Academic literature on the topic 'Chemical weapons'

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Journal articles on the topic "Chemical weapons"

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Ahmad, Nadia. "The Language Barrier: Can the ICC Prosecute Chemical Warfare?" Human Rights Quarterly 46, no. 1 (February 2024): 98–117. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hrq.2024.a918541.

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ABSTRACT: International law has come a long way in outlawing chemical weapon usage during warfare. From the 1907 Hague Convention to the 1997 Chemical Weapons Convention, there exists a comprehensive and mostly successful prohibition and verification regime for chemical weapons. However, the advent of modern warfare in recent conflicts in Syria and in Ukraine demonstrates compliance control is severely lacking for this form of weaponry. Consequently, there is no comprehensive accountability framework for international humanitarian law violations in the form of chemical weapon usage. Without explicit language criminalizing it, this heinous form of war crime ends up slipping under the radar. This article explores these jurisdictional gaps in both international and non-international armed conflicts and recommends ways the international community should cement its commitment to penalizing chemical weapon utilization.
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Witarti, Denik Iswardani, and Anggun Puspitasari. "Analysis Of The Failure Of Organizations For Prohibited of Chemical Weapon (OPCW) As The Organization For Disarmament On The Conflict Of Syria." Jurnal Pertahanan 4, no. 1 (April 12, 2018): 61. http://dx.doi.org/10.33172/jp.v4i1.253.

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<p>This paper analyzes the failure of the Organization for Prohibited of Chemical Weapon (OPCW) in handling chemical weapon disarmament in Syria. The use of chemical weapons by the Syrian government against its own citizens poses a challenge for OPCW in its role to ban the use and development of chemical weapons worldwide. OPCW itself formed in 1997 is an implementation of Chemical Weapon Convention (CWC) in 1993. The main problem of this study is OPCW failure factors to ban the use and development of chemical weapons in Syrian conflict. The study results show that the chemical weapon disarmament efforts in Syria by the OPCW by sending and destroying government-owned chemical weapons has failed. Although OPCW has claimed Syria has been freed from chemical weapons, it is still encountered the use of chemical weapons by ISIS terrorist groups and unofficial opposition groups. In conclusion, the role of the OPCW according to the concept of disarmament and the international organization is still not fully successful. OPCW is only able to detect the use of chemical weapons committed by the Syrian government. This organization has no authority in overcoming the problem of the misused chemical weapons committed by non-state actors.</p><p><span>Keywords: Chemical weapons, Syrian conflict, OPCW, Disarmament. </span><br /><span> </span></p>
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Kapashin, V. P., V. G. Mandych, I. N. Isaev, I. V. Kovalenko, and V. L. Veriga. "New Chemical Weapons Destruction Technologies as the Key to Successful Completion of Chemical Weapons Disarmament Process." Journal of NBC Protection Corps 6, no. 3 (May 18, 2022): 213–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.35825/2587-5728-2022-6-3-213-228.

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The fulfillment of international obligations of the Russian Federation under the Convention on the Prohibition of the Development, Production, Stockpiling and Use of Chemical Weapons and on Their Destruction required the development and the creation of safe innovative industrial technologies and facilities for the destruction of chemical weapons. The purpose of this work is to give brief characteristics of the technologies for the destruction of chemical weapons developed and commercially implemented at various facilities. The destruction of chemical weapons was carried out at seven facilities specially designed and built for this purpose. These facilities were located in six regions of the country. The choice of technologies for the destruction (utilization) of chemical weapons was carried out on a competitive basis in the period from 1992 to 1995. The priority was given to the so-called two-stage technology. At the first stage, the toxic chemicals were extracted from the munitions or the containers and detoxified chemically in «soft» controlled conditions. Then the empty munitions were degassed. At the second stage, thermal neutralization or bituminization of the reaction masses was carried out with their subsequent burial. The two-stage technology for the destruction of mustard and mustard-lewisite mixtures was based on the interaction of toxic chemicals with an 80 ± 5% aqueous solution of monoethanolamine, which was supplied into the reactor at a temperature of 60–80 °C in the ratio toxic chemical: degassing formulation - 1:1.2 according to mass. The detoxification process was considered completed if the content of toxic chemicals in the reaction mass did not exceed 3,2×10-3%. To destroy lewisite, a «short scheme» in a jet-type reactor was implemented. The mixing of the initial reagents, lewisite and 20% alkali solution, was carried out using a nozzle of a special design, where lewisite was swirled with a special device (swirler) and supplied into the reactor. The first stage of the destruction of V-gases was carried out in munitions cases. The munitions were considered as chemical reactors. The process of detoxification of V-gases was considered completed when the residual content of toxic chemicals was at the level of 5×10-4%, and the reaction mass was delivered for thermal neutralization (second stage). In total, 39966,588 tons of toxic chemicals were destroyed. The whole number of destroyed containers with agents and chemical munitions amounted to 4,158,456 units. On September 27, 2017, the last chemical weapon was destroyed at the Kizner chemical weapons destruction facility, thus completing the process of complete destruction of chemical weapons stockpiles in the Russian Federation.
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Goel, A. K. "Looming Threat of Chemical and Biological Warfare Agents." Defence Science Journal 66, no. 5 (September 30, 2016): 443. http://dx.doi.org/10.14429/dsj.66.10705.

