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1
Smallwood, Katie. "Truth, science and chemical weapons : expert advice and the impact of technical change on the Chemical Weapons Convention." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2010. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/2398/.
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Scientific narratives are pervasive in international policy, in part, due to the increasing degree to which technological considerations enter modern thinking. These narratives are particularly visible in the chemical weapon prevention regime, which must accommodate changes in science and technology to ensure that they do not result in the application of new utilities for toxic chemicals as weapons. The dissertation investigates the function of technical experts, and the perceptions of their role, in the procedures of the chemical weapon prevention regime that address technical change. It explores expert involvement in three elements of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC): its negotiation; the Scientific Advisory Board; and in national policy formulation. Ethnography – from an extended placement within the Convention's monitoring body, the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) – as well as interviews and documentary sources provide the methodological basis for the research. The dissertation finds that science is often made political within the international policy setting, and shows how science is employed to support political aims whether it is in accelerating or slowing policy formulation, or in deflecting the policy agenda. It argues that whilst the role of experts and their capacity to influence policy vary with the forums in which they are placed, their effectiveness depends also upon other factors, including institutional support. The dissertation also holds that national approaches to expert advice are reflected in state relationships with experts advising at the international level. The research supports much of the Science and Technology Studies (STS) literature on experts in national settings and has substantial implications for a concept popular in International Relations (IR) literature, namely, ‘epistemic communities'. A case for reframing ‘epistemic communities' is developed which incorporates notions drawn from STS, such as the important role of ‘boundary organisations'. These are applied to the CWC, and policy recommendations for the OPCW and its member states are presented.
2
Ono, Reyn SP. "The Secret Weapons of World War II: An Analysis of Hitler's Chemical Weapons Policy." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2014. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/944.
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Very little historical scholarship specifically analyzes or explores the absence of chemical weapons in World War II. This thesis seeks to fill the gaps in the historical narrative by providing insight into the personal and external factors that influenced Hitler’s chemical weapons policy. This thesis also touches upon the wartime violence perpetrated by both the Axis and the Allies, thereby offering a neutral, unbiased historical account. From 1939-1941, Hitler did not deploy chemical weapons because his blitzkrieg of Europe was progressing successfully – chemical warfare was unnecessary. With the failure of Operation Barbarossa from 1942-1943, Armaments Minister Albert Speer oversaw a massive increase in the production of the lethal nerve agent tabun, indicating Hitler’s desire to deploy chemical gas on the Eastern Front. However, by the request of Soviet Premier Josef Stalin, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill threatened to retaliate against Nazi Germany with chemical strikes on German cities in May 1942. Hitler backed down because of the inadequacy of German air defense and his desire to protect the “Aryan” people – based on his own trauma with gas in World War I. However, in the final years of the war in 1944-1945, the stress of the Allied advance on Berlin caused the deterioration of the German dictator’s mental and physical state. Hitler’s thoughts became suicidal and destructive – the German people deserved extinction for their failure in World War II. Thus, Hitler issued the Nero Decree in March 1945. However, the architect turned Armaments Minister, aware of the war’s foregone conclusion, sought to obstruct Germany’s path to catastrophe. Likewise, Hitler sought to initiate chemical warfare. Again, Speer prevented unnecessary civilian casualties by shutting down chemical production plants. The German dictator did not take matters into his own hands because following the failure of the Ardennes Offensive in January 1945, Hitler also grew increasingly apathetic to governing the Third Reich. By April 1945, with Hitler a ghost of his former self, his subleaders fought for control of Nazi Germany, and their inability to cooperate led to a crisis of leadership. Thus, World War II concluded in Europe without chemical warfare. Ultimately, this thesis promotes an awareness of the legacy of violence ushered in by “modern warfare,” a contemporary issue yet to be adequately addressed.
3
Peck, Caroline. "After Syria: Potential and Prospects of Chemical Weapons." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2018. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/cmc_theses/1858.
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This paper examines the possible future of chemical weapons through an exploration of the origins and history of legal proscriptions on their use and the practical utility of their procurement and use. Past public misunderstanding of the extent of the chemical weapons threat, exacerbated by propaganda, as well as fears of retaliatory use motivated efforts to ban the use of chemical weapons. These prohibitions have had and continue to have weaknesses and loopholes that prevent their intentions from being fully realized. While chemical agents have a wide variety of applications and have several unique advantages, including psychological effects on victims, their use is limited by several drawbacks. The accessibility of some agents is also limited for actors who are not major powers. Recent developments in chemical weapons use, especially their use in the Syrian civil war, inform present understanding of international resolve to prevent chemical weapons use and the continued advantages chemical weapons provide. These findings provide a framework to understand future opportunities for actors to produce chemical weapons and the likelihood that these actors will actually use chemical weapons.
4
Benthin, Hanne. "The Problems of verifying a chemical weapons convention /." Genève : l'auteur, 1988. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb36628144g.
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5
Mostoller, Eric Charles. "U.S. assistance in the destruction of Russia's chemical weapons." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2000. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA386920.
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6
Stebbins, Adriane A. "Can naval surface forces operate under chemical weapons conditions?" Thesis, Monterey, California: Naval Postgraduate School, 2002, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/9772.
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The acquisition and modernization of chemical warfare (CW) capabilities by state and non-state actors, coupled with the vulnerability of ships restricted in maneuverability to chemical weapons attacks, makes CW defense an increased priority for the U.S. Navy. Adversaries may be deterred from using chemical weapons against naval forces if the U.S. Navy demonstrates that it can continue operations under CW conditions. In order to conduct a psychological operations campaign that will achieve the desired result, naval forces must be prepared to conduct operations in CW environments while simultaneously protecting personnel from the effects of chemical weapons. This thesis applies the principles of chemical defense outlined in Joint Publication 3-11- contamination avoidance, protection, and decontamination-to requirements for naval operations. It then compares the current doctrine, training, organization, and equipment of the U.S. Navy to the requirements generated by the Department of Defense. This thesis argues that the ability of the U.S. Navy to conduct military operations in CW environments could be improved through expanded operational doctrine, a reorganization of shipboard roles for CW defense, integrated and realistic unit training, and additional procurement of collective protection systems. Implementation of these modest recommendations can dramatically increase the CW preparedness of the U.S. Navy.
7
Elmahdi, Mohamed Hassan Abbas. "The Chemical Weapons Convention and Libya : an analysis of the application of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons between 2003 and 2014." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/42291.
