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Journal articles on the topic 'Chemically modified electrodes'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 17 June 2025

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1

Kaya, Sariye I., Tutku C. Karabulut, Sevinç Kurbanoglu, and Sibel A. Ozkan. "Chemically Modified Electrodes in Electrochemical Drug Analysis." Current Pharmaceutical Analysis 16, no. 6 (2020): 641–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573412915666190304140433.

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Electrode modification is a technique performed with different chemical and physical methods using various materials, such as polymers, nanomaterials and biological agents in order to enhance sensitivity, selectivity, stability and response of sensors. Modification provides the detection of small amounts of analyte in a complex media with very low limit of detection values. Electrochemical methods are well suited for drug analysis, and they are all-purpose techniques widely used in environmental studies, industrial fields, and pharmaceutical and biomedical analyses. In this review, chemically modified electrodes are discussed in terms of modification techniques and agents, and recent studies related to chemically modified electrodes in electrochemical drug analysis are summarized.

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2

Bonakdar, M., and Horacio A. Mottola. "Electrocatalysis at chemically modified electrodes." Analytica Chimica Acta 224 (1989): 305–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-2670(00)86567-8.

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3

Guadalupe, Ana R., and Hector D. Abruna. "Electroanalysis with chemically modified electrodes." Analytical Chemistry 57, no. 1 (1985): 142–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00279a036.

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4

Shaojun, Dong, and Li Fengbin. "Researches on chemically modified electrodes." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry 210, no. 1 (1986): 31–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(86)90313-x.

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5

Lu, Ziling, and Shaojun Dong. "Researches on chemically modified electrodes." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry 233, no. 1-2 (1987): 19–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(87)85002-7.

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6

Shaojun, Dong, and Li Fengbin. "Researches on chemically modified electrodes." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry 217, no. 1 (1987): 49–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(87)85063-5.

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7

Jiang, Rongzhong, and Shaojun Dong. "Research on chemically modified electrodes." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry 246, no. 1 (1988): 101–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(88)85054-x.

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8

Dong, Shaojun, and Rongzhong Jiang. "Research on chemically modified electrodes." Journal of Molecular Catalysis 42, no. 1 (1987): 37–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0304-5102(87)85037-x.

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9

Geno, Paul W., K. Ravichandran, and Richard P. Baldwin. "Chemically modified carbon paste electrodes." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry 183, no. 1-2 (1985): 155–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0368-1874(85)85488-5.

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10

Chillawar, Rakesh R., Kiran Kumar Tadi, and Ramani V. Motghare. "Voltammetric Techniques at Chemically Modified Electrodes." Журнал аналитической химии 70, no. 4 (2015): 339–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.7868/s0044450215040180.

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11

Guadalupe, Ana R., and Hector D. Abruña. "Organic Electroanalysis with Chemically Modified Electrodes." Analytical Letters 19, no. 15-16 (1986): 1613–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00032718608066311.

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12

Wring, Stephen A., and John P. Hart. "Chemically modified, screen-printed carbon electrodes." Analyst 117, no. 8 (1992): 1281. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/an9921701281.

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13

Redepenning, Jody G. "Chemically modified electrodes: a general overview." TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 6, no. 1 (1987): 18–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-9936(87)85014-8.

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14

Imisides, M. D., G. G. Wallace, and E. A. Wilke. "Designing chemically modified electrodes for electroanalysis." TrAC Trends in Analytical Chemistry 7, no. 4 (1988): 143–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0165-9936(88)87012-2.

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15

Chillawar, Rakesh R., Kiran Kumar Tadi, and Ramani V. Motghare. "Voltammetric techniques at chemically modified electrodes." Journal of Analytical Chemistry 70, no. 4 (2015): 399–418. http://dx.doi.org/10.1134/s1061934815040152.

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16

Hua, Xin, Gui Jun Shen, and Yu Du. "Carbon Materials Electrodes: Electrochemical Analysis Applications." Applied Mechanics and Materials 248 (December 2012): 262–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.248.262.

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The electrochemical properties of traditional carbon materials and applications of these materials based electrodes as well as physical and chemically modified carbon materials electrodes would be reviewed. Hence, the scope of the current review is limited to analytical electrochemistry using carbon materials electrode, and 48 references are cited.

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17

Khairunnisa, Amreen, and Senthil Kumar Annamalai. "Graphite nanopowder chemically modified electrode for hydrogen peroxide sensing." Journal of Indian Chemical Society Vol. 92, Apr 2015 (2015): 478–80. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5595731.

