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Journal articles on the topic 'Chemical neutralization'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 9 March 2023

Last updated: 10 March 2023

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1

Orlando, Ron, Catherine Fenselau, and Robert J. Cotter. "Neutralization-chemical reionization mass spectrometry." Journal of the American Chemical Society 112, no. 15 (July 1990): 5747–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ja00171a012.

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2

Hasanov, R. G., G. S. Hasanov, and V. K. Valiev. "NEUTRALIZATION OF PHENOL-CONTAMINATED SOILS." Chemical Problems 20, no. 2 (2022): 154–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.32737/2221-8688-2022-2-154-163.

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To eliminate the consequences of accidental spill of phenol, the results of neutralization of soils contaminated with phenol are presented. As for the analysis of soils by the geological-lithological section it was found that in areas of phenol contamination the soil has a surface soil-plant layer with a thickness of about 0.5m, then there is a heavy clay layer with a thickness of up to 7.0 m and finally a sand layer saturated with groundwater is observed. It revealed that according to physical and mechanical properties, the solid mineral phase of the soil corresponds to a hard plastic and semi-solid consistency of clays. It showed that the filtration of water through the bottom and walls on the area of the former burial of the tank is complicated because of closer to zero water permeability of soil strata due to clay rock. Mineralogical and chemical composition of soils contaminated with phenol is determined. An environmentally safe method of neutralizing phenol-containing soils is developed with a neutralizing composition based on quicklime and bentonite which simplifies the neutralization method of soils contaminated with phenol. Environmental safety was observed in the absence of phenol in water extracts from soils and the in treatment process permissible for the environment рН. Essence of proposed method lies in chemical inactivation of phenol based on its transformation into slow-moving water-insoluble compound - calcium phenolate. Decontamination product of phenol-containing soil is the smallest capsules comprising soil particles and immobilized phenol in the form of calcium phenolate. Material of the capsule represented by calcium hydroxide is neutralized over time by bentonite and СО2 from air resulting in the formation of hydrophobic silicate and calcium carbonate which gives capsules high strength properties. The research into the neutralized phenol containing soil for phenol in water extracts showed that the proposed method is simple, ecologically safe, causes no recontamination of environment with pollutants and provides the phenol content in soils within MAC.

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3

Sharma, Deepak, Avinashkumar V. Karre, Kalliat T. Valsaraj, and Sumit Sharma. "Intensification of a Neutralization Process for Waste Generated from Ion Exchange Regeneration for Expansion of a Chemical Manufacturing Facility." Processes 9, no. 8 (July 25, 2021): 1285. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr9081285.

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Waste generated during regeneration of Ion Exchanger (IX), used for deionizing water, needs to be neutralized before it can be discharged back to a clean water source. An efficient and novel process is disclosed that minimizes the neutralization volume and chemicals required for pH adjustment. The currently employed neutralization setups in the industry are environmentally unsustainable. Various neutralization setups were studied for treating waste generated from IX regeneration. From the collected plant data, the treatment requirements of waste streams generated during regeneration of IX beds were analyzed. An efficient neutralization setup was developed to lower the operating and capital costs by eliminating the need of some equipment and by lowering the neutralization volume. The new process results in considerable savings compared to currently used processes in the industry and is environmentally benign. The improved neutralization setup proposed in this work has achieved a 63% reduction in volume of IX regeneration waste stream; a 62% reduction in the capital cost; 23% reduction in chemical usage; and a 55% reduction in operating cost. The achieved improvements are quite significant, which are bound to immensely benefit the chemical industries that require demineralized water for their operation.

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4

EMBER, LOIS. "NEUTRALIZATION TOPS INCINERATION." Chemical & Engineering News 80, no. 14 (April 8, 2002): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v080n014.p010a.

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5

Venditto, Vincent J., Lindsay Wieczorek, Sebastian Molnar, Fernando Teque, Gary Landucci, Douglas S. Watson, Donald Forthal, Victoria R. Polonis, Jay A. Levy, and Francis C. Szoka. "Chemically Modified Peptides Based on the Membrane-Proximal External Region of the HIV-1 Envelope Induce High-Titer, Epitope-Specific Nonneutralizing Antibodies in Rabbits." Clinical and Vaccine Immunology 21, no. 8 (May 28, 2014): 1086–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/cvi.00320-14.

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ABSTRACTBroadly neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (bNAbs) 2F5 and 4E10 bind to the membrane proximal external region (MPER) of gp41 and also cross-react with phospholipids. In this study, we investigated if chemical modifications on the MPER adjacent to 2F5 and 4E10 epitopes using mimetics of inflammation-associated posttranslational modifications to induce 2F5- and 4E10-like bNAbs can break tolerance. We synthesized a series of chemically modified peptides spanning the MPER. The serine, threonine, and tyrosine residues in the peptides were modified with sulfate, phosphate, or nitrate moieties and presented in liposomes for rabbit immunizations. All immunizations resulted in high antisera titers directed toward both the modified and unmodified immunogens. Tyrosine modification was observed to significantly suppress antiepitope responses. Sera with strong anti-gp140 titers were purified by affinity chromatography toward the MPER peptide and found to possess a higher affinity toward the MPER than did the bNAbs 2F5 and 4E10. Modest neutralization was observed in the H9 neutralization assay, but neutralization was not observed in the TZM-bl cell or peripheral blood mononuclear cell (PBMC) neutralization assay platforms. Although neutralizing antibodies were not induced by this approach, we conclude that chemical modifications can increase the immune responses to poorly immunogenic antigens, suggesting that chemical modification in an appropriate immunization protocol should be explored further as an HIV-1 vaccine strategy.

