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1
Magdalena Smit, Anet, and Eddie Kotzee. "Investigating environmental management accounting in the chemical industry in South Africa." Investment Management and Financial Innovations 13, no. 1 (2016): 151–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/imfi.13(1-1).2016.02.
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Environmental issues are of increasing concern to a variety of stakeholders in most countries all around the world. There is a growing consensus that conventional accounting practices simply do not provide adequate information to support decision-making in order to manage the environment. Environmental management accounting (EMA) is a combined approach that provides for the transition of data from financial accounting, cost accounting and mass balances to increase material efficiency, reduce environmental impacts and risks and, ultimately, lead to the reduction of environmental costs. This paper investigates the practise of EMA in the chemical industry. A questionnaire was administrated to a selected group of participants who are employees in the chemical industry in South Africa. Different functional roles from different types of chemical companies were identified to participate. The findings of this paper indicate that there is a good level of awareness of EMA in the South African chemical industry. Most organizations are applying sound environmental practices and are adopting environmental strategies and tools to improve their current status. Different levels of awareness exist between the different functional roles in the respective organizations. Operational and capital environmental information are disclosed and organizations do generate and record information on physical and monetary environmental management accounting
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Gebashe, Fikisiwe C., Devashan Naidoo, Stephen O. Amoo, and Nqobile A. Masondo. "Cosmeceuticals: A Newly Expanding Industry in South Africa." Cosmetics 9, no. 4 (2022): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cosmetics9040077.
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Africa is counted amongst the cosmetic market contributors; however, South Africa’s remarkable plant diversity is still largely untapped in terms of its potential for medicinal and cosmetic purposes. Thus, we aim to provide a critical assessment of the advancements made in South African cosmeceuticals with emphasis towards online local companies/brands that are manufactured by small, medium and micro enterprises (SMMEs). For the current study, we limited our search of herbal cosmeceutical products to SMMEs with online websites, or products traded in other online cosmetic directories such as ‘Faithful to Nature’ and ‘African Botanicals’ using a simple Google search. We recorded more than 50 South African SMME companies/brands involved in the trade of cosmeceuticals. Skin and hair care were the major product categories widely traded in these online platforms. Furthermore, few patents were recorded from South African researchers and institutions thereof, which is quite alarming considering the extensive research that has been undertaken to study these commercially valuable plants. Based on the increasing number of new products and the wide pool of economically important plants coupled to their associated rich indigenous knowledge systems, the cosmeceutical sector can contribute to the economy, job creation, entrepreneurship skills, socio-economic development and intellectual property generation.
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Gore, B. J., G. Gericke, and W. Delport. "PISCES: power industry integrated systems, chemical emissions study." Water Science and Technology 39, no. 10-11 (1999): 361–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1999.0683.
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Power industry chemical emissions study (PISCES) is a broad based study conducted by EPRI in the USA with input from utilities in the USA and other parts of the world. It aims to define the source, distribution, composition and fate of toxics in power plant process and waste streams. Eskom is partaking in this project to develop knowledge of trace element emissions from the power stations which will provide Eskom with sufficient information to determine the concentration levels of toxic trace element emissions from the power stations. From this, the fate of these emissions and their impacts on the environment can be determined. This paper is a report on the first sampling project conducted in South Africa at one of Eskom's power stations. The total study will involve sampling at other power stations and a risk analysis of the fate of the toxic elements emitted. This total study will be completed in 1999.
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Gravelet-Blondin, L. R., S. J. Barclay, C. M. Carliell, and C. A. Buckley. "Management of water resources in South Africa with respect to the textile industry." Water Science and Technology 36, no. 2-3 (1997): 303–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1997.0544.
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South Africa is a water scarce country with an average annual rainfall of less than 60% of the world average. It is therefore important to encourage industries to minimise water consumption, and recycle and re-use water and effluent where possible. The South African Department of Water Affairs and Forestry is responsible for the management of water resources in South Africa, thereby ensuring the provision of adequate water supplies of acceptable quality for all recognised users. Of the industrial effluents produced in South Africa, textile effluents are considered to be one of the most problematic in the KwaZulu-Natal coastal area, especially in terms of colour, chemical oxygen demand (COD) and salinity (total dissolved solids, TDS). Of these, colour is perceived to be the most problematic as it is visual pollution and gives rise to public complaints. The Department has been actively involved, through negotiations with management and local authorities, in encouraging the textile industries to reduce the colour load discharged from the factories. Four case studies will be presented describing the approach taken by the Department to solve the problem of textile effluent discharge.
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Osa, Osayimwense, and Kausar Saida. "Harmonizing a Thriving World Palm Oil İndustry and Economy through Genuine Collaboration between Producers – Malaysia, Indonesia, and West Africa, and Consumers – India and China." GATR Global Journal of Business Social Sciences Review 1, no. 1 (2013): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.35609/gjbssr.2013.1.1(2).
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Objective This article probes the state of Africa's palm oil industry and economy today. Methodology/Technique Today, Malaysia, Indonesia, and West Africa are the world's major producers of palm oil; and India and China, the world's most densely populated countries, are the major consumers. However, why is it that West Africa that is naturally endowed with palm oil is the one that lags behind others in the global production of palm oil? Should this kind of natural endowment and the presence of the major world producers and the biggest consumers of palm oil not spell colossal success for global palm oil industry and economy? Findings Without an adequate demand for a commodity, supply will be limited, thus resulting in a downward supply curve. On the other hand, if there is a high demand for a commodity like palm oil, then it will be produced in abundance. Novelty Where and why it has fallen short, and what does need to be done via-a-vis the state of Malaysia's and Indonesia's palm oil sector and the presence of emerging economies like China and India against the backdrop of globalization. Type of Paper: Review Keywords: Palm oil; economy; consumption, globalization
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Agha, Hasan M., Norrizah Jafaar Sidik, Ali H. Jawad, Amjad Abdulhadi Mohammed, and Abdulmutalib Alabeed Alkamil. "Overview of Thaumatococcus Daniellii Plant, History, Uses, Benefits, and Characterization." Journal of Asian Scientific Research 12, no. 2 (2022): 80–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.55493/5003.v12i2.4505.
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Thaumatococcus daniellii (Benn.) Benth, known as “katempe” or “katemfe”. It grows in humid tropical forests and the coastal areas of West Africa, especially in Nigeria, Ghana, Central African Republic, Uganda, and Cote d'Ivoire. T. daniellii contains chemical compounds that have several uses in many fields and contain thaumatin protein, which plays an essential role in the food industry, used as a natural sweetener, and pharmaceutical industry. T. daniellii can play a significant role in economic growth in many countries in which it grows. This study summarises some crucial aspects of T. daniellii. As the study highlight, some of the chemical components are contained in the plant. In addition to the other medicinal benefits and applications used from T. daniellii. the study presented the importance of the plant in the production of thaumatin and highlighted the two types of this protein and the difference between them in the arrangement of amino acids.
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Iloh, Patrick, George Fanourakis, and Aurobindo Ogra. "Evaluation of Physical and Chemical Properties of South African Waste Foundry Sand (WFS) for Concrete Use." Sustainability 11, no. 1 (2019): 193. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su11010193.
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The foundry industry in South Africa forms one of the greatest industries in the manufacturing sector. It produces waste foundry sand (WFS) that ends up in landfill sites. Around 80% of the WFS could be utilized as a substitute for sand in concrete. The utilization of WFS will benefit the industry, as raw materials (natural sand alternative) and energy are conserved, while costs of disposal are lowered. Soil pollution, as well as water and air resources, will be minimized and the foundries’ competitiveness will be improved. In this study, the physical and chemical properties of five WFSs (two clays and three chemically bonded molding sands) from Gauteng, South Africa were analyzed. The samples were investigated with a view to determine their conformity with applicable engineering criteria when used as a replacement, to various extents, of the fine aggregate. The main properties investigated included physical properties (particle gradation, moisture content, un-compacted bulk density, specific gravity, loss on ignition, clay content, and fineness modulus) and the chemical properties (X-ray fluorescence (XRF), X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM/EDS), pH). The sands generally did not meet the standards pertaining to grading requirements. However, the chemical test results showed the composition of these sands to be comparable with results from other investigations and suitable for use as a natural sand replacement in concrete.
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SANDHAM, LUKE ALAN, FELICITY VAN DER VYVER, and FRANCOIS PIETER RETIEF. "THE PERFORMANCE OF ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT IN THE EXPLOSIVES MANUFACTURING INDUSTRY IN SOUTH AFRICA." Journal of Environmental Assessment Policy and Management 15, no. 03 (2013): 1350013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s1464333213500130.