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Environmental and Analytical Chemistry Division, School of Advanced Sciences, Vellore Institute of Technology University, Vellore-632 014, Tamilnadu, India <em>E-mail</em> : askumarchem@yahoo.com Chemically modified electrodes (CMEs) are the recent impeccable achievements of electrochemists. The point lies in making simpler CMEs without any complicated methods of preparations. Here in, we present a graphite nanopowder (GNP) coated glassy carbon electrode (GCE), designated as GCE/GNP, for simple electrochemical sensing of H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> in pH 7 phosphate buffer solution. Note that H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> is extensively used in cosmetics and food products (as preservative in milk) and if the usable concentration exceeds certain limit then it may lead to severe health hazards. Thus, simple and low cost detection methodologies are most needed for the real sample analysis. Meanwhile, carbon nanomaterial have attracted great interest among researchers due to their unique structures, good electrical, mechanical, and chemical properties. GNP is one of such carbon nanomaterial which is very cheap and easy available in market. Here in we report a GCE/GNP modified electrode, without any enzyme and addition redox mediator, as a sensor for H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> . CV of the GCE/GNP showed a H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> -reduction peak at –0.5 V vs Ag/AgCl in pH 7 phosphate buffer solution. Control experiments with activated charcoal modified and unmodified glassy carbon electrodes failed to show any such marked H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> reduction signal. Furthermore, GCE/GNP was subjected to amperometric i–t curve technique which gave significant response to H<sub>2</sub>O<sub>2</sub> -sensing. Biochemicals like cysteine, ascorbic acid, uric acid, dopamine and nitrate were also tested for interference.

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18

Said, N. A. Mohd, V. I. Ogurtsov, K. Twomey, L. C. Nagle, and G. Herzog. "Chemically Modified Electrodes for Recessed Microelectrode Array." Procedia Chemistry 20 (2016): 12–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.proche.2016.07.002.

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19

Lindino, C. A., and L. O. S. Bulhões. "The potentiometric response of chemically modified electrodes." Analytica Chimica Acta 334, no. 3 (1996): 317–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0003-2670(96)00360-1.

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20

Murray, Royce W., Andrew G. Ewing, and Richard A. Durst. "Chemically modified electrodes. Molecular design for electroanalysis." Analytical Chemistry 59, no. 5 (1987): 379A—390A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00132a001.

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21

Murray, Royce W., Andrew G. Ewing, and Richard A. Durst. "Chemically Modified Electrodes Molecular Design for Electroanalysis." Analytical Chemistry 59, no. 5 (1987): 379A—390A. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ac00132a721.

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22

Schneeweiss, M. A., H. Hagenström, M. J. Esplandiu, and D. M. Kolb. "Electrolytic metal deposition onto chemically modified electrodes." Applied Physics A: Materials Science & Processing 69, no. 5 (1999): 537–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s003390051465.

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23

Titse, A. M., A. M. Timonov, and G. A. Shagisultanova. "Photosensitive chemically modified electrodes for photogalvanic cells." Coordination Chemistry Reviews 125, no. 1-2 (1993): 43–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-8545(93)85006-p.

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24

Kulys, Juozas, and Rolf D. Schmid. "Bienzyme Sensors based on Chemically Modified Electrodes." Biosensors and Bioelectronics 6, no. 1 (1991): 43–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0956-5663(91)85007-j.

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25

Giannetto, Marco, Giovanni Mori, Anna Notti, Sebastiano Pappalardo, and Melchiorre F. Parisi. "Calixarene-Poly(dithiophene)-Based Chemically Modified Electrodes." Chemistry - A European Journal 7, no. 15 (2001): 3354–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/1521-3765(20010803)7:15<3354::aid-chem3354>3.0.co;2-u.

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26

Yu, Yuan, Yanli Zhou, Liangzhuan Wu, and Jinfang Zhi. "Electrochemical Biosensor Based on Boron-Doped Diamond Electrodes with Modified Surfaces." International Journal of Electrochemistry 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/567171.

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Boron-doped diamond (BDD) thin films, as one kind of electrode materials, are superior to conventional carbon-based materials including carbon paste, porous carbon, glassy carbon (GC), carbon nanotubes in terms of high stability, wide potential window, low background current, and good biocompatibility. Electrochemical biosensor based on BDD electrodes have attracted extensive interests due to the superior properties of BDD electrodes and the merits of biosensors, such as specificity, sensitivity, and fast response. Electrochemical reactions perform at the interface between electrolyte solutions and the electrodes surfaces, so the surface structures and properties of the BDD electrodes are important for electrochemical detection. In this paper, the recent advances of BDD electrodes with different surfaces including nanostructured surface and chemically modified surface, for the construction of various electrochemical biosensors, were described.