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6

Samuel, B. S. "Method of chemical reactions rate detection in the processes of neutralization of exhaust gases." Izvestiya MGTU MAMI 6, no. 2-2 (March 20, 2012): 266–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.17816/2074-0530-68537.

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The paper provides some general information and calculations of the chemical reactions of catalytic neutralization rate of exhaust gases, from which we can conclude that the temperature is the main parameter of exhaust gases process neutralization.

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7

Fernandes, Rui D. V., Liliana Melro, Jorge Padrão, Ana Isabel Ribeiro, Behnaz Mehravani, Filipa Monteiro, Eduardo Pereira, Marcos S. Martins, Nuno Dourado, and Andrea Zille. "Active Neutralizing Mats for Corrosive Chemical Storage." Gels 8, no. 8 (August 6, 2022): 489. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels8080489.

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Laboratories and industries that handle chemicals are ubiquitously prone to leakages. These may occur in storage rooms, cabinets or even in temporary locations, such as workbenches and shelves. A relevant number of these chemicals are corrosive, thus commercial products already exist to prevent material damage and injuries. One strategy consists of the use of absorbing mats, where few display neutralizing properties, and even less a controlled neutralization. Nevertheless, to the authors’ knowledge, the commercially available neutralizing mats are solely dedicated to neutralizing acid or alkali solutions, never both. Therefore, this work describes the development and proof of a completely novel concept, where a dual component active mat (DCAM) is able to perform a controlled simultaneous neutralization of acid and alkali leakages by using microencapsulated active components. Moreover, its active components comprise food-grade ingredients, embedded in nonwoven polypropylene. The acid neutralizing mats contain sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) encapsulated in sodium alginate microcapsules (MC-ASC). Alkali neutralizing mats possess commercial encapsulated citric acid in hydrogenated palm oil (MIRCAP CT 85-H). A DCAM encompasses both MC-ASC and MIRCAP CT 85-H and was able to neutralize solutions up to 10% (v/v) of hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sodium hydroxide (NaOH). The efficacy of the neutralization was assessed by direct titration and using pH strip measurement tests to simulate the leakages. Due to the complexity of neutralization efficacy evaluation based solely on pH value, a thorough conductivity study was performed. DCAM reduced the conductivity of HCl and NaOH (1% and 2% (v/v)) in over 70%. The composites were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), differential calorimetry (DSC) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). The size of MC-ASC microcapsules ranged from 2 μm to 8 μm. Finally, all mat components displayed thermal stability above 150 °C.

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8

Leverant, Calen J., Chad W. Priest, Jeffery A. Greathouse, Mark K. Kinnan, and Susan B. Rempe. "Quantum Calculations of VX Ammonolysis and Hydrolysis Pathways via Hydrated Lithium Nitride." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 16 (August 11, 2021): 8653. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22168653.

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Recently, lithium nitride (Li3N) has been proposed as a chemical warfare agent (CWA) neutralization reagent for its ability to produce nucleophilic ammonia molecules and hydroxide ions in aqueous solution. Quantum chemical calculations can provide insight into the Li3N neutralization process that has been studied experimentally. Here, we calculate reaction-free energies associated with the Li3N-based neutralization of the CWA VX using quantum chemical density functional theory and ab initio methods. We find that alkaline hydrolysis is more favorable to either ammonolysis or neutral hydrolysis for initial P-S and P-O bond cleavages. Reaction-free energies of subsequent reactions are calculated to determine the full reaction pathway. Notably, products predicted from favorable reactions have been identified in previous experiments.

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9

Schleiff, Martin, Günther Lefeld, Hermann Matschiner, and Otomar Špalek. "Modelling of mass transport and chemical reaction in a diaphragm." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 52, no. 7 (1987): 1692–700. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc19871692.

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A mathematical model was proposed for the transport of ions in a diaphragm separating an acidic and an alkaline electrolyte. Besides an approximate analytical solution, a more exact numerical one was presented. The model permits the calculation of the position of the neutralization zone in the diaphragm, rates of transport of ions, and potential in the diaphragm. The dependence of the position of the neutralization zone on the composition of both electrolytes and on the current density was calculated for two technically important cases.

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10

IKEDA, Hideshi, and Yoichi MIYANAGA. "COMPARISON OF ACID-NEUTRALIZATION BY CHEMICAL WEATHERING BETWEEN WATERSHEDS." Proceedings of the Symposium on Global Environment 6 (1998): 285–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/proge.6.285.

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11

Emmanuel, Noémie, Pauline Bianchi, Julien Legros, and Jean-Christophe M. Monbaliu. "A safe and compact flow platform for the neutralization of a mustard gas simulant with air and light." Green Chemistry 22, no. 13 (2020): 4105–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0gc01142h.

