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Journal articles on the topic 'Chemical Warfare Agents'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 29 July 2024

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1

Ganesan, K., SK Raza, and R. Vijayaraghavan. "Chemical warfare agents." Journal of Pharmacy and Bioallied Sciences 2, no. 3 (2010): 166. http://dx.doi.org/10.4103/0975-7406.68498.

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2

Shenoi, Rohit. "Chemical warfare agents." Clinical Pediatric Emergency Medicine 3, no. 4 (2002): 239–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1522-8401(02)90036-4.

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3

Geoghegan, James, and Jeffrey L. Tong. "Chemical warfare agents." Continuing Education in Anaesthesia Critical Care & Pain 6, no. 6 (2006): 230–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/bjaceaccp/mkl052.

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4

Chauhan, S., S. Chauhan, R. D’Cruz, et al. "Chemical warfare agents." Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 26, no. 2 (2008): 113–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2008.03.003.

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5

Jain, Neha. "Terrorism at Rise with the Chemicals Insight: Use of Chemical Warfare Agents an Issue of Global Concern." Journal of Forensic Chemistry and Toxicology 9, no. 1 (2023): 47–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/jfct.2454.9363.9123.3.

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Crime has led to a worldwide increase with a main weapon of offence including not only a physical object but show the incidences of involvement of chemicals also. Chemical warfare agents are one such example commonly employed by large group of people, mainly violent criminals who not only wants to create a terror or threat in the world but to cause war scale destruction. There are numerous of incidents reported from past showing the involvement of hazardous chemicals for committing crimes. Chemical Warfare Agents (CWA) are synthetic chemicals used in the warfare as weapons, which are highly to

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6

Sidell, Frederick R., and Jonathan Borak. "Chemical warfare agents: II. nerve agents." Annals of Emergency Medicine 21, no. 7 (1992): 865–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-0644(05)81036-4.

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7

Budiman, Harry. "ANALYSIS AND IDENTIFICATION SPIKING CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS RELATED TO CHEMICAL WEAPON CONVENTION IN UNKNOWN WATER SAMPLES USING GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY AND GAS CHROMATOGRAPHY ELECTRON IONIZATION MASS SPECTROMETRY." Indonesian Journal of Chemistry 7, no. 3 (2010): 297–302. http://dx.doi.org/10.22146/ijc.21672.

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The identification and analysis of chemical warfare agents and their degradation products is one of important component for the implementation of the convention. Nowadays, the analytical method for determination chemical warfare agent and their degradation products has been developing and improving. In order to get the sufficient analytical data as recommended by OPCW especially in Proficiency Testing, the spiking chemical compounds related to Chemical Weapon Convention in unknown water sample were determined using two different techniques such as gas chromatography and gas chromatography elec

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8

Awaad, M. "Protection Against Chemical Warfare Agents." International Conference on Chemical and Environmental Engineering 7, no. 7 (2014): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.21608/iccee.2014.35464.

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9

Lazarus, Angeline A., and Asha Devereaux. "Potential agents of chemical warfare." Postgraduate Medicine 112, no. 5 (2002): 133–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.3810/pgm.2002.11.1350.

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10

Singh, Beer, Gangavarapu Prasad, K. Pandey, R. Danikhel, and R. Vijayaraghavan. "Decontamination of Chemical Warfare Agents." Defence Science Journal 60, no. 4 (2010): 428–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.60.487.

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11

Yang, Yu Chu, James A. Baker, and J. Richard Ward. "Decontamination of chemical warfare agents." Chemical Reviews 92, no. 8 (1992): 1729–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr00016a003.

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12

Muir, Bob, Ben J. Slater, David B. Cooper, and Christopher M. Timperley. "Analysis of chemical warfare agents." Journal of Chromatography A 1028, no. 2 (2004): 313–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2003.12.001.

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13

Muir, Bob, Suzanne Quick, Ben J. Slater, et al. "Analysis of chemical warfare agents." Journal of Chromatography A 1068, no. 2 (2005): 315–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2005.01.094.

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14

Muir, Bob, David B. Cooper, Wendy A. Carrick, Christopher M. Timperley, Ben J. Slater, and Suzanne Quick. "Analysis of chemical warfare agents." Journal of Chromatography A 1098, no. 1-2 (2005): 156–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chroma.2005.08.070.

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15

Newmark, Jonathan. "Chemical Warfare Agents: A Primer." Military Medicine 166, suppl_2 (2001): 9–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/milmed/166.suppl_2.9.

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16

Haas, Rainer. "Determination of chemical warfare agents." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 5, no. 1 (1998): 2–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02986365.

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17

Haas, Rainer. "Determination of chemical warfare agents." Environmental Science and Pollution Research 5, no. 2 (1998): 63–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02986387.