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The thesis studies and assesses the application of the Regime for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons in Libya since the country started the negotiations to join the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) in 2003 until the end of 2014. Regime Theory is used to separate the role of the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW) from the role of the United States (USA) in the case of Libya. Using this approach leads to the conclusion that the OPCW was unable to work independently from the USA in Libya at any stage, and that this negatively affected the regime‘s ability to complete its task. The thesis uses Regime Theory to analyse Muammar Qaddafi‘s decisions to start the chemical weapons programme in 1980, and to end the programme in December 2003, it also examines the role of the OPCW in dismantling the Libyan chemical weapons programme since 2004. By doing so, the thesis studies the key role of the USA in administering the Libyan chemical disarmament process. The dominant role of the USA in Libya prevented the OPCW from carrying out its duty as the sole international actor responsible for supervising the dismantlement of chemical weapons stockpile. The thesis demonstrates the practical problems that faced the OPCW in Libya both during Qaddafi‘s era (2004–2011) and after his reign (2012-2014). These problems are reflective of the limitations that encounter the OPCW in the current international system. In the conclusion the thesis suggests some ways to improve the effectiveness of the Regime for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons in the future.
8
Tan, Kwang Liang. "Precision air data support for chem/bio attack response." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Mar%5FTan.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Aeronautical Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, March 2003.Thesis advisor(s): Richard M. Howard, Vladimir N. Dobrokhodov. Includes bibliographical references (p. 99-100). Also available online.
9
Lefevre, Peggy. "'Can International Law Achieve the Effective Disarmament of Chemical Weapons?'." University of Canterbury. School of Law, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10092/850.
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Chemical weapons are a threat to international security. According to an international convention, the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC), all chemical weapons fall under a stringent and irreversible disarmament regime that seeks the abolition of the use and existence of chemical weapons altogether. The CWC is considered to be the first verifiable disarmament treaty; furthermore, it targets an entire category of Weapons of Mass Destruction (WMD). Unfortunately there is a gap between the legal requirements of the CWC disarmament regime and its implementation. This gap between the theoretical and practical aspects of disarmament implies a practical, result-based approach to disarmament throughout this study; it raises doubts about the feasibility of chemical weapons disarmament under international law. The central question of this study is whether international law can achieve the effective disarmament of chemical weapons. A background on the chemical weapons disarmament regime is provided in this study. The legal control of chemical weapons follows a clear evolution, from the ban on the use of chemical weapons in conflicts to the international consensus to disarm them altogether. Concerning the legal control for chemical weapons, questions arise about the type of instrument suited for effective disarmament. As of August 2006 the CWC had been in force for nine years; it is considered to be a well-established treaty and benefits from a very broad membership. However, the disarmament of chemical weapons knows many political, technical and financial difficutlies. It is behind the schedule imposed by the CWC and weapons possessors struggle to meet the environmental and technical requirements provided in the CWC. Throughout this study these difficulties are examined and illustrated with case studies of the main weapons possessors. Such difficulties highlight numerous flaws in the legal regime, at the time of its constitution and during its implementation. Furthermore, they have serious implications for the credibility and authority of that regime. The chemical weapons disarmament regime, as well as other traditional arms control and disarmament instruments, currently evolves in a changing international security environment that is characterized by new threats. The CWC is challenged by new national and international security policies which rely less on traditional legal instruments and more on alternative, political instruments. The role of treaties such as the CWC is questioned and challenged, which in turn threatens the continuation of and commitment in chemical weapons disarmament. This study concludes with an analysis of the evolution of the chemical weapons disarmament regime in this changing environment, and proposes alternatives and changes that are more suitable for achieving effective disarmament. While the weaknesses of the chemical weapons disarmament regime must be acknowledged, it remains a useful security tool; there are no grounds to question its existence entirely.
10
Moss, Michael. "Establishing the Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW)." Thesis, University of Southampton, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.367974.
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Blackburn, Douglas L. "The Chemical Weapons Convention verification regime a model for a new NPT? /." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1993. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA277976.
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Jefferson, Catherine. "The Taboo of Chemical and Biological Weapons : Nature, Norms and International Law." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.506941.
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13
Shalkovskyi, Volodymyr. "An analysis of the brain drain phenomenon in the field of development of chemical and biological weapons in Russia during the 1990s." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2002. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/02Jun%5FShalkovskyi.pdf.
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Rowe, Gregory D. "Air sampling sensors, the Open Skies Treaty, and verifying the Chemical Weapons Convention." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1995. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA307292.
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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs) Naval Postgraduate School, December 1995."December 1995." Thesis advisor(s): James J. Wirtz, Peter R. Lavoy. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.
15
Triplett, William M. "Process improvement to the inspection readiness plan in chemical weapons convention challenge inspections." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1997. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA336830.
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Thesis (M.S. in Information Technology Management) Naval Postgraduate School, Sept. 1997.Thesis advisors, James J. Wirtz, William J. Haga. Includes bibliographical references (p. 79-80). Also available online.
16
Woodley, Anthony R. "Technology assessment of the inspection Readiness Plan in Chemical Weapons Convention challenge inspections." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 1998. http://handle.dtic.mil/100.2/ADA352501.
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Thesis (M.S. in Information Technology Management) Naval Postgraduate School, September 1998."September 1998." Thesis advisor(s): James J. Wirtz. Approved for public release; distribution unlimited. Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-66). Also Available online.
17
Waldrip, Randall W. "Verifying the Chemical Weapons Convention : the case for a United Nations verification agency." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/27332.
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Keene, Stephen G. "An analysis of the Naval Innovation Laboratory's virtual work environment-based management information system for application in joint service explosive ordnance disposal notional concepts management." Monterey, California : Naval Postgraduate School, 2009. http://edocs.nps.edu/npspubs/scholarly/MBAPR/2009/Dec/09Dec%5FKeene%5FMBA.pdf.
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"Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Master of Business Administration from the Naval Postgraduate School, December 2009."Advisor(s): Boudreau, Michael ; Brinkley, Douglas. "December 2009." "MBA Professional report"--Cover. Description based on title screen as viewed on January 28, 2010. Author(s) subject terms: Notional Concept, Virtual Work Environment, Management Information System, Urgent Universal Needs Statement, share drive-based database. Includes bibliographical references (p. 65-66). Also available in print.
19
Volkland, Wendy. "How clean is safe? /." (Requires Adobe Acrobat Reader), 2000. http://stinet.dtic.mil/str/tr4%5Ffields.html.
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20
Winzoski, Karen Jane. "The effects of American scientific communities and industry on US chemical & biological weapons policy." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/31749.
