Academic literature on the topic 'Chemical soil characteristics'

Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles

Select a source type:

Consult the lists of relevant articles, books, theses, conference reports, and other scholarly sources on the topic 'Chemical soil characteristics.'

Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.

You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.

Journal articles on the topic "Chemical soil characteristics"

1

Růžek, L., K. Voříšek, J. Vráblíková, S. Strnadová, and P. Vráblík. "Chemical and biological characteristics of reclaimed soils in the Most ŕegion (Czecg Reooublic)." Plant, Soil and Environment 49, No. 8 (December 10, 2011): 346–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4135-pse.

Full text
Abstract:
Soil organic carbon content [Corg], pHH2O, pHKCl and microbiological characteristics (microbial biomass carbon [CMB], extracellular microbial carbon [CEX], respiration, ammonification, and nitrification) were studied in 11 reclaimed soils, where the technical reclamation was carried out by Most Coal Mining Company in the year 2000 or 2001. These soils were immediately sown with legumes and grasses. Corg content in soil was rather wide ranging between 0.15–4.82%. The lowest value was determined in loess applied in the year 2001 at the locality No. 6 Mine Most, and the highest one at the locality No. 5 Mine Most amended with pulp wastes and sewage sludge (400 t and 200 t per hectare, respectively). pHKCl was in the range: 5.1–7.4. Six indicators of microbial status and metabolic activity of living micro-organisms, were used for the evaluation of the reclamation technology, i.e. (1) μg CMB/g dry soil, (2) μg CEX/mg CMB, (3) ratio CMB/Corg in per cent (4), potential respiration with glucose, (5) potential ammonification with peptone, (6) potential nitrification with (NH4)2SO4. The best results were found in the locality No. 5 Mine Most (reclaimed in 2000) amended with pulp wastes and sewage sludge (400 t and 200 t per hectare, respectively). The lowest values characterised the locality No. 1 Mine Slatenice (reclaimed in 2000) with a high content of coal powder and the lowest pHKCl (5.1). The use of mycorrhizal inoculum SYMBIVIT resulted in a high biological activity in the locality No. 11 Mine ___ that was the best among soils reclaimed in 2001.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Aziz, Muhammad Abdul, Fahrizal Hazra, Selly Salma, and Dedi Nursyamsi Nursyamsi. "Soil Chemical Characteristics of Organic and Conventional Agriculture." JOURNAL OF TROPICAL SOILS 21, no. 1 (January 3, 2017): 19. http://dx.doi.org/10.5400/jts.2016.v21i1.19-25.

Full text
Abstract:
Use of chemical fertilizers and pesticides on intensive land of both lowland and upland food crops have been shown to increase agricultural productivity significantly. Research aimed to study soil chemical characteristics and soil pesticide residues at some crops of organic and conventional farms. The research was carried out in Laboratory of Soil Chemistry, Indonesian Soil Research Institute and in Laboratory of Agrochemical Residue, Indonesian Agricultural Environment Research Institute, Bogor from February to July 2015. Soil samples at 0-10 cm depth were taken compositely from broccoli (Brassica oleracea), carrots (Daucus carota), maize (Zea mays), and tomatoes (Solanum lycopersicum) farms in Bogor Regency as well as from rice field in Tasikmalaya Regency at both organic and conventional farms. Soil chemical characteristics were analyzed include: soil organic-C (Walkey and Black), total-N (Kjeldahl), potential-P (HCl 25%), available-P (Olsen), potential-K (HCl 25%), available-K (NH4OAc 1 N pH 7), CEC (NH4OAc 1 N pH 7), and pH (soil : water = 1: 5), while pesticide residues included levels of organochlorine (lindane, aldrin, heptaklor, dieldrin, DDT, endosulfan); organophosphates (diazinon, fenitrotin, metidation, paration, profenofos); and carbamates (carbofuran, MIPC, BPMC) in the soil by using Gas Chromatography method. Results showed that levels of soil organic-C, total-N, potential and available-P, potential and available-K, CEC, pH at organic farms were higher than those at conventional farms. Some pesticide residues compound (organochlorines, organophosphates, and carbamates) were detected at conventional farm, while those at organic farm were not detected (trace).Keywords: Conventional farm, organic farm, pesticide residues, soil properties. [How to Cite: Muhammad AA, F Hazra, S Salma and D Nursyamsi. 2016. Soil Chemical Characteristics of Organic and Conventional Agriculture. J Trop Soils 21: 19-25. Doi: 10.5400/jts.2016.21.1.19]
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Lee, Gil-Seong, and Yeon-Sik Choo. "Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Dokdo Soil." Journal of Ecology and Environment 32, no. 4 (November 30, 2009): 295–304. http://dx.doi.org/10.5141/jefb.2009.32.4.295.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

FERNANDEZ, I. J., and R. A. STRUCHTEMEYER. "CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOILS UNDER SPRUCE-FIR FORESTS IN EASTERN MAINE." Canadian Journal of Soil Science 65, no. 1 (February 1, 1985): 61–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjss85-007.