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18

Wagner, George Wayne. "Decontamination of Chemical Warfare Agents Using Household Chemicals." Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research 50, no. 21 (2011): 12285–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ie201297e.

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19

HERNÁNDEZ-RIVERA, SAMUEL P., LEONARDO C. PACHECO-LONDOÑO, OLIVA M. PRIMERA-PEDROZO, ORLANDO RUIZ, YADIRA SOTO-FELICIANO, and WILLIAM ORTIZ. "VIBRATIONAL SPECTROSCOPY OF CHEMICAL AGENTS SIMULANTS, DEGRADATION PRODUCTS OF CHEMICAL AGENTS AND TOXIC INDUSTRIAL COMPOUNDS." International Journal of High Speed Electronics and Systems 17, no. 04 (2007): 827–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0129156407005016.

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This paper focuses on the measurement of spectroscopic signatures of Chemical Warfare Agent Simulants (CWAS), degradation products of chemical agents and Toxic Industrial Compounds (TIC) using vibrational spectroscopy. Raman Microscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy in liquid and gas phase and Fiber Optics Coupled-Grazing Angle Probe-FTIR were used to characterize the spectroscopic information of target threat agents. Ab initio chemical calculations of energy minimization and FTIR spectra of Chemical Warfare Agents were accompanied by Cluster Analysis to correlate spectral informatio

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20

Patočka, Jiří. "HIGHLY TOXIC RIBOSOME-INACTIVATING PROTEINS AS CHEMICAL WARFARE OR TERRORIST AGENTS." Military Medical Science Letters 87, no. 4 (2018): 158–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.31482/mmsl.2018.027.

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21

Polat, Seyhan, Mehmet Gunata, and Hakan Parlakpinar. "Chemical warfare agents and treatment strategies." Annals of Medical Research 25, no. 4 (2018): 776. http://dx.doi.org/10.5455/annalsmedres.2018.08.166.

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22

Butera, Ester, Agatino Zammataro, Andrea Pappalardo, and Giuseppe Trusso Sfrazzetto. "Supramolecular Sensing of Chemical Warfare Agents." ChemPlusChem 86, no. 4 (2021): 681–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/cplu.202100071.

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23

Claborn, David M. "Environmental Mimics of Chemical Warfare Agents." Military Medicine 169, no. 12 (2004): 958–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.7205/milmed.169.12.958.

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24

Chan, JTS, RSD Yeung, and SYH Tang. "An Overview of Chemical Warfare Agents." Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine 9, no. 4 (2002): 201–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/102490790200900404.

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Chemical warfare agent is defined as a chemical which is intended for use in military operations to kill, seriously injure, or incapacitate humans (or animals) through its toxicological effects. Chemical agents are relatively simple to make and easy to transport. Moreover, their effects are immediate and dramatic. Therefore chemical weapons are commonly used by terrorists to kill or injure in order to achieve certain political purposes. Although chemical incident is uncommon, however, once it occurs, the consequence will be great. Therefore, fundamental knowledge about the basic concepts, toxi

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25

Schwenk, Michael. "Chemical warfare agents. Classes and targets." Toxicology Letters 293 (September 2018): 253–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.toxlet.2017.11.040.

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26

Borak, Jonathan, and Frederick R. Sidell. "Agents of chemical warfare: Sulfur mustard." Annals of Emergency Medicine 21, no. 3 (1992): 303–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0196-0644(05)80892-3.

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27

Carrick, Wendy, Linda Fernee, and D. Francis. "Heat characteristics of chemical warfare agents." Journal of Thermal Analysis and Calorimetry 79, no. 1 (2005): 101–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10973-004-0569-2.

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28

Witkiewicz, Z., M. Mazurek, and J. Szulc. "Chromatographic analysis of chemical warfare agents." Journal of Chromatography A 503 (January 1990): 293–357. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0021-9673(01)81514-4.

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29

Liu, Xiaoling, Changkun Qiu, Linfeng Cui, Wei Xiong, and Yanke Che. "Fluorescence detection of chemical warfare agents." SCIENTIA SINICA Chimica 50, no. 1 (2019): 70–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1360/ssc-2019-0079.

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30

Barnaby, Frank. "The Destruction of Chemical Warfare Agents." Interdisciplinary Science Reviews 19, no. 3 (1994): 190–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/isr.1994.19.3.190.

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31

Ginghina, Raluca Elena, Gabriela Toader, Tudor Viorel Țigănescu, Panaghia Deliu, and Dănuț-Eugeniu Moșteanu. "Ultrasonic Decontamination of Chemical Warfare Agents." International conference KNOWLEDGE-BASED ORGANIZATION 29, no. 3 (2023): 10–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/kbo-2023-0069.

