chemical Tracer pilots in North Africa are used to answer this question. The objectives are, first, to provide a realistic image of the temperature variations inside the water-flooded reservoir; second, to demonstrate the impact of such temperature variations on the surfactant performances; and last, to introduce a new methodology for estimating the target temperature window for surfactant formulations. During pre-SWCTT pilot tests, water injection, shut-in and back-production were performed. The bottom-hole temperature was monitored to evaluate the reservoir temperature changes (initially at 120°C) and to calibrate a thermal model. The thermal parameters were applied to the reservoir model to simulate 30 years of water injection (with its surface temperature varying between 20°C and 60°C) and to obtain a full picture of the temperature variations inside the reservoir. Multi-well surfactant injection was modelled assuming that the surfactant is only efficient within ±10°C around the design temperature. The impact of this assumption on the additional oil recovery was analyzed for several scenarios. The rock thermal transmissivity was found to be the key parameter for properly reproducing the observed data gathered in the North African pre-SWCTT tests. The measured temperature during the back-production phase demonstrated the accuracy of the thermal model parametrization. It proved that the heat exchange between the reservoir and the injected fluid is considerably less than what industry expects: the injected water temperature inside the reservoir remains far below the initial reservoir temperature even after 11 days of shut-in. When simulating various historical bottom-hole injection temperatures and pre-flush durations, the thermal model showed an average cooling radius of 275m, larger than the industry recommended well-spacing for the EOR 5-spot patterns. This was mainly due to the significant temperature difference between the historical injected water and the initial reservoir temperature. Several simulations were performed for 3 representative bottom-hole injection temperatures of 20°C, 40°C and 60°C, varying the surfactant design temperature range between the injection temperature and the initial reservoir temperature. The results showed that regardless of the injection temperature, the simulated additional oil recovery is highest when the design temperature range is close to the injection bottom-hole temperature. This is an important subject since in the EOR industry, the surfactants are usually formulated at the initial reservoir temperature and thus, the impact of the reservoir cooling on the surfactant efficiency is seldom considered. In a water flooded reservoir, the injected chemicals are unlikely to encounter the initial reservoir temperature. This results in a dramatic loss of surfactant performance especially when there is a considerable difference between the initial reservoir and the injected fluid temperatures.
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Métais, Thomas, Stéphan Courtin, Manuela Triay, et al. "An Assessment of the Safety Factors and Uncertainties in the Fatigue Rules of the RCC-M Code Through the Benchmark With the EN-13445-3 Standard." In ASME 2017 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2017-65397.
Full textAbstract:
The RCC-M code [1] is a well recognized international code and provides rules for the design and the construction of mechanical equipment for pressurized water reactors. It is used today for the nuclear industry exclusively, in countries such as France, South Africa and China and it is the basis for the design of the UK EPR to be built in Hinkley Point. The RCC-M code’s fatigue rules emanate from the ASME Boiler and Pressure Vessel Code and are hence very similar, albeit they have evolved in their own way over time to include some R&D results and other evolutions. These rules are published by AFCEN which involves a wide range of international organizations from the nuclear industry such as Apave, Areva, Bureau Veritas, CEA, DCNS, EDF, EDF Energy, ONET-MHI, Rolls-Royce and Westinghouse. The EN-13445-3 [2] is a European standard which is mostly in use today in the conventional industry. Its fatigue rules are a compilation of rules from various national European codes, such as the German AD-Merkblatt, the British Standards, the Eurocodes for civil works and the French CODAP. The rules for fatigue are compiled in Chapters 17 and 18 of EN-13445-3 and have been the result of the work of contributors from major European organizations from the nuclear, oil and gas, chemical and mechanical industries: these include, among others, Areva, the Linde Group, CETIM, TÜV, and the TWI (The Welding Institute). Since the beginning of 2015, AFCEN has created a technical Working Group (WG) on the topic of fatigue with the objective of identifying the Safety Factors and Uncertainties in Fatigue analyses (SFUF) and of potentially proposing improvements in the existing fatigue rules of the code. Nevertheless, the explicit quantification of safety factors and uncertainties in fatigue is an extremely difficult task to perform for fatigue analyses without a comparison to the operating experience or in relation to another code or standard. Historically, the approach of the code in fatigue has indeed been to add conservatism at each step of the analyses which has resulted in a difficult quantification of the overall safety margin in the analyses. To fulfill its mission, the working group has deemed necessary to lead a benchmark with the EN-13445-3 standard given its wide use through other industries. Two cases were identified: either the comparison with EN-13445-3 is possible and in this case, the identification of safety factors and uncertainties is performed in relation to this standard; either the comparison is not possible, in which case the overall conservatism of the RCC-M code is evaluated in relation with operating experience, test results, literature, etc... This paper aims at describing the overall work of the group and focuses more specifically on the results obtained through the benchmark with the EN-13445-3 standard.
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Allison, Edith. "United States Experience Regulating Unconventional Oil and Gas Development." In SPE/AAPG Africa Energy and Technology Conference. SPE, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.2118/afrc-2573582-ms.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACT In the midst of aggressive anti-drilling campaigns by environmental organizations and well-publicized complaints by citizens unaccustomed to oil and gas operations, rigorous studies of unconventional oil and gas development show that there are no widespread or systemic impacts on drinking water resources in the United States. In addition, air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions have significantly declined with the growth in natural gas production and its use in power generation. Furthermore, induced seismicity from subsurface waste disposal has plummeted in response to industry initiatives and new regulations. This record of environmental protection reflects the fact that U.S. hydraulic fracturing, like other oil and gas operations, is highly regulated by the states. In addition, air emissions, operations on federal lands, and subsurface injection are subject to federal regulation. Academic and government researchers have documented that chemicals and gas produced by hydraulic fracturing are not contaminating drinking water. However, as an added complication, methane occurs naturally in drinking water aquifers in some producing areas. In 2015, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) completed a four-year study of potential aquifer contamination from hydraulic fracturing and associated industry operations. The report found some impacts on drinking water including contamination of drinking water wells; however, the number of cases was small compared to the number of wells hydraulically fractured. The scientific peer-review and public critique of the study, which continues after more than a year, may recommend additional research. The emotionally charged, anti-fracking campaigns provided important lessons to U.S. operators: pre-drilling, baseline data on water and air quality are essential to answering public concerns; infrastructure issues such as increased truck traffic on small, local roads are important to residents; and the initial failure to disclose the composition of hydraulic fracturing fluid intensified public concern.
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Kitching, P., and C. C. van Waveren. "The use of decision-making tools in end-of-life decisions: A case study in the South African petro-chemical industry." In Technology. IEEE, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/picmet.2009.5262139.
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