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12

Molot, Lewis A., L. Heintsch, and K. H. Nicholls. "Response of Phytoplankton in Acidic Lakes in Ontario to Whole-Lake Neutralization." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 47, no. 2 (February 1, 1990): 422–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f90-045.

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Changes in phytoplankton community composition were examined in two acidic lakes in Ontario, Bowland and Trout Lakes, to determine whether neutralization (and subsequent stocking with lake trout (Salvelinus namaycush) in the case of Bowland Lake) would reverse acidic characteristics. Miskokway Lake was monitored as an untreated reference lake. Analysis of community percentage similarity showed that year-to-year variability in phytoplankton community structure would have been low in the absence of neutralization. While changes in phytoplankton biovolumes or chlorophyll a concentrations after neutralization were not significant, there were several taxonomic changes: (1) the shift in the Bowland Lake phytoplankton community away from dominance by the cyanophyte, Rhabdoderma, and (2) the dominance of the prymnesiophyte Chrysochromulina breviturrita in the Bowland Lake phytoplankton community in 1985 2 yr after neutralization. It is likely that the major phytoplankton taxonomic changes were direct responses to chemical changes. These results suggest that structural changes (taxonomic) maintained stability of the phytoplankton communities under chemical stress (in terms of standing crop).

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13

Halak, О., N. Poltorak, О. Kravchuk, V. Synko, and Y. Korol. "APPLICATION OF TITANIUM OXIDE COATINGS FOR NEUTRALIZATION OF HAZARDOUS CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES." Collection of scientific works of Odesa Military Academy 2, no. 12 (December 27, 2019): 131–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.37129/2313-7509.2019.12.2.131-136.

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Contamination of hazardous chemicals is currently considered one of the major environmental problems. The methods of purification of gaseous emissions depending on the physicochemical properties of pollutants, in particular dangerous chemical, their aggregate state, concentration in the gas environment are studied in this article. The effect of aerosol content such as dust and soot is analyzed as well as the efficiency of purification methods at different temperature intervals, methods of purification of multicomponent mixtures. The comparative characteristics of thermochemical, reagent, sorption and catalytic methods are given and the prospects of their application in filtering systems of stationary and mobile objects are evaluated. It has been proved that almost any organic compounds can be oxidized (mineralized) on the TiO2surface. In practice, any photocatalytic air purifier includes a porous TiO2 deposited carrier, which is irradiated with ultraviolet rays and through which air is purged. Photocatalysis is suitable for domestic use as it can occur at room temperature. For example, a thermocatalytic method of destroying harmful substances requires preheating the air to a temperature above 200 ° C. Photocatalysis destroys substances that penetrate even through activated carbon filters. Features of formation of oxide coatings by plasma-electrolytic oxidation of titanium alloys are considered. It is proposed to refine the design of collective defense systems on armored vehicles and stationary facilities with additional installation in the filter-absorber of the grid with the deposited layer of catalytic material, which will neutralize various types of dangerous chemicals due to photocatalytic air purification.

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14

Fliszár, Sándor, and Camilla Minichino. "Charge distributions and chemical effects. XLIII. Bond dissociation energies and radical formation." Canadian Journal of Chemistry 65, no. 10 (October 1, 1987): 2495–503. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/v87-416.

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The problem of bond dissociation, R1R2 → R1• + R2•, is addressed from the viewpoint that the fragments, R1 and R2, may not be individually electroneutral in the host molecule, whereas the corresponding radicals certainly are. The mutual charge neutralization of R1 by R2 during the cleavage of the bond linking R1 to R2 is described by an expression featuring only molecular ground-state properties. This expression translates directly into a new energy formula for the dissociation energy, D*(R1R2) = ε(R1R2) + CNE − E*nb + RE(R1) + RE(R2), where both the molecule and the radicals are taken at their potential minimum. The charge neutralization energy, CNE, profoundly affects the relationship between the dissociation (D*) and contributing bond energy (ε), i.e., the energy in the unperturbed molecule. Nonbonded interactions between R1 and R2, E*nb, are almost negligible. The reorganizational energy, RE, measures the energy difference between R• and the corresponding electroneutral group found in the symmetric molecule RR. Numerical applications to alkanes reveal an important cancellation of individual CNE terms accompanying the mutual charge neutralization of alkyl groups during the cleavage of CC bonds, i.e., [Formula: see text]. Theoretical εCC's lead to valid CC bond dissociation energies. In CH bond dissociations, on the other hand, the sum εCH + CNE remains nearly constant although individual εCH's may differ from one another by as much as 6 kcal mol−1. The appropriate approximation, [Formula: see text], shows in what manner charge neutralization energies disguise genuine contributing CH bond energies to create a perception of seemingly constant CH bond contributions.

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15

Kassin, Victor-Emmanuel H., Diana V. Silva-Brenes, Thomas Bernard, Julien Legros, and Jean-Christophe M. Monbaliu. "A continuous flow generator of organic hypochlorites for the neutralization of chemical warfare agent simulants." Green Chemistry 24, no. 8 (2022): 3167–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d2gc00458e.