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<p><br />In the recent past, a dramatic shift has been observed in the strategies of warfare from conventional to non-conventional. Now-a-days, traditional power is of less importance than it used to be earlier. Weapons of mass destruction, which comprise of nuclear weapons, and chemical and biological warfare agents, are posing a great peril to the world due to their devastating potential. Though, there are several bilateral as well as multilateral treaties to control the use and proliferation of these weapons, yet the risk of use of such agents by non-state actors cannot be overlooked. Chances of use of chemical and biological agents are more likely than the nuclear weapons. A comparison of nuclear, chemical and biological weapons in terms of technology, cost, signature, effectiveness on protected and un-protected troops shows that chemical and biological weapon programmes require much lower level of technology and cost than the nuclear weapon programme. Further, there is no or least distinctive and readily observable signature in biological weapon programme in comparison to nuclear and chemical weapon facilities. There can be two possibilities of use of these agents in terrorist attacks. First, there is a risk of transfer of material or know-how of these weapons to terrorists for using against the adversaries and second, the risk of these agents being pilfered due to poor security, thereby sabotaging the national security. The International Committee of Red Cross in February 1918 reckoned these agents as ‘barbarous inventions’ that can ‘only be called criminal’.</p>
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Yagmuroglu, Ozan, and Bilgen Subasi. "Nerve agents: chemical structures, effect mechanisms and detection methods." Open Access Journal of Science 4, no. 2 (June 8, 2020): 47–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.15406/oajs.2020.04.00151.

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With the discovery of chemical weapons, mankind has faced a great threat. These weapons are also called weapon of mass destruction and cause mass human deaths in the region where they are used, regardless of whether they are soldiers or civilians. Countries have focused on chemical defense activities because of the easy production and development of chemical weapons and negative psychological effects on the public. Many people were killed or injured due to the use of chemical weapons during World War I. Nerve agents started to be used in making chemical weapons before World War II began. Thus, the threat of chemical weapons on humanity has reached a much more critical point. Especially during World War II and the Cold War, the development of chemical weapons and the production of nerve agents increased more than ever.In this review, various sensor systems developed for detecting nerve agents have been investigated and these sensors have been compared in terms of operating principles and detection limits.
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Russell, Richard L. "Iraq's Chemical Weapons Legacy: What Others Might Learn from Saddam." Middle East Journal 59, no. 2 (April 1, 2005): 187–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3751/59.2.11.

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Iraq's experience with chemical weapons provides ample lessons for nation-states looking to redress their conventional military shortcomings. Nation-states are likely to learn from Saddam that chemical weapons are useful for waging war against nation-states ill-prepared to fight on a chemical battlefield as well as against internal insurgents and rebellious civilians. Most significantly, nation-states studying Iraq's experience are likely to conclude that chemical weapons are not a “poor man's nuclear weapon” and that only nuclear weapons can deter potential adversaries including the United States.
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JACOBS, MADELEINE. "Chemical Weapons." Chemical & Engineering News 74, no. 39 (September 23, 1996): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v074n039.p005.