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27

Sabzi, Reza, All Hasanzadeh, Khosrow Ghasemlu, and Parvaneh Heravi. "Preparation and characterization of carbon paste electrode modified with tin and hexacyanoferrate ions." Journal of the Serbian Chemical Society 72, no. 10 (2007): 993–1002. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/jsc0710993s.

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A carbon paste electrode was modified chemically using Sn(II) or Sn(IV) chlorides and hexacyanoferrate(II) or hexacyanoferrate(III). The electrochemical behavior of such SnHCF carbon paste electrodes was studied by cyclic voltammetry. The study revealed that Sn(IV) and hexacyanoferrate(II) yield the best results. This electrode showed one pair of peaks: the anodic and cathodic peak at the potentials of 0.195 and 0.154 V vs. SCE, respectively, at a scan rate of 20 mV s-1 in a 0.5 M phosphate buffer as the supporting electrolyte. The SnHCF modified electrodes were very stable under potential scanning. The effects of pH and alkali metal cations of the supporting electrolyte on the electrochemical characteristics of the modified electrode were studied. The results showed that cations have a considerable effect on the electrochemical behavior of the modified electrode. The diffusion coefficients of hydrated K+ and Na+ in the film, the transfer coefficient and the electron transfer rate constant were determined.

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28

Xu, Guobao, and Wei Zhang. "(Invited, Digital Presentation) Simple Electrodes for Electrochemical Sensing." ECS Meeting Abstracts MA2022-01, no. 53 (2022): 2235. http://dx.doi.org/10.1149/ma2022-01532235mtgabs.

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Electrodes are essential for electrochemical analysis. Numerous bare electrodes and chemically modified electrodes have been utilized for electrochemical sensing. Common bare electrodes, such as platinum electrode, gold electrode and glassy carbon electrode, are relatively expensive. It requires good skills to fabricate chemically modified electrodes to get reproducible results. In recent years, we have exploited the applications of some simple electrodes for electrochemical sensing and biosensing [1-5]. We have used stainless steel electrode for electrochemical detection and electrochemiluminescent detection of hydrogen peroxide, glucose, and the activity of glucose oxidase [1,2]. The automatic formation of passivation layer on stainless steel electrode not only results in unique electrochemical sensing performance but also avoid complex modification of electrode. We have also developed stainless steel electrode as a new driving electrode with low background for bipolar electrogenerated chemiluminescence [3]. Moreover, we have developed carbon paste electrodes as effective electrode for sensitive detection of sodium azide and cathodic electrochemiluminescence [4,5]. Finally, we have developed a wireless electrode array chip for wireless electrochemiluminescence analysis [6,7]. Acknowledgment We are grateful for financial support from National Natural Science Foundation of China (Nos. 22004116 and 21874126). References [1] A. Kitte, M. N. Zafar, Y. T. Zholudov, X.i Ma, A. Nsabimana, W. Zhang, G. Xu. Anal. Chem., 2018, 90, 8680. [2] A. Kitte, W. Gao, Y. T. Zholudov, L. Qi, A. Nsabimana, Z. Liu, G. Xu. Anal. Chem., 2017, 89, 9864. [3] Yuan, L. Qi, T. H. Fereja, D. V. Snizhko, Z. Liu, W. Zhang, G. Xu. Electrochim. Acta, 2018, 262, 182. [4] Li, M. Han, F. Wu, A. Nsabimana, W. Zhang, J. Li, G. Xu. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2018, 410, 4953. [5] Tian, S. Han, L. Hu, Y. Yuan, J. Wang, G. Xu. Anal. Bioanal. Chem., 2013, 405, 3427. [6] Qi, Y. Xia, W. Qi, W. Gao, F. Wu, G. Xu. Anal. Chem., 2016, 88, 1123. [7] Qi, J. Lai, W. Gao, S. Li, S. Hanif, G. Xu. Anal. Chem., 2014, 86, 8927.

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29

Baronas, Romas, and Juozas Kulys. "Modelling Amperometric Biosensors Based on Chemically Modified Electrodes." Sensors 8, no. 8 (2008): 4800–4820. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s8084800.