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16

Schätti, Jonas, Moritz Kriegleder, Maxime Debiossac, Michael Kerschbaum, Philipp Geyer, Marcel Mayor, Markus Arndt, and Valentin Köhler. "Neutralization of insulin by photocleavage under high vacuum." Chemical Communications 55, no. 83 (2019): 12507–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9cc05712a.

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17

Klein, Robert C. "Research laboratory wastewater neutralization systems." Journal of Chemical Health and Safety 13, no. 2 (March 2006): 15–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chs.2005.02.004.

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18

Rippy, J. F. M., P. V. Nelson, T. E. Bilderback, D. L. Hesterberg, E. J. Kamprath, WM H. Swallow, and D. Jahn. "EVALUATION OF LIMESTONE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES ON NEUTRALIZATION CAPACITY." Acta Horticulturae, no. 779 (January 2008): 139–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.17660/actahortic.2008.779.15.

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19

Kalyon, Dilhan M., and Suphan Kovenklioglu. "Disposal of chemical munitions using concomitant neutralization, gelation and encapsulation." Journal of Energetic Materials 13, no. 3-4 (September 1995): 165–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07370659508019384.

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20

Polat, Mehmet, Eli Lederman, Ithamar Pelly, and Haim Cohen. "Chemical neutralization of acidic wastes using fly ash in Israel." Journal of Chemical Technology & Biotechnology 77, no. 3 (2002): 377–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jctb.567.

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21

SALVE, P. R., T. GOBRE, R. J. KRUPADAM, S. SHASTRY, A. BANSIWAL, and S. R. WATE. "Chemical characterization of rainwater at Akkalkuwa, India." MAUSAM 62, no. 3 (December 14, 2021): 425–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.54302/mausam.v62i3.320.

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The chemical composition of rainwater changes from place to place and region to region under the influence of several major factors, viz., topography, its distance from sea and overall rainfall pattern. The present study investigated the chemical composition of precipitation at Akkalkuwa, district Nandurbar, in the State Maharashtra during southwest monsoon. The rainwater samples were collected on event basis during June-September 2008 and were analyzed for pH, major anions (F, Cl, NO3, SO4) and cations (Ca, Mg, Na, K, NH4). The pH varied from 6.0 and 6.8 with an average of 6.29 ± 0.23 indicating alkaline nature and dominance of Ca in precipitation. The relative magnitude of major ions in precipitation follows the pattern as Ca>Cl>Na>SO4>NO3>HCO3>NH4>Mg>K>F>H. The Neutralization factor (NF) was found to be NFCa = 0.95, NFNH4 = 0.31, NFMg = 0.27 and NFK = 0.08 indicating below cloud process in which crustal components are responsible for neutralization of anions. Significant correlation of NH4 with SO4 and NO3 was observed with correlation coefficient of r = 0.79 and 0.75, respectively.

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22

Sarungallo, Zita Letviany, Budi Santoso, Risma Uli Situngkir, Mathelda Kurniaty Roreng, and Meike Meilan Lisangan. "DETERMINATION OF CHEMICAL PROPERTIES, COMPOSITION OF FATTY ACID, CAROTENOIDS AND TOCOPHEROLS OF DEGUMMED AND NEUTRALIZED RED FRUIT (Pandanus conoideus) OIL." Jurnal Teknologi 82, no. 6 (October 21, 2020): 71–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.11113/jurnalteknologi.v82.14820.

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Refining of crude red fruit oil (CRFO) through the degumming and neutralization steps intended to produce oil free of impurities (non triglycerides) such as phospholipids, proteins, residues and carbohydrates, and also reducing the amount of free fatty acids (FFA). This study aims to determine the effect of red fruit oil purification through degumming and neutralization stages on chemical properties, fatty acid composition, carotenoid content and tocopherol of red fruit oil (RFO). The results showed that degumming of CRFO did not affect the decrease in water content, FFA levels, peroxide numbers, iodine values, carotenoids and tocopherols content; but decrease in levels of phosphorus, β-carotene and α-tocopherol. Neutralization of degummed-RFO (DRFO) did not affect the decrease in water content, iodine value, carotenoid, tocopherol and α-tocopherol; but the FFA levels, peroxide number, phosphorus and β-carotene levels decreased significantly. The fatty acid composition of RFO was dominated by unsaturated fatty acids (± 75%), which increases through degumming and neutralization stages. β-carotene is more sensitive than α-tocopherol during refining process of crude oil, but in general, this process can improve the RFO quality.

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23

Bulimaga, C. P. "Application of Chemical Methods to the Solid Waste Management." Chemistry Journal of Moldova 3, no. 2 (December 2008): 17–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.19261/cjm.2008.03(2).17.

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The present article is a synthesis analysis of application of chemical methods for the development of technologies of hazardous waste management. Here are offered some technologies of neutralization of the waste containing hexacyanofferates, galvanic wastes and those with contain of vanadium, which are collected at Power Thermoelectric Plants.

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24

Orlov, Vladimir, and Sergey Zotkin. "Formation of harmful volatile substances in sewage systems and their neutralization." E3S Web of Conferences 263 (2021): 04003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202126304003.