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Explosives manufacture in South Africa is a major component of the chemical and mining industry, and as an important producer of hazardous chemicals it is also a potential contributor to significant environmental impacts. Environmental authorisation of explosives manufacturing activities is based primarily upon the quality of information made available in the Environmental Impact Report (EIR), but the quality of EIR for explosives manufacturing projects has never been investigated. A modified version of the Lee and Colley review package was used to determine the EIR quality of a sample of four explosives projects. The findings reveal that the EIRs were of a generally satisfactory quality, but with some areas of weakness that are readily linked to potentially significant environmental impacts, pointing to limitations in the EIA process regarding the production of explosives. Recommendations include improved training of EIA practitioners, the use of quality review checklists and external specialist review, development of guidelines and the use of risk assessment as additional tools to the EIA regulations.
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Dagestani, Abd Alwahed, Lingli Qing, and Mohamad Abou Houran. "What Remains Unsolved in Sub-African Environmental Exposure Information Disclosure: A Review." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 15, no. 10 (2022): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15100487.
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Background: Africa comprises the bulk of struggling economies. However, Sub-Saharan Africa is experiencing rapid industrialization and urbanization. Excessive resource use, pollution, and the absence of relevant environmental disclosure are factors that contribute to these human-made damages. Environmental pollution as a threat to sustainable development results from these damages. Although it has been established that Sub-Saharan Africa would benefit from resource-management development, sustainable environmental strategies, and a reduction in urbanization and persistent poverty, the information on these issues has not been made public. Objective: To provide a full account of the level of environmental-exposure disclosure in Sub-Saharan African countries, including the current level of progress, gaps, and prospects, we reviewed the literature on environmental exposure information research in African populations. Methodology: We searched PubMed and Google Scholar for peer-reviewed research articles, reviews, or books examining environmental exposure and information disclosure in human populations in Africa. Results: In total, 89 full-text articles were eligible for the inclusion criteria. A quality assessment of the retrieved articles using the PRISMA guidelines resulted in the exclusion of 40 articles; therefore, 49 studies were included in the final analysis. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the environmental exposure information on household injuries, the use of chemicals such as pesticides in farming, industry-linked vectors and diseases, laboratory chemical exposure, industrial exposure, and epigenetic factors are not well-disclosed to the population. Conclusion: Environmental information disclosure standards should be incorporated into central-government policy recommendations. Standards should identify polluting industries, and companies should refrain from the voluntary disclosure of environmental information to manage their reputation. Heavy-pollution industries should be made sufficiently transparent to lessen the company–media collusion on information disclosure.
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Dagestani, Abd Alwahed, Lingli Qing, and Mohamad Abou Houran. "What Remains Unsolved in Sub-African Environmental Exposure Information Disclosure: A Review." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 15, no. 10 (2022): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15100487.
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Background: Africa comprises the bulk of struggling economies. However, Sub-Saharan Africa is experiencing rapid industrialization and urbanization. Excessive resource use, pollution, and the absence of relevant environmental disclosure are factors that contribute to these human-made damages. Environmental pollution as a threat to sustainable development results from these damages. Although it has been established that Sub-Saharan Africa would benefit from resource-management development, sustainable environmental strategies, and a reduction in urbanization and persistent poverty, the information on these issues has not been made public. Objective: To provide a full account of the level of environmental-exposure disclosure in Sub-Saharan African countries, including the current level of progress, gaps, and prospects, we reviewed the literature on environmental exposure information research in African populations. Methodology: We searched PubMed and Google Scholar for peer-reviewed research articles, reviews, or books examining environmental exposure and information disclosure in human populations in Africa. Results: In total, 89 full-text articles were eligible for the inclusion criteria. A quality assessment of the retrieved articles using the PRISMA guidelines resulted in the exclusion of 40 articles; therefore, 49 studies were included in the final analysis. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the environmental exposure information on household injuries, the use of chemicals such as pesticides in farming, industry-linked vectors and diseases, laboratory chemical exposure, industrial exposure, and epigenetic factors are not well-disclosed to the population. Conclusion: Environmental information disclosure standards should be incorporated into central-government policy recommendations. Standards should identify polluting industries, and companies should refrain from the voluntary disclosure of environmental information to manage their reputation. Heavy-pollution industries should be made sufficiently transparent to lessen the company–media collusion on information disclosure.
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Dagestani, Abd Alwahed, Lingli Qing, and Mohamad Abou Houran. "What Remains Unsolved in Sub-African Environmental Exposure Information Disclosure: A Review." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 15, no. 10 (2022): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15100487.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Africa comprises the bulk of struggling economies. However, Sub-Saharan Africa is experiencing rapid industrialization and urbanization. Excessive resource use, pollution, and the absence of relevant environmental disclosure are factors that contribute to these human-made damages. Environmental pollution as a threat to sustainable development results from these damages. Although it has been established that Sub-Saharan Africa would benefit from resource-management development, sustainable environmental strategies, and a reduction in urbanization and persistent poverty, the information on these issues has not been made public. Objective: To provide a full account of the level of environmental-exposure disclosure in Sub-Saharan African countries, including the current level of progress, gaps, and prospects, we reviewed the literature on environmental exposure information research in African populations. Methodology: We searched PubMed and Google Scholar for peer-reviewed research articles, reviews, or books examining environmental exposure and information disclosure in human populations in Africa. Results: In total, 89 full-text articles were eligible for the inclusion criteria. A quality assessment of the retrieved articles using the PRISMA guidelines resulted in the exclusion of 40 articles; therefore, 49 studies were included in the final analysis. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the environmental exposure information on household injuries, the use of chemicals such as pesticides in farming, industry-linked vectors and diseases, laboratory chemical exposure, industrial exposure, and epigenetic factors are not well-disclosed to the population. Conclusion: Environmental information disclosure standards should be incorporated into central-government policy recommendations. Standards should identify polluting industries, and companies should refrain from the voluntary disclosure of environmental information to manage their reputation. Heavy-pollution industries should be made sufficiently transparent to lessen the company–media collusion on information disclosure.
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Dagestani, Abd Alwahed, Lingli Qing, and Mohamad Abou Houran. "What Remains Unsolved in Sub-African Environmental Exposure Information Disclosure: A Review." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 15, no. 10 (2022): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15100487.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Africa comprises the bulk of struggling economies. However, Sub-Saharan Africa is experiencing rapid industrialization and urbanization. Excessive resource use, pollution, and the absence of relevant environmental disclosure are factors that contribute to these human-made damages. Environmental pollution as a threat to sustainable development results from these damages. Although it has been established that Sub-Saharan Africa would benefit from resource-management development, sustainable environmental strategies, and a reduction in urbanization and persistent poverty, the information on these issues has not been made public. Objective: To provide a full account of the level of environmental-exposure disclosure in Sub-Saharan African countries, including the current level of progress, gaps, and prospects, we reviewed the literature on environmental exposure information research in African populations. Methodology: We searched PubMed and Google Scholar for peer-reviewed research articles, reviews, or books examining environmental exposure and information disclosure in human populations in Africa. Results: In total, 89 full-text articles were eligible for the inclusion criteria. A quality assessment of the retrieved articles using the PRISMA guidelines resulted in the exclusion of 40 articles; therefore, 49 studies were included in the final analysis. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the environmental exposure information on household injuries, the use of chemicals such as pesticides in farming, industry-linked vectors and diseases, laboratory chemical exposure, industrial exposure, and epigenetic factors are not well-disclosed to the population. Conclusion: Environmental information disclosure standards should be incorporated into central-government policy recommendations. Standards should identify polluting industries, and companies should refrain from the voluntary disclosure of environmental information to manage their reputation. Heavy-pollution industries should be made sufficiently transparent to lessen the company–media collusion on information disclosure.
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Dagestani, Abd Alwahed, Lingli Qing, and Mohamad Abou Houran. "What Remains Unsolved in Sub-African Environmental Exposure Information Disclosure: A Review." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 15, no. 10 (2022): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15100487.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Africa comprises the bulk of struggling economies. However, Sub-Saharan Africa is experiencing rapid industrialization and urbanization. Excessive resource use, pollution, and the absence of relevant environmental disclosure are factors that contribute to these human-made damages. Environmental pollution as a threat to sustainable development results from these damages. Although it has been established that Sub-Saharan Africa would benefit from resource-management development, sustainable environmental strategies, and a reduction in urbanization and persistent poverty, the information on these issues has not been made public. Objective: To provide a full account of the level of environmental-exposure disclosure in Sub-Saharan African countries, including the current level of progress, gaps, and prospects, we reviewed the literature on environmental exposure information research in African populations. Methodology: We searched PubMed and Google Scholar for peer-reviewed research articles, reviews, or books examining environmental exposure and information disclosure in human populations in Africa. Results: In total, 89 full-text articles were eligible for the inclusion criteria. A quality assessment of the retrieved articles using the PRISMA guidelines resulted in the exclusion of 40 articles; therefore, 49 studies were included in the final analysis. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the environmental exposure information on household injuries, the use of chemicals such as pesticides in farming, industry-linked vectors and diseases, laboratory chemical exposure, industrial exposure, and epigenetic factors are not well-disclosed to the population. Conclusion: Environmental information disclosure standards should be incorporated into central-government policy recommendations. Standards should identify polluting industries, and companies should refrain from the voluntary disclosure of environmental information to manage their reputation. Heavy-pollution industries should be made sufficiently transparent to lessen the company–media collusion on information disclosure.