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Abstract Sonochemistry studies the physical and molecular level changes induced by ultrasonic energy on solutions. Sonochemical degradation of the chemical warfare agents (CWA) may occur due to three successive phenomena based on the principles of acoustic cavitation phenomena: nucleation, growth, and implosive collapse of microbubbles. The sonolytic degradation of CWA was quantified by GC-MS technique, considering the variation of some parameters such as frequency of ultrasonic waves, power control, temperature, and addition of nanoparticles as catalysts to the solution.

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32

İLBASMIŞ TAMER, Sibel, and İlkay ERDOĞAN ORHAN. "KİMYASAL SİLAHLARA VE BİYOTERÖRE KARŞI TEDAVİDE KULLANILAN UYGULAMALAR." Ankara Universitesi Eczacilik Fakultesi Dergisi 48, no. 2 (2024): 4. http://dx.doi.org/10.33483/jfpau.1363452.

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Objective: In the present study, the chemical and physical properties of various chemical warfare agents, general information about medical protection methods, current analysis methods equipment, decontamination techniques and pharmaceutical formulations used when exposed to chemical agents will be discussed. Result and Discussion: Among weapons of mass destruction, chemical warfare agents are one of the most brutal dangers posed to humanity compared to biological and nuclear weapons. These war agents can be produced easily, cheaply and can cause mass casualties in small amounts with chemicals

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33

Arduini, Fabiana. "Nanomaterials and Cross-Cutting Technologies for Fostering Smart Electrochemical Biosensors in the Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents." Applied Sciences 11, no. 2 (2021): 720. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11020720.

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The smart, rapid, and customizable detection of chemical warfare agents is a huge issue for taking the proper countermeasures in a timely fashion. The printing techniques have established the main pillar to develop miniaturized electrochemical biosensors for onsite and fast detection of nerve and mustard agents, allowing for a lab on a chip in the chemical warfare agent sector. In the fast growth of novel technologies, the combination of miniaturized electrochemical biosensors with flexible electronics allowed for the delivery of useful wearable sensors capable of fast detection of chemical wa

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34

McCafferty, Randall R., and Peter J. Lennarson. "Common chemical agent threats." Neurosurgical Focus 12, no. 3 (2002): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3171/foc.2002.12.3.4.

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The events of September 11, 2001, highlight the fact that we live in precarious times. National and global awareness of the resolve and capabilities of terrorists has increased. The possibility that the civilian neurosurgeon may confront a scenario involving the use of chemical warfare agents has heightened. The information reported in this paper serves as a primer on the recognition, decontamination, and treatment of trauma patients exposed to chemical warfare agents.

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35

Ustinova, L. A., V. A. Barkevych, N. V. Kurdil, R. M. Shvets, V. I. Saglo, and O. A. Yevtodiev. "Current state and trends in the development of identification tools of the Chemical Warfare Agents in Ukraine: ways of harmonization in accordance with EU and NATO standards. Part I." Ukrainian Journal of Modern Toxicological Aspects 86, no. 2 (2019): 44–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.33273/2663-4570-2019-86-2-44-52.

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Relevance. Nowadays, Ukraine, where armed conflict takes place, has the highest risk of chemical hazard among countries of European region that induces the need for completing medical service and specialforces of Ukrainian Armed Forces with modern chemical-warfare reconnaissance means. Objective: analysis of modern methods for identification of chemical warfare agents and chemical-warfare reconnaissance means that are assured by the Ukrainian Armed Forces in terms of correspondence with current EU and NATO standards. Materials and methods. Analysis of domestic and foreign sources of scientific

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36

Aas, Pål. "The Threat of Mid-Spectrum Chemical Warfare Agents." Prehospital and Disaster Medicine 18, no. 4 (2003): 306–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1049023x00001254.

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AbstractThere is a spectrum of several threat agents, ranging from nerve agents and mustard agents to natural substances, such as biotoxins and new, synthetic, bioactive molecules produced by the chemical industry, to the classical biological warfare agents. The new, emerging threat agents are biotoxins produced by animals, plants, fungi, and bacteria. Examples of such biotoxins are botulinum toxin, tetanus toxin, and ricin. Several bioactive molecules produced by the pharmaceutical industry can be even more toxic than are the classical chemical warfare agents. Such new agents, like the biotox

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37

Sura, Paweł, and Stanisław Popiel. "Selected decontamination methods of chemical warfare agents covered by the Chemical Weapons Convention." Bulletin of the Military University of Technology 72, no. 2 (2023): 113–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.5604/01.3001.0054.3683.