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The study of the ways of harmful volatile substance formation in sewerage systems, as well as a rapid and economical neutralization of these substances by construction, mechanical, physical and chemical, hydrodynamic and other methods is an urgent task that contributes to the protection of humans and the environment from toxic pollutants. The purpose of the presented studies is evaluation of the effectiveness of the impact on harmful volatile substances, through application of various methods designed to completely eliminate the conditions for the occurrence of odors harmful to human health or significantly reduce their amount to the maximum permissible concentrations in the airspace of cities. The methods have considered the description of the available ways of the odor identification by chemical and organoleptic analysis. The results provide a description of methods for blocking the formation of volatile substances. The operational works (methods of pipeline cleaning, ventilation, dosing of chemicals in waste waters) have been considered as the blocking measures, and the construction design ones (reconstruction of networks and facilities, biological, thermal, catalytic, electro-physical and other gas treatment methods) have been considered as the ways to reduce the spread of noxious odors. As a conclusion, it is noted that the complete elimination of the harmful volatile substance problem is possible by taking comprehensive measures to eliminate (minimize) the emission of gases into the environment.

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25

Picard, Baptiste, Isabelle Chataigner, Jacques Maddaluno, and Julien Legros. "Introduction to chemical warfare agents, relevant simulants and modern neutralisation methods." Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry 17, no. 27 (2019): 6528–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9ob00802k.

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This short review presents the current main chemical warfare agents and their most relevant simulants, and the recent catalytic and selective methods for their soft neutralization, potentially usable in the future as an alternative to “heavy” methods for decontamination.

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26

Kulish, O. N., D. Yu Zheldakov, A. F. Lunin, and S. I. Slavin. "Neutralization of gaseous emissions in the petrochemical, chemical, and gas industries." Chemistry and Technology of Fuels and Oils 26, no. 5 (May 1990): 259–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01163893.

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27

Schnoor, Jerald L., and Werner Stumm. "The role of chemical weathering in the neutralization of acidic deposition." Swiss Journal of Hydrology 48, no. 2 (September 1986): 171–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02560197.

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28

Glisic, Sandra, and Dejan Skala. "Design and optimization of purification procedure for biodiesel washing." Chemical Industry and Chemical Engineering Quarterly 15, no. 3 (2009): 159–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/ciceq0903159g.

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Almost complete methanolysis of triglycerides is usually not enough to fulfil the strict standards of biodiesel quality. A key step in this process is neutralization of alkali (catalyst) followed by the washing procedure necessary for removing different impurities such as traces of catalyst and methanol and removal of soaps and glycerol from esters phase. The washing with hot water is still widely used in many industrial units for the biodiesel production. In this study, different procedures of biodiesel washing using hot water were investigated. The orto-phosphoric acid was suggested as the best compound for alkali catalyst (sodium hydroxide) neutralization. The main goal of the performed analysis was to minimize the water usage in the washing-neutralization step during the biodiesel production. Such solution would make the process of biodiesel synthesis more economical taking into account the decrease of energy consumed for evaporation of water during the final product purification, as well as more acceptable procedure related to the impact on environment (minimal waste water release). Results of the performed simulation of the washing process supported by original experimental data suggested that neutralization after the optimized washing process of the methyl ester layer could be the best solution. The proposed washing procedure significantly decreases the amount of waste water giving at the same time the desired purity of final products (biodiesel and glycerol). The simulation of the process was performed using ASPEN plus software supported by ELCANTREL and UNIQUAC procedure of required properties calculation.

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29

Sato, Kazuhisa, Toshikuni Yonemoto, and Teiriki Tadaki. "Modeling of ionictransport in neutralization dialytic deionization." JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 26, no. 1 (1993): 68–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/jcej.26.68.

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30

Benites, Cibelem Iribarrem, Bruno Colling Klein, and Soely Maria Pissini Machado Reis. "Neutralization of Soybean Oil Deodorizer Distillate for Vitamin Supplement Production." International Journal of Chemical Engineering 2014 (2014): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2014/742846.

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Soybean oil deodorizer distillate (SODD), a byproduct of the soybean oil refining process, is a complex mixture of compounds, such as free fatty acids (FFA), hydrocarbons, and sterols, such as tocopherols, a class of major natural antioxidants with vitamin E activity. As the utilization of SODD for tocopherol extraction is shown to be not economically viable, SODD in the semirefined form (neutral) is an interesting alternative to animal and possibly human diet enrichment. This study aimed to evaluate the SODD neutralization process varying the alkali (Na2CO3) concentration, temperature, and homogenization time. The optimal conditions for the neutralizing process, in order to obtain the greatest reduction in FFA content, the lowest leaching of tocopherols, and the greatest yield, were the following: Na2CO2concentration of 4.34 N, temperature of 45.8°C, and homogenization time of 3 min 20 s. The FFA content was reduced from 53.4% to 6.1% after the initial neutralization, thus requiring a second neutralization step. The final FFA content was of 1.8% and total tocopherol (TT) accounted for about 11% of SODD.

