Relevant bibliographies by topics / Chemical neutralization

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Academic literature on the topic 'Chemical neutralization'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 9 March 2023
Last updated: 10 March 2023

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Journal articles on the topic "Chemical neutralization"

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Orlando, Ron, Catherine Fenselau, and Robert J. Cotter. "Neutralization-chemical reionization mass spectrometry." Journal of the American Chemical Society 112, no. 15 (July 1990): 5747–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00171a012.

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Hasanov, R. G., G. S. Hasanov, and V. K. Valiev. "NEUTRALIZATION OF PHENOL-CONTAMINATED SOILS." Chemical Problems 20, no. 2 (2022): 154–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32737/2221-8688-2022-2-154-163.

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To eliminate the consequences of accidental spill of phenol, the results of neutralization of soils contaminated with phenol are presented. As for the analysis of soils by the geological-lithological section it was found that in areas of phenol contamination the soil has a surface soil-plant layer with a thickness of about 0.5m, then there is a heavy clay layer with a thickness of up to 7.0 m and finally a sand layer saturated with groundwater is observed. It revealed that according to physical and mechanical properties, the solid mineral phase of the soil corresponds to a hard plastic and semi-solid consistency of clays. It showed that the filtration of water through the bottom and walls on the area of the former burial of the tank is complicated because of closer to zero water permeability of soil strata due to clay rock. Mineralogical and chemical composition of soils contaminated with phenol is determined. An environmentally safe method of neutralizing phenol-containing soils is developed with a neutralizing composition based on quicklime and bentonite which simplifies the neutralization method of soils contaminated with phenol. Environmental safety was observed in the absence of phenol in water extracts from soils and the in treatment process permissible for the environment рН. Essence of proposed method lies in chemical inactivation of phenol based on its transformation into slow-moving water-insoluble compound - calcium phenolate. Decontamination product of phenol-containing soil is the smallest capsules comprising soil particles and immobilized phenol in the form of calcium phenolate. Material of the capsule represented by calcium hydroxide is neutralized over time by bentonite and СО2 from air resulting in the formation of hydrophobic silicate and calcium carbonate which gives capsules high strength properties. The research into the neutralized phenol containing soil for phenol in water extracts showed that the proposed method is simple, ecologically safe, causes no recontamination of environment with pollutants and provides the phenol content in soils within MAC.
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Sharma, Deepak, Avinashkumar V. Karre, Kalliat T. Valsaraj, and Sumit Sharma. "Intensification of a Neutralization Process for Waste Generated from Ion Exchange Regeneration for Expansion of a Chemical Manufacturing Facility." Processes 9, no. 8 (July 25, 2021): 1285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9081285.

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Waste generated during regeneration of Ion Exchanger (IX), used for deionizing water, needs to be neutralized before it can be discharged back to a clean water source. An efficient and novel process is disclosed that minimizes the neutralization volume and chemicals required for pH adjustment. The currently employed neutralization setups in the industry are environmentally unsustainable. Various neutralization setups were studied for treating waste generated from IX regeneration. From the collected plant data, the treatment requirements of waste streams generated during regeneration of IX beds were analyzed. An efficient neutralization setup was developed to lower the operating and capital costs by eliminating the need of some equipment and by lowering the neutralization volume. The new process results in considerable savings compared to currently used processes in the industry and is environmentally benign. The improved neutralization setup proposed in this work has achieved a 63% reduction in volume of IX regeneration waste stream; a 62% reduction in the capital cost; 23% reduction in chemical usage; and a 55% reduction in operating cost. The achieved improvements are quite significant, which are bound to immensely benefit the chemical industries that require demineralized water for their operation.
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EMBER, LOIS. "NEUTRALIZATION TOPS INCINERATION." Chemical & Engineering News 80, no. 14 (April 8, 2002): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v080n014.p010a.

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Venditto, Vincent J., Lindsay Wieczorek, Sebastian Molnar, Fernando Teque, Gary Landucci, Douglas S. Watson, Donald Forthal, Victoria R. Polonis, Jay A. Levy, and Francis C. Szoka. "Chemically Modified Peptides Based on the Membrane-Proximal External Region of the HIV-1 Envelope Induce High-Titer, Epitope-Specific Nonneutralizing Antibodies in Rabbits." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 21, no. 8 (May 28, 2014): 1086–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00320-14.

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ABSTRACTBroadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bNAbs) 2F5 and 4E10 bind to the membrane proximal external region (MPER) of gp41 and also cross-react with phospholipids. In this study, we investigated if chemical modifications on the MPER adjacent to 2F5 and 4E10 epitopes using mimetics of inflammation-associated posttranslational modifications to induce 2F5- and 4E10-like bNAbs can break tolerance. We synthesized a series of chemically modified peptides spanning the MPER. The serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues in the peptides were modified with sulfate, phosphate, or nitrate moieties and presented in liposomes for rabbit immunizations. All immunizations resulted in high antisera titers directed toward both the modified and unmodified immunogens. Tyrosine modification was observed to significantly suppress antiepitope responses. Sera with strong anti-gp140 titers were purified by affinity chromatography toward the MPER peptide and found to possess a higher affinity toward the MPER than did the bNAbs 2F5 and 4E10. Modest neutralization was observed in the H9 neutralization assay, but neutralization was not observed in the TZM-bl cell or peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) neutralization assay platforms. Although neutralizing antibodies were not induced by this approach, we conclude that chemical modifications can increase the immune responses to poorly immunogenic antigens, suggesting that chemical modification in an appropriate immunization protocol should be explored further as an HIV-1 vaccine strategy.
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Samuel, B. S. "Method of chemical reactions rate detection in the processes of neutralization of exhaust gases." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 6, no. 2-2 (March 20, 2012): 266–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-68537.

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The paper provides some general information and calculations of the chemical reactions of catalytic neutralization rate of exhaust gases, from which we can conclude that the temperature is the main parameter of exhaust gases process neutralization.
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Fernandes, Rui D. V., Liliana Melro, Jorge Padrão, Ana Isabel Ribeiro, Behnaz Mehravani, Filipa Monteiro, Eduardo Pereira, Marcos S. Martins, Nuno Dourado, and Andrea Zille. "Active Neutralizing Mats for Corrosive Chemical Storage." Gels 8, no. 8 (August 6, 2022): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8080489.

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Laboratories and industries that handle chemicals are ubiquitously prone to leakages. These may occur in storage rooms, cabinets or even in temporary locations, such as workbenches and shelves. A relevant number of these chemicals are corrosive, thus commercial products already exist to prevent material damage and injuries. One strategy consists of the use of absorbing mats, where few display neutralizing properties, and even less a controlled neutralization. Nevertheless, to the authors’ knowledge, the commercially available neutralizing mats are solely dedicated to neutralizing acid or alkali solutions, never both. Therefore, this work describes the development and proof of a completely novel concept, where a dual component active mat (DCAM) is able to perform a controlled simultaneous neutralization of acid and alkali leakages by using microencapsulated active components. Moreover, its active components comprise food-grade ingredients, embedded in nonwoven polypropylene. The acid neutralizing mats contain sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) encapsulated in sodium alginate microcapsules (MC-ASC). Alkali neutralizing mats possess commercial encapsulated citric acid in hydrogenated palm oil (MIRCAP CT 85-H). A DCAM encompasses both MC-ASC and MIRCAP CT 85-H and was able to neutralize solutions up to 10% (v/v) of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The efficacy of the neutralization was assessed by direct titration and using pH strip measurement tests to simulate the leakages. Due to the complexity of neutralization efficacy evaluation based solely on pH value, a thorough conductivity study was performed. DCAM reduced the conductivity of HCl and NaOH (1% and 2% (v/v)) in over 70%. The composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The size of MC-ASC microcapsules ranged from 2 μm to 8 μm. Finally, all mat components displayed thermal stability above 150 °C.
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Leverant, Calen J., Chad W. Priest, Jeffery A. Greathouse, Mark K. Kinnan, and Susan B. Rempe. "Quantum Calculations of VX Ammonolysis and Hydrolysis Pathways via Hydrated Lithium Nitride." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 16 (August 11, 2021): 8653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168653.

