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Journal articles on the topic 'Chemical terrorism'
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1
Kelliher, Marybeth. "Terrorism. Industry prevention and the Chemical Weapons Convention." Pure and Applied Chemistry 74, no. 12 (January 1, 2002): 2277–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200274122277.
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The 11 September 2001 terrorist attacks introduced the United States to domestic and complex terrorism. According to terrorism experts, public and private sector targets are indistinguishable to the perpetrators of this evolved form of terrorism. The global chemical industry’s counteroffensive against international terrorism depends in part on implementation of the Chemicals Weapons Convention (CWC), long supported by the American Chemistry Council (ACC) and its sister associations in the International Council of Chemical Associations (ICCA). This paper describes the U.S. chemical industry’s response to September 11th and how adherence to the letter and spirit of the CWC helps prevent terrorism.
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Sheraz, Muhammad, Usman Hameed, and Zarfishan Qaiser. "A THREAT ASSESSMENT OF BIOTERRORISM FROM AL-QAIDA TO ISLAMIC STATE." Pakistan Journal of Social Research 03, no. 03 (September 30, 2021): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.52567/pjsr.v3i3.239.
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The paper will focus on explaining the nature, extent and evolution of terrorism through the role of Chemical, Biological, Radiological and nuclear weapons (CBRN) such as Bio-Chemical Weapons (BCWs). It will further discuss the role of religious terrorist organizations, such as Al Qaeda and ISIS/Deash in re-defining terrorism in contemporary era by acquiring BCWs. Moreover, it will underscore the lethality and level of threat posed by BCW’s when employed by the non-state actors. Additionally, it will highlight various motivating factors including political, religious, and psychological which can act as a driving force for the terrorists and non-state actors to use BCWs. Lastly, it will suggest that a change in the means and methods of terrorism predominantly comprising of BCWs as a weapon of choice for the terrorists is on the cards and it is likely remaining the feature of international politics in the days and years to come if the international treaty regime on BCWS does not adequately address the phenomenon of non-state actors. Keywords: Terrorist Organizations, Bio-Chemical Weapons, Al Qaeda, Islamic State, Rational Actors, Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, Chemical Weapon Convention, CBRN.
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Tucker, Jonathan B. "Chemical/Biological Terrorism: Coping with a New Threat." Politics and the Life Sciences 15, no. 2 (September 1996): 167–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s073093840002270x.
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In March 1995, Japanese terrorists released nerve gas on the Tokyo subway, causing eleven deaths and more than 5,000 injuries. Although terrorists have sought to acquire chemical/biological (C/B) agents in the past, and a few have employed them on a small scale, the Tokyo attack was the first large-scale terrorist use of a lethal chemical agent against unarmed civilians, weakening a long-standing psychological taboo. This tragic incident has therefore drawn worldwide attention to the emerging threat of chemical/biological terrorism. Despite significant technical hurdles associated with the production and delivery of C/B agents, such weapons are within the reach of terrorist groups that possess the necessary scientific know-how and financial resources. This article proposes a C/B counterterrorism strategy based on preemption and civil defense, and recommends several short-term and longer-term policy options for mitigating this emerging threat.
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Shin, Moon-Sik, Yi Yoon, Seungmin Kang, and Janghyeon Cha. "Analysis of the Potential Use of Schedule 1 Chemicals and Toxic Industrial Substances in Chemical Terrorism." Korean Association for Terrorism Studies 16, no. 3 (September 30, 2023): 129–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.46350/kats.2023.16.3.129.
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In this study, we analyzed chemical substances that could be used in chemical terrorism for the purpose of mass destruction, social disruption and assassination, and suggested ways to effectively manage these chemicals. The analysis focused on toxic industrial substance which are suggested by accident preparation substances from regulations and literature, and schedule 1 chemicals which actually used in chemical terrorism recently. The analysis was conducted based on ease of acquisition, transportation, and dispersal, which can vary depending on the physical, chemical properties and toxicity of the substances. The review concluded that the schedule 1 chemical is more likely to be utilized for chemical terrorism compared to industrial toxic substances. Unlike industrial toxic substance, schedule 1 chemical can be obtained through synthesis or smuggling from abroad. They possess high toxicity enough to achieve object with small quantities, so that it has advantages of secretly transportation and dispersal to that target location or individuals. This analysis is supported by recent chemical terrorism cases. To prevent terrorists from acquiring the schedule 1 chemicals identified as potential candidates for chemical terrorism, effective management and supervision of various chemicals that can be used for the synthesis of schedule 1 chemical is crucial. In this regard, it is essential to thoroughly monitor and analyze the chemicals purchased by consumers to determine their potential for synthesizing these category of chemicals. To achieve this, we propose the establishment and utilization of an artificial intelligence-based system.
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Zhu, Rongchen, Xiaofeng Hu, Xin Li, Han Ye, and Nan Jia. "Modeling and Risk Analysis of Chemical Terrorist Attacks: A Bayesian Network Method." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 6 (March 19, 2020): 2051. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17062051.
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The chemical terrorist attack is an unconventional form of terrorism with vast scope of influence, strong concealment, high technical means and severe consequences. Chemical terrorism risk refers to the uncertainty of the effects of terrorist organisations using toxic industrial chemicals/drugs and classic chemical weapons to attack the population. There are multiple risk factors infecting chemical terrorism risk, such as the threat degree of terrorist organisations, attraction of targets, city emergency response capabilities, and police defense capabilities. We have constructed a Bayesian network of chemical terrorist attacks to conduct risk analysis. The scenario analysis and sensitivity analysis are applied to validate the model and analyse the impact of the vital factor on the risk of chemical terrorist attacks. The results show that the model can be used for simulation and risk analysis of chemical terrorist attacks. In terms of controlling the risk of chemical terrorist attack, patrol and surveillance are less critical than security checks and police investigations. Security check is the most effective approach to decrease the probability of successful attacks. Different terrorist organisations have different degrees of threat, but the impacts of which are limited to the success of the attack. Weapon types and doses are sensitive to casualties, but it is the level of emergency response capabilities that dominates the changes in casualties. Due to the limited number of defensive resources, to get the best consequence, the priority of the deployment of defensive sources should be firstly given to governmental buildings, followed by commercial areas. These findings may provide the theoretical basis and method support for the combat of the public security department and the safety prevention decision of the risk management department.
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Glotov, E. N., V. P. Kotov, I. A. Lozanov, M. L. Makarov, О. М. Nikitin, А. М. Fleyer, and N. I. Shilo. "International Terrorism Using Toxic Chemicals as an Element of Hybrid Warfare." Journal of NBC Protection Corps 7, no. 1 (August 4, 2023): 36–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2023-7-1-36-52.