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31

Erizal, Erizal, Basril Abbas, Sulistioso Giat Sukaryo, and Dhena Ria Barleany. "Synthesis and Characterization Superabsorbent Hydrogels of Partially Neutralized Acrylic Acid Prepared Using Gamma Irradiation; Swelling and Thermal Behavior." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 15, no. 3 (November 12, 2015): 281–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21197.

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A series of superabsorbent hydrogels were synthesized from partially neutralized acrylic acid with varying degree of neutralization (0-1) using gamma radiation. The effects of degree neutralization of acrylic acid on swelling ratio were studied. DSC measurement was performed to understand the type of end products resulting from irradiation. The morphologies of the hydrogels were examined using SEM. The chemical changes of the hydrogels were characterized using FTIR. At optimum conditions (10 kGy, 15 min), the hydrogels with neutralization degree 0.5 exhibited rapid swelling with the highest swelling ratio ~1000 g/g. The results of DSC studies confirmed the possible formation of the type hydrogels from irradiated partially neutralized acrylic acid, and the hydrogels showed large numbers of pores from SEM examination.

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32

Chattopadhyay, Purnesh, Priyanka Sharan, Andrej Berndt, and Juliane Simmchen. "Carbonate Micromotors for Treatment of Construction Effluents." Nanomaterials 10, no. 7 (July 19, 2020): 1408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/nano10071408.

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Concrete in construction has recently gained media coverage for its negative CO2 footprint, but this is not the only problem associated with its use. Due to its chemical composition, freshly poured concrete changes the pH of water coming in contact with the surface to very alkaline values, requiring neutralization treatment before disposal. Conventional methods include the use of mineral acid or CO2 pumps, causing high costs to building companies. In this paper, we present a micromotor based remediation strategy, which consists of carbonate particles half-coated with citric acid. To achieve this half coverage spray coating is used for the first time to design Janus structures. The motors propel diffusiophoretically due to a self-generated gradient formed as the acid coverage dissolves. The locally lower pH contributes to the dissolution of the carbonate body. These motors have been employed to study neutralization of diluted concrete wash water (CWW) at microscopic scale and we achieve visualization of the pH changes occurring in the vicinity of motors using anthocyanine as pH indicator dye. The effect of citric acid-carbonates hybrid on neutralization of real CWW on macroscopic scale has also been studied. In addition, all employed chemicals are cheap, non-toxic and do not leave any solid residues behind.

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Lima, Gilberto, Deepak P. Dubal, Daniel Rueda-García, Pedro Gómez-Romero, and Fritz Huguenin. "Energy harvesting from neutralization reactions with saline feedback." Electrochimica Acta 275 (June 2018): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.electacta.2018.04.075.

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Faanes, Audun, and Sigurd Skogestad. "pH-neutralization: integrated process and control design." Computers & Chemical Engineering 28, no. 8 (July 2004): 1475–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.compchemeng.2003.11.001.

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Amaral, Anderson Rocha, Lucas Pinto Bernar, Caio Campos Ferreira, Anderson Mathias Pereira, Wenderson Gomes Dos Santos, Lia Martins Pereira, Marcelo Costa Santos, et al. "Economic Analysis of Thermal–Catalytic Process of Palm Oil (Elaeis guineesensis, Jacq) and Soap Phase Residue from Neutralization Process of Palm Oil (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq)." Energies 16, no. 1 (January 2, 2023): 492. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en16010492.

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Palm oil is, from an economic, environmental, and social point of view, a vegetable oil with great potential and the state of Pará-Brazil is Brazil’s great producer. In addition, soap phase residue or palm oil neutralization sludge (PONS), a byproduct of the neutralization step of the chemical refinement of palm oil, is produced, posing a huge problem for waste disposal and management in the production process of refined palm oil (RPO). In this context, this work aims to systematically investigate the economic analysis of the thermal–catalytic process of crude palm oil (CPO) and palm oil neutralization sludge (PONS). The thermocatalytic processes of CPO and PONS carried out at pilot scale and their economic feasibility were analyzed. The yields of biofuels produced by fractional distillation were also presented. The physicochemical properties of CPO and PONS, as well as those of organic liquid products obtained by the thermal–catalytic process of CPO and PONS were taken into account in the economic analysis. In addition, the chemical composition organic liquid products obtained by thermal–catalytic process of CPO and PONS, as well as its distillation fractions (green gasoline, green kerosene, green light diesel and heavy diesel), used as key factors/indicators on the economic analysis. The analysis of the key factors/indicators from the thermocatalytic processes of CPO and PONS showed economic viability for both crude palm oil (Elaeis guineensis, Jacq) and palm oil neutralization sludge. The minimum fuel selling price (MFSP) obtained in this work for the biofuels was 1.59 USD/L using crude palm oil (CPO) and 1.34 USD/L using palm oil neutralization sludge (PONS). The best breakeven point obtained was of 1.24 USD/L considering the PONS. The sensibility analysis demonstrated that the pyrolysis and distillation yields are the most important variables that affect the minimum fuel-selling price (MFSP) in both economic analyses.

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Chernov, Vladimir Aleksandrovich, Denis Igorevich Bevza, Oleg Petrovich Shuraev, and Aleksander Gennadievich Chichurin. "Methods of purifying oily water." Vestnik of Astrakhan State Technical University. Series: Marine engineering and technologies 2022, no. 3 (August 23, 2022): 50–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.24143/2073-1574-2022-3-50-59.

