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1
Wang, Yu-Fu, and Yuan-Chung Cheng. "Molecular electrostatic potential on the proton-donating atom as a theoretical descriptor of excited state acidity." Physical Chemistry Chemical Physics 20, no. 6 (2018): 4351–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c7cp01948c.
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Elim, Hendry Izaac. "Advancing Frontier Nanophysics in Time of Analytical Chemistry: Who to educate first?" SCIENCE NATURE 3, no. 3 (September 1, 2020): 275–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.30598/snvol3iss3pp275-281year2020.
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Frontier nanophysics in conjunction with nanomedicines, nanoscience and nanotechnology (NNN) developed before the science of analytical chemistry has been very challenges with many competitive obstacles to improve the accuracy and precise nm measurements in order to find out the point of its main chemical structure compositions, uniformity and the concentration contents to each substance. Moreover, exotics nanomaterials either in pure organic and inorganic compound or in hybrid organic-inorganics nanomaterials have shown their remarkable as well as attractive impacts in many nanotechnology and related industrial applications such as in ultrafast picosecond or femtosecond telecommunication integrated circuits and devices system, cosmetics and beauty products, as well as health or pharmaceutical drugs and herbal medicines. In this short communication paper, one explains how to educate first those who are eager indeed to study and expand their knowledge in the discovery level of understanding the nature of chemistry materials. Such guide will involve at least two to three parts of knowledge and skills consisted of the origin of life, electronics of molecular system (MES), and precise or accurate measurements. By implementing these advices, one believes the progress of applied physics frontier works in analytical chemistry will soon obtain a good harvest in the near future.
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Lambat, Trimurti L., Paavan Kavi Param Gaitry Chopra, and Sami H. Mahmood. "Microwave: A Green Contrivance for the Synthesis of N-Heterocyclic Compounds." Current Organic Chemistry 24, no. 22 (December 18, 2020): 2527–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1385272824999200622114919.
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Microwave Mediated Organic Synthesis (MMOS) is typical on the proficient heat shift carried out by dielectric heating, which in turn, is primarily dependent on the capability of the reagent or solvent to take up microwave energy. The employment of microwave energy has witnessed a fast expansion in the past two decades, with novel and pioneering applications in peptide and organic synthesis, material sciences, polymer chemistry, biochemical processes and nanotechnology. This review summarizes current MW- mediated catalytic reactions in use for the synthesis of a diversity of N-heterocycles by Multi- Component Reactions (MCRs) and a variety of miscellaneous reactions. In addition, the review addresses some aspects of the use of nanoparticles for a diversity of applications in microwave chemistry.
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Chen, Yu, and Jianlin Shi. "Chemistry of Mesoporous Organosilica in Nanotechnology: Molecularly Organic-Inorganic Hybridization into Frameworks." Advanced Materials 28, no. 17 (March 3, 2016): 3235–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201505147.
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Zhao, Yuming. "Special Issue “New Studies of Conjugated Compounds”." Molecules 25, no. 14 (July 15, 2020): 3220. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25143220.
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Bayda, Samer, Muhammad Adeel, Tiziano Tuccinardi, Marco Cordani, and Flavio Rizzolio. "The History of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology: From Chemical–Physical Applications to Nanomedicine." Molecules 25, no. 1 (December 27, 2019): 112. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25010112.
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Nanoscience breakthroughs in almost every field of science and nanotechnologies make life easier in this era. Nanoscience and nanotechnology represent an expanding research area, which involves structures, devices, and systems with novel properties and functions due to the arrangement of their atoms on the 1–100 nm scale. The field was subject to a growing public awareness and controversy in the early 2000s, and in turn, the beginnings of commercial applications of nanotechnology. Nanotechnologies contribute to almost every field of science, including physics, materials science, chemistry, biology, computer science, and engineering. Notably, in recent years nanotechnologies have been applied to human health with promising results, especially in the field of cancer treatment. To understand the nature of nanotechnology, it is helpful to review the timeline of discoveries that brought us to the current understanding of this science. This review illustrates the progress and main principles of nanoscience and nanotechnology and represents the pre-modern as well as modern timeline era of discoveries and milestones in these fields.