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Modern terrorism is a complex system that consists of a complex of complementary processes – ideological, criminal, military, political, religious and nationalistic. Chemical terrorism is one of the elements of hybrid warfare – a new technology in the fight for the reorganization of the world at the present stage. The purpose of this article is to consider one of the elements of hybrid wars – chemical terrorism. Sources and informational basis of the research, methodology. In this work, the sources published by the Organization for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) were used. The publications available through the databases PubMed, Google Scholar, eLibrary, etc. were also studied. Research method – system analysis. The probability of the use of chemical warfare agents and toxic chemicals by terrorists of various ideological orientations as part of a hybrid war strategy has been studied. The discussion of the results. Hybrid military conflicts of a non-classical nature involve the participation of international terrorist organizations in hostilities. The Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction (CWC) does not explicitly prohibit non-state actors from obtaining and using chemical weapons. This situation is very convenient for the states that have signed the CWC and use terrorist organizations as part of the strategy of indirect action. In such cases the information and psychological operations are aimed at the collapse and fragmentation of countries, undermining their ability to resist, discrediting their leaders, and causing a split in the ranks of the allies. This was most clearly shown in the incidents with the use of toxic chemicals in Syria. Conclusion. Working groups under the auspices of the UN and the OPCW, sent to Syria to investigate incidents with the use of sarin, proved unable to conduct objective investigations. They usually ended up on the side of the sponsors of chemical terrorist attacks, despite the evidence of falsification. This, in turn, can lead to serious military conflicts, for which the role of casus belli will be played by false news from the global media. The only mechanism that made it possible to stop such provocations in Syria was a public warning from the Russian side about the place and time of the planned false flag attack. At the same time, such a selective position of the UN and the OPCW can at any moment lead to the loss of the control over chemical weapons in certain regions of the world.
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Patočka, Jiří, Kamil Kuča, Vlastimil Dohnal, and Daniel Jun. "Chemical terrorism." Kontakt 8, no. 1 (May 26, 2006): 123–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.32725/kont.2006.020.
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Tishler, Nicole Alexandra. "C, B, R, or N: The Influence of Related Industry on Terrorists' Choice in Unconventional Weapons." Canadian Graduate Journal of Sociology and Criminology 2, no. 2 (September 30, 2013): 52–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15353/cgjsc.v2i2.3765.
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This study explores which factors, given that a terrorist has crossed the threshold into using chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) over conventional weapons, will determine the likelihood that he/she chooses to use C, B, R, or N weapons. Relying primarily on data from the incident-based Monterey WMD Database, it employs multinomial logit regression with C, B, R, or N as a categorical dependent variable: a first within the relevant econometric literature. Fundamentally, the study tests the widely-held—although empirically unsubstantiated—technological deterministic assumption that the more readily CBRN technology, materials, and knowledge are accessible to terrorists, the more likely terrorists will be to use unconventional weapons of the corresponding kind: a relationship hypothesized to be stronger for serious attack perpetrators than for hoaxers. Next, the study tests the notion of a continuum of proliferation potential, hypothesizing that as states’ regulatory capacity increases, biological terrorism will be most likely and nuclear terrorism will be least likely. Finally, the study assesses variables that have previously been proven as significant determinants of CBRN over conventional terrorism, to provide the groundwork for future evaluation of the extent to which terrorists may be induced to pursue C, B, R, or N over conventional weapons.Cette étude explore les facteurs, en supposant qu'un terroriste ait franchi le seuil des armes traditionnelles en utilisant des armes non traditionnelles comme les armes chimiques, biologiques, radiologiques et nucléaires (CBRN), qui détermineront la possibilité qu'il/elle choisisse d'utiliser les armes C, B, R ou N. En s'appuyant sur des données primaires de labase de données Monterey WMD, elle se sert d'une régression logit multinomial avec C, B,R ou N comme une variante dépendante catégorique : il s'agit d'une première pour la documentation pertinente économétrique. Principalement, l'étude vérifie la supposition très répandue - même si elle n'est pas empiriquement corroborée - comme quoi plus latechnologie CBRN, les matériaux et les connaissances sont accessibles aux terroristes, plus les terroristes seront portés à se servir d'armes non traditionnelles pour la situation quis'apprête : une relation censée être plus solide pour des auteurs d'agressions plus dangereuses que pour les charlatans. Ensuite, l'étude vérifie la notion d'une continuité de prolifération éventuelle, en supposant qu'avec l'augmentation de la capacité deréglementation de l'État, le terrorisme biologique serait le plus probable, alors que le terrorisme nucléaire serait le moins probable. Enfin, l'étude évalue les variantes qui ont déjà été prouvées comme déterminant de façon importante les CBRN plutôt que le terrorisme traditionnel, pour fournir un travail préparatoire pour de futures évaluations de l'étendue avec laquelle les terroristes pourraient être incités à se servir d'armes C, B, Rou N plutôt que des armes traditionnelles.
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Rutić, Srđan Z. "Chemical terrorism." Vojno delo 68, no. 2 (2016): 290–303. http://dx.doi.org/10.5937/vojdelo1602290r.
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Emmett, Stevan R., and Peter G. Blain. "Chemical terrorism." Medicine 48, no. 3 (March 2020): 182–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2019.12.008.
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Balachandar, Kannan Gajendran. "Management of Chemical Terrorism and Chemical Disasters." International Journal of Disaster Management 4, no. 3 (December 26, 2021): 51–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.24815/ijdm.v4i3.21584.
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Though the possibility of terrorist groups obtaining chemical weapons and inflicting mass destruction are relatively low, the relevance of chemical agents still remains high since use of such chemical agents in causing potentially dangerous consequences remains very high. Sporadic chemical attacks and chemical disasters happen all over the world and they cause long lasting damages. Easy accessibility to variety of toxic industrial chemicals and the relatively simple know-how needed to synthesize chemical agents pose a serious threat. However, technological developments and the easy availability of information have empowered the security forces and the law enforcement agencies to formulate responsive mechanism to mitigate the ill effects of chemical disasters. Though the international and national agencies strive hard to ward off the debilitating effects of chemical agents and disasters, the capability of such efforts in addressing the potential risks remains doubtful. This review describes the characteristics and classification of chemical agents and toxic industrial chemicals, their physico – chemical properties, detection, decontamination and response by the security agencies and first responders in addressing the threat to mankind in the form of chemical terrorism and chemical disasters.
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Joo, Sun Ho, Si-Kuk Kim, and Sungchul Hong. "A Study on the Improvement of Methodologies for Establishing a Vulnerability Classification of Chemical Terrorism in Public Facilities." Fire Science and Engineering 34, no. 1 (February 29, 2020): 89–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.2020.34.1.089.
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Chemical terrorism using toxic and flammable gases, which could be fatal to the health of the human body, poses a serious threat to the security of most advanced countries, as well as those that are suffering from local disputes, due to the asymmetric information that exists between terrorist actors and victims. The countermeasures against chemical terrorism can be roughly divided into three stages: prevention, response, and probation. The critical factors for each professional response agency, and the personnel that determine the degree and range of chemical terrorism damage, are performing missions successfully in the process of the prevention and the response stage against chemical terrorism. To do this, conducting objective and systematical assessments on facilities that could potentially be the subject of chemical terrorism is more important than anything. In this study, we compared the existing domestic and foreign vulnerable classification systems for chemical terrorism, reviewed the current direction of improvement in domestic classification systems, and suggested more scientific and systematic methodologies through the vulnerability assessment on an actual public facility sample.