Full text
Abstract:
Soils supporting even-aged spruce-fir stands in eastern Maine are highly acid with soil pH often found to be a useful indicator of potential tree growth. This investigation examined the chemical characteristics of these soils at 22 spruce-fir sites and the relationship between soil chemical properties and site productivity. Each major soil horizon exhibited a distinctly different chemical environment. Spruce-fir site productivity was found to be significantly correlated with B horizon organic-P, O horizon pH, and the total organic matter content of the mineral soil horizons. Soil pH increased with depth in the profile ranging from a mean value of 3.13 in the O horizon (i.e. F + H) to 4.91 in the C horizon. Significant correlations were exhibited between pH and exchangeable Ca, exchangeable Al, and extractable Al throughout the profile. Fractionation of P in the B horizons demonstrated that occluded-P was the most concentrated of the fractions measured, with the order of relative abundance for the P fractions being occluded-P > Al-P > organic-P > Fe-P > Ca-P > extractable-P. Sampling of soils for evaluating the potential for forest growth in this region must be carried out by horizons, as these differ remarkably with respect to those variables that have been shown to have an influence on tree growth. Key words: pH, site quality, organic matter, phosphorus, aluminum, spruce-fir
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Uematsu, Shinichiro, Erik Smolders, Lieve Sweeck, Jean Wannijn, May Van Hees, and Hildegarde Vandenhove. "Predicting radiocaesium sorption characteristics with soil chemical properties for Japanese soils." Science of The Total Environment 524-525 (August 2015): 148–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.04.028.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Manrique, L. A., C. A. Jones, and P. T. Dyke. "Predicting soil water retention characteristics from soil physical and chemical properties." Communications in Soil Science and Plant Analysis 22, no. 17-18 (November 1991): 1847–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00103629109368540.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Svoboda, M. "Biological activity, nitrogen dynamics, and chemical characteristics of forest soils in the Šumava national park." Journal of Forest Science 49, No. 7 (January 16, 2012): 302–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4704-jfs.

Full text
Abstract:
This paper deals with large-scale mountain forest decline in the Šumava National Park. The changes in biotic and abiotic properties of forest sites follow the tree layer disintegration. Changed microclimatic conditions such as intensity of irradiance, moisture and temperature of the top holorganic layers together with altered development of ground vegetation could strongly affect the values of microbiological respiration activity and the rates of nitrogen mineralization and nitrification. Soil substrates, built of organic mater, located on stony locations, are endangered by introskeletal erosion. This paper compares these features in pairs of research plots, consisting of dead or cut forest and of living stand. According to the results of this study, higher rates of organic matter decomposition, transformed dynamics of nitrogen and other nutrients and possible nutrient leaching from soil solutions were demonstrated in the forest floor under declined spruce stands. The extent and seriousness of these adverse processes for forest soils are strongly site dependent.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Webster, E. A., E. L. Tilston, J. A. Chudek, and D. W. Hopkins. "Decomposition in soil and chemical characteristics of pollen." European Journal of Soil Science 59, no. 3 (June 2008): 551–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2389.2008.01022.x.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Turner, John, and Joseph Kelly. "Effect of radiata pine on soil chemical characteristics." Forest Ecology and Management 11, no. 4 (August 1985): 257–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0378-1127(85)90104-5.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Inderjit and K. M. M. Dakshini. "Allelopathic effect of cyanobacterial inoculum on soil characteristics and cereal growth." Canadian Journal of Botany 75, no. 8 (August 1, 1997): 1267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/b97-841.

Full text
Abstract:
Allelopathic effects of cyanobacterial inoculum on soil characteristics and cereal growth were investigated. Research established the alteration of chemical characteristics of the soils inoculated with different concentrations of cyanobacterial inoculum. Inoculated soils, compared with uninoculated soils, sometimes had significantly different values for chemical characteristics such as pH, electrical conductivity, organic matter, organic N, total phenolics, and exchangeable cations such as Cu, Zn, Na, K, Mg, and Ca as the level of inoculum increased. Despite a significant increase in organic nitrogen in the inoculated soils, root growth of rice and wheat was suppressed. The total phenolic content of inoculated soils increased in proportion to the concentration of inoculum added and the suppression of root growth. It is, therefore, suggested that prior to formulating and recommending cyanobacterial inocula as biofertilizers, their allelopathic aspects should be studied to determine a soil to algae ratio having minimum (least altered) chemical characteristics and nonsignificant allelopathic influences on each other. Key words: allelopathy, cyanobacterial inoculum, organic N, phenolics, rice.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Chemical soil characteristics"

1

Ritter, Samantha Susan. "Chemical and Biological Characteristics of Thermally and Chemically Disturbed Soil in Northwestern North Dakota." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2017. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/28416.

Full text
Abstract:
Thermal desorption (TD) remediates hydrocarbon-contaminated soil by heating the soil (200 to 500 ?C) to volatilize the hydrocarbons, effectively removing the contaminant from the soil. If the soil is then used for agricultural production, reclamation success can be determined by quantifying aspects of soil health. Cation exchange capacity (CEC), cation selectivity and Gibbs free energy (?Gex) of TD-treated and untreated soil were compared. Although CEC and ?Gex differed, cation selectivities were not altered suggesting that alternative fertility management to retain previous soil productivity may not be needed. From field plots, N-transforming genes were lowered in contaminated and TD-treated soils as compared to non-contaminated soil, but the addition of surface soil (1:1 blends) increased N-cycling genes to levels reported in the literature. Thermal desorption may not alter soil chemical as much as biological metrics, but blending treated or contaminated soils with native surface soils can enhance soil function and, ultimately, productivity.
Tesoro Logistics Operations, LLC
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Ghenniwa, Abdelgiawad Mohamed. "THE PHYSICAL, CHEMICAL, AND SPECTRAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SOILS AT PAGE RANCH INTERNATIONAL CENTER, PINAL COUNTY, ARIZONA." Thesis, The University of Arizona, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/275236.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Dawes, Les A. "Role of soil physical and chemical characteristics and landscape factors in defining soil behaviour under long term wastewater dispersal." Queensland University of Technology, 2006. http://eprints.qut.edu.au/16297/.