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Dagestani, Abd Alwahed, Lingli Qing, and Mohamad Abou Houran. "What Remains Unsolved in Sub-African Environmental Exposure Information Disclosure: A Review." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 15, no. 10 (2022): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15100487.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Africa comprises the bulk of struggling economies. However, Sub-Saharan Africa is experiencing rapid industrialization and urbanization. Excessive resource use, pollution, and the absence of relevant environmental disclosure are factors that contribute to these human-made damages. Environmental pollution as a threat to sustainable development results from these damages. Although it has been established that Sub-Saharan Africa would benefit from resource-management development, sustainable environmental strategies, and a reduction in urbanization and persistent poverty, the information on these issues has not been made public. Objective: To provide a full account of the level of environmental-exposure disclosure in Sub-Saharan African countries, including the current level of progress, gaps, and prospects, we reviewed the literature on environmental exposure information research in African populations. Methodology: We searched PubMed and Google Scholar for peer-reviewed research articles, reviews, or books examining environmental exposure and information disclosure in human populations in Africa. Results: In total, 89 full-text articles were eligible for the inclusion criteria. A quality assessment of the retrieved articles using the PRISMA guidelines resulted in the exclusion of 40 articles; therefore, 49 studies were included in the final analysis. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the environmental exposure information on household injuries, the use of chemicals such as pesticides in farming, industry-linked vectors and diseases, laboratory chemical exposure, industrial exposure, and epigenetic factors are not well-disclosed to the population. Conclusion: Environmental information disclosure standards should be incorporated into central-government policy recommendations. Standards should identify polluting industries, and companies should refrain from the voluntary disclosure of environmental information to manage their reputation. Heavy-pollution industries should be made sufficiently transparent to lessen the company–media collusion on information disclosure.
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Dagestani, Abd Alwahed, Lingli Qing, and Mohamad Abou Houran. "What Remains Unsolved in Sub-African Environmental Exposure Information Disclosure: A Review." Journal of Risk and Financial Management 15, no. 10 (2022): 487. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/jrfm15100487.
Full textAbstract:
Background: Africa comprises the bulk of struggling economies. However, Sub-Saharan Africa is experiencing rapid industrialization and urbanization. Excessive resource use, pollution, and the absence of relevant environmental disclosure are factors that contribute to these human-made damages. Environmental pollution as a threat to sustainable development results from these damages. Although it has been established that Sub-Saharan Africa would benefit from resource-management development, sustainable environmental strategies, and a reduction in urbanization and persistent poverty, the information on these issues has not been made public. Objective: To provide a full account of the level of environmental-exposure disclosure in Sub-Saharan African countries, including the current level of progress, gaps, and prospects, we reviewed the literature on environmental exposure information research in African populations. Methodology: We searched PubMed and Google Scholar for peer-reviewed research articles, reviews, or books examining environmental exposure and information disclosure in human populations in Africa. Results: In total, 89 full-text articles were eligible for the inclusion criteria. A quality assessment of the retrieved articles using the PRISMA guidelines resulted in the exclusion of 40 articles; therefore, 49 studies were included in the final analysis. In Sub-Saharan Africa, the environmental exposure information on household injuries, the use of chemicals such as pesticides in farming, industry-linked vectors and diseases, laboratory chemical exposure, industrial exposure, and epigenetic factors are not well-disclosed to the population. Conclusion: Environmental information disclosure standards should be incorporated into central-government policy recommendations. Standards should identify polluting industries, and companies should refrain from the voluntary disclosure of environmental information to manage their reputation. Heavy-pollution industries should be made sufficiently transparent to lessen the company–media collusion on information disclosure.
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Momberg, G. A., and R. A. Oellermann. "The Removal of Phosphate by Hydroxyapatite and Struvite Crystallisation in South Africa." Water Science and Technology 26, no. 5-6 (1992): 987–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.1992.0540.
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Nutrient removal by chemical means has, over the past decade, become an expensive practice owing to the scarcity of chemicals. A new method of phosphate removal by hydroxyapatite [Ca5(PO4)3OH] crystallisation has gained increasing interest as the need for the implementation of clean technology has become more apparent as we move into the environmentally conscious nineties. This method as well as another method, viz. struvite [NH4MgPO4-6H2O] crystallisation, will be discussed using results obtained from a laboratory scale study using three types of effluent, two demonstrating hydroxyapatite crystallisation and the third, struvite crystallisation. While it has been proven that phosphate crystallisation does work as a tertiary treatment (Van Dijk and Wilms, 1991) this paper will also show that the positioning of the crystalliser can vary to suit the need of the industry for which it has been designed.
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Tayob, Shaheed. "Trading Halal: Halal Certification and Intra-Muslim Trade in South Africa." Sociology of Islam 8, no. 3-4 (2020): 322–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/22131418-08030003.
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Abstract Halal certification introduces a new discursive and material basis for the regulation of Muslim consumption in a world of global trade and complex food technology. Through chemical tests and state of the art supply chain management the halal certification industry aims to replace the necessity of intra-Muslim trade for the practice of halal. This paper presents the approach of two competing halal certification organizations in South Africa in interaction with Muslim businesses. It argues that the aim of the halal certification industry to standardize, trace and trade in halal is limited by the communal practice of halal that emphasizes intra-Muslim trade and exchange. Halal certification is an incomplete recalibration of halal. Attention to Muslim business practices illuminates the limitation of audit cultures to the practice of halal, offering a view of the complexity of halal in practice.
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Utembe, W., EM Faustman, P. Matatiele, and M. Gulumian. "Hazards identified and the need for health risk assessment in the South African mining industry." Human & Experimental Toxicology 34, no. 12 (2015): 1212–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0960327115600370.
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Although mining plays a prominent role in the economy of South Africa, it is associated with many chemical hazards. Exposure to dust from mining can lead to many pathological effects depending on mineralogical composition, size, shape and levels and duration of exposure. Mining and processing of minerals also result in occupational exposure to toxic substances such as platinum, chromium, vanadium, manganese, mercury, cyanide and diesel particulate. South Africa has set occupational exposure limits (OELs) for some hazards, but mine workers are still at a risk. Since the hazard posed by a mineral depends on its physiochemical properties, it is recommended that South Africa should not simply adopt OELs from other countries but rather set her own standards based on local toxicity studies. The limits should take into account the issue of mixtures to which workers could be exposed as well as the health status of the workers. The mining industry is also a source of contamination of the environment, due inter alia to the large areas of tailings dams and dumps left behind. Therefore, there is need to develop guidelines for safe land-uses of contaminated lands after mine closure.
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Muganyi, Peter, Ignatio Madanhire, and Charles Mbohwa. "Business survival and market performance through Lean Six Sigma in the chemical manufacturing industry." International Journal of Lean Six Sigma 10, no. 2 (2019): 566–600. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijlss-06-2017-0064.