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Wiza, Paulina L., Dawid Jabkowski, and Norbert Szalaty. "Poziom świadomości konsumentów w zakresie terroryzmu żywnościowegojako przykład współczesnego zagrożenia dla przemysłu rolno-spożywczego." Turystyka i Rozwój Regionalny, no. 12 (December 5, 2019): 115–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.22630/tirr.2019.12.24.
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The aim of the article was to present consumer awareness in the field of food terrorism as a new threat in the food industry. Food terrorism is a new phenomenon, which in the XXI century is a challenge for the food industry. It consists in intentional contamination of food with the use of biological, chemical and physical substances. At every stage of food production may be to intentional contamination. The article attempts to discuss the phenomenon of food terrorism and consumer awareness in the field of food terrorism. In order to carry out surveys, which were carried out using the internet portal. 120 respondents from all of Wielkopolska participated in the research. Based on literature data and surveys, it was found that consumers are not fully aware that food can be the target of a terrorist attack. According to the surveyed, food terrorism is global and can occur at every stage of the food chain. Due to the fact that food terrorism is a new phenomenon in the economy, the methods used by terrorists and the potential effects of the threat are not fully known.
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Santos, Cynthia, Tharwat El Zahran, Jessica Weiland, Mehruba Anwar, and Joshua Schier. "Characterizing Chemical Terrorism Incidents Collected by the Global Terrorism Database, 1970-2015." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 34, no. 04 (July 8, 2019): 385–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x19004539.
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AbstractBackground:The Global Terrorism Database (GTD) is an open-source database on terrorist incidents around the world since 1970, and it is maintained by the National Consortium for the Study of Terrorism and Responses to Terrorism (START; College Park, Maryland USA), a US Department of Homeland Security Center of Excellence. The consortium reviews media reports to determine if an event meets eligibility to be categorized as a terrorism incident for entry into the database.Objective:The objective of this study was to characterize chemical terrorism incidents reported to the GTD and understand more about the kinds of chemical agents used, the associated morbidity and mortality, the geography of incidents, and the intended targets.Methods:Chemical terrorism incidents from 1970 through 2015 were analyzed by chemical agent category, injury and fatality, geographic region, and target.Results:During the study period, 156,772 terrorism incidents were reported to the GTD, of which 292 (0.19%) met the inclusion criteria for analysis as a chemical terrorism incident. The reported chemical agent categories were: unknown chemical (30.5%); corrosives (23.3%); tear gas/mace (12.3%); unspecified gas (11.6%); cyanide (8.2%); pesticides (5.5%); metals (6.5%); and nerve gas (2.1%). On average, chemical terrorism incidents resulted in 51 injuries (mean range across agents: 2.5-1,622.0) and seven deaths (mean range across agents: 0.0-224.3) per incident. Nerve gas incidents (2.1%) had the highest mean number of injuries (n = 1,622) and fatalities (n = 224) per incident. The highest number of chemical terrorism incidents occurred in South Asia (29.5%), Western Europe (16.8%), and Middle East/North Africa (13.0%). The most common targets were private citizens (19.5%), of which groups of women (22.8%) were often the specific target. Incidents targeting educational institutions often specifically targeted female students or teachers (58.1%).Conclusions:Chemical terrorism incidents rarely occur; however, the use of certain chemical terrorism agents, for example nerve gas, can cause large mass-causality events that can kill or injure thousands with a single use. Certain regions of the world had higher frequency of chemical terrorism events overall, and also varied in their frequencies of the specific chemical terrorism agent used. Data suggest that morbidity and mortality vary by chemical category and by region. Results may be helpful in developing and optimizing regional chemical terrorism preparedness activities.
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Lee, Juhee, Si-Kuk Kim, and Sungchul Hong. "Computational Analysis of Ammonia on a Demonstration Training Testbed for Chemical Terrorism On-site Crew." Fire Science and Engineering 36, no. 1 (February 28, 2022): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.7731/kifse.55f4d1f9.
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Korea's international position is increasingly becoming prominent. Furthemore, there is an increased potential of chemical terrorism due to increase in international exchanges. Furthermore, significant increases in the quantity and type of chemical substances, given the development of various chemical industries, has led to an increase in the distribution and usage of harmful gases. Recent report of casualties due to chemical gas leaks in korea is a good example. Chemical terrorism using chemicals stolen from blind spots of management or due to chemicals manufactured illegally is no longer considered an accident in another country. In this study, we focused on terrorist incidents in multiuse facilities using harmful gases and performed computer simulations to ensure the safety of field crew members and make rational decisions. A study was conducted to reflect the same in a training scenario. From scenario derivation to writing and reflection of results via computerized simulation, results derived from computerized simulations were summarized and reported because they contain various variables and significant work content.
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Aydin, Burc. "Global Characteristics of Chemical, Biological, and Radiological Poison Use in Terrorist Attacks." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 35, no. 3 (April 2, 2020): 260–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x20000394.
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AbstractBackground:Chemical, biological, and radiological (CBR) terrorism continues to be a global threat. Studies examining global and historical toxicological characteristics of CBR terrorism are lacking.Methods:Global Terrorism Database (GTD) and RAND Database of Worldwide Terrorism Incidents (RDWTI) were searched for CBR terrorist attacks from 1970 through 2017. Events fulfilling terrorism and poisoning definitions were included. Variables of event date and location, event realization, poisonous agent type, poisoning agent, exposure route, targets, connected events, additional means of harm, disguise methods, poisonings, and casualties were analyzed along with time trends and data gaps.Results:A total of 446 events of CBR terrorism were included from all world regions. A trend for increased number of events over time was observed (R2 = 0.727; coefficient = 0.511). In these attacks, 4,093 people lost their lives and 31,903 were injured. Chemicals were the most commonly used type of poison (63.5%). The most commonly used poisonous agents were acids (12.3%), chlorine or chlorine compounds (11.2%), riot control agents (10.8%), cyanides (5.8%), and Bacillus anthracis (4.9%). Occurrence of poisoning was confirmed in 208 events (46.6%). Most common exposure routes were skin, mucosa, or eye (57.2%) and inhalation (47.5%). Poison was delivered with additional means of harm in 151 events (33.9%) and in a disguised way in 214 events (48.0%), respectively.Conclusions:This study showed that CBR terrorism is an on-going and increasingly recorded global threat involving diverse groups of poisons with additional harmful mechanisms and disguise. Industrial chemicals were used in chemical attacks. Vigilance and preparedness are needed for future CBR threats.
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Kochoi, R. S. "Victims of Transnational Terrorist Organizations Crimes." Actual Problems of Russian Law 18, no. 2 (November 21, 2022): 193–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.17803/1994-1471.2023.147.2.193-200.