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30

Lyons, Michael E. G., Declan E. McCormack, Orla Smyth, and Philip N. Bartlett. "Transport and kinetics in multicomponent chemically modified electrodes." Faraday Discussions of the Chemical Society 88 (1989): 139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/dc9898800139.

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31

Budnikov, German K., and J. Labuda. "Chemically modified electrodes as amperometric sensors in electroanalysis." Russian Chemical Reviews 61, no. 8 (1992): 816–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1070/rc1992v061n08abeh001000.

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32

Katz, Eugenii Yu, and Alexander A. Solov'ev. "Chemically modified electrodes with affinity to sulphydryl compounds." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry 261, no. 1 (1989): 217–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(89)87137-2.

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33

Albarelli, M. J., J. H. White, G. M. Bommarito, M. McMillan, and H. D. Abruña. "In-situ surface exafs at chemically modified electrodes." Journal of Electroanalytical Chemistry and Interfacial Electrochemistry 248, no. 1 (1988): 77–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0022-0728(88)85152-0.

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34

Barendrecht, E. "Chemically and physically modified electrodes: some new developments." Journal of Applied Electrochemistry 20, no. 2 (1990): 175–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf01033593.

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35

Abruña, Hector D. "Coordination chemistry in two dimensions: chemically modified electrodes." Coordination Chemistry Reviews 86 (May 1988): 135–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0010-8545(88)85013-6.

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36

Skoog, Mikael, Karin Kronkvist, and Gillis Johansson. "Blocking of chemically modified graphite electrodes by surfactants." Analytica Chimica Acta 269, no. 1 (1992): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0003-2670(92)85133-q.

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37

Stará, Věra, and Miloslav Kopanica. "Chemically modified carbon paste and carbon composite electrodes." Electroanalysis 1, no. 3 (1989): 251–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.1140010310.

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38

Kalcher, Kurt. "Chemically modified carbon paste electrodes in voltammetric analysis." Electroanalysis 2, no. 6 (1990): 419–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.1140020603.

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39

Guo, Jing, Chu-Ngi Ho, and Peng Sun. "Electrochemical Studies of Chemically Modified Nanometer-Sized Electrodes." Electroanalysis 23, no. 2 (2010): 481–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/elan.201000517.

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40

David, Iulia Gabriela, Dana-Elena Popa, and Mihaela Buleandra. "Pencil Graphite Electrodes: A Versatile Tool in Electroanalysis." Journal of Analytical Methods in Chemistry 2017 (2017): 1–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/1905968.

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Due to their electrochemical and economical characteristics, pencil graphite electrodes (PGEs) gained in recent years a large applicability to the analysis of various types of inorganic and organic compounds from very different matrices. The electrode material of this type of working electrodes is constituted by the well-known and easy commercially available graphite pencil leads. Thus, PGEs are cheap and user-friendly and can be employed as disposable electrodes avoiding the time-consuming step of solid electrodes surface cleaning between measurements. When compared to other working electrodes PGEs present lower background currents, higher sensitivity, good reproducibility, and an adjustable electroactive surface area, permitting the analysis of low concentrations and small sample volumes without any deposition/preconcentration step. Therefore, this paper presents a detailed overview of the PGEs characteristics, designs and applications of bare, and electrochemically pretreated and chemically modified PGEs along with the corresponding performance characteristics like linear range and detection limit. Techniques used for bare or modified PGEs surface characterization are also reviewed.

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41

Pournara, Anastasia D., Georgios D. Tarlas, Giannis S. Papaefstathiou, and Manolis J. Manos. "Chemically modified electrodes with MOFs for the determination of inorganic and organic analytes via voltammetric techniques: a critical review." Inorganic Chemistry Frontiers 6, no. 12 (2019): 3440–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9qi00965e.

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Current status on MOF-modified electrodes for voltammetric analyses of inorganic/organic species is critically discussed. We provide future research directions and specific criteria that MOFs should satisfy prior to their use as electrode modifiers.

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42

Hossain, Md Faruk, Jae Sang Heo, John Nelson, and Insoo Kim. "Paper-Based Flexible Electrode Using Chemically-Modified Graphene and Functionalized Multiwalled Carbon Nanotube Composites for Electrophysiological Signal Sensing." Information 10, no. 10 (2019): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/info10100325.