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HEYLIN, MICHAEL. "Chemical weapons." Chemical & Engineering News 67, no. 3 (January 16, 1989): 5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v067n003.p005.

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Britten, Stewart. "CHEMICAL WEAPONS." Lancet 325, no. 8439 (May 1985): 1220. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(85)92902-2.

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EMBER, LOIS. "CHEMICAL WEAPONS." Chemical & Engineering News 71, no. 18 (May 3, 1993): 8–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cen-v071n018.p008.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Chemical weapons"

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Smallwood, Katie. "Truth, science and chemical weapons : expert advice and the impact of technical change on the Chemical Weapons Convention." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2010. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/2398/.

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Scientific narratives are pervasive in international policy, in part, due to the increasing degree to which technological considerations enter modern thinking. These narratives are particularly visible in the chemical weapon prevention regime, which must accommodate changes in science and technology to ensure that they do not result in the application of new utilities for toxic chemicals as weapons. The dissertation investigates the function of technical experts, and the perceptions of their role, in the procedures of the chemical weapon prevention regime that address technical change. It explores expert involvement in three elements of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC): its negotiation; the Scientific Advisory Board; and in national policy formulation. Ethnography – from an extended placement within the Convention's monitoring body, the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) – as well as interviews and documentary sources provide the methodological basis for the research. The dissertation finds that science is often made political within the international policy setting, and shows how science is employed to support political aims whether it is in accelerating or slowing policy formulation, or in deflecting the policy agenda. It argues that whilst the role of experts and their capacity to influence policy vary with the forums in which they are placed, their effectiveness depends also upon other factors, including institutional support. The dissertation also holds that national approaches to expert advice are reflected in state relationships with experts advising at the international level. The research supports much of the Science and Technology Studies (STS) literature on experts in national settings and has substantial implications for a concept popular in International Relations (IR) literature, namely, ‘epistemic communities'. A case for reframing ‘epistemic communities' is developed which incorporates notions drawn from STS, such as the important role of ‘boundary organisations'. These are applied to the CWC, and policy recommendations for the OPCW and its member states are presented.
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Ono, Reyn SP. "The Secret Weapons of World War II: An Analysis of Hitler's Chemical Weapons Policy." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/944.

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Very little historical scholarship specifically analyzes or explores the absence of chemical weapons in World War II. This thesis seeks to fill the gaps in the historical narrative by providing insight into the personal and external factors that influenced Hitler’s chemical weapons policy. This thesis also touches upon the wartime violence perpetrated by both the Axis and the Allies, thereby offering a neutral, unbiased historical account. From 1939-1941, Hitler did not deploy chemical weapons because his blitzkrieg of Europe was progressing successfully – chemical warfare was unnecessary. With the failure of Operation Barbarossa from 1942-1943, Armaments Minister Albert Speer oversaw a massive increase in the production of the lethal nerve agent tabun, indicating Hitler’s desire to deploy chemical gas on the Eastern Front. However, by the request of Soviet Premier Josef Stalin, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill threatened to retaliate against Nazi Germany with chemical strikes on German cities in May 1942. Hitler backed down because of the inadequacy of German air defense and his desire to protect the “Aryan” people – based on his own trauma with gas in World War I. However, in the final years of the war in 1944-1945, the stress of the Allied advance on Berlin caused the deterioration of the German dictator’s mental and physical state. Hitler’s thoughts became suicidal and destructive – the German people deserved extinction for their failure in World War II. Thus, Hitler issued the Nero Decree in March 1945. However, the architect turned Armaments Minister, aware of the war’s foregone conclusion, sought to obstruct Germany’s path to catastrophe. Likewise, Hitler sought to initiate chemical warfare. Again, Speer prevented unnecessary civilian casualties by shutting down chemical production plants. The German dictator did not take matters into his own hands because following the failure of the Ardennes Offensive in January 1945, Hitler also grew increasingly apathetic to governing the Third Reich. By April 1945, with Hitler a ghost of his former self, his subleaders fought for control of Nazi Germany, and their inability to cooperate led to a crisis of leadership. Thus, World War II concluded in Europe without chemical warfare. Ultimately, this thesis promotes an awareness of the legacy of violence ushered in by “modern warfare,” a contemporary issue yet to be adequately addressed.
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Peck, Caroline. "After Syria: Potential and Prospects of Chemical Weapons." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1858.