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The publication of a book containing statistics on the victims of terrorism is essential for not only the study and analysis of terrorism and strategies to respond to it, but also for the support of victims of terrorism. One of the goals of initiating such a publication in the West («White and Black Book of Terrorism in Europe») is precisely to propel forward the adoption of a special European law on assistance to victims of terrorism. The paper supports the publication of a similar book in Russia, which itself has been a target for transnational terrorist organizations for many years, primarily the so-called Islamic State (hereinafter referred to as IS, ISIS), banned on the territory of the Russian Federation. The paper contains a description of the victims of the ISIS crimes, and the victims of not only its terrorist attacks, but also other crimes, among which the crime of genocide should be especially noted. The adoption and implementation of programs of psychological and other assistance to victims of terrorism in the states of Western Europe makes it relevant to take support measures in relation to these persons also in Russia. Among such measures is the development and adoption of a federal law on support for victims of terrorism.
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Wang, Soon Joo, Jin Tae Choi, and Jeffrey Arnold. "Terrorism in South Korea." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 18, no. 2 (June 2003): 140–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x0000090x.
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AbstractSouth Korea has experienced >30 suspected terrorism-related events since 1958, including attacks against South Korean citizens in foreign countries. The most common types of terrorism used have included bombings, shootings, hijackings, and kidnappings. Prior to 1990, North Korea was responsible for almost all terrorism-related events inside of South Korea, including multiple assassination attempts on its presidents, regular kidnappings of South Korean fisherman, and several high-profile bombings. Since 1990, most of the terrorist attacks against South Korean citizens have occurred abroad and have been related to the emerging worldwide pattern of terrorism by international terrorist organizations or deranged individuals.The 1988 Seoul Olympic Games provided a major stimulus for South Korea to develop a national emergency response system for terrorism-related events based on the participation of multiple ministries. The 11 September 2001 World Trade Center and Pentagon attacks and the 2001 United States of America (US) anthrax letter attacks prompted South Korea to organize a new national system of emergency response for terrorism-related events. The system is based on five divisions for the response to specific types of terrorist events, involving conventional terrorism, bioterrorism, chemical terrorism, radiological terrorism, and cyber-terrorism. No terrorism-related events occurred during the 2002 World Cup and Asian Games held in South Korea. The emergency management of terrorism-related events in South Korea is adapting to the changing risk of terrorism in the new century.
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Mutisya, Mutinda. "Challenges and Lessons Learned from Counter Terrorism Strategies in Kenya." African Journal of Empirical Research 5, no. 1 (January 12, 2024): 225–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.51867/ajernet.5.1.22.
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The changing nature of terrorism activities both in the developed and developing countries makes it imperative to fully tackle this problem. Fears of advancement in weapons by terrorists to chemical, biological and nuclear weapons continue to be on the rise. As such, despite formulation of numerous strategies, the states and regions remain vulnerable to future terrorist attacks. The objective of this study to explore the challenges encountered in counter terrorism strategies employed in Kenya. The study employed a desktop review and thematic analysis to provide a multi-dimensional exploration of the challenges confronting Kenya's efforts to counter terrorism. This approach not only contextualized the current state of counter-terrorism within the nation but also contributed to a more holistic comprehension of the intricate dynamics involved. The study revealed that the respondents encounter challenges in the fight against terrorism in Kenya. The study also found that the most faced challenge was inadequate training and inadequate funding in the security organizations. These tend to act as a limit barrier in not only acquiring but also utilizing modern terrorism equipment. However, unclear definition of law was the least experienced challenge showing that there were no legal barriers in the implementation of the counter terrorism strategies. The study recommends that the security agents should put measures to ensure increased public participation in countering terrorism. Additionally, the study recommends audit and scrutiny of the security agencies so as to ensure that they are well capable and trained for their respective positions.
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Ndoluanak, Yofran Hengki, Mulyono Mulyono, and Damrah Mamang. "THE LAW ENFORCEMENT AGAINST TERRORISM CRIMINAL ACTS USING CHEMICALS, BIOLOGICAL AND RADIOACTIVE MATERIALS IN A JUSTICE PERSPECTIVE." Jurnal Hukum Jurisdictie 5, no. 1 (July 7, 2023): 146–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.34005/jhj.v5i1.120.
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Law enforcement is aimed at improving order and legal certainty in society. This is done, among others, by controlling the functions, duties and authorities of the institutions tasked with enforcing the law according to the proportions of their respective scopes, and based on a good cooperation system that supports the goals to be achieved. One of the characteristics of terrorist crimes is the use of explosives assembled from chemical, biological and radio-active substances. Law enforcement officers are obliged to tackle these crimes. The problems in this research are a. How is the regulation of law enforcement against perpetrators of criminal acts of terrorism using chemical, biological and radioactive materials? b. What is the concept of law enforcement against perpetrators of criminal acts of terrorism using chemical, biological and radioactive materials in the perspective of justice? By using a normative juridical research method with a statutory approach and a case study approach, it is known that a. Regulations Law enforcement against perpetrators of criminal acts of terrorism using chemical, biological and radioactive materials currently has not succeeded in suppressing theoretical crimes, this is because, not a few former terror convicts are re-involved in terrorism networks, moreover, national network terrorist cells and international terrorism is still quite high. b. The concept of law enforcement against perpetrators of criminal acts of terrorism using chemical, biological and radioactive materials in the perspective of justice, namely collaborating between Ministries/Agencies such as POLRI, BNPT, BAPETEN, BNPB, TNI and the Ministry of Industry in handling chemical, biological and radioactive crimes in the realization of the stability of the Home Affairs Ministry. by integrating various kinds of existing SOPs by taking into account the urgency/level of threats faced, the common vision of all relevant Ministries/Institutions and not violating the provisions of applicable laws and regulations.
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Koenig, Kristi L. "Preparedness for Terrorism: Managing Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Threats." Annals of the Academy of Medicine, Singapore 38, no. 12 (December 15, 2009): 1026–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.47102/annals-acadmedsg.v38n12p1026.
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The management of nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) terrorism events is critical to reducing morbidity and mortality in the next decade; however, initial patient care considerations and protective actions for staff are unfamiliar to most front-line clinicians. High explosive events (bomb and blast) remain the most common type of terrorism and are easy to detect. Conversely, some types of terrorist attacks are more likely to be unsuspected or covert. This paper explains the current threat of terrorism and describes clues for detection that an event has occurred. Specific criteria that should lead to a high suspicion for terrorism are illustrated. The manu-script outlines initial actions and clinical priorities for management and treatment of patients exposed to nuclear/radiological, biological, chemical and combined agents (for example an explosion involving a chemical agent). Examples of terrorist events include: a nuclear explosion, an aerosolised release of anthrax (biological), dissemination of sarin in a subway (chemical), and the detonation of a radiologic dispersion device or “dirty bomb” (combined explosive and radiological). Basic principles of decontamination include potential risks to healthcare providers from secondary exposure and contamination. Unique issues may hinder clinical actions. These include coordination with law enforcement for a crime scene, public health entities for surveil-lance and monitoring, hazardous materials teams for decontamination, and the media for risk communications. Finally, the importance of personal preparedness is discussed. Key words: Bioterrorism, Decontamination, Personal preparedness, Radiologic dispersion device
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Asai, Yasufumi, and Jeffrey L. Arnold. "Terrorism in Japan." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 18, no. 2 (June 2003): 106–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00000844.