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Purpose The research paper aims to unveil the practical use of Lean Six Sigma and its effectiveness as a business survival strategic tool by a chemical product realization concern, as well as to establish the market and business performance impacts on the manufacturing entity. Design/methodology/approach A case study approach was pursued with a multi-national chemical manufacturing entity in South Africa. A comprehensive literature research was undertaken to establish the contemporary tools used for implementing Lean Six Sigma, and the classification and flow of tools and steps undertaken to ensure the successful and effective application of Lean Six Sigma in a manufacturing organization and the benefits derived. The critical success factors and reasons of ineffective use of tools are reviewed. To ensure that a comprehensive research was conducted which is relevant to the body of knowledge in engineering, recent articles on the application of Lean Six Sigma were selected and reviewed during the progress of the study to add impetus to the relevance of the findings. Findings The research findings were mainly based on the inferences obtained from a chemical product manufacturing concern in South Africa, to distinguish the efficacy and relevance of Lean Six Sigma as strategic business survival tool and imputing strategic resonance to corporate strategy. Research limitations/implications This research was limited to distinguishing Lean Six Sigma as a business survival strategic tool and an ultimate enhancer of market performance for a chemical product manufacturing entity. The implementation and evaluation of the Lean Six Sigma methodology as a business survival strategic and market performance enhancement option for the case study organization was entailed as the corollary of deductive resemblance to similar entities. Practical implications This study enables continuous improvement practitioners to evaluate the Lean and Six Sigma practices. The advantages posed by the simultaneous and optimized application of the two approaches versus individual application were assessed and verified to produce enhanced continuous improvement. This poses further challenges to scholars and academics to pursue further researches on the practicality of applying Lean Six Sigma as a strategic option. Originality/value The paper prompts the efficacy of well publicized methodologies and evaluates their implementation for strategic performance for manufacturing organizations. The practical application, constraints and resultant effects of deploying Lean Six Sigma were reviewed to give impetus to the methodology.
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Louw, Johan J., and Wessel Pienaar. "Levels of advancement in supply chain planning by large-scale petrochemical companies in South Africa." Corporate Ownership and Control 8, no. 3 (2011): 535–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.22495/cocv8i3c5p4.
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The adoption of a full supply chain approach in the chemical industry is still relatively slow compared to other industries. Although the awareness has been kindled, very few petrochemical companies have advanced to a point where supply chain considerations and influences are proactively taken into account and incorporated in the formulation of corporate- and unit-specific business strategies/tactics, and formally structured and applied. Conventional supply chain integration concepts focus primarily on the internal and external integration of individual supply chains. Due to the highly integrated nature of petrochemical value chains, the related supply chains should also be integrated by taking account of enterprise/industry-wide synergies and interdependencies. Since not much research has been done to indicate the level of advancement in terms of supply chain planning in large-scale, South African-based petrochemical companies, this empirical research is the first of its kind. This research provides useful information regarding an understanding of the petrochemical industry, appropriate supply chain planning practices and the level of advancement in a number of related planning dimensions
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Fall, Modou, Serigne Amadou Ndiaye, and Mayoro Diop. "Chemistry in Senegal: Between Skepticism and Hope." Chemistry International 40, no. 3 (2018): 18–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ci-2018-0307.
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Abstract In Senegal, the education and university system is characterized by the dominance of arts and humanities over science and technology. The practice of chemistry is relatively important regionally in universities (for both education and research), as well as in the industries—although with a strong contrast between these two areas. Will the dynamism of chemical associations and the recent discovery of gas and oil enable a change in the chemical sector in Senegal? Senegal is a country in West Africa with 15.3 million inhabitants where the practice of chemistry is quite established. In this article, we present the current state of chemical education, research, and industry, without forgetting, of course, the chemical associations that have become increasingly active in recent years.
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Schorr, Michael, and Benjamin Valdez. "The phosphoric acid industry: equipment, materials, and corrosion." Corrosion Reviews 34, no. 1-2 (2016): 85–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/corrrev-2015-0061.
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AbstractPhosphoric acid (PA) is an important industrial chemical used as an intermediate in the fertilizer industry, for metal surface treatment in the metallurgical industry, and as an additive in the food industry. Wet-process PA (WPA) is produced by the attack of sulfuric acid (H2SO4) on phosphate rock (PR). Other wet processes use HCl and posterior solvent extraction technology. The corrosivity of phosphate ores, during the production of WPA, depends on two main factors: the chloride content and the interaction between HF formed in the WPA reaction slurry with SiO2, Al2O3, and MgO present in the ore. Many forms of corrosion, mainly localized, are encountered in the PA production plants and facilities such as erosion-corrosion (EC), selective corrosion, pitting, stress-corrosion cracking, intergranular corrosion, and corrosion at high temperature. Laboratory and plant corrosion tests were performed to recognize the corrosion types; EC measuring instruments were developed, built, and applied. The PA industry is spread out worldwide in Europe, Asia, Africa and America, including countries that operate PR mines and produces PA, phosphatic fertilizers, and phosphate-based products. Cases of corrosion in PA industrial equipment and plants are presented and discussed, based on the authors’ experience and knowledge.
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Gavrilova, Nina G. "Introducing modern technologies to increase the economic efficiency of cocoa production in Africa." Economy of agricultural and processing enterprises, no. 11 (2022): 66–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.31442/0235-2494-2022-0-11-66-75.
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Global cocoa production has undergone significant changes over the past 60 years. The global volume of cultivation of this crop has grown significantly. The leading manufacturing countries in the industry have also switched their positions over the time. African countries, such as Ghana, Nigeria, Ivory Coast and Cameroon have significantly improved their results. At the same time, Ivory Coast steadily occupies the first place in this top for more than 40 years. To analyze the performance, two African states were selected – the first (Ivory Coast) and last (Cameroon) of the top ten. As a result, it was found that farmers in both countries have similar problems, regardless of the amount of cocoa produced. Almost all difficulties are associated with problems of maintaining tall cocoa trees due to difficult access, which significantly reduces the already unsatisfactory productivity of the sector. Another important problem in the selected African countries is the jobless youth employment; as young people don’t want put their life to work in backward agriculture. Despite the nominal increase of production volumes, the cocoa industry is undergoing a crisis, as its development follows an extensive path. Since cocoa is an indispensable product used in many fields, intensification plays a crucial role in the industry development. Therefore manufacturers have begun to use modern digital developments including hardware and software solutions more often. One of the decisions is to implement unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) in the cocoa industry to collect and process information (quality assessment of cocoa trees, terrain mapping, etc.), as well as to take care of cocoa trees (for example, for the precise application of chemical protection against pests and diseases). The article demonstrates the use of UAVs on the example of the cocoa sectors of Ivory Coast and Cameroon. Today, the latest technologies are still in the development and testing phase, so their large-scale application has not been implemented yet. However it is clear that innovations developed for the cocoa industry will not only increase production efficiency but also may attract young professionals to the sector. It is expected that these developments can be subsequently applied on a wider scale and will be used not only in the cocoa industry but in many other fields.
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Sharifi-Rad, Javad, Cristina Quispe, Seyed Abdulmajid Ayatollahi, et al. "Chemical Composition, Biological Activity, and Health-Promoting Effects of Withania somnifera for Pharma-Food Industry Applications." Journal of Food Quality 2021 (December 29, 2021): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8985179.
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The Withania genus comes from the Solanaceae family and includes around 23 species, spread over some areas of the Mediterranean, Asia, and East Africa. Widely used in traditional medicine for thousands of years, these plants are rich in secondary metabolites, with special emphasis on steroidal lactones, named withanolides which are used as ingredients in numerous formulations for a plethora of diseases, such as asthma, diabetes, arthritis, impotence, amnesia, hypertension, anxiety, stress, cancer, neurodegenerative, and cardiovascular diseases, and many others. Among them, Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal is the most widely addressed species from a pharmacological and agroindustrial point of view. In this sense, this review provides an overview of the folk uses, phytochemical composition, and biological activity, such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activity of W. somnifera, although more recently other species have also been increasingly investigated. In addition, their health-promoting effects, i.e., antistress, anxiolytic, adaptogenic, antirheumatoid arthritis, chemoprotective, and cardiorespiratory-enhancing abilities, along with safety and adverse effects are also discussed.
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Rikhotso, Harmse, and Engelbrecht. "Noise Sources and Control, and Exposure Groups in Chemical Manufacturing Plants." Applied Sciences 9, no. 17 (2019): 3523. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app9173523.
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The chemical manufacturing industry employs sophisticated mechanical equipment to process feedstock such as natural gas by transforming it to usable raw material in downstream sectors. Workers employed at these facilities are exposed to inherent occupational health hazards, including occupational noise. An online and grey literature search on ScienceDirect, Oxford Journals online, PubMed, Medline, Jstor and regulatory bodies using specific keywords on noise emission sources in the manufacturing sector was conducted. This review focuses on noise sources and their control in chemical manufacturing plants along with the receptors of the emitted noise, providing hearing conservation programme stakeholders valuable information for better programme management. Literature confirms that chemical manufacturing plants operate noise emitting equipment which exposes job categories such as machine operators, process operators and maintenance personnel amongst others. Prominent noise sources in chemicals manufacturing industries include compressors, pumps, motors, fans, turbines, vents, steam leaks and control valves. Specific industries within the chemical manufacturing sector emit noise levels ranging between 85–115 dBA (A-weighted sound pressure level), which exceed the noise rating limit of 85 dBA used in South Africa and United Kingdom, as well as the 90 dBA permissible exposure level used in the United States, levels above which workplace control is required. Engineering noise control solutions for plant equipment and machinery operated in chemical manufacturing plants are available on the market for implementation.