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This paper examines the possible future of chemical weapons through an exploration of the origins and history of legal proscriptions on their use and the practical utility of their procurement and use. Past public misunderstanding of the extent of the chemical weapons threat, exacerbated by propaganda, as well as fears of retaliatory use motivated efforts to ban the use of chemical weapons. These prohibitions have had and continue to have weaknesses and loopholes that prevent their intentions from being fully realized. While chemical agents have a wide variety of applications and have several unique advantages, including psychological effects on victims, their use is limited by several drawbacks. The accessibility of some agents is also limited for actors who are not major powers. Recent developments in chemical weapons use, especially their use in the Syrian civil war, inform present understanding of international resolve to prevent chemical weapons use and the continued advantages chemical weapons provide. These findings provide a framework to understand future opportunities for actors to produce chemical weapons and the likelihood that these actors will actually use chemical weapons.
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Benthin, Hanne. "The Problems of verifying a chemical weapons convention /." Genève : l'auteur, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb36628144g.

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Mostoller, Eric Charles. "U.S. assistance in the destruction of Russia's chemical weapons." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2000. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA386920.

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Stebbins, Adriane A. "Can naval surface forces operate under chemical weapons conditions?" Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2002, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/9772.

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The acquisition and modernization of chemical warfare (CW) capabilities by state and non-state actors, coupled with the vulnerability of ships restricted in maneuverability to chemical weapons attacks, makes CW defense an increased priority for the U.S. Navy. Adversaries may be deterred from using chemical weapons against naval forces if the U.S. Navy demonstrates that it can continue operations under CW conditions. In order to conduct a psychological operations campaign that will achieve the desired result, naval forces must be prepared to conduct operations in CW environments while simultaneously protecting personnel from the effects of chemical weapons. This thesis applies the principles of chemical defense outlined in Joint Publication 3-11- contamination avoidance, protection, and decontamination-to requirements for naval operations. It then compares the current doctrine, training, organization, and equipment of the U.S. Navy to the requirements generated by the Department of Defense. This thesis argues that the ability of the U.S. Navy to conduct military operations in CW environments could be improved through expanded operational doctrine, a reorganization of shipboard roles for CW defense, integrated and realistic unit training, and additional procurement of collective protection systems. Implementation of these modest recommendations can dramatically increase the CW preparedness of the U.S. Navy.
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Elmahdi, Mohamed Hassan Abbas. "The Chemical Weapons Convention and Libya : an analysis of the application of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons between 2003 and 2014." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/42291.

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The thesis studies and assesses the application of the Regime for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons in Libya since the country started the negotiations to join the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) in 2003 until the end of 2014. Regime Theory is used to separate the role of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) from the role of the United States (USA) in the case of Libya. Using this approach leads to the conclusion that the OPCW was unable to work independently from the USA in Libya at any stage, and that this negatively affected the regime‘s ability to complete its task. The thesis uses Regime Theory to analyse Muammar Qaddafi‘s decisions to start the chemical weapons programme in 1980, and to end the programme in December 2003, it also examines the role of the OPCW in dismantling the Libyan chemical weapons programme since 2004. By doing so, the thesis studies the key role of the USA in administering the Libyan chemical disarmament process. The dominant role of the USA in Libya prevented the OPCW from carrying out its duty as the sole international actor responsible for supervising the dismantlement of chemical weapons stockpile. The thesis demonstrates the practical problems that faced the OPCW in Libya both during Qaddafi‘s era (2004–2011) and after his reign (2012-2014). These problems are reflective of the limitations that encounter the OPCW in the current international system. In the conclusion the thesis suggests some ways to improve the effectiveness of the Regime for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons in the future.
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Tan, Kwang Liang. "Precision air data support for chem/bio attack response." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Mar%5FTan.pdf.