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AbstractAlthough the 1995 Tokyo subway sarin attack probably was the most widely reported terrorist event in Japan to date (5,500 injured, 12 dead), the country has suffered numerous other large terrorism-related events in recent decades, including bombings of the headquarters of Mitsubishi Heavy Industries in Tokyo in 1974 (207 injured, 8 dead), the Hokkaido Prefectural Government office building in Sapporo in 1976 (80 injured, 2 dead), and the Yosakoi-Soran Festival in Sapporo in 2000 (10 injured, none dead). Japan also has experienced two other mass-casualty terrorist events involving chemical releases, including the 1994 Matsumoto sarin attack (600 injured, 7 dead) and the 1998 Wakayama arsenic incident (67 injured, 4 dead).Until 1995, emergency management in Japan focused on planning and preparedness at the local level for the frequent disasters caused by natural events. Since that time, substantial progress has been made in advancing emergency planning and preparedness for terrorism-related events, including the designation of disaster centers in each prefecture, the implementation of several education and training programs for nuclear, biological, and chemical terrorism, and the establishment of a national Antiterrorism Office within the Ministry of Health, Labor, and Welfare.
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Okoro, O. Ike, and Nduka Lucas Oluka. "Weapons of Mass Destruction and Modern Terrorism: Implications for Global Security." Asian Social Science 15, no. 3 (February 28, 2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/ass.v15n3p1.
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The hazard of biological, chemical and nuclear materials, regarded as Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD), intercalating the arsenal of terrorists is the biggest crime and challenge against humanity. Every such crime and challenge ought to be named appropriately; and state actors experiencing such owe it to their citizens to act speedily and with certainty against terrorists. Even with the on-going war on terrorism, there has been a surge in terrorist activities in some parts of the world. Terrorists in our contemporary age have also embraced startling trends in their operational mode since the 11 September 2001 fanatic attacks in New York and Washington D. C. The devastating effect of these twin attacks has raised global concern about the potential use of WMD by Al-Qaeda, the Islamic State of Iran and Syria (ISIS), and their affiliate groups. One major issue of great concern in recent times, apart from the propensity of the terrorist organizations to acquire WMD, is the involvement of state actors that secretly acquire or claim to have acquired them for the purposes of electricity generation. Notably, too, is the trend in modern scientific and technological improvement which has increased the nature of, and access to, WMD. This research, therefore, attempts to access the implication and impact of WMD as terrorists put them to use. The study also examines the concept of terrorism and WMD. Also examined is the general implication of the use of WMD and the challenges this might pose to the international community, considering the current trends in their acquisition by some states and non-state actors. The investigation suggests appropriate counter-measures to thwart terrorists’ effort to acquire WMD. The study also adopted the qualitative approach of research to analyse the sophistication adopted by new terrorist groups particularly by the ISIS terrorist network; the al-Qaeda group and other splinter groups. Thus, historical research is most appropriate for this study, and secondary source of data was adopted as its methodology.
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Tkachov, Ivan. "Information Component of Terrorist Threat: Legal Fixing." Information Security of the Person, Society and State, no. 28-30 (December 15, 2020): 31–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.51369/2707-7276-2020-(1-3)-4.
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The article is devoted to studies legal fixing of information component of terrorist threat in nationwide level legal acts of Ukraine. Analyzed the National Security Strategy of Ukraine 2020, Concept of Development of Security And Defense Sector of Ukraine 2016, Strategy of Cybersecurity of Ukraine 2016, the project of the new Strategy of Cybersecurity of Ukraine 2021–2025, the Counter-Terrorism Concept of the Ukraine 2019 and the Action Plan of the implementation of the Counter-Terrorism Concept of the Ukraine. It is noted that realization of the terrorist threat in the information sphere may be turned out by : the socially dangerous activity in cyberspace for terrorist purpose; armed forces` activity in interaction with organized crime groups with the using of the means of terrorism as a reveal of hybrid war; using the modern information and communication technologies for conducting terrorist acts by the intrusion to the automated control systems of the technological processes in the critical infrastructure facilities; implementation of acts of cyberterrorism in relation to the information infrastructure; using the cyberspace by the terrorist organizations and for the terrorism` financing; conducting the acts of cyber terrorism against information infrastructure. On the nationwide level it is fixed the priority objects of the terrorist cyberattacks (nuclear power facilities, power supply management systems, storages of strategic types of raw materials, water supply systems, chemical and biological objects).
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Shanduorkov, George. "Terrorism in Bulgaria." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 18, no. 2 (June 2003): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00000145.
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AbstractThe Republic of Bulgaria is one of the smallest countries in southeastern Europe and has little experience with terrorist acts. During the past 20 years, only nine terrorism-related events have been recorded in Bulgaria, and no unconventional weapons have been used. Factors contributing to terrorism in Bulgaria have been: (1) Communist Party domination of the government and political process from 1944 to 1989; (2) ethnic and religious conflicts between the Bulgarian Orthodox Christian majority and the Turkish Muslim minority from 1983 to 1987; and (3) the relatively high level of organized crime after the Communist regime ended in 1990.The structure and function of the Disaster Relief System in Bulgaria not only are focused on the prevention of terrorism, but also on preparedness for the emergency response to terrorism-related events. Institutional components of the Disaster Relief System structure responsible for the emergency response to terrorism-related events include: (1) the Government of Bulgaria; (2) the State Agency for Civil Protection with 28 regional directorates; (3) the Ministry of Health with five national hospitals, 28 regional hospitals, and 28 EMS systems; (4) the Ministry of Defense with special military units for response to unconventional terrorist events, including nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons; (5) the Ministry of Internal Affairs with 28 police departments, 28 fire departments, and specialized anti-terrorist units; and (6) the Bulgarian Red Cross.A major future challenge in Bulgaria is the prevention of terrorism through political stability, economic prosperity, ethnic and religious tolerance, and more effective measures against organized criminal activities. A related challenge will be to improve the level of preparedness of all components of Disaster Relief.
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Shanduorkov, George. "Terrorism in Bulgaria." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 18, no. 2 (June 2003): 66–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00000789.