Full text
Abstract:
The use of on-site wastewater treatment systems for the treatment and dispersal of domestic effluent is common in urban fringe areas which are not serviced by centralised wastewater collection systems. However, due to inappropriate siting and inadequate evaluation of soil characteristics, the failure of these systems has become a common scenario. The current standards and guidelines adopted by many local authorities for assessing suitable site and soil conditions for on-site dispersal areas are coming under increasing scrutiny due to the public health and environmental impacts caused by poorly performing systems, in particular septic tank-soil adsorption systems. In order to achieve sustainable on-site wastewater treatment with minimal impacts on the environment and public health, more appropriate means of assessment of long term performance of on-site dispersal areas are required. The research described in the thesis details the investigations undertaken for the development of robust assessment criteria for on-site dispersal area siting and design and assessment of the long term performance of soil dispersal areas. The research undertaken focused on three key research areas; (i) assessment of site and soil suitability for providing adequate treatment and dispersal of domestic wastewater; (ii) understanding sorption, purification and transport processes influencing retention and release of pollutants and the natural controls governing these processes and (iii) the development of assessment criteria for long term behaviour of soils under effluent dispersal. The research conducted was multidisciplinary in nature, with detailed investigations of the physical and chemical processes involved in on-site wastewater treatment and dispersal. This involved extensive field investigations, sampling and monitoring, laboratory and soil column testing and detailed data analysis across the fields of soil science, groundwater quality, subsurface hydrology, chemical contamination, and contaminant fate and transport processes. The interactions between these different disciplines can be complex which resulted in substantial amounts of data being generated from the numerous field and laboratory investigations and sampling undertaken. In order to understand the complex relationships that can occur, multivariate statistical techniques were utilised. The use of these techniques was extremely beneficial. These techniques not only allowed not only the respective relationships between investigated parameters to be identified, but also adequate decisions based on the correlations were able to be formulated. This allowed a more appropriate assessment of the influential factors, and the prediction of ongoing changes to soil properties due to effluent disposal. The primary outcomes for this research were disseminated through a series of peer reviewed scientific papers centred on these key disciplines. The assessment of site and soil suitability was achieved through extensive soil sampling throughout the study areas and detailed laboratory testing and data analysis. The study identified and investigated the role of influential site and soil characteristics in the treatment performance of subsurface effluent dispersal areas. The extent of effluent travel and the ability of the soil to remove pollutants contained in the effluent by adsorption and/or nutrient uptake were investigated. A framework for assessing the renovation ability of the major soil groups located throughout Southeast Queensland was also developed. The outcomes provide a more rigorous scientific basis for assessing the ability of soil and evaluating site factors to develop more reliable methods for siting effluent dispersal areas. The resulting assessment criteria developed was compared with soil column studies to determine the robustness and validity of the outcomes. This allowed refinement of the assessment criteria in developing a more reliable approach to predicting long term behaviour of soils under sewage effluent dispersal. Multivariate techniques assisted in characterising appropriate soils and to determine their long-term suitability for effluent treatment and dispersal. The assessment criteria developed included physical, chemical and sub-surface hydrological properties of a site and soil which can be used to predict suitability for long term effluent treatment and dispersal. These include:  Moderate to slow drainage (permeability) to assist the movement of effluent (percolation) through the soil profile and allow adequate time for treatment and dispersal to occur. With longer percolation times, the opportunity for exchange and transport processes increase.  Significant soil cation exchange capacity and dominance of exchangeable Ca2+ or exchangeable Mg2+ over exchangeable Na+. Although a soil dominated by Mg2+ is found to promote dispersion of soil particles to some extent, its impact is far less than that of Na+. A stable soil would have a Ca: Mg ratio > 0.5.  Low exchangeable Na+ content to maintain soil stability.  Minimum depth of 400mm of potentially unsaturated soil before encountering a restrictive horizon, to permit adequate purification to take place.  Clay type with Illite and mixed mineralogy soils being the most sensitive to Na+. In general, significant increases in ESP occur in soils with 30 to 40% clay and in the presence of illite clay. Small amounts of smectite clays enhance treatment potential of a soil. The research outcomes have significantly contributed to the knowledge base on best practice in on-site dispersal area siting and design. The developed predictive site and soil suitability assessment criteria allows more appropriate evaluation of site and soil characteristics for providing long term effluent renovation. This is generally not done in the current assessment techniques for on-site dispersal areas. The processes and techniques used in the site and soil suitability assessment, although based on the common soil types typical of South East Queensland, can be implemented in other regions, provided appropriate soil information is collected or available. The predictive assessment criteria have been developed at a generic level, allowing easy implementation into most assessment processes. This gives the framework the flexibility to be developed for other areas specifically targeting the most influential on-site dispersal area siting and design factors, and assessment of long term performance under wastewater application.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Seymour, Geoff, and Aregai Tecle. "Impact of Slash Pile Burning on Physical and Chemical Characteristics of Soil in a Ponderosa Pine Forest." Arizona-Nevada Academy of Science, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/296577.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Potgieter, Johannes Jacobus Christian. "Compostability of municipal and industrial wastewater sludge : physical, chemical and biochemical transformations and end-product characteristics." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/33147.