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Thesis (M.S. in Aeronautical Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2003.
Thesis advisor(s): Richard M. Howard, Vladimir N. Dobrokhodov. Includes bibliographical references (p. 99-100). Also available online.
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Lefevre, Peggy. "'Can International Law Achieve the Effective Disarmament of Chemical Weapons?'." University of Canterbury. School of Law, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/850.

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Chemical weapons are a threat to international security. According to an international convention, the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), all chemical weapons fall under a stringent and irreversible disarmament regime that seeks the abolition of the use and existence of chemical weapons altogether. The CWC is considered to be the first verifiable disarmament treaty; furthermore, it targets an entire category of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD). Unfortunately there is a gap between the legal requirements of the CWC disarmament regime and its implementation. This gap between the theoretical and practical aspects of disarmament implies a practical, result-based approach to disarmament throughout this study; it raises doubts about the feasibility of chemical weapons disarmament under international law. The central question of this study is whether international law can achieve the effective disarmament of chemical weapons. A background on the chemical weapons disarmament regime is provided in this study. The legal control of chemical weapons follows a clear evolution, from the ban on the use of chemical weapons in conflicts to the international consensus to disarm them altogether. Concerning the legal control for chemical weapons, questions arise about the type of instrument suited for effective disarmament. As of August 2006 the CWC had been in force for nine years; it is considered to be a well-established treaty and benefits from a very broad membership. However, the disarmament of chemical weapons knows many political, technical and financial difficutlies. It is behind the schedule imposed by the CWC and weapons possessors struggle to meet the environmental and technical requirements provided in the CWC. Throughout this study these difficulties are examined and illustrated with case studies of the main weapons possessors. Such difficulties highlight numerous flaws in the legal regime, at the time of its constitution and during its implementation. Furthermore, they have serious implications for the credibility and authority of that regime. The chemical weapons disarmament regime, as well as other traditional arms control and disarmament instruments, currently evolves in a changing international security environment that is characterized by new threats. The CWC is challenged by new national and international security policies which rely less on traditional legal instruments and more on alternative, political instruments. The role of treaties such as the CWC is questioned and challenged, which in turn threatens the continuation of and commitment in chemical weapons disarmament. This study concludes with an analysis of the evolution of the chemical weapons disarmament regime in this changing environment, and proposes alternatives and changes that are more suitable for achieving effective disarmament. While the weaknesses of the chemical weapons disarmament regime must be acknowledged, it remains a useful security tool; there are no grounds to question its existence entirely.
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Moss, Michael. "Establishing the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367974.

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Books on the topic "Chemical weapons"

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Mesilaakso, Markku, ed. Chemical Weapons Convention Chemicals Analysis. Chichester, UK: John Wiley & Sons, Ltd, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/0470012285.

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Stashevsky, Gennadi. Chemical weapons. Moscow: Novosti Press Agency Pub. House, 1988.

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Donnelly, Harrison. Chemical Weapons. 2455 Teller Road, Thousand Oaks California 91320 United States: CQ Press, 1986. http://dx.doi.org/10.4135/cqresrre1986071100.

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Crowley, Michael, Malcolm Dando, and Lijun Shang, eds. Preventing Chemical Weapons. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781788010092.

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Division, United States General Accounting Office National Security and International Affairs. Chemical weapons disposal. Washington, D.C: The Office, 1992.

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Massingham, Gordon. Terrorism: Chemical weapons. 2nd ed. Edgartown, MA: distributed by Emergency Film Group, 2007.

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Peabody, Fred. Chemical & biological weapons. [New York, N.Y.?]: History Channel, 2001.

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Spiers, Edward M. Chemical and Biological Weapons. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230375642.

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Library of Congress. Congressional Research Service, ed. Iraqi chemical weapons capabilities. [Washington, D.C.]: Congressional Research Service, Library of Congress, 1993.

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United States. Defense Intelligence Agency. Directorate for Scientific and Technical Intelligence., ed. Soviet chemical weapons threat. [Washington? D.C.]: Defense Intelligence Agency, 1985.

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Book chapters on the topic "Chemical weapons"

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van den Boogaard, Jeroen C. "Chemical Weapons." In International Conflict and Security Law, 317–36. The Hague: T.M.C. Asser Press, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-6265-515-7_14.