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This thesis examines the effects that scientific communities and domestic industry have had on US chemical and biological weapons policy over the last forty years, and in particular their influence in the successful ratification of the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) in 1997, and the US rejection of the proposed verification protocol for the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) in 2001. To explore the interaction of scientific communities, industry and government, scientific and industrial publications from 1965 to 2006 were systematically researched, and interviews were conducted with individuals from academia, industry and government who were directly involved with the formulation of US chemical and biological weapons policy. This thesis concludes that scientists have at times exerted considerable influence over US chemical weapons policy. Furthermore, concerted efforts in support of chemical disarmament on the part of the US chemical industry made a tremendous contribution towards the success of the CWC. It also concludes that even though the microbiology community had a significant impact on US biological weapons policy in the 1960s, the biotech revolution split the microbiology community into two competing factions, and decreased the influence of scientists who continued to lobby for arms control. Furthermore, this study finds that although the pharmaceutical and biotech industry is frequently blamed for the failure of the BWC verification protocol, in reality it played a minor role in this decision. Several of this study's findings have implications for International Relations theories that examine how and why arms control regimes emerge, in particular the epistemic communities and Military-Industrial Complex literatures. Consistent with Matthew Evangelista's analysis of the effects of international epistemic communities on Soviet nuclear policy, this study demonstrates that scientists are most influential when they develop personal relationships with high-ranking policymakers, particularly the head of state. Perhaps this study's most original theoretical finding is that although corporations involved with defence are invariably assumed to be motivated solely by their own financial interests, even by non-rationalist theories, these industries can pursue more enlightened ends. Thus, this study opens a door for International Relations scholars to think of defence industry interests as politically interesting.Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate
21
Lovsin, Robert D. "Non-conventional armament linkages : nuclear, biological and chemical weapons in the United Kingdom and Iraq." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2011. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/7021/.
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This dissertation examines the reasons why states want to acquire nonconventional weapons and analyzes interconnections between decisions on nuclear weapons (NW) on the one hand and chemical/biological weapons (CBW) on the other. Much of the literature on non-conventional weapons has tended to focus either on nuclear weapons or on CBW, with CBW often portrayed as the “poor man's nuclear bomb.” While there is some truth in this, the interconnections between decisions to develop NW and decisions to develop CBW are more numerous, more varied and more nuanced. The dissertation examines non-conventional armament processes in the United Kingdom and Iraq. Using two disparate cases provides the analysis with a comprehensive data set, the lessons from which have formed the basis of the analysis. Having nuclear, biological and chemical (NBC) weapons for the purpose of use is not always a state's ultimate goal and factors as wide-ranging as national prestige and the maintenance of international relationships are important in determining why some states decide to pursue NBC weapons. The case study findings have been synthesized into four key areas in which NBC linkages are particularly significant: strategic issues and strategic cultures; political considerations; economics and finances; and future challenges. The key finding is that there are interconnections that show how NW and CBW influence each other. For example, both the UK and Iraq showed that if nuclear weapons were not available, interest in CBW would increase. Conversely, possession of nuclear weapons does not necessarily rule out interest in acquiring CBW armament. Non-conventional weapons present a significant challenge to the maintenance of international peace and security. As this dissertation demonstrates, NBC weapons are linked on many levels and it is important to understand how CBW can and do influence policy on nuclear weapons and vice versa.
22
Salsabili, Mansour. "The Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) : a comparative study of impediments to implementation in the Middle East." Thesis, University of Exeter, 1999. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.286537.
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Kelle, A., K. Nixdorff, and Malcolm R. Dando. "Controlling Biochemical Weapons: Adapting Multilateral Arms Control for the 21st Century." Palgrave Macmillan, 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/2744.
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NoScientific and technological change in the life sciences is currently transforming the problem of preventing biological warfare and biological terrorism. This transformation will demand a radical and rigorous new approach to biochemical arms control, for which the existing prohibition regimes for chemical and biological weapons are necessary but insufficient building blocks. Examples from the areas of immunology, neurosciences, and the neuroendocrine-immune system are used to show the magnitude of the problem. This book will conclude with outlining additional measures required to control biochemical weapons in the 2lst Century.
24
Wilkinson, Mark. "Playing the long game : UK secret intelligence and its relationship with chemical and biological weapons related foreign policy." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2009. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/3373/.
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This thesis considers the influence of secret intelligence on UK chemical and biological warfare related foreign policy. Using the Butler Report, published in the wake of the 2003 Iraq War as a reference, a model of intelligence and foreign policy interaction will be constructed. This model will then be used as a baseline against which to compare the interaction of intelligence and foreign policy relating to chemical and / or biological weapons from three case studies; the Soviet Union, South Africa and Libya. Specifically, this thesis will consider how, in each of the three case studies: intelligence linked to foreign policy, what role intelligence had in the termination / exposure of those programmes, what factors might be seen to affect that relationship, and whether intelligence might be seen to be representative of state power. The thesis will argue that the 2003 Iraq War, as described by Butler, marked a paradigm shift in terms of the relationship between intelligence and foreign policy. In particular, it will be argued that the lead up to that war marks a transition in the function of intelligence from something that had always worked to gather information to inform foreign policy to hunting for information to directly support or justify a foreign policy decision that has already been taken. Each of the three case studies will also show the intelligence and foreign policy relationship is further influenced by other factors including personalities, organisational structures and cultures as well as the perceived importance of that case study as a political issue. The thesis will conclude by suggesting that the case studies examined provide several policy recommendations; that HUMINT is essential in counterproliferation efforts, that the development of technical specialists with UK intelligence agencies is vital to prevent future proliferation crises, and that pre-emptive war places such rigorous demands on the intelligence agencies it seems they are at present unable to respond quickly enough – this requires urgent action if UK foreign policy is to continue to purse counter-proliferation as a key objective.
25
Robertson, Rogue Elliott. "A comparative case study of newspaper coverage of the Umatilla Chemical Weapons Depot/Incinerator from 1994 to 1998." PDXScholar, 2011. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/open_access_etds/315.
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The purpose of this case study was to compare the news coverage of The Umatilla chemical weapons by examining newspapers from different communities: The Oregonian and The Hermiston Herald. The author examines solution frames, pluralistic frames, episodic frames, and thematic frames and compares them across two newspapers. The study found the difference was not significant when comparing the use of solution frames between The Hermiston Herald and The Oregonian. In addition, there was not a significant difference in use of pluralistic framing by The Hermiston Herald and The Oregonian. However, there was a significant difference in the sources presented in the newspaper articles. There was also a significant presence of episodic frames compared to thematic frames in both the newspapers under examination.
26
Harootian, Danica P. "Contextualizing the Elimination of Syria's Chemical Weapons: The Nonproliferation Regime, U.S. Policy, and Cultural Assumptions of the Middle East." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/661.