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Flexible paper-based physiological sensor electrodes were developed using chemically-modified graphene (CG) and carboxylic-functionalized multiwalled carbon nanotube composites (f@MWCNTs). A solvothermal process with additional treatment was conducted to synthesize CG and f@MWCNTs to make CG-f@MWCNT composites. The composite was sonicated in an appropriate solvent to make a uniform suspension, and then it was drop cast on a nylon membrane in a vacuum filter. A number of batches (0%~35% f@MWCNTs) were prepared to investigate the performance of the physical characteristics. The 25% f@MWCNT-loaded composite showed the best adhesion on the paper substrate. The surface topography and chemical bonding of the proposed CG-f@MWCNT electrodes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and Raman spectroscopy, respectively. The average sheet resistance of the 25% CG-f@MWCNT electrode was determined to be 75 Ω/□, and it showed a skin contact impedance of 45.12 kΩ at 100 Hz. Electrocardiogram (ECG) signals were recorded from the chest and fingertips of healthy adults using the proposed electrodes. The CG-f@MWCNT electrodes demonstrated comfortability and a high sensitivity for electrocardiogram signal detection.

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43

Gavkhar, Narmaeva, Aronbaev Sergei, and Aronbaev Dmitry. "ACHIEVEMENTS AND PROBLEMS OF ELECTRODE MODIFICATION FOR VOLTAMMETRY." International Journal of Research - Granthaalayah 6, no. 7 (2018): 368–81. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1345218.

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In a review article, the achievements and problems of modifying carbon-containing electrodes for voltammetric analysis are considered. Various methods for chemical modification of electrodes are described, including methods of surface modification, volumetric modification, impregnation by in-situ and ex-situ methods. It is noted that modified electrodes with a catalytic response are increasingly used in voltammetry. This is explained by the fact that in a number of cases the catalytic currents that are caused by the included or previous chemical reaction far exceed the limiting diffusion currents, which makes it possible to increase the sensitivity of the method and to lower the lower limit of the determination by several orders of magnitude. Examples of the use of chemically modified carbon-containing electrodes in the voltammetric analysis of inorganic ions and organic substances are given.

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44

Ankhili, Amale, Xuyuan Tao, Cédric Cochrane, Vladan Koncar, David Coulon, and Jean-Michel Tarlet. "Ambulatory Evaluation of ECG Signals Obtained Using Washable Textile-Based Electrodes Made with Chemically Modified PEDOT:PSS." Sensors 19, no. 2 (2019): 416. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s19020416.

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A development of washable PEDOT:PSS (poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate) polyamide textile-based electrodes is an interesting alternative to the traditional Ag/AgCl disposable electrodes, usually used in clinical practice, helping to improve medical assessment and treatment before apparition or progress of patients’ cardiovascular symptoms. This study was conducted in order to determine whether physical properties of PEDOT:PSS had a significant impact on the coated electrode’s electrocardiogram (ECG) signal quality, particularly after 50 washing cycles in a domestic laundry machine. Tests performed, included the comparison of two PEDOT:PSS solutions, in term of viscosity with emphasis on wetting tests, including surface tension and contact angle measurements. In addition, polyamide textile fabrics were used as substrate to make thirty electrodes and to characterize the amount of PEDOT:PSS absorbed as a function of time. The results showed that surface tension of PEDOT:PSS had a significant impact on the wetting of polyamide textile fabric and consequently on the absorbed amount. In fact, lower values of surface tension of the solution lead to low values contact angles between PEDOT:PSS and textile fabric (good wettability). Before washing, no significant difference has been observed among signal-to-noise ratios measured (SNR) for coated electrodes by the two PEDOT:PSS solutions. However, after 50 washing cycles, SNR decreased strongly for electrodes coated by the solution that had low viscosity, since it contained less solid contents. That was confirmed by scanning electron microscopy images (SEM) and also by analyzing the color change of electrodes based on the calculation of CIELAB color space coordinates. Moreover, spectral power density of recorded ECG signals has been computed and presented. All cardiac waves were still visible in the ECG signals after 50 washing cycles. Furthermore, an experienced cardiologist considered that all the ECG signals acquired were acceptable. Accordingly, our newly developed polyamide textile-based electrodes seem to be suitable for long-term monitoring. The study also provided new insights into the better choice of PEDOT:PSS formulation as a function of a specific process in order to manufacture cheaper electrodes faster.

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45

Narmaeva, Gavkhar, Sergei Aronbaev, and Dmitry Aronbaev. "ACHIEVEMENTS AND PROBLEMS OF ELECTRODE MODIFICATION FOR VOLTAMMETRY." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 6, no. 7 (2018): 368–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v6.i7.2018.1316.