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Ariga, Katsuhiko. "Progress in Molecular Nanoarchitectonics and Materials Nanoarchitectonics." Molecules 26, no. 6 (March 15, 2021): 1621. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26061621.
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Although various synthetic methodologies including organic synthesis, polymer chemistry, and materials science are the main contributors to the production of functional materials, the importance of regulation of nanoscale structures for better performance has become clear with recent science and technology developments. Therefore, a new research paradigm to produce functional material systems from nanoscale units has to be created as an advancement of nanoscale science. This task is assigned to an emerging concept, nanoarchitectonics, which aims to produce functional materials and functional structures from nanoscale unit components. This can be done through combining nanotechnology with the other research fields such as organic chemistry, supramolecular chemistry, materials science, and bio-related science. In this review article, the basic-level of nanoarchitectonics is first presented with atom/molecular-level structure formations and conversions from molecular units to functional materials. Then, two typical application-oriented nanoarchitectonics efforts in energy-oriented applications and bio-related applications are discussed. Finally, future directions of the molecular and materials nanoarchitectonics concepts for advancement of functional nanomaterials are briefly discussed.
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Leigh, G. J. "Comprehensive coordination chemistry II From Biology to Nanotechnology." Journal of Organometallic Chemistry 689, no. 16 (August 2004): 2733–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jorganchem.2004.05.003.
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Záruba, Kamil, Vladimír Setnička, Jana Charvátová, Oleksandr Rusin, Zuzana Tománková, Jan Hrdlička, David Sýkora, and Vladimír Král. "Analytical Application of Oligopyrrole Macrocycles." Collection of Czechoslovak Chemical Communications 66, no. 5 (2001): 693–769. http://dx.doi.org/10.1135/cccc20010693.
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Progress of modern analytical chemistry is closely related with advancement in other fields such as organic chemistry and biochemistry. Successful solution of current scientific problems is inconceivable without close cooperation of different chemical disciplines. As an example of such hot and very intricate theme research in the field of molecular recognition of biologically active compounds can serve, where numerous methods of analytical chemistry, organic chemistry and biochemistry can suitably be utilized, elaborated and brought into consonance. This multidisciplinary overlap logically leads to the advent of new scientific fields with their own tools, methodologies and subjects of exploration - bioanalytical chemistry and nanotechnology. This review covers different aspects of analytical application of oligopyrrole macrocycles (mainly porphyrins and sapphyrins). These compounds are widely used in analytical chemistry due to their outstanding optical properties. In our contribution oligopyrrole macrocycles are considered as signaling and structural parts of chemical receptors and selectors in various applications. Introduction of different moieties into meso-position of macrocyclic rings allows to obtain e.g., sterically well-organized receptors for recognition of biologically important analytes, new chromatographic materials, and powerful tools in electrochemical research. Finally, future trends in the field are outlined briefly.
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Mariappan, N. "Current trends in Nanotechnology applications in surgical specialties and orthopedic surgery." Biomedical & Pharmacology Journal 12, no. 3 (August 7, 2019): 1095–127. http://dx.doi.org/10.13005/bpj/1739.
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Nanotechnology is manipulation of matter on atomic, molecular and supramolecular scale. It has extensive range of applications in various branches of science including molecular biology, Health and medicine, materials, electronics, transportation, drugs and drug delivery, chemical sensing, space exploration, energy, environment, sensors, diagnostics, microfabrication, organic chemistry and biomaterials. Nanotechnology involves innovations in drug delivery,fabric design, reactivity and strength of material and molecular manufacturing. Nanotechnology applications are spread over almost all surgical specialties and have revolutionized treatment of various medical and surgical conditions. Clinically relevant applications of nanotechnology in surgical specialties include development of surgical instruments, suture materials, imaging, targeted drug therapy, visualization methods and wound healing techniques. Management of burn wounds and scar is an important application of nanotechnology.Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of various orthopedic conditions are crucial aspects of technology for functional recovery of patients. Improvement in standard of patient care,clinical trials, research, and development of medical equipments for safe use are improved with nanotechnology. They have a potential for long-term good results in a variety of surgical specialties including orthopedic surgery in the years to come.