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This project examines the elimination of Syria’s chemical weapons during the Syrian civil war in 2013 and places the disarmament process in the context of the international nonproliferation regime and the history of United States weapons of mass destruction (WMD) policy. Additionally, I argue that U.S. policy on WMDs does not operate by a fixed set of standards; rather, cultural assumptions about a state and its weapons (such as the USSR, Iraq, Israel and their WMDs) are used to justify nonproliferation action. I present weapons as a mode of Othering that the U.S. and the nonproliferation regime employ to justify the designation of an enemy state. This analysis also examines the “myth of neutrality” of humanitarian intervention and applies these concepts to nonproliferation intervention.
27
Lakamp, Mark A. "Of owl or ostrich? The U.S. Policy of calculated ambiguity to deter the use of chemical and biological weapons." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/8764.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedThe United States has adopted a policy of calculated ambiguity regarding the role of nuclear weapons in response to a potential chemical or biological weapons (CBW) attack. Many factors affect decisions about the role nuclear weapons play in U.S. counterproliferation strategy. This thesis describes the policy of calculated ambiguity and offers some observations about its prospects and pitfalls. The thesis presents evidence that suggests nuclear weapons could play a positive role in the U.S. counterproliferation strategy, at least in some circumstances. It also explains how such a role could conflict with the U.S. nonproliferation strategy. Such a role would also violate the nuclear taboo and be seen by a majority of countries as illegal and immoral. The United States has chosen a policy of calculated ambiguity in an attempt to retain the deterrent value of nuclear weapons without paying the political, legal, and moral costs of explicit reliance on nuclear weapons to deter the use of CBW. This may have short-term benefits, but ultimately may damage the national interest.
28
Taylor, M. J. "Plasma propellant interactions in an electrothermal-chemical gun." Thesis, Department of Environmental and Ordnance Systems, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1826/4010.
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This Thesis covers work conducted to understand the mechanisms
underpinning the operation of the electrothermal-chemical gun. The
initial formation of plasma from electrically exploding wires, through to
the development of plasma venting from the capillary and interacting
with a densely packed energetic propellant bed is included. The prime
purpose of the work has been the development and validation of
computer codes designed for the predictive modelling of the
elect rothe rmal-ch em ical (ETC) gun.
Two main discussions in this Thesis are:
a proposed electrically insulating vapour barrier located around
condensed exploding conductors and
the deposition of metallic vapour resulting in a high energy flux to
the surface of propellant, leading to propellant ignition.
The vapour barrier hypothesis is important in a number of fields where
the passage of current through condensed material or through plasma
is significant. The importance may arise from the need to disrupt the
fragments by applying strong magnetic fields (as in the disruption of
metallic shaped charge jets); in the requirement to generate a metallic
vapour efficiently from electrically exploding wires (as per ETC ignition systems); or in the necessity to re-use the condensed material after a
discharge (as with lightning divertor strips).
The ignition by metallic vapour deposition hypothesis relies on the
transfer of latent heat during condensation. It is important for the
efficient transfer of energy from an exploded wire (or other such
metallic vapour generating device) to the surface of energetic material.
This flux is obtained far more efficiently through condensation than
from radiative energy transfer, because the energy required to
evaporate copper is far less than that required to heat it to
temperatures at which significant radiative flux would be emitted
29
Sandhu, Erica. "Completing the norm life cycle : the post-treaty involvement of NGOs in the Mine Ban Treaty and Chemical Weapons Convention." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/50244.
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The purpose of this study is to examine the role of non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in the post-treaty stage, specifically, how these organizations contribute to the development of a norm. This paper challenges previous literature which has contended that the role of NGOs is limited to the earliest stages of norm development. It focuses on two case studies. First, the Mine Ban Treaty and International Coalition to Ban Landmines show that NGOs not only act as norm entrepreneurs but expand their role in the post-treaty stage, furthering the norm cascade and contributing to norm internalization. Second, the Chemical Weapons Convention and Chemical Weapons Convention Coalition show that NGOs may be absent during the emergence of a norm, yet can form late into the post-treaty stage and still play a role in contributing to the later stages of a norm’s development. Throughout, this paper highlights the importance of NGOs in international agreements.Arts, Faculty of
Political Science, Department of
Graduate
30
Powell, Maria Elena. "The evolution of international restraints on chemical weapons and land mines : the interplay between international humanitarian law and arms control." Thesis, University of St Andrews, 1997. http://hdl.handle.net/10023/15359.
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Weapons are acquired to protect the national security interests of the state: they may be used to settle disputes between one state and another, or they are accumulated as a defensive precaution to dissuade any future or offensive military action. Quite often, weapons are used in great quantities in various internal conflicts to the detriment of the individual, both civilian and combatant. Over time, the international community has developed certain humanitarian principles, norms, treaties and control mechanisms to reduce tensions between states, and to lessen the consequences of unrestrained weapons use. International Humanitarian Law (IHL) or the Law of War seeks to regulate or prohibit the use of particular weapons based on the principle that the means of injuring one's enemies are not unlimited, and that there should be restraints on weapons which are indiscriminate or cause unnecessary suffering. Arms control and disarmament law seeks to limit or even prohibit the use, transfer or trade, production, and stockpiling of certain weapons. There is an interplay between these two approaches when the weapon in question is being restrained because of its perceived nature. Two weapons that have evoked calls for prohibition or restriction because of their pernicious nature are chemical weapons and land mines. Currently, in the Post-Cold War security environment, both these weapons are high on the international political and security agenda rendering them relevant subjects for a comparative study. This thesis examines the respective histories of these regimes of restraint and attempts to determine what lessons may be drawn in comparing efforts to place legal prohibitions on so-deemed inhumane or intolerable weapons. By examining the main similarities and differences in responses to chemical weapons and land mines, it may possible to understand what criteria are necessary for prohibiting a weapon on humanitarian grounds.
31
Taylor, Michael J. "Plasma propellant interactions in an electrothermal-chemical gun." Thesis, Cranfield University, 2002. http://dspace.lib.cranfield.ac.uk/handle/1826/4010.
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This Thesis covers work conducted to understand the mechanisms underpinning the operation of the electrothermal-chemical gun. The initial formation of plasma from electrically exploding wires, through to the development of plasma venting from the capillary and interacting with a densely packed energetic propellant bed is included. The prime purpose of the work has been the development and validation of computer codes designed for the predictive modelling of the elect rothe rmal-ch em ical (ETC) gun. Two main discussions in this Thesis are: a proposed electrically insulating vapour barrier located around condensed exploding conductors and the deposition of metallic vapour resulting in a high energy flux to the surface of propellant, leading to propellant ignition. The vapour barrier hypothesis is important in a number of fields where the passage of current through condensed material or through plasma is significant. The importance may arise from the need to disrupt the fragments by applying strong magnetic fields (as in the disruption of metallic shaped charge jets); in the requirement to generate a metallic vapour efficiently from electrically exploding wires (as per ETC ignition systems); or in the necessity to re-use the condensed material after a discharge (as with lightning divertor strips). The ignition by metallic vapour deposition hypothesis relies on the transfer of latent heat during condensation. It is important for the efficient transfer of energy from an exploded wire (or other such metallic vapour generating device) to the surface of energetic material. This flux is obtained far more efficiently through condensation than from radiative energy transfer, because the energy required to evaporate copper is far less than that required to heat it to temperatures at which significant radiative flux would be emitted
32
Davison, N., and N. Lewer. "Bradford Non-Lethal Weapons Research Project (BNLWRP). Research Report No. 4." University of Bradford, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/3973.