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Recently, lithium nitride (Li3N) has been proposed as a chemical warfare agent (CWA) neutralization reagent for its ability to produce nucleophilic ammonia molecules and hydroxide ions in aqueous solution. Quantum chemical calculations can provide insight into the Li3N neutralization process that has been studied experimentally. Here, we calculate reaction-free energies associated with the Li3N-based neutralization of the CWA VX using quantum chemical density functional theory and ab initio methods. We find that alkaline hydrolysis is more favorable to either ammonolysis or neutral hydrolysis for initial P-S and P-O bond cleavages. Reaction-free energies of subsequent reactions are calculated to determine the full reaction pathway. Notably, products predicted from favorable reactions have been identified in previous experiments.
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Schleiff, Martin, Günther Lefeld, Hermann Matschiner, and Otomar Špalek. "Modelling of mass transport and chemical reaction in a diaphragm." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 52, no. 7 (1987): 1692–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19871692.

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A mathematical model was proposed for the transport of ions in a diaphragm separating an acidic and an alkaline electrolyte. Besides an approximate analytical solution, a more exact numerical one was presented. The model permits the calculation of the position of the neutralization zone in the diaphragm, rates of transport of ions, and potential in the diaphragm. The dependence of the position of the neutralization zone on the composition of both electrolytes and on the current density was calculated for two technically important cases.
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IKEDA, Hideshi, and Yoichi MIYANAGA. "COMPARISON OF ACID-NEUTRALIZATION BY CHEMICAL WEATHERING BETWEEN WATERSHEDS." Proceedings of the Symposium on Global Environment 6 (1998): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/proge.6.285.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Chemical neutralization"

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Tam, Kawai 1969. "Neutralization of an acidic effluent using magnesium hydroxide." Thesis, McGill University, 1994. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=26426.

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Metal and acid containing effluents generated by industry are most commonly treated with lime which neutralizes the acid and precipitates the dissolved metals. The resulting sludge contains gypsum which has a high water content and requires large landfill volumes. It is therefore desirable to find a neutralizing agent which has a good neutralizing capacity and a dense precipitate which can be easily dewatered at low cost. A dense, fast settling sludge would also reduce the cost of the process and the volume to be landfilled. Magnesium hydroxide has been examined in this research as a neutralizing agent for a simulated iron-containing acidic solution. The effects of reaction temperature, dosage, rate of Mg(OH)$ sb2$ addition, and recycle on the neutralization of acidic iron solutions with magnesium hydroxide were studied. Magnesium hydroxide was found to be an effective precipitating agent removing over 98.3% of the iron from solution and an effective neutralizing agent exhibiting a buffering effect which stabilized the pH between 8.8 to 9.7 even with overtreatment. Observation of precipitate colour suggested that at lower pH values (2.2 to 4.3) ferric hydroxide was formed in the sludge whereas at higher pH values (9.3 to 9.7) the sludge consisted primarily of ferrous hydroxide. Increasing reaction temperatures from 10$ sp circ$C to 25$ sp circ$C did decrease reaction time but had insignificant effects on sludge production or characteristics. However, slow Mg(OH)$ sb2$ addition to the acidic iron solution as well as the use of a recycle both resulted in the production of larger sludge particles which resulted in a denser, fast-settling sludge.
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Mangunda, Cledwyn Tawanda. "An investigation into the precipitation of Fe(III) oxyhydroxides in lime neutralization processes." Doctoral thesis, Faculty of Engineering and the Built Environment, 2019. https://hdl.handle.net/11427/31743.