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AbstractThe Republic of Bulgaria is one of the smallest countries in southeastern Europe and has little experience with terrorist acts. During the past 20 years, only nine terrorism-related events have been recorded in Bulgaria, and no unconventional weapons have been used. Factors contributing to terrorism in Bulgaria have been: (1) Communist Party domination of the government and political process from 1944 to 1989; (2) ethnic and religious conflicts between the Bulgarian Orthodox Christian majority and the Turkish Muslim minority from 1983 to 1987; and (3) the relatively high level of organized crime after the Communist regime ended in 1990.The structure and function of the Disaster Relief System in Bulgaria not only are focused on the prevention of terrorism, but also on preparedness for the emergency response to terrorism-related events. Institutional components of the Disaster Relief System structure responsible for the emergency response to terrorism-related events include: (1) the Government of Bulgaria; (2) the State Agency for Civil Protection with 28 regional directorates; (3) the Ministry of Health with five national hospitals, 28 regional hospitals, and 28 EMS systems; (4) the Ministry of Defense with special military units for response to unconventional terrorist events, including nuclear, biological, and chemical weapons; (5) the Ministry of Internal Affairs with 28 police departments, 28 fire departments, and specialized anti-terrorist units; and (6) the Bulgarian Red Cross.A major future challenge in Bulgaria is the prevention of terrorism through political stability, economic prosperity, ethnic and religious tolerance, and more effective measures against organized criminal activities. A related challenge will be to improve the level of preparedness of all components of Disaster Relief.
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Barten, Dennis G., Derrick Tin, Harald De Cauwer, Robert G. Ciottone, and Gregory R. Ciottone. "A Counter-Terrorism Medicine Analysis of Drone Attacks." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 37, no. 2 (January 31, 2022): 192–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x22000139.
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AbstractBackground:The rapid popularization of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs; also referred to as drones), in both the recreational and industrial sectors, has paved the way for rapid developments in drone capabilities. Although the threat of UAVs used by terrorists has been recognized by specialists in both Counter-Terrorism and Counter-Terrorism Medicine (CTM), there are limited data on the extent and characteristics of drone use by terrorist organizations.Methods:Data collection was performed using a retrospective database search through the Global Terrorism Database (GTD). The GTD was searched using the internal database search functions for all terrorist attacks using UAVs from January 1, 1970 - December 31, 2019. Years 2020 and 2021 were not yet available at the time of the study. Primary weapon type, number and type of UAVs used, related attacks, location (country, world region), and number of deaths and injuries were collated. Results were exported into an Excel spreadsheet (Microsoft Corp.; Redmond, Washington USA) for analysis.Results:There were 76 terrorist attacks using UAVs. The first attack occurred in 2016, and the number of attacks per year varied considerably (range: 4-36). Forty-seven of the 76 attacks (70%) were successful. Twenty-seven individually listed events (36%) were related and part of nine coordinated, multi-part incidents. A total of 50 deaths and 132 injuries were recorded, which equated to 1.09 deaths (range: 0-6) and 2.89 injuries (range: 0-20) per successful attack. The mean number of UAVs used in an attack was 1.28 (range: 1-5) and multiple UAVs were used in 22% of attacks.Conclusion:The use of UAVs to carry out terrorist attacks is on the rise. Seventy-six terrorist attacks using this novel method were recorded since 2016, killing 50 and injuring 132 people. While the use of UAV-related explosives appears less lethal than traditional explosive attacks, advancing technologies and swarming capabilities, increasing ability to carry larger payloads, and the possibility of UAVs to disperse chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) weapons will likely increase UAV lethality in the future, requiring CTM specialists be more proactive.
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Vale, Allister, Sally Bradberry, Paul Rice, and Timothy C. Marrs. "Chemical Warfare and Terrorism." Medicine 31, no. 9 (September 2003): 26–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1383/medc.31.9.26.27712.
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Henretig, Fred M., Theodore J. Cieslak, and Edward M. Eitzen. "Biological and chemical terrorism." Journal of Pediatrics 141, no. 3 (September 2002): 311–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1067/mpd.2002.127408.
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Morse, Stephen S. "Biological and chemical terrorism." Technology in Society 25, no. 4 (November 2003): 557–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.techsoc.2003.09.020.
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Tin, Derrick, Zachary Kallenborn, Alexander Hart, Attila J. Hertelendy, and Gregory R. Ciottone. "Opioid Attack and the Implications for Counter-Terrorism Medicine." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 36, no. 6 (October 11, 2021): 661–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x21001059.
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AbstractWhile the opioid epidemic engulfing the United States and the globe is well-documented, the potential use of powerful fentanyl derivatives as a weapon of terror is increasingly a concern. Carfentanyl, a powerful and deadly fentanyl derivative, is seeing a surge in popularity as an illegal street drug, and there is increasing congressional interest surrounding the classification of opioid derivatives under the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) given their potential to cause harm. The combination of the potency of opioid derivatives along with the ease of accessibility poses a potential risk of the use of these deadly agents as chemical weapons, particularly by terrorist organizations. Disaster Medicine specialists in recent years have established a sub-specialty in Counter-Terrorism Medicine (CTM) to address and research the unique terrorism-related issues relating to mitigation, preparedness, and response measures to asymmetric, multi-modality terrorist attacks.
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Bergeson, Lynn L. "Chemical facility anti-terrorism standards: Chemicals of interest." Environmental Quality Management 17, no. 1 (2007): 71–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/tqem.20153.
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Alshdaifat, Shadi A., and Sanford R. Silverburg. "Can Terrorism Mold Itself to Outer Space?" International Journal of Cyber Warfare and Terrorism 11, no. 2 (April 2021): 56–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcwt.2021040105.
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Benefiting from the progress of technology, terrorism poses a major threat to international peace and security. Terrorist acts might move to other forms and are the culmination of processes that often begin with radicalization, the formation of extremist views, and acceptance of violence as a means through which to attempt change. As with other types of offenses, there is no internationally agreed upon definition of terrorism, but several conducts are universally accepted as expressions thereof. Terrorist-related offenses include the use of violence for political purposes, such as the hijacking of aircraft, targeting of marine vessels, the use of chemical or nuclear weapons against civilians, kidnapping, and other forms of targeting civilians. Terrorism itself is not a new phenomenon, yet the early 21st century is being shaped by a more intense focus on the issue and an increased awareness of terrorist acts and groups. If terrorism in outer space became a reality, then the cause is not different from other forms of terrorism in that violent extremism is often driven by feelings of isolation and exclusion, as well as fear and ignorance. To strengthen a sustainable solution, responses to violent extremism must be implemented in a framework respectful of human rights and the rule of law; otherwise, the exclusion is exacerbated, and the international community will witness another form of chaos.
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IONIȚĂ, Sergiu-Mihai. "CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK OF INTERNATIONAL COOPERATION TO COUNTER UNCONVENTIONAL THREATS." STRATEGIES XXI - National Defence College 1, no. 72 (July 15, 2021): 48–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.53477/2668-5094-21-03.
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Unconventional threats to the security climate in South-Eastern Europe and, specifically oriented on states openly engaged in the fight against international terrorism,organized crime and the proliferation of WMD (weapons of mass destruction) will persist due to logistical disparities between states. Regarding common work, aimed at applying juridicinternational framework, in the field of fighting terrorism, in the field of countering crime, measures such as cutting terrorism financing, denying access of terrorist groups to biologicand chemical substances, devices or nuclear technologies, communication systems are a common necessity for all nowadays democratic countries.In this paper, our research focuses on the analysis of the extended framework of international cooperation for counterting unconventional threats and on detailing the modalities ofinformative and police cooperation in the field of contemporary unconventional threats.Keywords: security, cooperation, threats, terrorism, organized crime, prevention, countering.