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The article describes currently used methods of cleaning ship oil-containing waters and suggests a new method of their disposal. There are shown the specific features of the composition and properties of oil-containing waters, current requirements for the purification of oil-containing waters depending on the areas of operation of the vessel. The main reasons for oily waters emerging are given, as well as the main factors affecting the formation of oily waters on ships. A picture of a water-fuel emulsion under a microscope is illustrated. There are analyzed the methods of oil-containing water purification used on ships, their advantages and disadvantages. There is given a particular description of water purification methods: mechanical purification (straining, settling, centrifugation), physico-chemical purification (adsorption, coalescence, flotation), chemical purification (ozonation, electrochemical purification), biological purification and the method of thermal neutralization (wet burning, fire neutralization). There is presented one of the methods of mechanical wastewater treatment, namely, a scheme for primary treatment of oily waters using a grate, when the oily waters pass through numerous holes and are separated from foreign objects and large solid inclusions. Another example of mechanical wastewater treatment is the design of a clarifier with inclined plates through which the water flow passes along the plates and is divided into layers, which restrains mixing and facilitates settling oil products. A diagram of a coalescing filter (physico-chemical cleaning method) is also presented and its advantages are described. The comparative characteristics of the methods of utilization and neutralization of oily waters are given. Special attention is paid to the development and improvement of the technology of thermal neutralization of ship oil-containing waters. A method of utilization of oily waters by the heat of ship diesel exhaust gases is proposed.

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Franca, Tanos, Daniel Kitagawa, Samir Cavalcante, Jorge da Silva, Eugenie Nepovimova, and Kamil Kuca. "Novichoks: The Dangerous Fourth Generation of Chemical Weapons." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 5 (March 11, 2019): 1222. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20051222.

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“Novichoks” is the name given to the controversial chemical weapons supposedly developed in the former Soviet Union between the 1970s and the 1990s. Designed to be undetectable and untreatable, these chemicals became the most toxic of the nerve agents, being very attractive for both terrorist and chemical warfare purposes. However, very little information is available in the literature, and the Russian government did not acknowledge their development. The intent of this review is to provide the IJMS readers with a general overview on what is known about novichoks today. We briefly tell the story of the secret development of these agents, and discuss their synthesis, toxicity, physical-chemical properties, and possible ways of treatment and neutralization. In addition, we also wish to call the attention of the scientific community to the great risks still represented by nerve agents worldwide, and the need to keep constant investments in the development of antidotes and ways to protect against such deadly compounds.

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Dohnalkova, Bozena, and Rostislav Drochytka. "Durability Assessment of Cement Matrices for Neutralization Sludge Disposing." Solid State Phenomena 276 (June 2018): 282–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/ssp.276.282.

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The paper deals with durability assessment of different cement matrices for disposing of hazardous waste – neutralization sludge from physical chemical processing from an active industrial source. The durability of the matrices is estimated on the basis of laboratory testing results of compressive strength and leachability tests those indicate the possibility of matrices to bind the hazardous substances inside matrices. These tests were performed on the matrices after different time period.

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Галак, О. В., М. Д. Сахненко, О. В. Косарев, О. В. Брянкін, and О. В. Лінивцев. "Technologies for improving filtering systems for the neutralization of hazardous chemical substances." Збірник наукових праць Харківського національного університету Повітряних Сил, no. 4(58) (November 30, 2018): 135–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.30748/zhups.2018.58.19.

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Gupta, A. K., M. Palit, D. K. Dubey, and S. K. Raza. "Analysis of Chemical Neutralization Products of Phosphonothiolates by Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry." Phosphorus, Sulfur, and Silicon and the Related Elements 178, no. 8 (August 1, 2003): 1631–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10426500307845.

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SOUDA, Ryutaro. "Neutralization of Low Energy Ions and Its Application to Surface Chemical Analysis." Hyomen Kagaku 14, no. 7 (1993): 410–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1380/jsssj.14.410.

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Mei, Ying, Lei Liu, Yi-Chun Lu, and Chuyang Y. Tang. "Reverse Electrodialysis Chemical Cell for Energy Harvesting from Controlled Acid–Base Neutralization." Environmental Science & Technology 53, no. 8 (March 27, 2019): 4640–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.8b06361.

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Bergeron, D. E., and A. W. Castleman. "Reactions of boron cluster anions: implication of site-specific chemical neutralization pathways." International Journal of Mass Spectrometry 230, no. 1 (November 2003): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijms.2003.05.001.

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Schiff, Sherry L., and Robert F. Anderson. "Limnocorral Studies of Chemical and Biological Acid Neutralization in Two Freshwater Lakes." Canadian Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 44, S1 (December 18, 1987): s173—s187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/f87-293.