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Decontamination is the overall physicochemical process leading to completely neutralising or weaken-ing the toxic properties of poisonous substances. In the literature, there are many ways to eliminate con-tamination, including more through innovative methods. The decontamination agents known and used so far have been thoroughly tested in terms of interaction with chemical warfare agents (CWA), espe-cially relating to kinetics and the resulting reaction products. However, with the extension of the Chem-ical Weapons Convention to new substances, i.e., compounds of the “A” series, the so-called

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38

Capoun, Tomas, and Jana Krykorkova. "Study of Decomposition of Chemical Warfare Agents using Solid Decontamination Substances." Toxics 7, no. 4 (2019): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/toxics7040063.

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The decontamination of chemical warfare agents is important for the elimination or reduction of the effects of these substances on persons. Solid decontamination (degradation) sorbents that decompose dangerous substances belong among modern decontamination substances. The aim of the study was to design a procedure for monitoring the degradation of chemical warfare agents using such sorbents. The degradation of soman, VX [O-ethyl-S-(diisopropylaminoethyl)methylphosphonothioate] and sulphur mustard (chemical warfare agents) was monitored using FTIR spectrometry with the attenuated total reflecti

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39

Prasad, G. K., Anshoo Gautam, G. M. Kannan, et al. "Nanomaterials based Decontamination Formulation for use in Personal Decontamination Kit Against Chemical Warfare Agents." Defence Life Science Journal 3, no. 1 (2017): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dlsj.3.12056.

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<p>Present paper relates to nanomaterials based decontamination formulation made up of TiO2, MgO, and ZnO nanoparticles for the use against chemical warfare agents. This decontamination formulation was prepared by mixing 90 per cent of TiO2 nanoparticles of 5-15 nm size range, 8 per cent of MgO nanoparticles of 5-15 nm size range, and 2 per cent of ZnO nanoparticles of 20-30 nm size range. Prepared formulation exhibited 98-99 per cent of physical removal efficiency against contaminated glass, rubber, painted metal, metal surfaces. It efficiently removed chemical warfare agents from conta

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40

Hrvat, Nikolina Maček, and Zrinka Kovarik. "Counteracting poisoning with chemical warfare nerve agents." Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology 71, no. 4 (2020): 266–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aiht-2020-71-3459.

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Abstract Phosphylation of the pivotal enzyme acetylcholinesterase (AChE) by nerve agents (NAs) leads to irreversible inhibition of the enzyme and accumulation of neurotransmitter acetylcholine, which induces cholinergic crisis, that is, overstimulation of muscarinic and nicotinic membrane receptors in the central and peripheral nervous system. In severe cases, subsequent desensitisation of the receptors results in hypoxia, vasodepression, and respiratory arrest, followed by death. Prompt action is therefore critical to improve the chances of victim’s survival and recovery. Standard therapy of

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41

Devereaux, Asha, Dennis E. Amundson, J. S. Parrish, and Angeline A. Lazarus. "Vesicants and nerve agents in chemical warfare." Postgraduate Medicine 112, no. 4 (2002): 90–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.3810/pgm.2002.10.1334.

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42

Otten, Edward J. "Chemical Warfare Agents: Toxicity at Low Levels." Wilderness & Environmental Medicine 13, no. 3 (2002): 233. http://dx.doi.org/10.1580/1080-6032(2002)013[0235:]2.0.co;2.

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43

Borak, Jonathan. "Handbook of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents." Journal of Occupational and Environmental Medicine 50, no. 10 (2008): 1203–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/jom.0b013e318188e245.

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44

SETO, Yasuo. "Decontamination of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents." YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 129, no. 1 (2009): 53–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/yakushi.129.53.

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45

HIRAKAWA, Tsutomu, Nobuaki MERA, Taizo SANO, Nobuaki NEGISHI, and Koji TAKEUCHI. "Decontamination of Chemical Warfare Agents by Photocatalysis." YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 129, no. 1 (2009): 71–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1248/yakushi.129.71.

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46

Szinicz, L. "History of chemical and biological warfare agents." Toxicology 214, no. 3 (2005): 167–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2005.06.011.

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47

Kim, Kibong, Olga G. Tsay, David A. Atwood, and David G. Churchill. "Destruction and Detection of Chemical Warfare Agents." Chemical Reviews 111, no. 9 (2011): 5345–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cr100193y.

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48

HENRY, CELIA. "Porous Silicon Sensor Detects Chemical Warfare Agents." Chemical & Engineering News 78, no. 24 (2000): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v078n024.p012.

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49

EMBER, LOIS. "Foam rapidly degrades chemical/biological warfare agents." Chemical & Engineering News 77, no. 10 (1999): 10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v077n010.p010a.

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50

Braue, Ernest H., and Michael G. Pannella. "FT-IR analysis of chemical warfare agents." Microchimica Acta 94, no. 1-6 (1988): 11–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01205828.

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