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Muro, Marcelo, Roberto Cohen, Daniel Maffei, Marcelo Ballesteros, and Luis Espinosa. "Terrorism in Argentina." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 18, no. 2 (June 2003): 53–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00000765.
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AbstractMajor terrorist attacks in Argentina since 1990 have been limited to two bombings in Buenos Aires, which together caused 115 deaths and left at least 555 injured. Following these attacks, national, regional, and local institutions responsible for emergency response in Argentina sought to improve their planning and preparedness for terrorism-related events. In 1996, the national government enacted legislation, which launched the Sistema Federal de Emergencias (SIFEM) or Federal Emergency System under the direction of the president. Since 1997, several of Argentina's major cities have developed emergency plans for terrorism-related events, including intentional biological and chemical releases. Institutional participants in emergency preparedness for terrorism-related events include Emergency Medical Services, hospitals, and the public health system. Remaining challenges include: (1) Improving intra-agency coordination; (2) Improving intra-agency communication; and (3) Improving and expanding emergency response training programs for responders and the general population.
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Gonciarz, Agnieszka, and Robert Pich. "INCREASED RISK OF CHEMICAL TERROR ATTACKS." Zeszyty Naukowe SGSP 2, no. 88 (February 24, 2024): 109–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.3831.
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The risk of using highly toxic chemicals in a terrorist attack is resurfacing. Over the last fewdecades, terrorists have proven that they can source, develop and produce their own toxicchemicals. These substances are particularly dangerous for civilians who do not have access tothe protective equipment to be used in the event of contamination. It is impossible to guaranteefull public security in relation to the threats of chemical terrorism. Only trained, functioningand cooperating elements of state crisis response systems (mainly: medical rescue services,fire brigades, the police and the army) are capable of minimising the negative effects of theseattacks on the civilian population. This problem is becoming particularly important in view of theongoing Russian-Ukrainian war and the potential use of chemical weapons by the Russian army.An important problem impacting the extent of poisoning after a chemical attack is secondarycontamination of people and emergency equipment. The authors, through a detailed descriptionof the sources of secondary pollution, propose a number of solutions aimed at minimizing the riskof poisoning in people who are not directly exposed to chemical hazardous agents as a result ofsecondary contamination. The proposed solutions are based on the experience of chemical troopsin the elimination of chemical contamination of a large number of people, as well as the experienceof the authors related to the implementation of research and development projects regarding theprotection and operating procedures of rescue services in CBRN contamination zones.
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Владимиров, С. В. "REVISITING THE IMPOSITION OF CRIMINAL PENALTIES ON MINORS." Vestnik Samarskogo iuridicheskogo instituta, no. 1(57) (April 12, 2024): 23–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.37523/sui.2024.57.1.003.
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Статья посвящена типизации экстремизма и терроризма. Рассмотрены понятие терроризма и его опасное влияние на основы конституционного строя; права и свободы человека и гражданина; политическое, экономическое и социальное устройство государства. Отмечена важность типизации экстремизма и терроризма. Изложены классификации экстремизма и терроризма по различным основаниям. Так, по масштабу действия выделяют внутригосударственный и международный экстремизм и терроризм; в зависимости от мотивов ненависти и вражды выделяют политический, религиозный, расовый (национальный) экстремизм и терроризм; по видам применяемых средств выделяют экстремизм и терроризм массового поражения, экономический и информационный; в зависимости от количества субъектов выделяют индивидуальный, групповой и массовый экстремизм и терроризм. Определены тенденции развития современного экстремизма и терроризма. Основными направлениями их развития являются популяризация достижения политических целей посредством экстремистско-террористических действий, что указывает на международный характер, обширность применения и предельно большое количество человеческих жертв; появление и развитие новых видов экстремизма и терроризма; появление новых целей экстремизма и терроризма. Отмечено, что рассмотренные тенденции отражают современную обстановку в обществе и государстве. The article is devoted to the extremism and terrorism typification. The concept of terrorism and its dangerous influence on the foundations of the constitutional system; human and civil rights and freedoms; political, economic and social structure of the state are considered. The importance of typification of extremism and terrorism is noted. The classifications of extremism and terrorism on various grounds are outlined. Thus, according to the scale of action, domestic and international extremism and terrorism are distinguished; depending on the motives of hatred and enmity, political, religious, racial (national) extremism and terrorism are distinguished; According to the types of means used, extremism and terrorism of mass destruction, economic and informational are distinguished; depending on the number of subjects, individual, group and mass extremism and terrorism are distinguished. Trends in the development of modern extremism and terrorism have been identified. The main directions of their development are the popularization of achieving political goals through extremist and terrorist actions, which indicates the international character, the vastness of application and the extremely large number of human victims; the emergence and development of new types of extremism and terrorism; the emergence of new goals of extremism and terrorism. It is noted that the considered trends reflect the current situation in society and the state, but are not exhaustive.
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Tin, Derrick, Fredrik Granholm, Alexander Hart, and Gregory R. Ciottone. "Terrorism-Related Chemical, Biological, Radiation, and Nuclear Attacks: A Historical Global Comparison Influencing the Emergence of Counter-Terrorism Medicine." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 36, no. 4 (June 30, 2021): 399–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x21000625.
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AbstractBackground:Terrorist attacks are growing in complexity, increasing concerns around the use of chemical, biological, radiation, and nuclear (CBRN) agents. This has led to increasing interest in Counter-Terrorism Medicine (CTM) as a Disaster Medicine (DM) sub-specialty. This study aims to provide the epidemiology of CBRN use in terrorism, to detail specific agents used, and to develop training programs for responders.Methods:The open-source Global Terrorism Database (GTD) was searched for all CBRN attacks from January 1, 1970 through December 31, 2018. Attacks were included if they fulfilled the terrorism-related criteria as set by the GTD’s Codebook. Ambiguous events or those meeting only partial criteria were excluded. The database does not include acts of state terrorism.Results:There were 390 total CBRN incidents, causing 930 total fatal injuries (FI) and 14,167 total non-fatal injuries (NFI). A total of 347 chemical attacks (88.9% of total) caused 921 FI (99.0%) and 13,361 NFI (94.3%). Thirty-one biological attacks (8.0%) caused nine FI (1.0%) and 806 NFI (5.7%). Twelve radiation attacks (3.1%) caused zero FI and zero NFI. There were no nuclear attacks. The use of CBRN accounted for less than 0.3% of all terrorist attacks and is a high-risk, low-frequency attack methodology.The Taliban was implicated in 40 of the 347 chemical events, utilizing a mixture of agents including unconfirmed chemical gases (grey literature suggests white phosphorous and chlorine), contaminating water sources with pesticides, and the use of corrosive acid. The Sarin gas attack in Tokyo contributed to 5,500 NFI. Biological attacks accounted for 8.0% of CBRN attacks. Anthrax was used or suspected in 20 of the 31 events, followed by salmonella (5), ricin (3), fecal matter (1), botulinum toxin (1), and HIV (1). Radiation attacks accounted for 3.1% of CBRN attacks. Monazite was used in 10 of the 12 events, followed by iodine 131 (1) and undetermined irradiated plates (1).Conclusion:Currently, CBRN are low-frequency, high-impact attack modalities and remain a concern given the rising rate of terrorist events. Counter-Terrorism Medicine is a developing DM sub-specialty focusing on the mitigation of health care risks from such events. First responders and health care workers should be aware of historic use of CBRN weapons regionally and globally, and should train and prepare to respond appropriately.