Full text
Abstract:
Can composting save the world from its human generated biological waste problem and give a diversifying organic agriculture a much needed boost at the same time? The age old natural process of composting has been well researched and documented in scientific and other literature. Thermophilic composting transforms biological/organic waste into a stable plant and soil friendly material (compost) that has been sanitised through high temperature and humified at the same time – a true miracle of nature. Mixtures for thermophilic composting can be formulated fairly accurately from their water, C and N content. The pH needs to be within an acceptable range (5-8) but can be adjusted with agricultural lime if needed. The EC and ash content of sludge, together with the C and N content, are fairly reliable indicators of available bio-chemical energy for composting. Monitoring the temperature and water content gives sufficient feedback for proper management of the process. Bio-chemical transformations in composting material tell the tale of the microbial processes at the heart of composting and humification. The quality of compost depends largely on the quality of the raw materials used, even if mixture formulation and process management is effective. The study firstly evaluated the compostability of various types of WWS and eucalyptus sawdust bulking agent with the focus on the known requirements and conditions for thermophilic aerobic composting. This entailed a composting experiment during which the sludge and bulking agent were characterised, feedstock mixtures formulated and certain composting conditions (temperature and water content) and feedstock characteristics (pH, EC and ash content) monitored over time as piles were managed through turning, sampling and watering. Secondly, the study evaluated the quality of compost produced from various types of WWS and eucalyptus sawdust bulking agent as influenced by the raw material and initial feedstock characteristics, microbial dynamics and environmental conditions during composting and as indicated by certain chemical and biochemical transformations (including OM decomposition) during composting and end product (compost) characteristics. Tracking the chemical and biochemical evolution during composting in the four treatments entailed the laboratory analyses of a variety of signature characteristics for samples taken at the start of composting, at the end of the thermophilic phase when pile temperature decreased to below 40ºC and at the end of the curing phase of composting when the temperature of piles did not exceed ambient temperature. Finally, a seedling emergence bioassay was performed as a direct test of compost maturity and quality. The main findings of this study are that dewatered, activated sludge has a high level of thermophilic compostability with Eucalyptus sawdust as bulking agent. Dried, digested sludge has a low level of compostability with Eucalyptus sawdust as bulking agent mainly because of the anaerobic digestion that depleted the C and bio-chemical energy in the sludge. Little value is added to digested sludge through composting with eycalyptus sawdust except that it probably facilitated a further “curing” of the already stable material. Overall, dewatered ACT-MUN sludge and eucalyptus sawdust produced the compost of highest quality and stability/maturity in a volume ratio of 1:4 (sludge:sawdust). Dewatered ACT-IND sludge and eucalyptus sawdust produced an interesting compost of high stability/maturity with a high level of humification and medium fertility status. Increasing the sludge:sawdust ratio closer to 1:4 (volume) will enhance the chemical quality of this good compost. Dried DIG-MUN sludge and eucalyptus sawdust produced a stable compost of very low pH, relatively low fertility, poor physical character and high risk of phytotoxicity. Composting is a great option for WWS treatment that deserves a lot more attention in South Africa.
Dissertation (MSc Agric)--University of Pretoria, 2013.
gm2014
Plant Production and Soil Science
unrestricted
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Furtado, Francisca Mirlanda Vasconcelos. "Feature soil, growth and chemical composition of grass in tifton fertilization and irrigation of aquaculture with wastewater." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2015. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=15397.