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Acid Mine Drainage (AMD) and hydrometallurgical wastewater are products of extractive activities that pose environmental risks as they contain heavy metals. The contents of these streams, which is dominated by iron, necessitates an effective treatment protocol. The tendency of iron to precipitate as a sludge has drawn attention to the mechanisms and the associated kinetics of Fe(III) oxyhydroxide precipitation and the post precipitation solidliquid separation processes within the high density sludge (HDS) treatment process. The HDS process is affordable to operate and has the potential benefit of the Fe(III) oxyhydroxide precipitates removing other pollutants through coprecipitation and adsorption, but it has its own shortcomings. These include, but are not limited to, the tendency of lime to be affected by armouring which hinders further lime dissolution, the decreased solubility of lime at high pH and elevated temperature and the formation of a gelatinous low-density sludge comprised of minuscule particles of Fe(III) oxyhydroxides and gypsum. The sludge is characterized by poor dewatering behaviour and postneutralization instability which increases the risk of the adsorbed or encapsulated dissolved metals to re-leach from the disposal sites, thus lessening the likelihood for metal value recovery, waste material reuse or recycle. These negative attributes result in considerable water losses and a large land area being required for sludge disposal to landfill. The literature reviewed indicates that researchers have not reached a consensus on the actual causes of sludge formation and transformation in the course of Fe(III) oxyhydroxide precipitation, with reported reaction kinetics and mechanisms being significantly different. In light of the above difficulties and lack of sufficient progress in body of knowledge, the objectives of the current research were - to gain an in-depth understanding of the dewatering behaviour of primary Fe(III) oxyhydroxide precipitates through investigating the effect of Fe(III) concentration; [Fe(III)] and OH/Fe molar ratios on the performance (settling and filtration rates and specific resistance to filtration - SRF) of products generated in the precipitation process so as to establish the mechanistic relationships that exist, and - to understand the mechanisms and kinetics through which ageing of secondary Fe(III) oxyhydroxide precipitates occurs at elevated temperature and prolonged ageing time and to infer the effects of ageing on the dewatering behaviour of secondary Fe(III) oxyhydroxide precipitates. The mineral phase identification, though acknowledged to be valuable in iron precipitation, was seen to have negligible value in relation to describing dewatering behaviour, hence was not focused on. In order to achieve the objectives above, experiments were conducted in a 1.5 L glass mixed-suspension-mixed-product-removal (MSMPR) reactor under ambient laboratory temperature at 21 ± 1 °C. The agitated MSMPR was equipped with a lid containing ports for pH and temperature probes and four uniformly spaced stainless steel baffles to maximize mixing of the reagents. A synthetic acid mine drainage (SAMD) solution made from aqueous Fe2(SO4)3 was treated in the MSMPR reactor with a reagent grade Ca(OH)2 aqueous stream, with the Ca(OH)2 solution being used for pH adjustment thereby effecting neutralization and precipitation. A residence time of 15 minutes, as estimated from the reactor volume and feed solution flow rate, was used. The number of residence times for steady state attainment were identified as 16 from the particle size distribution (PSD) measurements, although the reactor was allowed to run up to 19 residence times (19 τ = 575 min) before sampling commenced. The ferric concentration ([Fe(III)]) in the feed was kept constant at six different levels of 50, 100, 200, 300, 400 and 800 mg L-1 (± 5 mg L-1 ) whilst adding the corresponding OH, at a molar ratio (OH/Fe - referred to as R) of 3, from the Ca(OH)2 solution. The reaction conditions were such that no gypsum was precipitated. The experiments to investigate the effect of molar ratios were conducted at OH/Fe molar ratios ranging from 3/1 (R = 3), 2.5/1 (R = 2.5) and 2/1 (R = 2) whilst the [Fe(III)] in the feed was kept constant at 100, 300, and 800 mg L-1 (± 5 mg L-1 ). The experiments to aid the understanding of ageing effects on the product characteristics (particle size, PSD, morphology and structure) and dewatering behaviour were conducted under two regimes, the continuous and the batch system. Under continuous conditions and a residence time of 15 minutes, the feed [Fe(III)] into the primary reactor (MSMPR) was set at 100, 300, and 800 mg L-1 and the aqueous stream of reagent grade Ca(OH)2 was added at a molar ratio of OH/Fe of 2.5. The primary reactor was set up on a secure elevated platform and was operated such that the overflow was continuously fed into a 1 L jacketed glass MSMPR reactor (ageing reactor). The ageing reactor was supplied with heated deionized water, operated at 30, 40 and 50 (± 1) °C and agitated at a rate of 230 rpm by a four bladed 45° pitched blade turbine. The batch ageing experiments were conducted in a 1 L jacketed reactor which was allowed to attain the setpoint temperature of 40 ± 1 °C before being filled with fresh Fe(III) oxyhydroxides from the primary reactor precipitated at a molar ratio of OH/Fe of 2.5 (R = 2.5) and [Fe(III)] of 300 mg L-1 . The agitated (230 rpm) reactor was run for 24 hours with samples collected at set times of 1, 2, 4, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 16 and 24 hours. The PSD results of the samples were used to establish the mechanisms and kinetics of the system by using the method of moments. The samples taken from the conditions investigated, as outlined above, were analysed for [Fe(III)] in the feed, precipitate and supernatant using spectrophotometry and the 1–10 phenanthroline method as the basis. Spectrophotometry was also used to determine the calcium and sulphate concentrations in the feed, precipitate and supernatant. The PSD and aqueous specific surface area were measured by means of laser diffraction that used static light scattering. Surface charge inferences were made through zeta potential measurements (ζ-potential) using electrophoresis to determine the isoelectric point (IEP). The pH dependence of the ζ-potential was investigated using multi-purpose titrations (MPT-2) with the titrants being 0.01 M H2SO4 and 0.01 M and NaOH. The crystal habit was analysed using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) whilst a combination of SEM with EDX was used for composition determination. Transmission electron microscopy was used to determine the morphology and size. The slurry viscosity was measured using a rheometer operating with the vane and cup arrangement. Iron mineral phase identification was done through Raman microscopy and XRD in order to verify if the mineral phases from a slurry based analysis and a solid sample analysis were the same. The initial studies on the dewatering behaviour indicated that the [Fe(III)] in the feed influenced (to varying extents) the dewatering trend of the precipitation product, via particle size, particle size distribution (PSD), surface charge, morphology and structure. It was established that there was a corresponding change in product characteristics and performance as the [Fe(III)] was increased. A transition was observed at [Fe(III)] of 300 mg L-1 where the settling rate (2.4 ± 0.04 mm min-1 ), particle size (D4,3 of 27 µm) and supersaturation passed through a maximum whilst the filtration rate (3 ± 0.46 cm3 /cm2 /min) and zeta potential approached a minimum. These conditions resulted in enhanced agglomeration, with the improved dewatering behaviour being attributed to a dense network of interlocked and interconnected bridges in the crystal habit of the particles. The results did show that there was a complicated relationship between the underlying micro- and nano-scale properties and the product performance from which dewatering behaviour is inferred. The OH/Fe molar ratio variations were described as low (R = 2.5) and high (R = 3) due to contact nucleation prompting the exclusion of the R = 2 results from further analysis. These molar ratios had an effect on product performance which was improved at the low OH/ Fe molar ratio. A low R positively affected the product characteristics which led to the fastest settling rate of 3.3 ± 0.2 mm min-1 , an increase in the filtration rate from 3.7 ± 0.4 to 5.1 ± 0.5 cm3 cm-2 min-1 and a decrease in the specific resistance to filtration (SRF) from 1.42 x 1012 to 6.71 x 1011 m kg-1 at R = 2.5 and a [Fe(III)] = 300 mg L-1 . The improved product performance was attributed to the dominance of large (D4,3 of 48.3± 0.05 µm and D3,2 of 30.8 ± 0.05 µm), regularly shaped particles which had a unimodal distribution and a notable decrease in the peak number of fine particles from 3.5 × 1013 (1 µm size) to 1.7 × 1012 (3.90 µm size). The Fe(III) oxyhydroxides formed at [Fe(III)] of 100 and 800 mg L-1 displayed insignificant product performance changes with variation in R with the exception of the 800 mg L-1 case which produced the largest change in settling rate (threefold – from 0.8 to 2.4 ± 0.2 mm min-1 ) at R = 2.5. These results reinforced the change in settling and dewatering behaviour observed at [Fe(III)] of 300 mg L-1 . It was noted that the lower R value (R = 2.5) resulted in a lower pH in solution, leading to decreased nucleation. However, higher agglomeration rates were observed, contrary to other studies. This was attributed, in the present study at low R, to a reduction in the surface charge related electrostatic repulsion, whilst van der Waals attractive forces had been favoured by the decrease in supersaturation. The product performance of the precipitates which underwent structural maturation in a continuous system were found to improve after elevated temperature treatment. The highest settling rate was found to have been reached at 40 °C and at [Fe(III)] of 300 mg L1 . This was ascribed to the increase in agglomeration which yielded a high D4,3 (26.3 ± 0.05 µm) mean particle size at this temperature; hence bigger particles implied faster settling. The filterability of the aged precipitates, at a given [Fe(III)], passed through a maximum as the temperature increased. Another transition was observed at Fe(III) of 300 mg L-1 where there was a decrease in surface charge with an increase in temperature as evidenced by the low zeta potential values and a steady state pH which was close to the isoelectric point. This was evidence of a circum-neutral surface charge that favoured agglomeration. The change in micro and nano-structure was seen in the image analysis results. However, these imaging results show evidence of deagglomeration at 50 °C which probably explains the improved dewatering behaviour. The batch ageing system revealed that structural maturation in the ageing process, at elevated temperature, has multiple particle rate processes that occur simultaneously but that which one dominates varies with time. The ageing process results identified four broad time intervals, namely 0 to 6, 6 to 8, 8 to 10 and 10 to 24 hours, through which the different mechanisms were active. The settling trend for the samples collected at the different ageing times displayed a high initial settling rate within the free settling zone of the settling curve. The solids from interval 1 and 2 (0 to 6 and 6 to 8 h) displayed the fastest settling rates within the hindered settling zone with interval 2 solids dominating the compression settling zone. It was noted, however that no significant improvements in settleability were observed with an increase in ageing time except at 8 hours. The filterability on the other hand experienced improvements with ageing especially in the interval 3 and 4 (8 to 10 and 10 to 24 h) where the specific resistance to filtration (SRF) was at its lowest value of 8.78 × 1011 m kg-1 at 8 hours. This was attributed to a combination of an increase in particle size, a decrease in the number of fine particles and a transition in the crystal habit and morphology of the particles as evidenced in the image analysis findings. The product performance followed a trend where it decreased at the onset of interval 1 and remained fairly constant throughout the interval. The onset of interval 2 saw an increase in product performance which reached a distinct maximum at 8 hours after which it reverted back, interval 3 and 4, to levels similar to those in interval 2. The mechanisms that were inferred from the moments of the distribution alluded to the nucleation of new particles (interval 1), the agglomeration and limited growth of those particles which involved structural incorporation (at 8 hours in interval 2) and transformation (of ferrihydrite into goethite particles via a dissolution and reprecipitation process which led to the goethite being sparsely distributed on top of the ferrihydrite base) (interval 3 and 4). The graphical illustration of these processes and their impact on settling and dewatering behaviour is illustrated below. The findings of this work on primary precipitation and ageing of iron during lime neutralization have implications on how iron is treated in AMD and hydrometallurgical processes. A slight elevation in post-precipitation operating temperature under reduced lime usage offers an attractive alternative to improving dewatering behaviour of the precipitated sludge with the potential of reducing metal leachate from landfills.
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Ibrahim, R. "Practical modelling and control implementation studies on a pH neutralization process pilot plant." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2008. http://theses.gla.ac.uk/311/.