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Manojlović, Jelena. "INTRODUCTION TO NANOTECHNOLOGY AND MOLECULAR SELF-ASSEMBLY." Facta Universitatis, Series: Automatic Control and Robotics 17, no. 2 (December 28, 2018): 105. http://dx.doi.org/10.22190/fuacr1802105m.
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What is nanoscience? What is nanotechnology? What is so special about nanoscale? These questions are only a few important to discuss, in order to understand the nanoworld. We describe nanoscience and nanotechnology introducing the basic ideas of the new technology that can significantly change our lives. Nanoworld is invisible to the naked eye, and with many unusual properties of material. It has been observed that nanoscale numerous properties such as melting point, electrical conductivity, or chemical reactivity, change as a function of the size of the sample, and many nanomaterials have been produced. Special attention in this paper is focused on the formation of self-assembled monolayers. This process is described as the creation of organic thin films of nanometer thickness and it is an emerging area of materials chemistry, utilized in many applications.
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Chaturvedi, Shalini, and Pragnesh N. Dave. "Environmental Application of Photocatalysis." Materials Science Forum 734 (December 2012): 273–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.734.273.
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Recent interest and studies in environmental photo-chemistry, in natural photosynthesis, and chemical methods for solar energy transformations has contributed greatly to our knowledge and understanding of the various phenomena related to both photo-chemistry and catalysis. As an emerging nanotechnology come together with the chemical mechanisms of photo-catalysis, the photo-catalytic nanoparticle titanium dioxide offers a new meaning of remediation and degradation on volatile organic compounds in the aqueous and airs streams. In this chapter we discuss about application of photocatalysis in environment like biological contamination, air purification, water disinfection, hazardous waste remediation, water purification, self-clean buildings, deodorizing, anti-bacterial action, anti-fogging resolving cleaning action etc.
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Zhang, Guang-Wei, Long Wang, Ling-Hai Xie, Xiao-Ya Hou, Zheng-Dong Liu, and Wei Huang. "Diarylfluorene-Based Shape-Persistent Organic Nanomolecular Frameworks via Iterative Friedel-Crafts Protocol toward Multicomponent Organic Semiconductors." Journal of Nanomaterials 2013 (2013): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/368202.
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We describe bottom-up fluorenol approach to create soluble covalent organic nanomolecular architectures (ONAs) as potential multicomponent organic semiconductors (MOSs). BPyFBFFA as a typical model of ONAs and MOSs exhibits a persistent chair-shaped geometric structure that consists of hole-transporting triphenylamine (TPA), high-efficiency terfluorene, and high-mobility pyrenes. BPyFBFFA was synthesized via the intermediates PyFA and BPyFA with iterative Friedel-Crafts reactions and Suzuki cross-coupling reactions. BPyFBFFA behaves as an efficient blue light-emitter without the low-energy green emission band. Complex diarylfluorenes (CDAFs) are promising candidates for nanoscale covalent organic frameworks and MOSs. Friedel-Crafts protocols offer versatile toolboxes for molecular architects to frame chemistry and materials, nanoscience, and molecular nanotechnology as well as molecular manufactures.
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Herrera-Ibatá, Diana M. "Machine Learning and Perturbation Theory Machine Learning (PTML) in Medicinal Chemistry, Biotechnology, and Nanotechnology." Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry 21, no. 7 (April 26, 2021): 649–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1568026621666210121153413.
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Recently, different authors have reported Perturbation Theory (PT) methods combined with machine learning (ML) to obtain PTML (PT + ML) models. They have applied PTML models to the study of different biological systems. Here we present one state-of-art review about the different applications of PTML models in Organic Synthesis, Medicinal Chemistry, Protein Research, and Technology. The aim of the models is to find relations between the molecular descriptors and the biological characteristics to predict key properties of new compounds. An area where the ML has been very useful is the drug discovery process. The entire process of drug discovery leads to the generation of lots of data, and it is also a costly and time-consuming process. ML comes with the opportunity of analyzing significant amounts of chemical data obtaining outcomes to find potential drug candidates.