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Putsai, Unity Maqeda, and Msizi Mkhize. "Compliance With International Financial Reporting Standards and Value Relevance of Accounting Information in South Africa." International Journal of Financial Research 12, no. 4 (2021): 277. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/ijfr.v12n4p277.
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The objective of the study is to investigate the relationship between the International Financial Reporting Standard (IFRS 1) and the value relevance (VR) of accounting information. In this study forty-six companies listed on the Johannesburg Stock Exchange during the period 1993 to 2017. Panel data is used to compare the period before and after IFRS. The companies in the sample are composed of the following sectors; mining, manufacturing, banks and investment companies, real estate, general industry, retailers, construction and material, chemical and software, and computers. Based on the yearly financial reports published by public companies in South Africa, the study employed the Cookes (1992) Unweighted Disclosure Index to measure the level of compliance in South Africa. Fifty-six disclosure elements from IFRS 1 were utilized to measure the compliance level. Thereafter Ohlson (1995) Model is used with dummy variables to compare the pre-and post-IFRS period. First, the study reflected that most of the South African companies exhibit higher compliance rates ranging from 87 to 93.417 which is impressive. On the other hand, 4 companies recorded Medium level compliance that is between 60% to 79% compliance level. The findings further revealed that there is a significant positive association between compliance with IFRS 1 and the value relevance of accounting information.
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Walsdorff, A., M. van Kraayenburg, and C. A. Barnardt. "A multi-site approach towards integrating environmental management in the wine production industry." Water Science and Technology 51, no. 1 (2005): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wst.2005.0008.
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Nine wineries and a water bottling plant situated in the Franschhoek Valley, South Africa, have decided to lead the way towards creating a safer and more sustainable environment in the Valley. As part of the Vignerons de Franschhoek ECO Association (VFEA), they adopted a multi-site approach and obtained, in December 2003, the first ISO 14001 multi-site certification in South Africa. This proactive approach allows them better overall environmental performances through mutual motivation, information sharing and comparison of practices by the different participating organisations of Franschhoek Valley. At the initiation of the project, the major concerns were associated with a lack of sound environmental management and training of employees. Of particular concern was also the lack of monitoring and measurement of environmental performance key indicators, especially in water consumption and wastewater disposal areas. Although the system is still in its juvenile stage, it already showed some effluent quality improvements through better wastewater management, better control over chemical stores as well as definite improvement in water management and increase in solid wastes recycling. The latter improvements will definitely entail long-term cost savings should the system be continually and properly maintained. It is the intention of the VFEA to create a more environmentally friendly and sustainable Valley by convincing others to be more environmentally responsive and expanding the ISO 14001 principles to other areas of the organisations including the farms, to other wineries and ultimately to the whole Franschhoek Valley.
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Osseni, Sèmiyou A., Mathieu Masseguin, Etienne V. Sagbo, et al. "Physico-chemical Characterization of Siliceous Sands from Houéyogbé in Benin Republic (West Africa): Potentialities of Use in Glass Industry." Silicon 11, no. 4 (2018): 2015–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s12633-018-0022-y.
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Cuthbertson, Andrew G. S., Maureen E. Wakefield, Michelle E. Powell, et al. "The small hive beetle Aethina tumida: A review of its biology and control measures." Current Zoology 59, no. 5 (2013): 644–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/czoolo/59.5.644.
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Abstract The small hive beetle Aethina tumida is an endemic parasitic pest and scavenger of colonies of social bees indigenous to sub-Saharan Africa. In this region this species rarely inflicts severe damage on strong colonies since the bees have developed strategies to combat them. However, A. tumida has since ‘escaped’ from its native home and has recently invaded areas such as North America and Australia where its economic impact on the apiculture industry has been significant. Small hive beetle, should it become established within Europe, represents a real and live threat to the UK bee keeping industry. Here we review the biology and current pest status of A. tumida and up to-date research in terms of both chemical and biological control used against this honey bee pest.
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Geldenhuys, Coert J. "Weeds or Useful Medicinal Plants in the Rural Home Garden?" Food and Nutrition Bulletin 28, no. 2_suppl2 (2007): S392—S397. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/15648265070282s219.
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Background Traditional medicines remain an important health-care service among African indigenous cultures. In South Africa, medicinal plant use (bark, roots, bulbs, and herbs) threatens biodiversity and the sustainability of this informal industry. Several realities have stimulated experimental and adaptive management research into cultivation of key high-demand medicinal plant species in and around the home gardens of poor rural communities for domestic use and for trade: declining supplies, localized extinctions, increasing market prices, and economic opportunities for commercializing traditional medicinal products. Objective and methods This paper reviews three recent South African studies aiming to create alternative medicinal plant resources to reduce dependency on the dwindling wild resources: commercial production of medicinal crop plants; chemistry of wild versus cultivated plants, and of bark versus leaves; and growing of forest tree seedlings in rural home gardens. Results Cultivation trials and chemical testing indicated that different agricultural treatments suit each species differently in terms of either rapid growth rates, strong chemical concentrations, or both. Wild-harvested plants of some species have stronger chemical concentrations than cultivated plants. For several tree species, the bark and leaves contain the same active components associated with healing. Conclusions Successful propagation is not dependent on elaborate and expensive equipment and technologies, but rather on some basic principles of plant growth and methods of manipulating these under controlled conditions. An alternative cultivation method for tree species is the production of leaves as opposed to bark. Cultivation could be done successfully at the school, in home gardens, and in production systems in the village.
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Bagumire, A., W. K. Rumbeiha, E. C. D. Todd, C. Muyanja, and G. W. Nasinyama. "Analysis of environmental chemical residues in products of emerging aquaculture industry in Uganda as case study for Sub-Saharan Africa." Food Additives and Contaminants: Part B 1, no. 2 (2008): 153–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02652030802482491.
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Rechav, Y., and C. De Jager. "Seasonal abundance of ticks associated with indigenous goats on a northern Transvaal farm." Journal of the South African Veterinary Association 62, no. 1 (1991): 10–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/jsava.v62i1.1563.
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The 3 most abundant tick species on indigenous goats on a northern Transvaal farm were found to be Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi, Rhipicephalus appendiculatus and Amblyomma hebraeum. Three other tick species were present in small numbers. The economical and ecological importance of the ticks found on the goats, mainly in rural areas where chemical control of ticks is practically non-existant, is discussed. The high number of goats in the study area and the shift towards alternative methods of tick control, such as the use of resistant hosts, are important factors in the livestock industry of southern Africa.
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Gbejewoh, Omamuyovwi, Saskia Keesstra, and Erna Blancquaert. "The 3Ps (Profit, Planet, and People) of Sustainability amidst Climate Change: A South African Grape and Wine Perspective." Sustainability 13, no. 5 (2021): 2910. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su13052910.
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Conventional agriculture has made the search for sustainability urgent, more so with regards to climate change. This has extended to the grape and wine industry, an important industry in South Africa in terms of labor employment and foreign exchange. This paper aims to review the current state of knowledge with regards to the three pillars of sustainability and with regards to climate change. In order to understand sustainability in South Africa, a historical context is needed, because the welfare of farm workers still retains vestiges of past Apartheid. Ecological responsibility and higher profits are the main reasons for sustainable practices. Additionally, water use, chemical use, and soil erosion are important environmental sustainability concerns. With regards to climate change, in terms of economic sustainability, there will be winners and losers and social sustainability issues will intensify as changes occur in farms. Table grape producers are relatively more profitable than wine grape producers. Furthermore, pest, disease, irrigation pressure will worsen as the climate warms. However, there are long- and short-term adaptation strategies such as changes in viticulture practices and grape cultivars, respectively, to stem the effects of climate change, but this may be stymied by cost and farmers’ perceptions of climate change.
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Reinecke, A. J., and J. N. Alberts. "The chemical and ammo acid composition of the compost worm Eisenia fetida as potential protein source in animal feeds." Suid-Afrikaanse Tydskrif vir Natuurwetenskap en Tegnologie 6, no. 4 (1987): 144–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4102/satnt.v6i4.960.
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There is an increasing demand for protein rich materials in the animal feed industry in South Africa. Intensive cattle husbandry as well as abattoirs are producing large quantities of organic waste, the protein content of which is not utilized. The compost worm, Eisenia fetida, can be reared in large numbers on this waste. This opens up the possibility to recover waste protein if E. fetida could be used as a protein source in animal feeds. The value of the protein was therefore researched by determining the general chemical composition and amino acid composition. The earthworm meal contained all the essential amino acids required in poultry feeds, in favourable ratios. The methionine and lysine availability was higher than that of fish meal.