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yesNon-lethal weapons (NLWs) are explicitly designed and primarily employed to incapacitate personnel or material whilst minimising collateral damage to property and the environment. Existing NLWs include rubber and plastic bullets, entangling nets, chemical sprays such as OC and CS gas, and electrical stunning devices such as the `Taser¿ gun. New NLWs are on the way, which will include acoustic and microwave weapons, non-lethal landmines, malodorants, and sophisticated weapons developed through rapid advances in neuroscience and the genomics revolution. Most analysts would agree that there is a `legitimate¿ role for non-lethal weapons, both for civil and military applications. However there is considerable disagreement as to the operational effectiveness of NLWs, and the threat such weapons pose to arms conventions and international law. As usual, a balance has to be achieved where the benign advantages of developing and deploying non-lethal weapons are not outweighed by their more malign effects. In particular, emerging non-lethal technologies offer an increasing opportunity for the suppression of civil dissent and control of populations ¿ these are sometimes referred to as the `technologies of political control¿. There is a continuing need for sustained and informed commentary to such developments which highlights the impact and threats that these technologies pose to civil liberties and human rights. Because the last BNLWP Report was produced in August 2001, this edition is somewhat longer than usual so that key developments since then can be highlighted and summarised. Future BNLWRP reports will be published three times a year, and we welcome material to be considered for inclusion.
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Crowley, Michael J. A. "Chemical control. Exploring mechanisms for the regulation of riot control agents, incapacitants and related means of delivery." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5717.
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A holistic arms control (HAC) analytical framework was employed to explore the full range of mechanisms that could potentially be utilised to effectively regulate the development, stockpiling, transfer or use of riot control agents (RCAs), incapacitants and related means of delivery. From this analysis it is clear that the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and its attendant regime are the most appropriate and probably the most receptive mechanisms, at least in the short term, for the discussion of these concerns and the development of appropriate policy responses.
However, the response of CWC States Parties to these issues is by no means certain and parallel processes should be established to explore alternative regulatory mechanisms with the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, UN drugs conventions, international and regional human rights instruments, international humanitarian law, and transfer controls potentially yielding positive results in the next five to ten year period. Other regimes that may well prove important in the longer term include: the international criminal court and other international criminal law entities; the UN Secretary General¿s investigation mechanism and other ad hoc UN investigatory mechanisms.
A comprehensive HAC strategy for the regulation of RCAs, incapacitants and related means of delivery will also require active involvement of informed and activist civil society in societal verification; development and promotion of norms prohibiting the involvement of scientific and medical communities in weaponisation programmes intended for malign application; and far greater active engagement of such expert communities in relevant State and international policy development processes.
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Crowley, Michael John Anthony. "Chemical control : exploring mechanisms for the regulation of riot control agents, incapacitants and related means of delivery." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/5717.
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A holistic arms control (HAC) analytical framework was employed to explore the full range of mechanisms that could potentially be utilised to effectively regulate the development, stockpiling, transfer or use of riot control agents (RCAs), incapacitants and related means of delivery. From this analysis it is clear that the Chemical Weapons Convention (CWC) and its attendant regime are the most appropriate and probably the most receptive mechanisms, at least in the short term, for the discussion of these concerns and the development of appropriate policy responses. However, the response of CWC States Parties to these issues is by no means certain and parallel processes should be established to explore alternative regulatory mechanisms with the Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention, UN drugs conventions, international and regional human rights instruments, international humanitarian law, and transfer controls potentially yielding positive results in the next five to ten year period. Other regimes that may well prove important in the longer term include: the international criminal court and other international criminal law entities; the UN Secretary General's investigation mechanism and other ad hoc UN investigatory mechanisms. A comprehensive HAC strategy for the regulation of RCAs, incapacitants and related means of delivery will also require active involvement of informed and activist civil society in societal verification; development and promotion of norms prohibiting the involvement of scientific and medical communities in weaponisation programmes intended for malign application; and far greater active engagement of such expert communities in relevant State and international policy development processes.
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Schaefer, Agnes Gereben Lambright W. Henry. "The role of transnational non-governmental organizations in the disposition of chemical and nuclear weapons in the United States: a comparative analysis." Related Electronic Resource: Current Research at SU : database of SU dissertations, recent titles available full text, 2003. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/syr/main.
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Thornberg, Jack. "Distant Suffering : A multimodal analysis of the politics of pity in news agencies’ mediation of the chemical weapons attack on Khan Sheikhoun." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-7014.
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This thesis explores of how American and British television mediated the crisis that started with the 4 April 2017 alleged chemical attack in Syria and culminated with the subsequent attack on Syria by the United States 7 April 2017. It builds upon a rich literature and focuses on the politics of pity in the mediated representation of distant suffering as set out by Luc Boltanski. The thesis utilizes a methodological approach which merges Lilie Chouliaraki’s ‘analytics of mediation’ with Roxanne Lynn Doty’s view of discourse analysis. The results find that CNNW mediated the distant suffering based on ostensibly a priori knowledge, whereas BBC News was more inclined to guide the spectators along a line of investigative reasoning.
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McGarry, Kevin G. Jr. "Reengineering Butyrylcholinesterase for the Catalytic Degradation of Organophosphorus Compounds." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1555481894515424.
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Sir, Cristián. "Real-time wind estimation and display for chem/bio attack response using UAV data /." Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03Jun%5FSir.pdf.
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Thesis (M.S. in Aeronautical Engineering)--Naval Postgraduate School, June 2003.Thesis advisor(s): Isaac Kaminer, Vladimir Dobrokhodov. Includes bibliographical references (p. 67). Also available online.
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Rak, Claire E. "Counterproliferation strategy : the role of preventive war, preventive strikes, and interdiction." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2003. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion-image/03sep%5FRak%5FClaire.pdf.
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Thesis (M.A. in National Security Affairs)--Naval Postgraduate School, September 2003.Thesis advisor(s): Peter R. Lavoy, James A. Russell. Includes bibliographical references. Also available online.