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Ezz, Esmat. "Chemical Weapons Verification." In Nuclear Strategy and World Security, 195–201. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-1-349-17878-0_19.

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Coleman, Kim. "Controlling Chemical Weapons." In A History of Chemical Warfare, 150–64. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230501836_8.

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Bełdowski, Jacek. "Dumped Chemical Weapons." In Handbook on Marine Environment Protection, 247–59. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-60156-4_12.

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Stock, Thomas. "Sea-Dumped Chemical Weapons and the Chemical Weapons Convention." In Sea-Dumped Chemical Weapons: Aspects, Problems and Solutions, 49–66. Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, 1996. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-94-015-8713-6_7.

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Crowley, Michael. "Incapacitating Chemical Agent Weapons." In Chemical Control, 9–38. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9781137467140_2.

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Davison, Neil. "Chemical and Biochemical Weapons." In 'Non-Lethal' Weapons, 105–42. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2009. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230233980_5.

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Crowley, Michael, Malcolm Dando, and Lijun Shang. "CHAPTER 1. Introduction: Preventing the Re-emergence of Chemical Weapons." In Preventing Chemical Weapons, 1–9. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781788010092-00001.

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Rogers, Paul. "CHAPTER 2. The Changing Nature of the Chemical and Biological Weapons Threat." In Preventing Chemical Weapons, 10–24. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781788010092-00010.

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Trapp, R. "CHAPTER 3. The Chemical Weapons Convention – Past Success, Current Challenges." In Preventing Chemical Weapons, 25–68. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781788010092-00025.

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Conference papers on the topic "Chemical weapons"

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Asahina, Joseph K., and Takao Shirakura. "Detonation Chamber of Chemical Munitions: Its Design Philosophy and Operation Record at Kanda, Japan." In ASME 2006 Pressure Vessels and Piping/ICPVT-11 Conference. ASMEDC, 2006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2006-icpvt-11-93809.

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Destruction of chemical weapons is a technical area that involves extensive international cooperation, with open discussion among a wide variety of participants aimed at elimination of these weapons of mass destruction. The most common methods for destruction of chemical weapons are: (1) chemical neutralization and (2) incineration after separation of the chemical agent from the weapon’s explosive charge. When the munitions are stockpiled, the agent and the explosive charge are easily separated by means of reverse assembly or water jet cutting. However, for munitions that are not stockpiled, complete separation of agent and explosive charge is nearly impossible.
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Himanshu and Atul Pratap Singh. "A survey on chemical weapons." In 2ND INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON RECENT ADVANCES IN COMPUTATIONAL TECHNIQUES. AIP Publishing, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0140346.

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"Bugs and gas: Agreements banning chemical and biological weapons." In NUCLEAR WEAPONS AND RELATED SECURITY ISSUES. Author(s), 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/1.5009223.

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Geyer, T. J., J. B. Gruber, M. E. Hills, C. E. Johnson, M. D. Seltzer, W. A. Weimer, and R. B. Green. "Laser Applications at the Naval Weapons Center." In Laser Applications to Chemical Analysis. Washington, D.C.: Optica Publishing Group, 1990. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/laca.1990.tuc1.

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Research in the Chemistry Division at the Naval Weapons Center (NWC) is primarily devoted to the design, synthesis, and characterization of new materials for a variety of Navy applications. The impact of lasers in the processing and characterization of materials is growing in significance.
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Bellecci, C., P. Gaudio, M. Gelfusa, S. Martellucci, M. Richetta, P. Ventura, A. Antonucci, F. Pasquino, V. Ricci, and A. Sassolini. "Database for chemical weapons detection: first results." In SPIE Europe Security and Defence, edited by John C. Carrano and Arturas Zukauskas. SPIE, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1117/12.800193.

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Kaplan, Martin. "HEALTH EFFECTS OF NUCLEAR, CHEMICAL AND BIOLOGICAL WEAPONS." In Proceedings of the Forty-Eighth Pugwash Conference on Science and World Affairs. WORLD SCIENTIFIC, 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/9789812810212_0062.