Full text
Abstract:
CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior
This work was carried out to evaluate the effects of nitrogen fertilization in areas of irrigated pastures with biofertilizados effluents from fish farming. Four doses of nitrogen fertilizer were used for 3 cycles of Tifton-85 grass cut every 28 days and irrigated with wastewater from fish farming. After each cutting the grass was fertilized with the respective doses of fertilizer. The design was completely randomized in a factorial 2 x 4 with four replicates. Four doses of nitrogen fertilizer dose corresponded to 0 to N; 198 kg N ha-1 yr-1 33% of the dose of N; 396 kg N ha-1 yr-1 66% of the dose of N; and 600 kg N ha-1 yr-1 corresponding to 100% of the dose of growth assessment the design was completely randomized using the nitrogen dosages described and four replications. The area per plot was used to harvest the fresh biomass to be analyzed, which was immediately measured on a digital scale pendulum for its determination. After all installments have their biomass values known and properly stored, they were sent to the laboratory of plant analysis Embrapa Mid-North. The collected biomass is fractionated into categories: whole plant (pseudo stem and leaf without senescent material), only pseudoculm, only leaf and senescent material. The stored material was taken for laboratory analysis of animal- nutrition LANA, Federal University Of CearÃ. Analyzes to determine the levels of dry matter were held (MS), mineral matter (MM), ether extract (EE), crude protein (% N x 6.25 = PB). The cellular content of the contents (CC) and hemicellulose (HEM) were obtained following the post- analysis equations. The fiber values of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were measured after preparation of the material to be analyzed in bags of TNT (100 g / m2) with dimensions of 4 x 5cm and engagement in analysis instrument fibers (Ankom220Â). Nitrogen fertilization influenced the soil chemical characteristics as the base saturation and potential soil acidity in Tifton 85 irrigated pasture with fish farm effluents, where nitrogen (N) influenced positively to the growth of Tifton 85 irrigated with wastewater fish farming. Nitrogen fertilization in conjunction with wastewater from fish farming. The absence of nitrogen fertilization promoted increase in dry matter content in Tifton-85 grass, as well as high levels of ADF and NDF. Leaf fraction of Tifton 85 has a higher amount of organic compounds in relation to pseudoculm fraction, and this can change the true values of ether extract and crude protein. The wastewater fish farming along with the application of ammonium sulfate positive effect on the chemical composition of Tifton 85 grass.
Este trabalho foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da adubaÃÃo nitrogenada em Ãreas de pastagens irrigadas com efluentes biofertilizados oriundos da piscicultura. Quatro doses de adubo nitrogenado foram utilizados durante 3 ciclos do capim Tifton-85, cortado a cada 28 dias e irrigado com Ãgua residuÃria de piscicultura. ApÃs cada corte o capim era adubado com as respectivas doses de adubo. O delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 2 x 4 com quatro repetiÃÃes. As quatro doses de adubo nitrogenado correspondiam a dose 0 de N; 198 kg de N ha-1 ano-1 33 % da dose de N; 396 kg de N ha-1 ano-1 66% da dose de N; e 600 kg de N ha-1 ano-1 que correspondeu a 100% da dose de N. Para avaliaÃÃo do crescimento o delineamento utilizado foi inteiramente casualizado utilizando as dosagens de nitrogÃnio descritas e quatro repetiÃÃes. A Ãrea da parcela Ãtil foi utilizada para a colheita da biomassa fresca a ser analisada, que foi imediatamente medida em uma balanÃa digital de pendulo para sua determinaÃÃo. ApÃs todas as parcelas terem seus valores de biomassa conhecidos e devidamente armazenados, estes eram encaminhados ao laboratÃrio de analises vegetais da Embrapa Meio-Norte. A biomassa coletada foi fracionada em categorias: planta inteira (pseudocolmo e folha sem o material senescente), somente pseudocolmo , somente folha e material senescente. O material armazenado foi levado para o laboratÃrio de analise de nutriÃÃo animal- LANA, da Universidade Federal Do CearÃ. Foram realizadas anÃlises para determinaÃÃo dos teores de matÃria seca (MS), matÃria mineral (MM), extrato etÃreo (EE), proteÃna bruta (% de N x 6,25 = PB). Os teores do conteÃdo celular (CC) e hemicelulose (HEM) foram obtidos seguindo-se as equaÃÃes pÃs analises. Os valores de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente Ãcido ( FDA), foram mensurados apÃs o acondicionamento do material a ser analisado em saquinhos de TNT (100 g/m2) com dimensÃes de 4 x 5cm e acoplamento em aparelho analisador de fibras (Ankom220Â). A adubaÃÃo nitrogenada influenciou caracterÃsticas quÃmicas do solo como a saturaÃÃo por base e acidez potencial do solo em pastagem de capim- tifton 85 irrigada com efluentes de piscicultura, onde o nitrogÃnio (N) influenciou positivamente para o crescimento do capim-tifton 85 irrigado com efluentes de piscicultura. A adubaÃÃo nitrogenada em conjunto com a Ãgua residuÃria de piscicultura. A ausÃncia de adubaÃÃo nitrogenada promoveu aumento nos teores de matÃria seca no capim tifton-85, assim como elevados teores de FDA e FDN. A fraÃÃo folha do capim tifton 85 possui maior quantidade de compostos orgÃnicos em relaÃÃo a fraÃÃo pseudocolmo, e isso pode alterar os valores verdadeiros de extrato etÃreo e proteÃna bruta. A Ãgua residuÃria de piscicultura junto com a adubaÃÃo nitrogenada proporcionou efeito positivo na composiÃÃo bromatologica do capim Tifton 85.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

NURUDIN, MAKRUF. "Variability of morphological and physico-chemical characteristics of upland soil in Asian humid tropics and their relevance to Acacia mangium productivity." Kyoto University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2433/175065.

Full text
Abstract:
Kyoto University (京都大学)
0048
新制・課程博士
博士(農学)
甲第17636号
農博第1998号
新制||農||1011(附属図書館)
学位論文||H25||N4757(農学部図書室)
30402
京都大学大学院農学研究科森林科学専攻
(主査)教授 太田 誠一, 教授 井鷺 裕司, 教授 大澤 晃
学位規則第4条第1項該当
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Ntutha, T. "Effects of Pteronia incana (Blue bush) invasion on grass biomass production, soil chemical characteristics and peoples' livelihoods in Ngqushwa communal rangelands, Eastern Cape." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/4682.

Full text
Abstract:
The objective of the study was to assess the farmers’ knowledge and perceptions of P. incana invasion and impacts on rangeland, livestock production and livelihood in four communal grazing areas. Twenty households per village that own livestock were randomly selected to conduct an interview using an open and closed ended questionnaire. In each household, an old and knowledgeable respondent about P. incana invasion was used as a selection criterion. For scientific assessment of range condition, the experiment was conducted in a 270 m x 100 m trial plots that were established in 2014. The area was divided into 3 open and 3 fenced subplots each having an area of 45 m x 100 m established laid down a slope gradient. Each plot was divided into four equal subplots to apply the control treatments. Therefore, the trial layout was a stratified block experiment of four treatments replicated three times. The four control treatments applied to P. incana invasion were chopping and resting (CR), resting without chopping (RWOC), grazing and chopping (GC), grazing without chopping (GWOC). A step point method was applied in each transect to monitor species composition and P. incana cover. On the fenced plots two exclosures of 1mx1m size were randomly distributed to make sure that resting is maintained. Within exclosures 0.25 m2quadrates in each were put randomly to measure biomass. Density of P. incana was determined from 5 m x 5 m quadrates that were placed randomly within each sub-plot. The density and height of individual shrub plant was measured. All rooted live woody plants were recorded and counted in each quadrate. The results revealed that species composition was not affected (P>0.05) by the treatments applied. The herbage height and basal cover had greater values (P<0.05) under rested plus chopping (CR) treatment followed by grazed plus chopping (GC). Grass biomass production and essential nutrients showed a greater concentration (P<0.05) under CR treatment than any treatments applied. The results on perceptions revealed that goats had the highest mean household holding number than any other livestock species across the selected villages in all the villages. Respondents indicated that both goats and cattle had equal or more importance than sheep. Three out of four villages raised cattle primarily for income generation and secondarily for cultural purposes like slaughtering during weddings ceremonies, amazila and also during woman circumcisions (Ntonjane). Similarly, goats and sheep were primarily raised for cash income generation. The results revealed that livestock population decreased over ten to twenty years (one-two decades) and poor rangeland condition is assumed to be the cause of the situation as feed is the key factor for production. The area was dominated by the grasses rather than by browse woody species so the above results are possible as the P. incana is more competitive than grasses. It was concluded that P. incana is detrimental to both rangeland and animal production. Forage and animal performance as well as farmers’ economic status (livelihoods) were negatively affected by P. incana invasion and the scientific assessment reported it to be detrimental to agriculture. Thus chopping and resting (CR) treatment resulted in a greater improvement of the basal cover, biomass production, soil nutrients as well as grass height than the other treatments applied. Therefore it can be concluded that chopping and resting the veld invaded with P. incana can improve the range and consequently animal production.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Muhl, Sara Ann. "Alien grass invasion of Renosterveld : influence of soil variable gradients." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/2991.