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Sir, Cristian. "Real-time wind estimation and display for chem/bio attack response using UAV data." Thesis, Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10945/906.
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Approved for public release; distribution is unlimitedThe defense response to a Chemical and Biological attack would be importantly based on predicting the dispersion of a toxic cloud. Considering that an Unmanned Air Vehicle would provide the capability for embedding and positioning inertial and air data sensors geographically as required, real-time wind estimation can be performed for every actual position of the flying device in order to predict the plume moving direction. The efforts in this thesis concentrate on the demonstration and validation of procedures for obtaining Wind Estimation close to real-time and its instantaneous display. The presented work is based on a particular UAV platform available at the NPS Aeronautical Department and it aims to establish a general methodology, which may be used on other flying devices with similar available sensors. An accurate estimation of real wind for a particular combat scenario will enable operational units to have a near real-time decision aid. This final result could be integrated into a Command and Control net, to assist in a focused way the response to a Chemical and Biological attack and to map the source or the region to be affected.
Lieutenant Commander, Chilean Navy
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Nasri, Carl-Christian. "Intervention? Yes, it’s Just War : Analyzing the possibilities of justifying a U.S. intervention according to the Just War Theory." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Statsvetenskapliga institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-384704.
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This study will focus on examining the probabilities of justifying military interventions. In order to conduct this study, the U.S. will be the subject of interest. The paper will discuss and analyze the case of justifying an intervention by the U.S. in Syria. The analysis will be based on the Just War Theory by the medieval philosopher Thomas Aquinas. To be able to conduct this study, official statements by the US government will be used to understand their reasoning concerning the subject. Mainly, statements will from the current and former heads of state, the American presidents, be analyzed. In the analysis of the paper, the criteria of the Just War Theory will be applied to the U.S. case with the objective to determine if the statements could justify an intervention. The outcome of Discussion and Conclusion reached the result that it would be justifiable for the U.S. to intervene in Syria. However, it becomes clear that the question of legitimate warfare and interventions are more complex than expected.
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Gata, Aude Marie-Laurence. "Les armes de destruction massive : essai critique sur une notion à géométrie variable." Thesis, Aix-Marseille, 2012. http://www.theses.fr/2012AIXM1018.
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La notion d'« armes de destruction massive » (ADM) est insaisissable : au lieu d'avoir pour but de mieux définir un type d'arme, elle agit à l'inverse, en créant une confusion entre l'arme et les conséquences de son emploi. Cette nature inconsistante se poursuit au niveau juridique. En effet, bien que l'expression fasse très tôt son entrée au sein des Nations unies, aucun traité ni organe officiel n'a, jusqu'alors, réussi à en donner une définition probante. À défaut de définition incontestable, et en l'absence d'un critère vérifiable d'identification de ce qu'est une « arme de destruction massive », cette notion s'est avérée préjudiciable. L'écart entre la réalité de la menace existante en matière d'« armes de destruction massive » et la façon dont elle fut perçue, puis gérée par la communauté internationale, c'est-à-dire à la fois par les États de façon individuelle et par les organisations internationales et les traités de façon collective, a conduit à de multiples dérives. Par conséquent, s'agissant là d'une notion plus politique que juridique, il apparaît nécessaire qu'elle soit précisée ou abandonnéeThe term « weapons of mass destruction » (WMD) is ambiguous: instead of aiming to clearly define a certain type of weapon, it does the opposite by creating confusion between the weapon itself and the consequences of its use. This confusion is also reflected at in the legal definition. Indeed, even though the term has been used by the United Nations from an early stage, no treaty or official entity has succeeded in providing a clear definition to this day. The lack of a clear definition, and the absence of defined criteria to determine what constitutes a « weapon of mass destruction », has turned out to be damaging. The dichotomy between the existing threat from « weapons of mass destruction » and the way it is perceived and handled by the international community, including individual states, international organisations, as well as collective treaties, has resulted in several instances of inappropriate use. As a consequence, the term has become a political rather than legal notion. A clearer legal definition is needed, or otherwise the term should be abandoned
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Голованова, В. І. "Міжнародно-правові проблеми контролю за ліквідацією та нерозповсюдженням зброї масового знищення." Master's thesis, Сумський державний університет, 2020. https://essuir.sumdu.edu.ua/handle/123456789/81837.
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Загрози, пов’язані зі зброєю масового знищення та засобами її доставки, зростають на фоні збільшення військових бюджетів і надмірного накопичення військових арсеналів. До того ж вони посилюються внаслідок стрімкого підвищення регіональної напруженості. У такому геополітичному контексті надзвичайно важливі заходи щодо зміцнення довіри між державами, насамперед у сфері контролю над озброєннями, нерозповсюдження та ліквідації зброї масового знищення. Відображенням стурбованості співтовариства держав у питанні формування міжнародно-правових основ для миру на планеті стало не тільки розуміння всеосяжного характеру міжнародної безпеки, а й пошук міжнародно-правових конструкцій, здатних відобразити цю особливість світопорядку і підтримувати його на рівні, що дає можливість для сталого розвитку.
Ядерна зброя представляє унікальну загрозу існуванню людства, але при цьому міжнародно-правовий режим ядерного нерозповсюдження і роззброєння переживає небувалу кризу довіри. Північна Корея de facto вийшла з Договору про нерозповсюдження ядерної зброї, а Індія, Ізраїль і Пакистан ніколи не були його учасниками. Існують щонайменше серйозні питання щодо змісту мирної ядерної програми Ірану. Повсюдне зростання тероризму у поєднанні із загрозою придбання ядерної зброї терористами значно посилює небезпеку її застосування. Нерозповсюдження ядерної зброї та ядерне роззброєння нерозривно пов’язані одне з одним і для досягнення прогресу на одному фронті необхідно забезпечити просування і на іншому. Обидва ці завдання варто вирішувати комплексно та з належною оперативністю. Зазначене загострює проблему організації і здійснення контролю за знищенням і нерозповсюдженням ядерної зброї на підставі норм міжнародного права.
Разом з тим, факти використання хімічної зброї у сучасних збройних конфліктах спонукають до переоцінки рівня ефективності існуючої офіційної системи перевірок наявності запасів хімікатів. А у випадку із біологічною зброєю запроваджене договірне регулювання взагалі не встановлює жодних «верифікаційних» механізмів.