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Salem, Harry. "Issues in Chemical and Biological Terrorism." International Journal of Toxicology 22, no. 6 (November 2003): 465–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109158180302200607.
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This manuscript describes the overview presented at the 23rd Annual Meeting of the American College of Toxicology in 2002. Although it is recognized that weapons of mass destruction that can be used against our military and civilian populations include chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear (CBRN) agents, this overview is limited primarily to chemical and biological (CB) agents. The issues of CB terrorism are discussed in terms of When, What, How, and Who. The US Army has been providing chemical and biological solutions since 1917, and has since 1996 applied these solutions to homeland defense and domestic preparedness. The use of chemical and biological agents as terrorist weapons both in the United States and elsewhere in the world is reviewed. The CB threat spectrum is presented, as is the further categorization of biological threat agents by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC). In addition, the CB agents considered to be a potential threat to our water supply are also presented. These are agents that are water soluble, stable, and resistant to water treatment and/or disinfection. The overview concludes with the chronological accomplishments of ECBC since 1917.
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NECHAEV, D. N., and T. N. BUKREEVA. "RUSSIA AND CHINA AGAINST TERRORISM: STAGES AND DIRECTIONS OF COOPERATION." Central Russian Journal of Social Sciences 16, no. 1 (2021): 208–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.22394/2071-2367-2021-16-1-208-225.
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The purpose of the article is to determine the main prerequisites for the development of Russian-Chinese anti-terrorist cooperation, to study the international treaty base that determines the priority areas of bilateral interaction, based on the dynamics of joint anti-terrorist activities, to propose a periodization of interaction between the two countries in the area under study. The research methodology is based on a systematic analysis of bilateral cooperation between Russia and China in countering terrorism. In the course of the study, the authors analyzed the treaty base within the framework of this topic, the UN reports on terrorism and the FATF recommendations for Russia and China. As a result, on the basis of the proposed periodization, it is demonstrated that Russian-Chinese bilateral cooperation in the fight against terrorism is of an applied systemic nature and is fine-tuned in the areas of holding consultative meetings, countering the financing of terrorist activities and organizing joint military exercises. The authors revealed that the problematic area of interaction is the exchange of operational information in the framework of terrorist financing, associated with the unwillingness of the Chinese side to provide relevant information at their disposal. In conclusion, it is proved that it is advisable to expand cooperation between Russia and China in the fight against international terrorism in the direction of countering non-standard challenges and threats to the information space, biological origin, chemical impact and environmental nature.
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Tsai, Ming-Che, Chia-Chang Chuang, Jeffrey Arnold, Mau-Hwa Lee, Sun-Chieh Hsu, and Chih-Hsien Chi. "Terrorism in Taiwan, Republic of China." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 18, no. 2 (June 2003): 127–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00000881.
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AbstractThe Republic of China on the island of Taiwan has experienced at least 20 terrorist events since 1979, including 13 aircraft hijackings and five bombings. Factors responsible for the relatively small burden of terrorism on Taiwan in the past include tight military control over political dissent until 1987, a warming relationship with the People's Republic of China in the 1990s, political inclusion of major internal cultural groups, geographic isolation, and a lack of other significant international enemies. Nevertheless, today Taiwan faces a new prospect of terrorism by adversaries of the United States and its allies and by an international paradigm shift in the types of weapons used by terrorists.National emergency management has been enhanced significantly since the Ji Ji earthquake in 1999, including the assignment of lead government agencies to the planning and preparedness for specific types of terrorist events involving nuclear, biological, and/or chemical releases. Other significant improvements at the operations level, include the establishment of two national disaster medical assistance teams, four urban search and rescue teams, 13 local disaster medical assistance teams, and eight chemical emergency response hospitals. Future challenges include improving the coordination of inter-agency response at the national level and the quantity and quality of local disaster response assets.
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Chalela, Julio A., and W. Thomas Burnett. "Chemical Terrorism for the Intensivist." Military Medicine 177, no. 5 (May 2012): 495–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed-d-11-00363.
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Riland, Carson A. "Nuclear, Chemical, and Biological Terrorism." Health Physics 86, no. 3 (March 2004): 319. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004032-200403000-00013.
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Vale, Allister, Timothy C. Marrs, and Paul Rice. "Chemical terrorism and nerve agents." Medicine 35, no. 10 (October 2007): 573–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2007.07.012.
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Vale, Allister, Timothy C. Marrs, and Paul Rice. "Chemical terrorism and nerve agents." Medicine 40, no. 2 (February 2012): 77–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2011.11.017.
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Vale, Allister, Timothy C. Marrs, and Paul Rice. "Chemical terrorism and nerve agents." Medicine 44, no. 2 (February 2016): 106–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mpmed.2015.11.004.
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Jett, David A. "Neurological aspects of chemical terrorism." Annals of Neurology 61, no. 1 (January 2007): 9–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/ana.21072.
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Grinko, S. D. "Law enforcement activities to counter extremist and terrorist crime." Sociology and Law, no. 4 (January 8, 2022): 79–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.35854/2219-6242-2021-4-79-84.
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The article discusses the state of crime of extremist and terrorist nature and its trends. The law enforcement activities of law enforcement agencies is analyzed and its shortcomings are noted, measures to increase the effectiveness of the combating against extremism and terrorism are proposed.
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Morozkov, A. G., and N. A. Slobodchikov. "PROBLEMATIC ISSUES OF SECURITY IN UNDERGROUND RAIL TRANSPORT." System analysis and logistics 2, no. 28 (June 1, 2021): 114–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.31799/2077-5687-2021-2-114-119.
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The article examines historical examples of terrorist attacks on transport infrastructure facilities, notes the potential vulnerabilities of the current security system and suggests ways to counter acts of unlawful interference. Key words: transport security, terrorism, metro security, poisonous substances, chemical weapons, acts of unlawful interference, ensuring the security of transport infrastructure.
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Karolczak, Krzysztof. "Terrorism in the 21st century - selected aspects." Terroryzm, no. 1 (1) (March 25, 2022): 243–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.4467/27204383ter.22.009.15425.
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The article outlines selected aspects of terrorism in the 21st century. Taking into account the historical perspective, the modus operandi used by the perpetrators of attacks (suicide bomber, “lone wolf”) is described, together with examples of the most spectacular attacks: decapitation, use of chemical weapons, attacks with vehicles. Two charts accompany the text: “Number of terrorist attacks in the world (2006-2019)” and “Most active groups carrying out attacks in the world in 2019 by number of attacks”.