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Njau, Efrem-Fred A., and Patrick A. Ndakidemi. "The Genus Tetradenia (Lamiaceae): A Review of Its Ethnomedicinal, Botanical, Chemical and Pharmacological Activities." International Journal of Biology 9, no. 4 (2017): 35. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ijb.v9n4p35.
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Genus Tetradenia is belonging to plant family Lamiaceae. The genus is fairly large and comprises of twenty species. Different extracts of these Tetradenia species have been widely used in traditional medicine all through sub-Sahara Africa, part of Brazil and Asia. Many workers have reported that Tetradenia extracts possess various biological activities against antiviral, antifungal and antibacterial. For decades, some members of the Genus Tetradenia have been the subject of research to isolate and identify the active compounds present in extracts from its leaves. Several studies have been conducted to evaluate the biological activities of T. riparia as larvicide, insecticide, antimalarial and repellent effects on Anopheles gambiae. Leaf extracts (80% ethanol), tested for antimicrobial and antiviral activity, and was found to hamper the growth of Staphylococcus aureus, Candida albicans, Mycobacterium smegmatis, and Bacillus subtilis. This review intends to give the major highlights of the genus Tetradenia which will stimulate researchers into carrying out further investigations on the various species of the plant that may contribute into pharmacology industry.
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Nurazzi, N. M., S. S. Shazleen, H. A. Aisyah, et al. "Effect of silane treatments on mechanical performance of kenaf fibre reinforced polymer composites: a review." Functional Composites and Structures 3, no. 4 (2021): 045003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/2631-6331/ac351b.
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Abstract Natural cellulosic fibres, such as kenaf, can be used in polymeric composites in place of synthetic fibres. The rapid depletion of synthetic resources such as petroleum and growing awareness of global environmental problems associated with synthetic products contribute to the acceptance of natural fibres as reinforcing material in polymer composite structures. In Africa and Asia, kenaf is considered a major crop used for various cordage products such as rope, twine, and burlap and in construction, it is used for thermal insulation of walls, floors, and roofs and soundproofing solutions. In the furniture and automotive industry, it is used to manufacture medium-density fibreboard and other composite materials for structural applications. Kenaf is primarily composed of cellulose (approximately 40%–80%), which accounts for its superior mechanical performance. Kenaf fibres are chemically treated before mixing with the polymer matrix to improve their fibre interaction and composite performance. The alkaline treatment with sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution is the most frequently used chemical treatment, followed by a silane treatment. Numerous chemical concentrations of NaOH and silane solutions are investigated and several combined treatments such as alkaline-silane. The present review discusses the effect of silane treatments on the surface of kenaf fibre on the fabrication of polymer composites and their mechanical properties.
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Serrano, Rachel, Víctor González-Menéndez, Germán Martínez, et al. "Metabolomic Analysis of The Chemical Diversity of South Africa Leaf Litter Fungal Species Using an Epigenetic Culture-Based Approach." Molecules 26, no. 14 (2021): 4262. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26144262.
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Microbial natural products are an invaluable resource for the biotechnological industry. Genome mining studies have highlighted the huge biosynthetic potential of fungi, which is underexploited by standard fermentation conditions. Epigenetic effectors and/or cultivation-based approaches have successfully been applied to activate cryptic biosynthetic pathways in order to produce the chemical diversity suggested in available fungal genomes. The addition of Suberoylanilide Hydroxamic Acid to fermentation processes was evaluated to assess its effect on the metabolomic diversity of a taxonomically diverse fungal population. Here, metabolomic methodologies were implemented to identify changes in secondary metabolite profiles to determine the best fermentation conditions. The results confirmed previously described effects of the epigenetic modifier on the metabolism of a population of 232 wide diverse South Africa fungal strains cultured in different fermentation media where the induction of differential metabolites was observed. Furthermore, one solid-state fermentation (BRFT medium), two classic successful liquid fermentation media (LSFM and YES) and two new liquid media formulations (MCKX and SMK-II) were compared to identify the most productive conditions for the different populations of taxonomic subgroups.
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Ebuehi, Osaretin N. I., Olanrewaju M. Daramola, and Aminat I. Idowu. "The Chemical Engineering Design of a Commercial Citrus Evaporator for the Production of 6,539.86 kg/hr Orange Juice Concentrate in Lagos, Nigeria, West Africa." European Journal of Engineering and Technology Research 7, no. 5 (2022): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.24018/ejeng.2022.7.5.2860.
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Chemical engineers are high in importunity by industries in a wide range of sectors for the following impetus: Based on nominally defined problem statements, such as a client need or a set of experimental ramifications, chemical engineers can devise and gain a profound understanding of fundamental physical science relevant to the enigma, and harness this apprehension to excogitate a comprehensive action plan and a set of detailed specifications that, if implemented, will lead to forecasted financial dividends. In this treatise, as chemical engineers, apply our scientific and mathematical knowledge, specifically chemistry, applied mathematics, and engineering concepts, to translate experimental or conceptual ideas into value-added products in a lucrative, safe (environmentally friendly), and industry-leading manner. Citrus sinensis is the scientific name for orange, a savory and aromatic fruit from the Rutaceae family. The annual global citrus production increased dramatically over the last few decades, from around 30 million metric tonnes in the late 1960s to an estimated total of more than 105 million metric tonnes from 2000 to 2004, with oranges accounting for more than half of total global citrus production. Evaporation is a principle habituated in the processing industry to concentrate aqueous liquid streams by vaporizing the quantity of water content in a solution. The curtailment of energy consumption for evaporation reckoned on multitudinous components, such as evaporation capacity, number of effects, operation efficiency, and annual operation hours. We emphasized burgeoning efficient strategies to curtail the energy consumption of evaporators and alluded that monitoring the rate of energy dissipation guarantee the sustainability of an industrial enterprise. We betokened the heat transfer area was the indispensable criterion in the design of an evaporator and delineated correlations for estimating the size of the tube bundle. Ideally, a well-designed evaporator should be able to transfer heat adeptly at a high flow rate, have the minimum valuation of installation, operation, and maintenance, be able to bifurcate vapors from liquid concentrates, meet the conditions required by the product under treatment, produce a product of a quality required, and, if possible, be energy efficient. The peculiar grade of evaporator adopted was the 5-effect, 8-stage Thermally Accelerated Short Time Evaporator. We embraced the genre of evaporators after investigating their benefits relative to other evaporators used in food processing. In addition, it is fundamental to institute governance to identify benchmarks for optimal distribution based on results obtained by all segments of the production chains and orange juice exporters. This input will benefit the collective national interest and is pivotal for the orange juice industry.
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Bantho, Sahejna, Yougasphree Naidoo, Yaser Hassan Dewir, Ayuvna Bantho, and Hosakatte Niranjana Murthy. "Chemical Composition of Combretum erythrophyllum Leaf and Stem Bark Extracts." Horticulturae 8, no. 8 (2022): 755. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/horticulturae8080755.
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Combretaceae is a large Angiosperm family that is highly sought after because of its pronounced medicinal value. Combretum is recognized as the largest genus, prevalent in southern Africa due to its extensive use in traditional medicine. This study aimed to provide a comparative analysis of the phytochemical constituents of the leaf and stembark extracts of Combretum erythrophyllum (Burch.) Sond. Leaf and stembark crude extracts were generated using hexane, chloroform, and methanol as the solvents of choice. Qualitative phytochemical tests indicated the presence of phytocompounds, including carbohydrates, alkaloids, sterols, phenols, fixed oils, and fats. Flavonoids were found within the leaf extracts only, while saponins, mucilage, and gums were specifically identified within the stembark extracts. The first reported gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC–MS) screening of C. erythrophyllum leaf and stembark extracts was conducted, yielding the identification of 266 phytocompounds. Major phytocompounds such as sitosterol and lupeol, which may have possible anti-cancer and anti-inflammatory properties, were identified. Furthermore, a pharmacogenetic evaluation was conducted. As a result, both the leaf and stem bark material were seen to fluoresce a wide array of colors (brown, red, green, and blue colorations), indicating the presence of beneficial phytometabolites and their use in medicinal applications. Given the wide array of proposed medicinal benefits associated with the presence of phytocompounds identified within C. erythrophyllum, this species should be considered for its medicinal importance. The isolation and extraction of these beneficial compounds open further avenues for their use in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Dalley, Caleb D., and Edward P. Richard. "Herbicides as Ripeners for Sugarcane." Weed Science 58, no. 3 (2010): 329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/ws-d-09-00001.1.