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Twenty-nine 1 m diameter limnocorrals were installed in two Canadian Shield lakes to examine the relative importance of individual acid neutralization processes. Once the water column alkalinity was depleted, the within-lake alkalinity production processes were confined to the lake sediments. The flocculent organic-rich sediments of a shallow dystrophic lake (Lake 114) neutralized acid at a significantly greater rate than the sandy littoral sediments of an oligotrophy lake (Lake 302). Since the water column alkalinity of Lake 114 is much lower than Lake 302, ambient alkalinity is not a good predictor of acid neutralization capacity in the sediments. In both lakes, HNO3 was neutralized at a substantially higher rate than HCl or H2SO4. The rates of nitrate consumption, sulfate consumption, and abiotic acid neutralizing processes are independent of each other. Denitrification to an uncharged end-product is the primary mechanism of NO3− removal. The principal source of non-anion-specific buffering in the enclosure experiments was Ca2+ release from the sediments in Lake 302 and Ca2+ and NH4+ release in Lake 114. There is no significant difference between the organic-rich sediments of Lake 114 and the sandy sediments of Lake 302 in the concentration of exchangeable cations (μeq∙cm−3) for all cations except NH4+ and Mn2+. Alkalinity production in epilimnetic sediments is an important component of the resistance of softwater lakes to anthropogenic acidification.

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Kang, Eunsong, Jiyoung Lee, Junghyeok Lee, Yoonha Lee, and Jisoo Lee. "Development and Verification of the Effectiveness of Neutralization Devices for Human Body Detoxification in Cases of Hazardous Chemical Exposure." Journal of the Korean Society of Hazard Mitigation 23, no. 1 (February 28, 2023): 43–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.9798/kosham.2023.23.1.43.

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Large and small chemical accidents have recently increased interest in prevention and response, and associated research continues. However, there are limited ways for workers who are likely to be directly exposed to accidents to protect themselves. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to develop and verify a neutralization device that, in the event of an accident, employees exposed to chemicals can use straight away. In the 15 s, 20 s, respectively, decontamination of 80% and 90% or higher was confirmed when the whole body was contaminated with hydrochloric acid (10%). In the case of a chemical accident, it is believed that the development of such a neutralize device could serve as a safety device to lessen human damage.

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Grey, I. E., P. Bordet, and N. C. Wilson. "Structure of the amorphous titania precursor phase of N-doped photocatalysts." RSC Advances 11, no. 15 (2021): 8619–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d0ra08886b.

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Amorphous titania samples prepared by ammonia solution neutralization of titanyl sulphate have been characterized by chemical and thermal analyses, and with reciprocal-space and real-space fitting of wide-angle synchrotron X-ray scattering data.

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Первая, Н. В., А. В. Ніконова, and О. А. Андреєва. "ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ВПЛИВУ ПРОЦЕСІВ РІДИННОГО ОЗДОБЛЕННЯ НА ВЛАСТИВОСТІ НАТУРАЛЬНОЇ ШКІРИ." Bulletin of the Kyiv National University of Technologies and Design. Technical Science Series 130, no. 1 (June 5, 2019): 46–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.30857/1813-6796.2019.1.5.

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To improve the quality of natural leather for uppers shoes are investigated the influence of the processes of liquid finishing (neutralization, retanning-filling) carried out using a series of modern chemical materials on its properties.

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Noda, Katsuji, Shigeo Uchida, and Michihiko Miyazaki. "Limestone neutralization of acid solutions containing dissolved iron." JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING OF JAPAN 22, no. 3 (1989): 253–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/jcej.22.253.

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Chohji, Tetsuji, Chie Nakagawa, and Eiji Hirai. "Analysis of Neutralization of Acidic Precipitation with Soil." KAGAKU KOGAKU RONBUNSHU 19, no. 5 (1993): 795–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/kakoronbunshu.19.795.

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Kresovic, Mirjana, M. Jakovljevic, S. Blagojevic, and Branka Zarkovic. "Nitrogen transformation in acid soils subjected to pH value changes." Archives of Biological Sciences 62, no. 1 (2010): 129–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/abs1001129k.

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The aim of this investigation was to determine which application of fertilizer and lime material does not form toxic quantities of nitrite nitrogen and when the losses by denitrification are the lowest in the examined acid soils. Investigations were performed on pseudogley soils of different acidity. Changes of available nitrogen forms were examined by the method of short-term incubation experiments. Experimental treatments were without the use of mineral fertilizers and with application of (NH4)2SO4 (100 ppm of NO3-N) and KNO3 (100 ppm of NO3-N); with and without addition of Ca(OH)2 (50% of full neutralization and full neutralization). When (NH4)2SO4 was used, nitrites occurred in both examined soils as a result of decelerated nitrification and when KNO3 was added as a result of chemical denitrification. Application of Ca(OH)2 caused the intensification of mineralization, nitrification and biological denitrification processes. When a higher dose of lime material was used (full neutralization), nitrites occurred in larger quantities as a result of the strengthening of nitrification and denitrification processes. Application of a lower lime dose caused nitrite occurrence in smaller quantities. Therefore, in these soils as well as in soils of similar chemical properties, application of lower doses of lime material can be recommended (<50% of full neutralization) as well as the application of ammonium fertilizer, bearing in mind that in such conditions losses of added fertilizer in the denitrification process are reduced and the occurrence of nitrites as an intermediate product of this process is prevented.

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