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In recent years the industrial application of advanced control techniques for the process industries has become more demanding, mainly due to the increasing complexity of the processes themselves as well as to enhanced requirements in terms of product quality and environmental factors. Therefore the process industries require more reliable, accurate, robust, efficient and flexible control systems for the operation of process plant. In order to fulfil the above requirements there is a continuing need for research on improved forms of control. There is also a need, for a variety of purposes including control system design, for improved process models to represent the types of plant commonly used in industry. Advanced technology has had a significant impact on industrial control engineering. The new trend in terms of advanced control technology is increasingly towards the use of a control approach known as an “intelligent” control strategy. Intelligent control can be described as a control approach or solution that tries to imitate important characteristics of the human way of thinking, especially in terms of decision making processes and uncertainty. It is also a term that is commonly used to describe most forms of control systems that are based on artificial neural networks or fuzzy logic. The first aspect of the research described in the thesis concerns the development of a mathematical model of a specific chemical process, a pH neutralization process. It was intended that this model would then provide an opportunity for the development, implementation, testing and evaluation of an advanced form of controller. It was also intended that this controller should be consistent in form with the generally accepted definition of an “intelligent” controller. The research has been based entirely around a specific pH neutralization process pilot plant installed at the University Teknologi Petronas, in Malaysia. The main feature of interest in this pilot plant is that it was built using instrumentation and actuators that are currently used in the process industries. The dynamic model of the pilot plant has been compared in detail with the results of experiments on the plant itself and the model has been assessed in terms of its suitability for the intended control system design application. The second stage of this research concerns the implementation and testing of advanced forms of controller on the pH neutralization pilot plant. The research was also concerned with the feasibility of using a feedback/feedforward control structure for the pH neutralization process application. Thus the study has utilised this control scheme as a backbone of the overall control structure. The main advantage of this structure is that it provides two important control actions, with the feedback control scheme reacting to unmeasured disturbances and the feedforward control scheme reacting immediately to any measured disturbance and set-point changes. A non-model-based form of controller algorithm involving fuzzy logic has been developed within the context of this combined feedforward and feedback control structure. The fuzzy logic controller with the feedback/feedforward control approach was implemented and a wide range of tests and experiments were carried out successfully on the pilot plant with this type of controller installed. Results from this feedback/feedforward control structure are extremely encouraging and the controlled responses of the plant with the fuzzy logic controller show interesting characteristics. Results obtained from tests of these closed-loop system configurations involving the real pilot plant are broadly similar to results found using computer-based simulation. Due to limitations in terms of access to the pilot plant the investigation of the feedback/feedforward control scheme with other type of controllers such as Proportional plus Integral (PI) controller could not be implemented. However, extensive computer-based simulation work was carried out using the same control scheme with PI controller and the control performances are also encouraging. The emphasis on implementation of advanced forms of control with a feedback/feedforward control scheme and the use of the pilot plant in these investigations are important aspects of the work and it is hoped that the favourable outcome of this research activity may contribute in some way to reducing the gap between theory and practice in the process control field.
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Nkambule, Sifiso Musa. "Theoretical studies of chemical dynamics on excited states, driven by non-adiabatic effects : Charge recombination reactions." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Fysikum, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-128723.

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This thesis is based on theoretical studies of molecular collisions occurring at relatively low to intermediate collision energies. The collisions are called dissociative recombination (DR) and mutual neutralization (MN). In a molecular quantum mechanical picture, both reactions involve many highly excited molecular electronic states that are interacting by non-adiabatic couplings with each other. The molecular complexes involved in the collisions are relatively (diatomic or triatomic systems) composed of relative light atoms. This allows for accurate quantum chemistry calculations and a quantum mechanical description of the nuclear motions. The reactions studied here are the MN reaction in collisions of H++ H-, Li++ F-, and He++ H- and the DR reaction of H2O+. Rotational couplings are investigated in the study of MN reaction for  He++ H . For some reactions, the electronic resonant states have to be considered. These are not bound states, but are states interacting with the ionization continuum. Electronic structure calculations are combined with electron scattering calculations to accurately compute potential energy curves for the resonant states involved in the DR of H2O+ and the MN of  He++ H. From these calculations, the autoionization widths of the resonant states are also obtained. Once the potential energy curves are computed for the systems, the nuclear dynamics are studied either semi-classically, using the Landau-Zener method or quantum mechanically, employing the time-independent and time-dependant Schrödinger equations. Reaction cross section and final states distribution are computed for all the reactions, showing significantly large cross section at low to intermediate collision energies. For the MN processes, studied here, not only total cross sections are calculated but differential cross sections as well. Where possible, comparisons with previous experimental and theoretical results are performed

At the time of the doctoral defense, the following paper was unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 4: Manuscript.

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Obut, Salih. "Control Of Ph In Neutralization Reactor Of A Waste Water Treatment System Using Identification Reactor." Master's thesis, METU, 2005. http://etd.lib.metu.edu.tr/upload/2/12606395/index.pdf.

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A typical wastewater effluent of a chemical process can contain several strong acids/bases, weak acids/bases as well as their salts. They must be neutralized before being discharged to the environment in order to protect aquatic life and human welfare. However, neutralization process is highly non&ndash
linear and has time&ndash
varying characteristics. Therefore, the control of pH is a challenging problem where advanced control strategies are often considered. In this study, the aim is to design a pH control system that will be capable of controlling the pH-value of a plant waste-water effluent stream having unknown acids with unknown concentrations using an on&ndash
line identification procedure. A Model Predictive Controller, MPC, and a Fuzzy Logic Controller, FLC, are designed and used in a laboratory scale pH neutralization system. The characteristic of the upstream flow is obtained by a small identification reactor which has ten times faster dynamics and which is working parallel to actual neutralization tank. In the control strategy, steady&ndash
state titration curve of the process stream is obtained using the data collected in terms of pH value from the response of the identification reactor to a pulse input in base flow rate and using the simulated response of the identification reactor for the same input. After obtaining the steady&ndash
state titration curve, it is used in the design of a Proportional&ndash
Integral, PI, and of an Adaptive Model Predictive Controller, AMPC. On the other hand, identification reactor is not used in the FLC scheme. The performances of the designed controllers are tested mainly for disturbance rejection, set&ndash
point tracking and robustness issues theoretically and experimentally. The superiority of the FLC is verified.
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Zogheib, Lucas Villaça. "Efeito da neutralização e remoção sônica do precipitado do ácido fluorídrico na resistência à fratura de coroas cerâmicas /." São José dos Campos : [s.n.], 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105546.