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Chemical ripening of sugarcane is an important component to profitable sugar production in the United States as well as other sugarcane industries throughout the world. Harvesting of sugarcane often begins before the sugarcane reaches the desirable maturity level. This is especially true in the Louisiana sugarcane industry where the window for harvesting is limited because of the risk of freezing temperatures encountered in a temperate climate. Research on the application of chemicals, mostly of herbicide origin, to enhance sucrose accumulation (ripening) or limit flowering to conserve stored sucrose has been conducted for more than 60 yr. The only sugarcane ripener currently registered for use in the United States is glyphosate applied before harvest. The herbicide fluazifop is used as the primary ripener of sugarcane in South Africa. The herbicides glyphosate, fluazifop, and sulfometuron-methyl and the growth regulators ethephon and trinexapac-ethyl are registered for use in Brazil. There is a continuing need to evaluate sugarcane ripeners to increase the utility of currently registered ripeners and to find additional ripeners for use by sugarcane industries. The need for alternatives to glyphosate is especially critical before a glyphosate-tolerant sugarcane can be utilized to improve control of problematic weeds.
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Lucas, Hugo, Srecko Stopic, Buhle Xakalashe, Sehliselo Ndlovu, and Bernd Friedrich. "Synergism Red Mud-Acid Mine Drainage as a Sustainable Solution for Neutralizing and Immobilizing Hazardous Elements." Metals 11, no. 4 (2021): 620. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/met11040620.
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Acid mine drainage (AMD) and red mud (RM) are frequently available in the metallurgical and mining industry. Treating AMD solutions require the generation of enough alkalinity to neutralize the acidity excess. RM, recognized as a waste generating high alkalinity solution when it is in contact with water, was chosen to treat AMD from South Africa at room temperature. A German and a Greek RM have been evaluated as a potential low-cost material to neutralize and immobilize harmful chemical ions from AMD. Results showed that heavy metals and other hazardous elements such as As, Se, Cd, and Zn had been immobilized in the mineral phase. According to European environmental standards, S and Cr, mainly present in RM, were the only two elements not immobilized below the concentration established for inert waste.
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Jones, D. "Toward Fit-for-Purpose Certification of Road Additives." Transportation Research Record: Journal of the Transportation Research Board 1819, no. 1 (2003): 208–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.3141/1819b-27.
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Chemical stabilizers and dust palliatives are widely used in road construction and maintenance to improve the characteristics and performance of available materials for lower dust levels, improved riding quality, reduced gravel loss, and improved all-weather passability. Numerous products are available to the road industry. However, the level of research and the usefulness of the findings differ from product category to product category. In many instances, no effort has been made to quantify the benefits and cost-effectiveness of additives over longer periods of time (e.g., 5 years), and little attempt has been made to compare the performance of treated roads with the performance of untreated roads for reduced gravel loss and reduced maintenance, the two most important factors in unsealed road management. Only limited information on material requirements and application techniques is available, whereas there is minimal information on rejuvenation. This lack of understanding has culminated in general skepticism in the road industry regarding chemical dust control and stabilization with so-called alternative stabilizers. The situation is aggravated by poor marketing, with many sales representatives having no engineering background, little understanding of the road industry, and insufficient information to provide adequate technical backup. Discussions with road authorities and consulting engineers indicated that a “fitfor-purpose” certificate for each product issued by an independent certification body would contribute to confidence in the use of the products. A certification system would also encourage suppliers to conduct appropriate product research. An internationally recognized certification body in South Africa was therefore approached about developing such a certification system, under the guidance of a steering committee with representation from road authorities, consulting engineers, product suppliers, and academia. Unsealed road additive certification is introduced, the development of control tests for certification is detailed, and a procedure for certification is proposed.
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Alfred Maroyi. "Review of Chemical Properties and Ethnomedicinal uses of Acanthosicyos horridus Welw. ex Hook. f.: An Indigenous Melon Species of South-West Coast of Africa." Journal of Pharmacy and Nutrition Sciences 10, no. 5 (2020): 274–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.29169/1927-5951.2020.10.05.13.
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Acanthosicyos horridus Welw. ex Hook. f. is a perennial shrub collected from the wild for its edible fruits and is also used as a traditional medicine. This study is aimed at evaluating the chemical properties and ethnomedicinal uses of A. horridus. Results of the current study are based on data derived from several online databases such as Scopus, Google Scholar, PubMed and Science Direct, and pre-electronic sources such as scientific publications, books, dissertations, book chapters and journal articles. This study revealed that the fruit and root infusions and/or decoctions of A. horridus are used as traditional medicine for arteriosclerosis, chest pains, gastro-intestinal disorders, kidney problems, nausea and sexually transmitted infections. Phytochemical compounds identified from the species include cucurbitacins, fatty acids and sterols. Some of the compounds identified from the species have applications in food industry and health promoting products.
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Prinsloo, Grant, Mohammad S. Pourbehi, and Adewumi J. Babafemi. "Towards understanding the influence of metakaolin in the prevention of alkali-silica reaction." MATEC Web of Conferences 364 (2022): 02007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/202236402007.
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The role of supplementary cementitious materials (SCM) in the prevention and mitigation of the Alkali-Silica Reaction (ASR) in concrete materials and structures is becoming increasingly significant and relevant in the civil engineering. The use of SCMs in South Africa is limited to Ground Granulated Blast-Furnace Slag (GGBS) and Fly Ash (FA) as they are readily available. With recent advancements in concrete technologies, it has been found that calcined clays such as Metakaolin (MK) have been useful in concrete to improve the chemical, mechanical, and physical properties of concrete material. Deposits of MK have been found in some regions of South Africa and are now available for consumption with various applications but have not yet been widely accepted as conventional SCM within the concrete ready-mix industry. This article aims to summarise state-of-the-art and existing knowledge gaps in the application of SCMs in concrete material and identify the feasibility and benefits of extending the use of SCMs with MK in a comparative study with FA Class F and SF. The performance of MK with respect to the key variables such as exposure conditions, reaction mechanisms and pore solution composition in the prevention of ASR in concrete material relative to the mentioned SCMs is discussed.
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Donnelly, D., F. J. Calitz, and I. M. R. Van Aarde. "Insecticidal control of Melanterius servulus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae), a potential biocontrol agent of Paraserianthes lophantha (Leguminosae), in commercial seed orchards of black wattle, Acacia mearnsii(Leguminosae)." Bulletin of Entomological Research 82, no. 2 (1992): 197–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007485300051725.
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AbstractA seed-feeding weevil, Melanterius servulus Pascoe, is considered suitable for release against the weed Paraserianthes lophantha. However, host specificity tests have indicated that M. servulus may also develop on the seeds of Acacia mearnsii (black wattle), which is both a weed and a crop plant in South Africa. Seed orchards, which supply the black wattle industry, may therefore need to be protected. The aim of this study was to determine whether the two pyrethroid insecticides presently used in wattle plantations against the wattle bagworm (Kotochalia junodi Heylaerts (Lepidoptera: Psychidae)) are effective against M. servulus. Since M. servulus has not yet been released in South Africa, field trials were not possible, and evidence that black wattle seed orchards can be protected from M. servulus was obtained indirectly, in two stages. Firstly, field trials showed that the two insecticides effectively protect the weed Acacia longifolia from a closely related weevil, Melanterius ventralis Lea, which has already been established as a biocontrol agent. Secondly, quarantine laboratory trials demonstrated that M. ventralis and M. servulus showed similar avoidance responses and similar levels of mortality when exposed to the insecticides. All the evidence indicates that the chemical protection of A. mearnsii seed orchards from M. servulus is possible.
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Britton, David T. "Preface." Pure and Applied Chemistry 78, no. 9 (2006): iv. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac20067809iv.