Full text
Abstract:
Thesis (MScConsEcol (Conservation Ecology and Entomology))--Stellenbosch University, 2008.
This thesis examines the role of agricultural activity in the process of invasion of west coast renosterveld fragments by annual alien grass species. This highly endangered vegetation type has less than 5% remaining, it is vital to understand the mechanisms allowing invasion of annual alien grasses in order to effectively prevent the loss of the many rare and endemic species found in west coast renosterveld. This study was divided into three major components. Firstly the distribution of indigenous and alien plant species in relation to fence lines, separating active agricultural fields from untransformed vegetation, was described. Regression analysis was used to test for relationships between distances from agricultural fields and soil physical and chemical characteristics in natural vegetation. Cover by annual alien invasive grasses in untransformed vegetation decreased significantly with distance away from agricultural land. Secondly alien and indigenous grass seed banks were sampled along the transects, at the same sites, in order to establish whether the seed banks correlated with above ground cover. Results varied among sites and seed banks were correlated with the vegetation cover at only one site. It appears that there are a multitude of factors determining the distribution of annual alien grass cover. Thirdly a greenhouse experiment established the role that nitrogen plays in the success of the alien grass Avena fatua. This species was grown in competition with three indigenous species, an annual forb (Dimorphotheca pluvialis), a geophyte (Oxalis purpurea) and an indigenous perennial grass (Tribolium uniolae) at three levels of soil nitrogen. The geophyte was largely unaffected, while growth of the annual and indigenous perennial grasses was negatively affected by competition with A. fatua. Nitrogen did not seem to affect competitive interactions. Management of these renosterveld patches, in order to conserve them effectively, will require a multi-faceted approach, including prevention of further invasion and removal of invasive grasses already present.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Portz, Dennis Nicklas. "Long-term rotation with monoculture cover crops increases yield of strawberry, reduces weed populations, and maintains soil chemical, physical, and biological characteristics during strawberry production." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2008.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Books on the topic "Chemical soil characteristics"

1

Bentham, H. Habitat classification and soil restoration assessment using analysis of soil microbiological and physico-chemical characteristics. S.l: s.n, 1992.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Mays, D. A. Stack gas desulfurization waste effects on long-term alfalfa yields and soil chemical characteristics. S.l: s.n, 1987.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Marron, D. C. Field and laboratory data describing physical and chemical characteristics of metal-contaminated flood-plain deposits downstream from lead, west-central South Dakota. Denver, Colo: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1988.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Marron, D. C. Field and laboratory data describing physical and chemical characteristics of metal-contaminated flood-plain deposits downstream from lead, west-central South Dakota. Denver, Colo: Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1988.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Khrenov, V. I︠A︡. Pochvy kriolitozony Zapadnoĭ Sibiri: Morfologii︠a︡, fiziko-khimicheskie svoĭstva, geokhimii︠a︡ = West Siberian soils of cryolithozon : morphology, physical and chemical characteristics, geochemistry. Novosibirsk: "Nauka", 2011.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Zhukov, Aleksey, Vladimir Astashkin, Vil'en Zholudov, and Vyacheslav Semenov. Industrial construction. Buildings and constructions. Corrosion protection and ecology. ru: INFRA-M Academic Publishing LLC., 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/1064907.

Full text
Abstract:
This monograph summarizes the modern experience of protection of industrial buildings and structures against aggressive impacts are considered characteristic of corrosion processes under the action of liquid, solid and gaseous environments on the main building materials. Provides a system of regulating the degree of aggressiveness for different parts of buildings and constructions basic provisions for the selection of chemically resistant structures and materials, design methodology section corrosion protection. Systematic design methods of protecting groundwater and soil against aggressive and toxic media, the methods of accounting for the cost of corrosion protection as applied to building elements. Designed for a wide range of engineering-technical workers (ITR), related to design, construction and exploitation of constructions and structures. Can also be used as a textbook for technical schools, colleges and training system engineers.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Terrorism, retaliation, and victory: Awaken the soul of America to defeat terrorism without casualties. [Philadelphia, Pa.]: Xlibris, 2003.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Desborough, George A. Chemical and mineralogical characteristics and acid-neutralizing potential of fresh and altered rocks and soils of the Boulder River headwaters in Basin and Cataract creeks of northern Jefferson County, Montana. [Denver, Colo.?]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Desborough, George A. Chemical and mineralogical characteristics and acid-neutralizing potential of fresh and altered rocks and soils of the Boulder River headwaters in Basin and Cataract creeks of northern Jefferson County, Montana. [Denver, Colo.?]: U.S. Dept. of the Interior, U.S. Geological Survey, 1998.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

K, Hubbard R., ed. Characteristics of selected upland soils of the Georgia Coastal Plain. [Washington, D.C.?]: U.S. Dept. of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service, 1985.