Метою роботи є системний і комплексний аналіз міжнародно-правових проблем теоретичного та практичного характеру у сфері контролю за ліквідацією і нерозповсюдженням зброї масового знищення: ядерної, хімічної та біологічної.Угрозы, связанные с оружием массового уничтожения и средствами его доставки, растут на фоне увеличения военных бюджетов и чрезмерного накопления военных арсеналов. К тому же они усиливаются вследствие резкого повышения региональной напряженности. В таком геополитическом контексте чрезвычайно важные меры по укреплению доверия между государствами, прежде всего в сфере контроля над вооружениями, нераспространения и ликвидации оружия массового уничтожения. Отражением обеспокоенности сообщества государств в вопросе формирования международно-правовых основ для мира на планете стало не только понимание всеобъемлющего характера международной безопасности, но и поиск международно-правовых конструкций, способных отразить эту особенность миропорядка и поддерживать его на уровне, дает возможность для устойчивого развития. Ядерное оружие представляет уникальную угрозу существованию человечества, но при этом международно-правовой режим ядерного нераспространения и разоружения переживает небывалый кризис доверия. Северная Корея de facto вышла из Договора о нераспространении ядерного оружия, а Индия, Израиль и Пакистан никогда не были его участниками. Существуют по меньшей мере серьезные вопросы относительно содержания мирной ядерной программы Ирана. Повсеместный рост терроризма в сочетании с угрозой приобретения ядерного оружия террористами значительно усиливает опасность ее применения. Нераспространения ядерного оружия и ядерное разоружение неразрывно связаны друг с другом и для достижения прогресса на одном фронте необходимо обеспечить продвижение и на другом. Обе эти задачи следует решать комплексно и с должной оперативностью. Указанное обостряет проблему организации и осуществления контроля за уничтожением и нераспространения ядерного оружия на основании норм международного права. Вместе с тем, факты использования химического оружия в современных вооруженных конфликтах побуждают к переоценке уровня эффективности существующей официальной системы проверок наличия запасов химикатов. А в случае с биологическим оружием введено договорное регулирование вообще не устанавливает никаких «верификационных» механизмов. Целью работы является системный и комплексный анализ международно-правовых проблем теоретического и практического характера в сфере контроля за ликвидацией и нераспространением оружия массового уничтожения: ядерного, химического и биологического.
Threats to weapons of mass destruction and their means of delivery are growing as military budgets increase and military arsenals become overcrowded. In addition, they are exacerbated by the sharp rise in regional tensions. In such a geopolitical context, confidence-building measures between states are extremely important, especially in the areas of arms control, non-proliferation and the elimination of weapons of mass destruction. Nuclear weapons pose a unique threat to human existence, but the international legal regime of nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament is experiencing an unprecedented crisis of confidence. The widespread rise of terrorism, combined with the threat of terrorist acquisition of nuclear weapons, exacerbates the danger of its use. Nuclear non-proliferation and nuclear disarmament are inextricably linked, and progress on one front requires progress on the other. Thus, the above facts determine the relevance of the study. According to the topic of our work, we may set this purpose and tasks to achieve it. Well, the Aim is comprehensive analysis of theoretical and practical problems of control over the elimination and non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.
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Jones, Richard B. "Requirements analysis and architectural design of a web-based integrated weapons of mass destruction toolset." Thesis, Monterey, Calif. : Springfield, Va. : Naval Postgraduate School ; Available from National Technical Information Service, 2004. http://library.nps.navy.mil/uhtbin/hyperion/04Jun%5FJones%5FRichard.pdf.
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Coyle, Jesse Aaron. "Optimization of nuclear, radiological, biological, and chemical terrorism incidence models through the use of simulated annealing Monte Carlo and iterative methods." Thesis, Georgia Institute of Technology, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/1853/43599.
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A random search optimization method based off an analogous process for the slow cooling of metals is explored and used to find the optimum solution for a number of regression models that analyze nuclear, radiological, biological,and chemical terrorism targets. A non-parametric simulation based off of historical data is also explored. Simulated series of 30 years and a 30 year extrapolation of historical data are provided. The inclusion of independent variables used in the regression analysis is based off existing work in the reviewed literature. CBRN terrorism data is collected from both the
Monterey Institute's Weapons of Mass Destruction Terrorism Database as well as from the START Global Terrorism Database. Building similar models to those found in the literature and running them against CBRN terrorism incidence data determines if conventional terrorism indicator variables are also significant predictors of CBRN terrorism targets. The negative binomial model was determined to be the best regression model available for the data analysis. Two general types of models are developed, including an economic development model and a political risk model. From the economic development model we find that national GDP, GDP per capita, trade openness, and
democracy to significant indicators of CBRN terrorism targets. Additionally from the political risk model we find corrupt, stable, and democratic regimes more likely to
experience a CBRN event. We do not find language/religious fractionalization to be a significant predictive variable. Similarly we do not find ethnic tensions, involvement in external conflict, or a military government to have significant predictive value.
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Langeveldt, Veleska. "(De)legitimizing rape as a weapon of war: patriarchy, narratives and the African Union." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/4068.
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Magister Administrationis - MAdminThe African continent has over the past 40 years witnessed a continued scourge of violent conflict and human rights abuses. These conflicts have significantly undermined the social, political, and economic prosperity of African citizens. Additionally, women and children are particularly affected by these conflicts. Women and children are regarded as ‘the most vulnerable’ as they often become the targets of sexual abuse by the enemy. The African Union (AU) is primarily responsible for the resolution of conflicts on the continent. It professes to be committed to the prevention of human rights abuses and the protection of African women (and children) during armed conflicts. It has thus developed an array of mechanisms, protocols, and instruments to address the exploitation and sexual abuse of women during conflict periods. These instruments include: The Constitutive Act of the AU (2000); The Solemn Declaration of Gender Equality in Africa (2003); the Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa- ACHPRWA (2004); and the Protocol relating to the Peace and Security Council. In this research project, I consider whether the narratives used in these AU documents sufficiently and explicitly address the use of rape as a strategic weapon during armed conflicts; or whether these narratives inadvertently contribute to a culture that perpetuates war-time rape. My analysis shows that these AU documents deal with war-time rape in very vague and euphemistic terms. Although gender discrimination, sexual violence, exploitation, discrimination, and harmful practices against women are condemned, the delegitimization of rape as a weapon of war is not specifically discussed. This allows for varying interpretations of AU protocols, including interpretations which may diminish the severity of strategic rape. This has lead me to propose that the narratives used in these AU protocols and related documents draw on patriarchy, perpetuate patriarchy, and thus inadvertently perpetuates a culture that perpetuates the use of rape as a weapon of war
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Althoff, Marc André [Verfasser], and Konstantin [Akademischer Betreuer] Karaghiosoff. "Preparation and analytical investigation of amiton and amiton-like compounds closely related to the chemical weapons convention : “relevance of organo(thio)phosphates in the hazard defense sector” / Marc André Althoff ; Betreuer: Konstantin Karaghiosoff." München : Universitätsbibliothek der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, 2018. http://d-nb.info/1191691241/34.