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Orientador: Estevão Tomomitsu Kimpara
Banca: Alvaro Della Bona
Banca: José Henrique Rubo
Banca: Mário Alexandre Coelho Sinhoreti
Banca: Guilherme de Siqueira Ferreira Anzaloni Saavedra
Resumo: Testou-se o efeito de diferentes formas de tratamento da superfície cerâmica após condicionamento com ácido hidrofluorídrico (HF) na resistência à fratura de coroas cerâmicas à base de dissilicato de lítio. Quarenta terceiros molares humanos receberam um preparo convencional para coroa total. Após escaneamento digital dos preparos, blocos cerâmicos foram usinados pelo sistema CAD/CAM para obtenção das coroas. A espessura da película de cimento das coroas ao preparo foi verificada com silicone de adição. As coroas foram distribuídas nos 4 grupos conforme o tratamento da superfície cerâmica (n=10): (HF)- HF à 4.9% por 20s + spray ar-água por 30s; (HFN)- HF + agente neutralizador por 5 min (N); (HFU) - HF + banho sônico por 5 min (U); e (HFNU)- HF + N + U. Após aplicação de uma camada de silano (60s), as coroas foram cimentadas com cimento resinoso dual. Uma carga compressiva de 1000Kg foi aplicada no centro da face oclusal da coroa com velocidade de 1 mm/min até a fratura. Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA e Tukey (α=0,05). A carga média de fratura (Kgf) foi: HF = 169,92 ± 21,37; HFN = 187,34 ± 34,79; HFU = 166,63 ± 40,22 e HFNU = 175,26 ± 40,22. O tratamento da superfície cerâmica após condicionamento ácido não influenciou significativamente (p>0.05) na resistência à fratura das coroas cerâmicas testadas, sugerindo que é desnecessário qualquer tratamento adicional para remoção de resíduos após o uso de HF e lavagem com jato de água-ar
Abstract: The effect of different ceramic surface post hydrofluoric acid (HF) etching cleaning protocols in the fracture strength of lithium dissilicate glass ceramic crowns were evaluated. Forty maxillary third human molars received a conventional full preparation. Crowns were obtained from the digital scanning of the preparations and CAD/CAM blocks machining. Crown cement film thickness was evaluated with vinyl polysiloxane. The crowns were allocated in 4 groups according to the ceramic surface treatment (n=10): (HF)- 4.9% HF for 20s + water spray for 30s; (HFN)- HF + neutralizing agent for 5 min (N); (HFU) -: HF+ sonic bath for 5 min (U) and (HFNU): HF + N + U. After a silane coat (60s), crowns were cemented with dual cure cement. A compressive load of 1000Kg was applied in the occlusal surface center at crosshead speed of 1mm/min until the fracture. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests (α = 0.05). Fracture strength mean for each group was (Kgf): HF = 169.92 ± 21.37; HFN = 187.34 ± 34.79; HFU = 166.63 ± 40.22 e HFNU = 175.26 ± 40.22. There was no statistical difference as the surface treatment (p>0.05) suggesting that it is not necessary any additional ceramic surface treatment in order to remove debris after using of HF and air-water spray rinsing
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Zogheib, Lucas Villaça [UNESP]. "Efeito da neutralização e remoção sônica do precipitado do ácido fluorídrico na resistência à fratura de coroas cerâmicas." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/105546.

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Testou-se o efeito de diferentes formas de tratamento da superfície cerâmica após condicionamento com ácido hidrofluorídrico (HF) na resistência à fratura de coroas cerâmicas à base de dissilicato de lítio. Quarenta terceiros molares humanos receberam um preparo convencional para coroa total. Após escaneamento digital dos preparos, blocos cerâmicos foram usinados pelo sistema CAD/CAM para obtenção das coroas. A espessura da película de cimento das coroas ao preparo foi verificada com silicone de adição. As coroas foram distribuídas nos 4 grupos conforme o tratamento da superfície cerâmica (n=10): (HF)- HF à 4.9% por 20s + spray ar-água por 30s; (HFN)– HF + agente neutralizador por 5 min (N); (HFU) – HF + banho sônico por 5 min (U); e (HFNU)– HF + N + U. Após aplicação de uma camada de silano (60s), as coroas foram cimentadas com cimento resinoso dual. Uma carga compressiva de 1000Kg foi aplicada no centro da face oclusal da coroa com velocidade de 1 mm/min até a fratura. Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA e Tukey (α=0,05). A carga média de fratura (Kgf) foi: HF = 169,92 ± 21,37; HFN = 187,34 ± 34,79; HFU = 166,63 ± 40,22 e HFNU = 175,26 ± 40,22. O tratamento da superfície cerâmica após condicionamento ácido não influenciou significativamente (p>0.05) na resistência à fratura das coroas cerâmicas testadas, sugerindo que é desnecessário qualquer tratamento adicional para remoção de resíduos após o uso de HF e lavagem com jato de água-ar
The effect of different ceramic surface post hydrofluoric acid (HF) etching cleaning protocols in the fracture strength of lithium dissilicate glass ceramic crowns were evaluated. Forty maxillary third human molars received a conventional full preparation. Crowns were obtained from the digital scanning of the preparations and CAD/CAM blocks machining. Crown cement film thickness was evaluated with vinyl polysiloxane. The crowns were allocated in 4 groups according to the ceramic surface treatment (n=10): (HF)- 4.9% HF for 20s + water spray for 30s; (HFN)- HF + neutralizing agent for 5 min (N); (HFU) -: HF+ sonic bath for 5 min (U) and (HFNU): HF + N + U. After a silane coat (60s), crowns were cemented with dual cure cement. A compressive load of 1000Kg was applied in the occlusal surface center at crosshead speed of 1mm/min until the fracture. Data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA and Tukey tests (α = 0.05). Fracture strength mean for each group was (Kgf): HF = 169.92 ± 21.37; HFN = 187.34 ± 34.79; HFU = 166.63 ± 40.22 e HFNU = 175.26 ± 40.22. There was no statistical difference as the surface treatment (p>0.05) suggesting that it is not necessary any additional ceramic surface treatment in order to remove debris after using of HF and air-water spray rinsing
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Ercoli, Roberto. "Chemical neutralization of industrial by-products from the secondary aluminum industry: re-use as foaming agents for the synthesis of geopolymers and monitoring of the hydrogen-rich gas production." Doctoral thesis, Urbino, 2022. http://hdl.handle.net/11576/2698511.

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Brinne, Roos Johanna. "Reaction dynamics on highly excited states." Doctoral thesis, Stockholms universitet, Fysikum, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:su:diva-27122.