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As a physicist, it is a great honor for me to write the preface to this issue of Pure and Applied Chemistry (PAC), which focuses on the synthesis, characterization, and applications of nanostructured advanced materials. Nanoscale science and nanotechnology are rapidly advancing examples of the interdisciplinary nature of science and technology in the 21st century, requiring the mastery of a combination of chemical and physical techniques and a broad vision. In the study of material properties, the nanoscale is truly the interface between the two fundamental natural sciences, where size, geometry, and chemical species all play a significant role in determining the electronic and mechanical properties of nanostructured materials, and their subsequent biological and chemical activity. All these aspects are covered in the selection of papers presented here, written by both established and upcoming chemists, physicists, materials scientists, and technologists.The 13 papers in this issue are selected from the invited presentations at the 3rd IUPAC Workshop on Advanced Materials (WAM III). This event is the third in a series devoted to the general theme of New Directions in Chemistry under the sponsorship of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). The Workshop was held on 5-8 September 2005 at the University of Stellenbosch in South Africa, and addressed the topic of Nanostructured Advanced Materials. Previous Workshops in this series were held in Hong Kong, 14-18 July 1999, and Bangalore, 13-16 February 2002. It is an indication of the importance of the science of nanomaterials that IUPAC continues to promote the advancement of interdisciplinary research and international collaboration in this area through these flagship workshops. In South Africa, this has been mirrored by the growth of the South African Nanotechnology Initiative (SANi), whose members, particularly at the student level, were lively participants of WAM III, and the recent launch, by the SA Department of Science and Technology, of a National Nanotechnology Strategy with a very strong focus on the characterization and basic properties of nanostructured materials.The atmosphere of the workshop was fully in keeping with the interdisciplinary and international nature of the field, with invited speakers and participants representing a range of disciplines, including inorganic and organic chemistry, physics, materials science, process engineering, and electrical engineering, representing both academia and industry, and 25 countries from all five continents. The formal program consisted of 16 contributed posters, 34 invited talks, and 7 plenary lectures. Although the majority of presentations concerned the synthesis, characterization, and properties of nanoparticles (3 plenary and 8 invited talks), other themes of the workshop focused on nano-electronics (6 invited talks); nanotubes and fibers (1 plenary and 3 invited talks); bottom-up design and self-assembly (1 plenary and 5 invited talks); biorelated and general nanomaterials (5 invited talks); and device application and characterization (2 plenary and 7 invited talks). All of these talks have been made available for download from the University of Stellenbosch website at http://academic.sun.ac.za/unesco/Conferences/Conference2005/programme.htm. The WAM III program also incorporated a German-South African student symposium, with oral presentations from four German students and one South African student, and the annual general meeting of SANi.Acknowledgments are due firstly to IUPAC for their continued support for the WAM series, and to the immediate past president Prof. P. S. Steyn for bringing the workshop to South Africa. In this regard, the support of the international organizing committee, and, in particular, Profs. C. N. R. Rao, P. O'Brien, and J. Wendorff, who gave plenary lectures. Another international organizing committee member, Dr. S. Mathur, organized the student symposium. The local organizing committee, comprising members from various local institutions, was chaired by Prof. R. D. Sanderson of Stellenbosch University, with all the organizational aspects ably handled by Ms. Aneli Fourie.David T. BrittonConference Editor
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Nair, Jerald J., Jaume Bastida, Carles Codina, Francesc Viladomat, and Johannes van Staden. "Alkaloids of the South African Amaryllidaceae: A Review." Natural Product Communications 8, no. 9 (2013): 1934578X1300800. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1934578x1300800938.
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The plant family Amaryllidaceae is known for its horticultural and ornamental appeal as well as its medicinal value. In relation to these characteristics, trade in Amaryllid flower varieties (especially daffodils) is a multi-million dollar revenue generator for the floriculture industry. Of greater significance are the medicinal attributes of the family, which has already spawned the Alzheimer's prescription drug galanthamine, a potent and selective inhibitor of the enzyme acetylcholinesterase, of significance in the progression of neurodegeneration associated with motor neuron diseases, with annual global sales of around $150 million. Furthermore, it is anticipated that an anticancer drug target related to the Amaryllidaceae alkaloid pancratistatin, presently under advanced clinical evaluation, will enter commercial circulation within the next decade. Members of the Amaryllidaceae are distributed through both tropical and subtropical regions of the globe, but are of prominence within three distinct geographical locations, including Andean South America, the Mediterranean basin, and southern Africa. The southern African zone is known to harbor at least a third of the worldwide complement of around 1000 species, many of which are widely utilized in the traditional medicinal practices of the indigenous people of the region. Given its therapeutic and economic value, its natural abundance in the southern African region, coupled to its widespread usage in ethnic medicine, the family Amaryllidaceae provides a diverse and accessible platform for phytochemical based drug discovery. A consolidation of its traditional usage as well as its chemical and pharmacological profiles will thus guide efforts aimed at maximizing this potential. In undertaking this survey of the Amaryllidaceae of southern African, we aimed to achieve these goals.
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Aniyikaiye, Tolulope, Temilola Oluseyi, John Odiyo, and Joshua Edokpayi. "Physico-Chemical Analysis of Wastewater Discharge from Selected Paint Industries in Lagos, Nigeria." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 16, no. 7 (2019): 1235. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16071235.
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Effluents from the paint industry have been a major source of environmental pollution. There is a need to investigate the compliance of wastewater discharged from paint industries with regulatory standards. In response, this study evaluates the physicochemical parameters of both raw and treated wastewater, the wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) efficiencies as well as the compliance level of five selected paint manufacturing companies in Lagos, Nigeria with some regulatory standards: Federal Ministry of Environment (FME) in Nigeria, World Health Organization (WHO) and Department of Water Affairs (DWA) in South Africa. All parameters investigated were analysed using standard methods. The values of pH, electrical conductivity (EC) and total dissolved solids (TDS) levels were in the range of 4–12.2, 149.1–881.3 mS/m and 1100–6510 mg/L, respectively. The range of other parameters include total suspended solids (TSS); 0–2470 mg/L, TS; 1920–6510 mg/L, chloride; 63.8–733.8 mg/L, dissolved oxygen (DO); 0–6.7 mg/L, oil and grease (O & G); 44–100 mg/L, biochemical oxygen demand (BOD); 162.8–974.7 mg/L, chemical oxygen demand (COD); 543–1231 mg/L, nitrates;12.89–211.2 mg/L, phosphate; below detection limit (bdl)–0.02 mg/L, sulphate; 195–1434 mg/L, nickel; bdl–1.9 mg/L while copper, lead and chromium were below detection limits. The results indicated that the WWTPs of the studied paint companies were ineffective in reducing the TS, TSS, BOD, COD and (O & G) to acceptable limits. Routine monitoring of wastewater from paint industries is therefore recommended to prevent the risk of contamination to the receiving watershed which many communities rely on as source for domestic water.
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Moodley, M., M. A. Johnston, J. C. Hughes, and L. W. Titshall. "Effects of a water treatment residue, lime, gypsum, and polyacrylamide on the water retention and hydraulic conductivity of two contrasting soils under field conditions in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." Soil Research 42, no. 3 (2004): 273. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/sr03045.
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Water treatment residue (WTR), a waste by-product of the 'drinking' water treatment industry, consists mainly of clay and fine silt flocculated out of suspension by chemicals such as polyelectrolytes and aluminium sulfate. This residue was disposed of almost exclusively in landfill, but land treatment is increasingly being seen as a possible alternative for this form of waste. A key concern, however, is that should the WTR decompose to its constituent fractions, this could cause blockage of pores and decrease the hydraulic properties of soil. To test this hypothesis, 2 field experiments were established on physically contrasting soils in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Application rates from 0 to 1280 Mg/ha of WTR were compared with amendments of lime, gypsum, and polyacrylamide to determine their effects on water retention and hydraulic conductivity. Although after 3 years at one experiment and 2 years at the second differences between the WTR treatments were measurable, only the 1280�Mg/ha application rate was significantly different from the control. The chemical amendments that were applied purely as comparative treatments had no significant influence on either water retention or hydraulic conductivity. Neither soil showed any difference in readily available water content. The experiments showed that, in both soil types, the WTR increased water retention and hydraulic conductivity but that improvement in both of these properties was only significant at the 1280 Mg/ha application rate. Thus, very high amounts of WTR must be added to affect these physical properties of soils.
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Tshabalala, Neo, Kasongo Nyembwe, and Malan Van Tonder. "OPTIMISATION OF A RESIN-COATED CHROMITE SAND FOR RAPID SAND CASTING APPLICATIONS." South African Journal of Industrial Engineering 32, no. 3 (2021): 290–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.7166/32-3-2665.
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Applications of three-dimensional printing (3DP) to sand casting have been well-established in the last two decades. The preferred raw material is silica (quartz) sand, as it is the most readily available and cost effective sand. However, silica sand as a refractory material has some technical limitations, including high thermal linear expansion, low refractoriness, and thermal conductivity. Therefore, it is not suitable for all castings. Other refractory sand types are available, including chromite sand, which is abundantly available in South Africa. Analysis of the physical and chemical properties of in-laboratory coating of a locally available chromite sand was conducted through known metal foundry tests that provide an understanding of the quality and suitability of the use of chromite sand as a potential substitute for silica material for rapid sand-casting applications. The results of this study will inform the industry about the optimisation of parameters for the manufacturing of a resin-coated chromite sand and its use in additive manufacturing using a Voxeljet VX 1000 printer.