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Perram, Glen P. "Digital Holography for Laser Weapons and Remote Sensing." In Laser Applications to Chemical, Security and Environmental Analysis. Washington, D.C.: OSA, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1364/lacsea.2020.lm1a.1.

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Drozdova, Viktoriya, and Yuliya Ivanova. "CONSEQUENCES OF THE USE OF CHEMICAL WEAPONS FOR HUMANITY AND ITS IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT." In Current problems of jurisprudence. ru: Publishing Center RIOR, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.29039/02058-6/091-099.

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The article considers the consequences of the use of chemical weapons for humanity and its impact on the environment. The problem of ineffective (dangerous) destruction of chemical weapons and examples of possible consequences are analyzed.
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Конева, В. Ю., and Л. В. Янно. "Cytogenetic examination of employees at chemical weapons destruction facilities." In The second international youth Forum "OCCUPATION AND HEALTH". PT "ARIAL", 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.31089/978-5-907032-51-4-2018-1-139-141.

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Heyes, Alan. "The UK Government’s Global Partnership Programme: Its Achievements Over the Past Five Years and Challenges Ahead." In The 11th International Conference on Environmental Remediation and Radioactive Waste Management. ASMEDC, 2007. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/icem2007-7099.

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Through the Global Partnership the UK continues to make a significant contribution to improve national and global security. Over the past year the UK has continued to implement a wide range of projects across the breadth of its Global Partnership Programme. As well as ensuring the Programme is robust and capable of dealing with new challenges, the UK has cooperated with other donor countries to help them progress projects associated with submarine dismantling, scientist redirection, enhancing nuclear security and Chemical Weapons Destruction. The Global Partnership, although only five years old, has already achieved a great deal. Some 23 states, plus the European Union, are now working closer together under the Global Partnership, and collectively have enhanced global regional and national security by reducing the availability of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD) materials and expertise to both states of concern and terrorists. Considerable progress has already been made in, for example: • Improving the security of fissile materials, dangerous biological agents and chemical weapons stocks; • Reducing the number of sites containing radioactive materials; • Working towards closure of reactors still producing weapon-grade plutonium; • Improving nuclear safety to reduce the risks of further, Chernobyl style accidents; • Constructing facilities for destroying Chemical Weapons stocks, and starting actual destruction; • Providing sustainable employment for former WMD scientists to reduce the risk that their expertise will be misused by states or terrorists. By contributing to many of these activities, the UK has helped to make the world safer. This paper reports on the UK’s practical and sustainable contribution to the Global Partnership and identifies a number of challenges that remain if it is to have a wider impact on reducing the threats from WMD material.
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Reports on the topic "Chemical weapons"

1

Weilacher, Lester A. Non-Lethal Chemical Weapons. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, April 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada476101.

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Surma, J. E. Electrochemical oxidation of chemical weapons. Office of Scientific and Technical Information (OSTI), May 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.2172/10161149.

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Mengel, R. W., Matthew Meselson, William C. Dee, R. N. Palarino, and Fred Eimers. Chemical Weapons Convention Verifiability Assessment. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, January 1994. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada303671.

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DEPARTMENT OF THE ARMY WASHINGTON DC. Nuclear and Chemical Weapons and Materiel: Chemical Surety. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 2001. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada403304.

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Brankowitz, William R. Chemical Stockpile Disposal Program. Chemical Weapons Movement History Compilation. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, June 1987. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada193348.

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McArdle, Joseph J. Biology of Chemical and Biologic Weapons. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, December 2002. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada409455.

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Raymore, Peter K. Chemical Weapons Treaty: Perspectives and Prospects. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, May 1988. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada202109.

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Chapman, Steven T. Chemical Weapons Convention: Boon or Bust?. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, March 1998. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada345938.

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Byun, Ji S., Caolionn L. O'Connell, and Patricia F. Bronson. Chemical Demilitarization - Assembled Chemical Weapons Assessment (ACWA): Root Cause Analysis. Fort Belvoir, VA: Defense Technical Information Center, July 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.21236/ada549911.

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Trapp, Ralf. Compliance Management under the Chemical Weapons Convention. The United Nations Institute for Disarmament Research, December 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.37559/wmd/19/wmdce3.

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