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In this thesis I have performed theoretical studies on the reaction dynamics in few-atom molecules. In particular, I have looked at reaction processes in which highly excited resonant states are involved. When highly excited states are formed, the dynamics becomes complicated and approximations normally used in chemical reaction studies are no longer applicable.To calculate the potential energy curve for some of these states as a function of internuclear distance, a combination of structure calculations and scattering calculations have to be performed, and the reaction dynamics on the potentials has been studied using both time-independent and time-dependent methods.The processes that have been studied and which are discussed in this thesis are ion-pair formation in electron recombination with H3+, dissociative recombination and ion-pair formation of HF+, mutual neutralization in H++F- collisions and dissociative recombination of BeH+. Isotope effects in these reactions have also been investigated. Our calculated cross sections are compared with experimentally measured cross sections for these reactions.
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Jallet, Valérie. "Masquage de charges cationiques d'une polybase globulaire bifonctionnelle en vue de minimiser sa toxicité vis-à-vis du sang." Rouen, 1994. http://www.theses.fr/1994ROUES009.

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Cette thèse a pour objectif la diminution de la toxicité sanguine d'une polybase globulaire bifonctionnelle Q-P(TDAE)X, servant à vectoriser des principes actifs peu solubles dans l'eau. Pour cela, l'interaction de type polyanion-polycation avec des composés polyanioniques a été envisagée pour masquer tout ou une partie des charges électrostatiques ammonium quaternaire à la surface du globule. Une autre approche a consisté à modifier chimiquement les unités latérales amine tertiaire de l'homopolymère P(TDAE) en conservant l'hydrophilie du système. L'ensemble de ce travail est décrit en quatre chapitres. Dans le premier chapitre, l'héparine a été choisie, en raison de ses propriétés anticoagulantes, pour interagir avec la polybase globulaire. Le second chapitre présente l'influence de paramètres liés à des polyanions monofonctionnels sur la composition et la taille des particules de complexe. Dans le troisième chapitre, l'homopolymère P(TDAE) a été modifié chimiquement, soit par tentative de couplage d'oligomères de poly(éthylène glycol) sur les fonctions amine tertiaire de P(TDAE), soit par synthèse de polyzwitterions à partir de P(TDAE) et de 1,3-propane-sultone. Enfin, le dernier chapitre concerne l'étude du complexe formé entre la polybase globulaire et un copolymère poly(aspartate de sodium-b-éthylène glycol) et de sa toxicité par voie intra-veineuse.
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Books on the topic "Chemical neutralization"

1

Program, National Research Council (U S. ). Committee on Review and Evaluation of the Army Chemical Stockpile Disposal. Using supercritical water oxidation to treat hydrolysate from VX neutralization. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1998.

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Brown, Harry James. Floc generation by chemical neutralization of acid mine drainage. S.l: s.n, 1994.

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Brown, Harry James. Stability of flocs produced by chemical neutralization of acid mine drainage. S.l: s.n, 1994.

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Brown, Harry James. Volume and composition of flocs from chemical neutralization of acid mine drainage. S.l: s.n, 1994.

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J, Renton J., ed. Chemical risk assessment of floc generated by the neutralization of acid mine drainage. Washington, DC: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, Bureau of Mines, 1993.

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(US), National Research Council. Using Supercritical Water Oxidation to Treat Hydrolysate from VX Neutralization (Compass Series). National Academies Press, 1998.

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Pardue, Harry L. Chemical Equilibria: Exact Equations and Spreadsheet Programs to Solve Them. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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Pardue, Harry L. Chemical Equilibria: Exact Equations and Spreadsheet Programs to Solve Them. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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Pardue, Harry L. Chemical Equilibria: Exact Equations and Spreadsheet Programs to Solve Them. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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Pardue, Harry L. Chemical Equilibria: Exact Equations and Spreadsheet Programs to Solve Them. Taylor & Francis Group, 2018.

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Book chapters on the topic "Chemical neutralization"

1

Javaherian, Kashi, Alphonse J. Langlois, and Gregory J. LaRosa. "SIV Neutralization Epitopes." In Chemical Immunology and Allergy, 78–90. Basel: KARGER, 1993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000319157.

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Zhu, Peter C., Charles G. Roberts, and Jiejun Wu. "Chemical Detoxifying Neutralization ofortho-Phthalaldehyde: Seeking the "Greenest"." In ACS Symposium Series, 85–97. Washington, DC: American Chemical Society, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bk-2004-0863.ch007.

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Mohammed, Omar F., Katrin Adamczyk, Dina Pines, Ehud Pines, and Erik T. J. Nibbering. "Aqueous Proton Transfer Pathways in Bimolecular Acid-Base Neutralization." In Springer Series in Chemical Physics, 622–24. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-540-95946-5_202.

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Brabetz, W., U. Mamat, C. Alexander, and E. Th Rietschel. "Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides: Chemical Constitution, Endotoxic Activity, and Biological Neutralization." In Symposium in Immunology VIII, 89–121. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-59947-7_7.

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Mohammed, O. F., M. Rini, J. Dreyer, B. Z. Magnes, D. Pines, E. T. J. Nibbering, and E. Pines. "Bimodal Intermolecular Proton Transfer in Acid-Base Neutralization Reactions in Water." In Springer Series in Chemical Physics, 448–52. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-27213-5_137.

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Silva, Patricia Magalhães Pereira, Andre Luiz Vilaça do Carmo, Roseanne Barata Holanda, Fernando Gama Gomes, Emanuele Nogueira, Raphael Vieira da Costa, Caio César Amorim de Melo, Adriano Reis Lucheta, and Marcelo Montini. "Brazilian Bauxite Residue Physical–Chemical Characterization and Acidic Neutralization Potential." In Light Metals 2020, 115–23. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-36408-3_16.

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Tureček, František. "Transient Intermediates of Chemical Reactions by Neutralization-Reionization Mass Spectrometry." In Topics in Current Chemistry, 77–129. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/3-540-36113-8_3.

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Huan, Gao, and Sun Bo. "Research on the development of environmental energy efficiency in Liaoning province under the goal of carbon neutralization." In Energy Revolution and Chemical Research, 164–68. London: CRC Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/9781003332657-25.

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Gunn, J. M., M. J. McMurtry, J. M. Casselman, W. Keller, and M. J. Powell. "Changes in the Fish Community of a Limed Lake Near Sudbury, Ontario: Effects of Chemical Neutralization or Reduced Atmospheric Deposition of Acids?" In Restoration of Aquatic and Terrestrial Systems, 113–36. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-009-2279-2_9.

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Lloyd, Todd A., and Charles E. Wyman. "Predicted Effects of Mineral Neutralization and Bisulfate Formation on Hydrogen Ion Concentration for Dilute Sulfuric Acid Pretreatment." In Proceedings of the Twenty-Fifth Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals Held May 4–7, 2003, in Breckenridge, CO, 1013–22. Totowa, NJ: Humana Press, 2004. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-59259-837-3_82.

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Conference papers on the topic "Chemical neutralization"

1

Danilushkin, I. A., S. A. Kolpashchikov, and A. G. Mandra. "Time-Optimal Control of Chemical Neutralization Process." In 2019 International Russian Automation Conference. IEEE, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/rusautocon.2019.8867668.