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In a review article, the achievements and problems of modifying carbon-containing electrodes for voltammetric analysis are considered. Various methods for chemical modification of electrodes are described, including methods of surface modification, volumetric modification, impregnation by in-situ and ex-situ methods. It is noted that modified electrodes with a catalytic response are increasingly used in voltammetry. This is explained by the fact that in a number of cases the catalytic currents that are caused by the included or previous chemical reaction far exceed the limiting diffusion currents, which makes it possible to increase the sensitivity of the method and to lower the lower limit of the determination by several orders of magnitude. Examples of the use of chemically modified carbon-containing electrodes in the voltammetric analysis of inorganic ions and organic substances are given.

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46

Gu, Ruiqin, Yunong Zhao, Huibing Fu, et al. "WO3-Nanocrystal-Modified Electrodes for Ultra-Sensitive and Selective Detection of Cadmium (Cd2+) Ions." Chemosensors 11, no. 1 (2023): 54. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/chemosensors11010054.

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The detection of heavy metal ions is becoming increasingly important for environmental monitoring and personal safety protection. Owing to their large surface area and suitable conductivity, metal oxide semiconductor nanocrystals have been utilized in chemically modified electrodes for the rapid and low-cost detection of heavy metal ions. However, their sensitivity and selectivity for cadmium ion (Cd2+) detection still remains a challenge. Here, a method of ultra-sensitive and selective Cd2+ detection based on WO3-nanocrystal-modified electrodes is proposed and demonstrated. Colloidal WO3 nanocrystals were synthesized via a solvothermal route and then deposited onto a carbon electrode using a spin-coating method, forming the modification layer at room temperature. The WO3-nanocrystal-modified electrodes exhibit a remarkable signal transduction capability that converts Cd2+ adsorption into current output signals. The peak current was linear to the logarithm of the Cd2+ concentration from 1 nM to 10,000 nM when measured using the anodic stripping voltammetry method. The selectivity mechanism was studied and attributed to the high adsorption energy of cadmium on WO3 compared to other heavy metal ions. Employment of WO3 for a high-performance Cd2+-selective electrode opens many opportunities in portable ion-detection applications.

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47

Koirala, Kisan, Jose H. Santos, Ai Ling Tan, Mohammad A. Ali, and Aminul H. Mirza. "Chemically modified carbon paste electrode for the detection of lead, cadmium and zinc ions." Sensor Review 36, no. 4 (2016): 339–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/sr-03-2016-0054.

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Purpose This paper aims to develop an inexpensive, portable, sensitive and environmentally friendly electrochemical sensor to quantify trace metals. Design/methodology/approach A sensor was constructed by modifying carbon paste electrode for the determination of lead, cadmium and zinc ions using square wave anodic stripping voltammetry (SWASV). The modified electrode was prepared by inserting homogeneous mixture of 2-hydroxy-acetophenonethiosemicarbazone, graphite powder and mineral oil. Various important parameters controlling the performance of the sensor were investigated and optimized. Electrochemical behavior of modified electrode was characterized by cyclic voltammetry. Findings Modified carbon pastes electrodes showed three distinct peaks at −0.50, −0.76 and −1.02 V vs silver/silver chloride corresponding to the oxidation of lead, cadmium and zinc ions at the electrode surface, respectively. The highest peak currents for all the metal ions under study were observed in the phosphate buffer solution at pH 1 with a deposition time of 70 s. The sensor exhibited linear behavior in the range of 0.25-12.5 μg mL-1 for lead and cadmium and 0.25-10.0 μg mL−1 for zinc. The limit of detection was calculated as 78.81, 96.17 and 91.88 ng mL−1 for Pb2+, Cd2+and Zn2+, respectively. The modified electrode exhibited good stability and repeatability. Originality/value A chemically modified electrode with Schiff base was applied to determine the content of cadmium, lead and zinc ions in aqueous solutions using SWASV.

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Radi, Abd-Elgawad. "Recent Updates of Chemically Modified Electrodes in Pharmaceutical Analysis." Combinatorial Chemistry & High Throughput Screening 13, no. 8 (2010): 728–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138620710791920338.

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Ramaraj, Ramasamy. "Photoelectrocatalytic reactions of metal complexes at chemically modified electrodes." Proceedings / Indian Academy of Sciences 108, no. 3 (1996): 181–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02870024.

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Holden Thorp, H. "Reagentless detection of DNA sequences on chemically modified electrodes." Trends in Biotechnology 21, no. 12 (2003): 522–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tibtech.2003.10.003.

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