Find full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
More sources

Book chapters on the topic "Chemical soil characteristics"

1

Kar, Devashish. "Lentic Soil or Mud (Physico-chemical Characteristics of Soil)." In Wetlands and Lakes of the World, 47–57. New Delhi: Springer India, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1023-8_4.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Taylor, Robert W., and Lucy W. Ngatia. "Calcareous Oolitic Limestone Rockland Soils of the Bahamas: Some Physical, Chemical, and Fertility Characteristics." In Soil Science: Fundamentals to Recent Advances, 683–92. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0917-6_34.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Soveri, Jouko, and Timo Ahlberg. "Effects of Air Pollutants on Chemical Characteristics of Soil Water and Groundwater." In Acidification in Finland, 865–81. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-642-75450-0_42.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Wright, J. R., A. Leahey, and H. M. Rice. "Chemical, Morphological and Mineralogical Characteristics of a Chronosequence of Soils on Alluvial Deposits in the Northwest Territories." In Selected Papers in Soil Formation and Classification, 257–69. Madison, Wisconsin, USA: Soil Science Society of America, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaspecpub1.c21.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Slattery, J. F., W. J. Slattery, and B. M. Carmody. "Influence of Soil Chemical Characteristics on Medic Rhizobia in the Alkaline Soils of South Eastern Australia." In Highlights of Nitrogen Fixation Research, 243–49. Boston, MA: Springer US, 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-4615-4795-2_49.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

Bouhamed, Farah, Zaineb Bakri, and Boubaker Elleuch. "Effects on Soil-Plant System in a Treated Wastewater Irrigated Sunflower Cultivation: Soil Chemical Characteristics, Bioaccumulation of Metals in Soil and Plants." In Advances in Sustainable and Environmental Hydrology, Hydrogeology, Hydrochemistry and Water Resources, 81–83. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01572-5_20.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Hunt, James F., and Zhongqi He. "Characteristics of Plant-Derived Water-Extractable Organic Matter and its Effects on Phosphorus Sorption Behavior." In Labile Organic Matter-Chemical Compositions, Function, and Significance in Soil and the Environment, 99–118. Madison, WI, USA: Soil Science Society of America, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaspecpub62.2014.0037.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

Arnalds, Olafur. "Chemical Characteristics." In World Soils Book Series, 91–105. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-9621-7_8.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Wang, Jim J., Syam K. Dodla, and Ronald D. DeLaune. "Characteristics and Functions of Labile Organic Carbon in Coastal Wetland Soils of the Mississippi River Deltaic Plain." In Labile Organic Matter-Chemical Compositions, Function, and Significance in Soil and the Environment, 315–36. Madison, WI, USA: Soil Science Society of America, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaspecpub62.2014.0046.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Zhang, Mingchu, and Zhongqi He. "Characteristics of Dissolved Organic Carbon Revealed by Ultraviolet-Visible Absorbance and Fluorescence Spectroscopy: The Current Status and Future Exploration." In Labile Organic Matter-Chemical Compositions, Function, and Significance in Soil and the Environment, 1–21. Madison, WI, USA: Soil Science Society of America, Inc., 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.2136/sssaspecpub62.2014.0032.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Conference papers on the topic "Chemical soil characteristics"

1

Pechkin, A. S., E. V. Agbalian, E. V. Shinkaruk, N. A. Khnycheva, V. V. Melnikova, K. V. Iulbarisova, and A. S. Krasnenko. "BACKGROUND PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOIL COVER OF THE NORTHERN PART OF THE STATE RESERVE «VERKHNE-TAZOVSKY»." In Prirodopol'zovanie i ohrana prirody: Ohrana pamjatnikov prirody, biologicheskogo i landshaftnogo raznoobrazija Tomskogo Priob'ja i drugih regionov Rossii. Izdatel'stvo Tomskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.17223/978-5-94621-954-9-2020-50.

Full text
Abstract:
Analytical studies of background soils on the territory of the Yamal-Nenets Autonomous Okrug were Carried out using generally accepted methods in soil science. Low availability of tested soils with organic matter and basic exchange cations is shown. Indicators of heavy metal concentrations, silt and humus content, and sorbents (iron and manganese hydroxides) were obtained.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Kim, Seonhee, Kyeongtae Kim, Hyunji Tak, Taehyoung Kim, and Minhee Lee. "Arsenic Stabilization in Soil Using Two Kinds of Steel Slags Having Different Chemical Characteristics as Soil Stabilizer." In Goldschmidt2020. Geochemical Society, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.46427/gold2020.1312.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
3

Márcia Rejane de Queiroz Almeida Azevedo, Napoleão Esberard de Macêdo Beltrão, Annemarie Könnig, Carlos Alberto Vieira de Azevedo, Tatiana de Lima Tavares, and Roberto Vieira Pordeus. "Chemical Characteristics of the Soil After Cultivation of Corn Irrigated with Treated Wastewater." In 2007 Minneapolis, Minnesota, June 17-20, 2007. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.22937.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
4

Devnita, Rina, Benny Joy, Mahfud Arifin, Ridha Hudaya, and Nurul Oktaviani. "Application of nanoparticle of rock phosphate and biofertilizer in increasing some soil chemical characteristics of variable charge soil." In THE 1ST INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE AND EXHIBITION ON POWDER TECHNOLOGY INDONESIA (ICePTi) 2017. Author(s), 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5021220.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
5

Kurup, G. Surya Narayana, Sona P. S., Luthfa U, Varsha Manu, and Amal Azad Sahib. "Undrained Strength Characteristics of Fibre Reinforced Expansive Soils." In International Web Conference in Civil Engineering for a Sustainable Planet. AIJR Publisher, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21467/proceedings.112.19.