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Łopatka, Marian Janusz, and Daniel Sterniczuk. "Concept of the manipulators set for fast IEDs neutralization." In 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON CHEMISTRY, CHEMICAL PROCESS AND ENGINEERING (IC3PE). Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5066499.

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Mariappan, N., M. Husain, I. Zafar, K. Smithson, S. Ahmad, and A. Ahmad. "Neutralization of Extracellular Nucleic Acids Rescues Rats from Chemical-Induced ARDS." In American Thoracic Society 2019 International Conference, May 17-22, 2019 - Dallas, TX. American Thoracic Society, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1164/ajrccm-conference.2019.199.1_meetingabstracts.a1018.

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Shu, Meng, Zhong Pingru, and Wu Yongyong. "Neutralization Processing and Study of Dynamic of Acidic Tailings Used Heap Leaching." In The 4th World Congress on Mechanical, Chemical, and Material Engineering. Avestia Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.11159/mmme18.116.

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Litle, Darren. "Utilization of Controlled Flow Cavitation to minimize process inputs, energy, and waste while maximizing process yield, quality, and sustainability." In 2022 AOCS Annual Meeting & Expo. American Oil Chemists' Society (AOCS), 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.21748/lrmb8817.

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An overview of the application of controlled flow caviation (CFC(TM)) for the intensification of chemical processing applications is presented. More specifically, this oral presentation will summarize the positive effects cavitation technology has made in the acid degumming and chemical neutralization refining process steps over the past ten years. It will be shown how CFC(TM) technology minimizes the resources necessary to purify fats and oils in the degumming and neutralization processes while at the same time producing less waste and make a better quality product. Due to the heat of reaction, this technology further reduces the amount of energy necessary for heating prior to separation of the impurities. For vegetable oil acid degumming and/or neutralization reactions, the reasons for enhanced performance of the refining operation, reduced environmental impact, observed reduction in necessary acid and/or caustic addition as well as decrease in oil loss, potential savings in steam consumption and decrease in maintenance opex is discussed and industrial scale examples given. Several methods for measuring yield gain are also discussed. Finally, the efficient removal of residual soaps, phosphorus, ffa, and metals while minimizing and in some cases even eliminating the need for water washing or silica addition is also described.
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Asahina, Joseph K., and Takao Shirakura. "Detonation Chamber of Chemical Munitions: Its Design Philosophy and Operation Record at Kanda, Japan." In ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2006-icpvt-11-93809.

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Destruction of chemical weapons is a technical area that involves extensive international cooperation, with open discussion among a wide variety of participants aimed at elimination of these weapons of mass destruction. The most common methods for destruction of chemical weapons are: (1) chemical neutralization and (2) incineration after separation of the chemical agent from the weapon’s explosive charge. When the munitions are stockpiled, the agent and the explosive charge are easily separated by means of reverse assembly or water jet cutting. However, for munitions that are not stockpiled, complete separation of agent and explosive charge is nearly impossible.
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Öztoprak, Kaan, and Ece Öztoprak. "Investigation of Acid Residue on the Surface of Dental Implants after Different Surface Cleaning Processes." In The 9th International Conference on Advanced Materials and Systems. INCDTP - Leather and Footwear Research Institute (ICPI), Bucharest, Romania, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.24264/icams-2022.ii.20.

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For dental implants to osseointegrate well, all clinical and production conditions must be perfect. Due to some negativities in production conditions, unwanted residual materials may remain on the implant surfaces, and these may adversely affect osseointegration. While producing implants, some surface treatments are required. These processes are generally based on the principle of increasing the surface area. Thus, they can provide attachment to the bone on more surfaces. Most methods applied to increase the implant surface area include acidic chemicals. After the acid is applied to the implant surfaces, the acid in the pits formed on the surface must be removed entirely. In cases where the acid cannot be completely removed, the remaining acid may cause bone destruction and cause implant loss. For this reason, some processes must be applied to remove residual acid. In this study, we aimed to find better ways to clean the acid residues on the implant surface. We created 2 groups of 20 implants in our study. Micro arc oxidation was applied with sulfuric acid in 2 groups and then washed with distilled water in a 180-watt ultrasonic cleaner. One group of implants was washed with pure water only, and the other group was washed with pure water and chemically neutralized. Sodium Bicarbonate 10% solution was prepared and washed for neutralization; the second group was kept in this solution for 10 minutes and washed with distilled water again. The implants in both groups were placed in 10cc ph7 distilled water and left for one day. After one day, the liquids were measured with a digital pH meter. In the measurement of the water in the group that was washed only with pure water, the average pH was 6.8, while the average pH of the water in the other group was 7. Our study concluded for the first time that basic neutralization on the implant surface could neutralize the acid residue in the microwells. We recommend chemical neutralization in implant manufacturing processes and think it can reduce implant failure rates.
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Sedláková, Veronika, Ludvík Kašpar, and Tomáš Týkal. "Experiences With New Neutralization Technologies for Remediation After ISL Mining of Uranium in Stráž pod Ralskem." In ASME 2013 15th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2013-96248.

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A big affection of the rock environment and groundwaters occured during the chemical mining of uranium in the years 1966 to 1996 in the neighbourhood of the town Straz pod Ralskem in the Czech Republic. It is necessary to clean the residual technological solutions (RTS) from the underground. The pH of the solutions in some places is still less than 2 and the concentration of sulphates reachs up to 65 g/l. The remedial activities consist of pumping of the RTS from the ground and reprocessing of the RTS in the surface technologies. The implementation of the new neutralization technologies NDS ML and NDS 10 help us with increasing of the efficiency of the remedial process. The NDS ML technology (“Mother liquor reprocessing station”) started its operation in 2009 and it processes the concentrated technological solution from the evaporation station after the alum crystalization (mother liquor) with the concentration of total dissolved solids up to 250 g/l. The principle is the neutralization of the acid solutions with the aid of the lime milk. The suspension is then filtrated in the filter press, the filter cake is deposited in the tailings pond and the filtrate is injected back into the underground rock environment. The NDS 10 technology (“Neutralization and Decontamination Station NDS 10”) started its operation in 2012 and it works on the same technological principle as the NDS ML station. The difference is that the NDS 10 station can process higher volume (4.4 m3/min) of the RTS with lower concentration of total dissolved solids 20–25 g/l. This poster describes the experiences of the state enterprise DIAMO with putting of these two neutralization technologies into operation and with using of the lime milk neutralization in such a large scale.
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Shinohara, Kyosuke, and Yasuhiko Sugii. "Micro Chemical Reaction Flow Measurement Using PIV and LIF Technique." In ASME/JSME 2003 4th Joint Fluids Summer Engineering Conference. ASMEDC, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/fedsm2003-45757.

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Using micro PIV technique and micro LIF technique, velocity distributions and pH distributions of chemical reacting flow in micro fluidic device were measured. The micro fluidic device was Y-junction channel. In order to generate a neutralization reaction, acetic acid and ammonia hydroxide were introduced into each channel respectively. The results of velocity profiles of the chemical reacting flow corresponded closely to the theoretical profile of Poiseuille’s flow. This was characteristic of laminar flow. The results of pH distribution of the chemical reacting flow showed two kinds of distribution. In one case interface was straight and mixing was not noticeable at higher flow speed. In the other hand mixing or molecular diffusion due to chemical reaction definitely caused at lower flow rate. Applying both results we compared the experimental diffusion with theoretical value. In one case the experimental result corresponded close to theoretical value. However, it did not agree with theory in the other case. The results indicate that acetic acid and ammonia hydroxide mixed faster than theory in micro scale.
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Banacky, Pavol, Stefan Buchta, Milan Zatkulak, Milan Breza, and Arnold Adamek. "Method and Technology Applied at the Processing and Stabilization of Intermediate-Level Radioactive Chromate-Sulphuric Acid Within the Project of Decommissioning of the Nuclear Power Plant-A1 at Jaslovske Bohunice." In ASME 2001 8th International Conference on Radioactive Waste Management and Environmental Remediation. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2001-1311.