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Babaeizadeh, Balmeri Mohsen. "Le conflit syrien au regard du droit international : quelles évolutions en matière de maintien de la paix et de la sécurité internationales ?" Thesis, Université de Lorraine, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019LORR0208.
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Le conflit syrien est un conflit sans précédent. Il comporte plusieurs formes de menace contre la paix et la sécurité internationales. Il pose la question du type de menace contre la paix et la sécurité internationale et la réponse que la communauté internationale peut apporter. À cet égard, le droit international du maintien de la paix prévoit une série de mécanismes juridiques applicables aux conflits armés. Cependant, l’examen de ces mécanismes montre qu’en dépit des avancées juridiques dans le domaine du droit du maintien de la paix, il existe encore des lacunes juridiques. Afin de trouver une réponse efficace, plusieurs organisations internationales ont été impliquées dans ce conflit, l’ONU, l’Agence internationale de l’énergie atomique, l’Organisation pour l’interdiction des armes chimiques, la Ligue des États Arabes et l’UE. L’efficacité des mesures prises par ces organisations est constitue un enjeu de taille. Les mesures prises par ces organisations montrent l’évolution du droit du maintien de la paix. Sur ce point-là, la mission conjointe ONU-OIAC dans le cadre du démantèlement des armes chimiques syriennes est un bon exemple de l’évolution en matière de maintien de la paix et de la sécurité internationales. Cependant, les actions des autres organisions internationales comme la Ligue des États Arabes ou l’Agence internationale de l’énergie atomique n’ont pas contribué au règlement du conflit. En effet, les lacunes juridiques intrinsèques de la Charte de l’ONU et le Traité sur le non prolifération des armes nucléaires est source de difficultés pour une réponse efficace de la part de ces deux organisations. En raison de l’implication de nombreux d’Etats dans le conflit syrien, de nombreuses répercussions sont à envisager au plan régional. Sur ce point, plusieurs défis juridiques se sont posés, tels que le cyberguerre, la destruction des patrimoines historiques, la question de la reconnaissance du peuple kurde et la lutte contre le terrorisme. Dans ce contexte implication du Conseil de sécurité, donne une nouvelle vision de sa responsabilité en qualité de gardien de la paix et de la sécurité internationales. Face à ces nouveaux enjeux, les résolutions du Conseil de sécurité montrent une évolution de droit international de maintien de la paix. Toutefois, les difficultés liées à ces évolutions ne sont pas suffisantes pour régler des conflits complexes, comme le conflit syrienThe Syrian conflict is unprecedent. It involves several forms of threat to international peace and security. It is the question of the type of the threat to international peace and security and the answer that the international community can be provided to it. In this regard, international peacekeeping law provides a series of legal mechanisms applicable to armed conflict. However, using of these mecanisms show some legal advances in the area of conflict. Despite, some legal advances in the area of peacekeeping law, there are still legal gaps for examination of these mechanisms. In order to find an effective response, several international organizations have been involved in this conflict : the United Nations, the International Atomic Energy Agency, the International Organization of Chemical Weapons, the League of Arabe States and the EU. The effectiveness of the measures taken by these organizations is a major challenge. The actions taken by these organizations show the evolution of the law of peacekeeping. At this point, the UN-OPCW joint mission in the framework of the dismantling of Syrian chemical weapons is a good example of the evolution in international community of peace and security. Yet the actions of the other international organizations such as the League of Arabe States or the International Atomic Energy Agency have not contributed to the resolution of the conflict. Indeed, the intrinsic legal shortcomings of the UN Charter and the Treaty on the Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons are causing difficulties for an effective response on the part of these two organizations. Due to the involvement of many States in the Syrian conflict, many regional repercussions should be considered. On this point, several legal challenges have arisen, such as cyberwarfare, the destruction of historical heritages, the question of the recognition of the Kurdish people and the fight against terrorism. In this content, the involvement of the Security Council gives a new vision of its responsibility as guardian of international peace and security. In the face of these new challenges, the Security Council resolutions show an evolution of international peacekeeping law ; However the difficulties associated with these developments are not able to resolve complex conflicts such as the Syrian conflict
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Sumita, Benita. "Examining the dynamic cascading of international norms through cluster genealogies : 1998 UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement and other cases." Thesis, University of Bradford, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/15782.
Full textAbstract:
In 1998 the UN Guiding Principles on Internal Displacement were developed following years of crises faced by the millions of people experiencing forced displacement, especially those internally displaced. These Principles were widely considered to be precedent setting, both historically and normatively. However, the examination of the construction of the international norms that underpin the Principles indicates that there are important epistemological weaknesses in widely used constructivist frameworks that understand normative shifts in international relations. They are critiqued as being impedingly linear, temporally compressed and analytically obstructive in its agent-centric view of norm cascading. This research aims to address some of these gaps with an enhanced life-cycle model using cluster genealogies and the processes of replication and particularization. The reformulated framework is tested for robustness and feasibility using two preliminary cases – UNSC Resolution 1325 and the Chemical Weapons Convention. It is then used to conduct an in-depth original analysis of the development of the 1998 UN Guiding Principles. The findings in the case of the Guiding Principles show, for example, that though the acceptance of the IDP definition was a big leap, the replication and particularization of human rights limits the humanitarian scope of the Guiding Principles, and also brings into question existing humanitarian protection of IDPs under the Geneva Conventions. Meanwhile, rooting them in ‘sovereignty as responsibility’ has not shifted the community of states’ intersubjective take on sovereignty, but it has added to the existing normative tension – individual vs. state – that underpins the very understanding of sovereignty.
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Almström, Knut Albin Pär. "Multilateral och unilateral säkerhetspolitisk praktik och strategi för hantering av Syrienkonflikten." Thesis, Försvarshögskolan, 2014. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:fhs:diva-4460.
Full textAbstract:
This security study attempts to explain the dynamics of international conflict management of an intrastate conflict, through a combination of three theoretical frameworks. The conflict in Syria is shown to be managed mainly through strategies using coercive diplomacy, and some main contributions within the research field relating to strategies of coercion are used for guidance, to important factors which could affect coercive international conflict management, as well as to additional theories which could enhance the study’s explanatory power through a combined theoretical framework. The two added theoretical frameworks are Power Balancing and a Multidimensional concept of Power. With the aid of analytical tools derived from this combined framework the conflict management is analysed within both a multilateral and unilateral setting, offering some explanation as to why international conflict management (practiced by UNSC multilaterally and USA unilaterally) has shown so little progress in regard to the conflict, as well as why one significant, though limited, result could be achieved regarding the destruction of the Syrian regime’s chemical weapons arsenal.