Full text
Abstract:
Expansive soils are those whose volume changes take place while it comes in contact with water. It expands during rainy season due to intake of water and shrinks during summer season. Expansive soils owe their characteristics due to the presence of swelling clay minerals. Expansive soils cover nearly 20% of landmass in India and include almost the entire Deccan plateau, western Madhya Pradesh, parts of Gujarat, Uttar Pradesh, Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka and Maharashtra. The properties that describe the expansive behaviour of soils are free swell index, swell potential and swell pressure. This behaviour has an impounding effect on the bearing capacity and strength of foundation lying on such a soil. Some of the stabilization techniques which are currently being used are physical alternations, sand cushioning, belled piers, under reamed piers, granular pile anchors, chemical stabilization, and fibre reinforcement techniques. This paper focuses on improvement in the strength characteristics of stabilized Chittur soil. The commonly used stabilizer for expansive soils is lime. This paper looks upon alternative materials such as fly ash and polypropylene fibres in order to reduce the lime content. It was concluded from the trials that an optimum combination of 1.5% lime, 10% fly ash and 0.2% polypropylene fibres contribut
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
6

MARIN, NICOLETA. "THE INFLUENCE OF N AND P FERTILIZATION ON SOME CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SOIL." In 18th International Multidisciplinary Scientific GeoConference SGEM2018. Stef92 Technology, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.5593/sgem2018/3.2/s13.075.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
7

Yin, Hui, Zhongcheng Jiang, Weiqun Luo, and Hui Li. "Research on soil physical and chemical characteristics by different topographic positions in karst pinnacle." In 2011 International Conference on Electronics, Communications and Control (ICECC). IEEE, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/icecc.2011.6068012.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
8

"The Influence of Olive Cultivation on the Chemical Characteristics of the Soil, In Vlora, Albania." In Sept. 28-30, 2017 Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia). HEAIG, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.15242/heaig.er0917223.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
9

Franco, E. S., J. Dantas Neto, M. S. S. Farias, V. M. Lira, and R. T. Nascimento. "The Influence of Mesquite in the Soil Chemical Characteristics and in The Decrease of pH." In II Inovagri International Meeting. Fortaleza, Ceará, Brasil: INOVAGRI/INCT-EI/INCTSal, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.12702/ii.inovagri.2014-a642.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
10

Keles Regina Antony Inoue, Cecília de Fátima Souza, Ilda de Fátima Ferreira Tinôco, Maria Clara Carvalho Guimarães, Irene Menegali, and Elton Eduardo Novais Alves. "Effect of different biofertilizers produced by the anaerobic digestion of manipueira in soil chemical characteristics." In 2010 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, June 20 - June 23, 2010. St. Joseph, MI: American Society of Agricultural and Biological Engineers, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/2013.29791.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles

Reports on the topic "Chemical soil characteristics"

1

Zhambalova, A., V. Ubugunov, V. Ubugunova, and E. Tsyrempilov. MORPHOLOGICAL AND AGRO-CHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF SALINE SOILS AT THE NORTHERN EDGE OF THE CENTRAL ASIAN ZONE. LJournal, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.18411/zambal-bgsha17.

Full text
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
2

Butler, Afrachanna, Catherine Thomas, Nathan Beane, Anthony Bednar, and William Frederick. Phytomanagement of soil and groundwater at the Niagara Falls Storage Site (NFSS) using hybridized trees. Engineer Research and Development Center (U.S.), September 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.21079/11681/42083.

Full text
Abstract:
The Manhattan Engineer District previously used the 191-acre Niagara Falls Storage Site (NFSS) in Niagara County, New York, to store radioactive residues and wastes from uranium (U) ore processing. At present, management practices will determine whether enhanced evapotranspiration rates produced by hybridized shrub willow cuttings planted in 2016 will affect groundwater hydrology. Two shrub willow varieties were planted in an approximately one-half acre area to examine growth performance along a U impacted sanitary sewer line. Additionally, control plots will compare the effectiveness of shrub willows to unplanted areas. Observations of the planted area after 18 months showed success of shrub willow growth with increasing biomass. Chemical analysis from tree tissue samples of the field study showed no significant uptake of U or thorium (Th) to date. A greenhouse study conducted in parallel to the field study tested the willows under controlled greenhouse conditions and evaluated their ability to grow and accumulate contaminants under controlled conditions. Results from the greenhouse study demonstrated that U accumulation was minimal. Thus, this study demonstrates that the shrub willows are not accumulators of U or Th, an advantageous characteristic that implies stabilized contaminants in the soil and no translocation of U into the aboveground biomass.
APA, Harvard, Vancouver, ISO, and other styles
We offer discounts on all premium plans for authors whose works are included in thematic literature selections. Contact us to get a unique promo code!

To the bibliography