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Abstract At the decommissioning of the nuclear power plant A1 (NPP-A1) at Jaslovske Bohunice, the radioactive (RA) waste of different physical and chemical characteristics has to be treated. A part of this waste cannot be stabilized directly by standard – running technologies for RA waste treatment installed in Jaslovske Bohunice. Among the most specific was, an extremely reactive, concentrated chromate-sulphuric acid (CSA) that had been used as a strong oxidizing agent for cleaning technological heavy-water tanks more than 15 years ago. Prior to solve the problem of radioactive elements stabilization for long-term disposal, it was necessary to solve the problem of CSA chemical stabilization. With respect to radiation safety regulations, the direct neutralization of CSA with strong bases was excluded from the very beginning because of the extremely strong exothermic character of the reaction and the possibility of thermal explosion. After laboratory experiments, with both the inactive simulants and real CSA, the neutralization of undiluted CSA with a hydrate of secondary salt of ortho-phosphoric acid was found to be the best solution. The reaction of 96 w% sulphuric acid/CSA with a powder form of the phosphate salt is calm, fast enough, slightly exothermic, and yields the reaction product in the powder form. More over, the main part of the radioactive elements that are contaminants of the CSA undergo during this process chemical transformation into very slightly soluble phosphate structures. The powder form of the reaction product is, in the next step, immobilized into the solid matrix by cementation technology. Besides the Portland cement (PC), the powder of calcium hydroxide is also introduced. This reacts in the cement slurry with primary phosphates and converts them into less soluble secondary phosphates, and also enables to form apatite structures at the process of cement slurry hardening. As a result, the contaminating radioactive ions, are immobilized not only physically within the solid matrix, but they are also chemically bound into stable and very slightly soluble chemical structures. Based on the described method, the technology was build-up in the area of the nuclear power plant. The core of the technology is the chemical reactor with the coat-cooler, stirring device, and input jets for liquid media, input device for solid/powder media and output device for emptying the reactor vessel. The technological process is managed from the central control board. Processed CSA is injected/spaterred into the reactor vessel with stirred phosphate salt. After finishing neutralization reaction, indicated by the time-dependent temperature profile, the powders of PC and calcium hydroxide are introduced and homogenized with the reaction product. The last step is an injection of water, formation of cement slurry that is permanently stirred, and finally emptied-out into 200 l barrel where slurry is left to harden. By this, cyclic batch-based technological regime, the total amount of stored-contaminated CSA was processed, and 20 barrels, each of 200 l, of immobilized/stabilized – hardened radioactive waste have been prepared for long-term disposal. The amount of embedded salts into the cement matrix was chosen as to fulfill the acceptance criteria for the Slovak radioactive waste repository at Mochovce.
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Reports on the topic "Chemical neutralization"

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Morrissey, Kevin M., Richard L. Cheicante, Theresa R. Connell, William R. Creasy, Janet C. Fouse, Melissa S. Hulet, H. D. Durst, Richard J. O'Connor, Lucille P. Forrest, and Phillip B. Smith. Characterization and Neutralization of Arsenical-Based WWII Era Chemical Munition Fills. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, August 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada455660.

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Grinshpun, Sergey A., A. A. Adhikari, T. Reponen, E. Dreizin, and M. Schoenitz. Neutralization of Aerosolized Bio-Agents by Filled Nanocomposite Materials through Thermal and Chemical Inactivation Mechanisms. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ad1011722.

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Herman, D., B. Bruce Wiersma, F. Fernando Fondeur, J. James Wittkop, J. John Pareizs, K. Kim Crapse, M. Michael Hay, M. Michael Poirier, and S. Samuel Fink. INVESTIGATING HYDROGEN GENERATION AND CORROSION IN THE TREATMENT TANK AND THE POTENTIAL FORMATION OF A FLOATING LAYER IN NEUTRALIZATION TANK DURING WASTE TANK HEEL CHEMICAL CLEANING. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/903402.

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Straut, Christine, Richard Kottenstette, Aric Bitton, and Patrick Burton. Neutralization and Disposal of Laboratory Scale Toxic Chemicals. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), April 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/1618030.

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Patel, Divyakant L., James Dillon, and Noel Wright. In-Situ Landmine Neutralization Using Chemicals to Initiate Low Order Burning of Main Charge. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada458512.

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Desbarats, A. J., and J. B. Percival. Hydrogeochemistry of mine tailings from a carbonatite-hosted Nb-REE deposit, Oka, Quebec, Canada. Natural Resources Canada/CMSS/Information Management, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.4095/331256.

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Environmental impacts associated with the mining of carbonatite deposits are an emerging concern due to the demand for critical metals. This study investigates the chemistry of tailings seepage at the former Saint Lawrence Columbium mine near Oka, Québec, Canada, which produced pyrochlore concentrate and ferroniobium from a carbonatite-hosted Nb-REE deposit. Its objectives are to characterize the mineralogy of the tailings and their pore water and effluent chemistries. Geochemical mass balance modeling, constrained by aqueous speciation modeling and mineralogy, is then used to identify reactions controlling the chemical evolution of pore water along its flow path through the tailings impoundment. The tailings are composed mainly of REE-enriched calcite (82 wt. %), biotite (12 wt. %) and fluorapatite (4 wt. %). Minor minerals include chlorite, pyrite, sphalerite, molybdenite and unrecovered pyrochlore. Secondary minerals include gypsum, barite and strontianite. Within the unsaturated zone, pore water chemistry is controlled by sulfide oxidation and calcite dissolution with acid neutralization. With increasing depth below the water table, pore water composition reflects gypsum dissolution followed by sulfate reduction and FeS precipitation driven by the oxidation of organic carbon in the tailings. Concomitantly, incongruent dissolution of biotite and chlorite releases K, Mg, Fe, Mn, Ba and F, forming kaolinite and Ca-smectite. Cation exchange reactions further remove Ca from solution, increasing concentrations of Na and K. Fluoride concentrations reach 23 mg/L and 8 mg/L in tailings pore water and effluent, respectively. At a pH of 8.3, Mo is highly mobile and reaches an average concentration of 83 µg/L in tailings effluent. Although U also forms mobile complexes, concentrations do not exceed 16 µg/L due to the low solubility of its pyrochlore host. Adsorption and the low solubility of pyrochlore limit concentrations of Nb to less than 49 µg/L. Cerium, from calcite dissolution, is strongly adsorbed although it reaches concentrations (unfiltered) in excess of 1 mg/L and 100 µg/L in pore water and effluent, respectively. Mine tailings from carbonatite deposits are enriched in a variety of incompatible elements with mineral hosts of varying reactivity. Some of these elements, such as F and Mo, may represent contaminants of concern because of their mobility in alkaline tailings waters.
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