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Chen, Yu, and Jianlin Shi. "Organosilica: Chemistry of Mesoporous Organosilica in Nanotechnology: Molecularly Organic-Inorganic Hybridization into Frameworks (Adv. Mater. 17/2016)." Advanced Materials 28, no. 17 (April 28, 2016): 3234. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/adma.201670118.
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Heravi, Majid M., Mahzad Dehghani, Vahideh Zadsirjan, and Manijheh Ghanbarian. "Alkynes as Privileged Synthons in Selected Organic Name Reactions." Current Organic Synthesis 16, no. 2 (March 26, 2019): 205–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570179416666190126100744.
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Background:Alkynes are actually basic chemicals, serving as privileged synthons for planning new organic reactions for assemblage of a reactive motif, which easily undergoes a further desirable transformation. Name reactions, in organic chemistry are referred to those reactions which are well-recognized and reached to such status for being called as their explorers, discoverers or developers. Alkynes have been used in various name reactions. In this review, we try to underscore the applications of alkynes as privileged synthons in prevalent name reactions such as Huisgen 1,3-dipolar cycloaddtion via Click reaction, Sonogashira reaction, and Hetero Diels-Alder reaction.Objective:In this review, we try to underscore the applications of alkynes as privileged synthons in the formation of heterocycles, focused on the selected reactions of alkynes as a synthon or impending utilization in synthetic organic chemistry, which have reached such high status for being included in the list of name reactions in organic chemistry.Conclusion:Alkynes (including acetylene) are an unsaturated hydrocarbon bearing one or more triple C-C bond. Remarkably, alkynes and their derivatives are frequently being used as molecular scaffolds for planning new organic reactions and installing reactive functional group for further reaction. It is worth mentioning that in general, the terminal alkynes are more useful and more frequently being used in the art of organic synthesis. Remarkably, alkynes have found different applications in pharmacology, nanotechnology, as well as being known as appropriate starting precursors for the total synthesis of natural products and biologically active complex compounds. They are predominantly applied in various name reactions such as Sonogashira, Glaser reaction, Friedel-crafts reaction, Castro-Stephens coupling, Huisgen 1.3-dipolar cycloaddtion reaction via Click reaction, Sonogashira reaction, hetero-Diels-Alder reaction. In this review, we tried to impress the readers by presenting selected name reactions, which use the alkynes as either stating materials or precursors. We disclosed the applications of alkynes as a privileged synthons in several popular reactions, which reached to such high status being classified as name reactions. They are thriving and well known and established name reactions in organic chemistry such as Regioselective, 1,3-dipolar Huisgen cycloaddtion reaction via Click reaction, Sonogashira reaction and Diels-Alder reaction.
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Schrenk, Claudio, and Andreas Schnepf. "Metalloid Sn clusters: properties and the novel synthesis via a disproportionation reaction of a monohalide." Reviews in Inorganic Chemistry 34, no. 2 (June 1, 2014): 93–118. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/revic-2013-0016.
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AbstractMetalloid cluster compounds of tin of the general formulae SnnRm with n>m (R=organic ligand), where beside ligand-bound tin atoms also “naked” tin atoms, that only bind to other tin atoms, are present, represent a novel class of cluster compounds in tin chemistry. As the “naked” tin atoms inside these clusters exhibit an oxidation state of 0, the average oxidation state of the tin atoms within such metalloid tin clusters is in between 0 and 1. Thus, these cluster compounds may be seen as intermediates on the way to the elemental state. Therefore, interesting properties are expected for these compounds, which might complement results from nanotechnology. During the last years, different syntheses of such novel cluster compounds have been introduced, leading to several metalloid tin cluster compounds, which exhibit new and partly unusual structure and bonding properties. In this review, recent results in this novel field of group 14 chemistry are discussed, whereby special attention is focused on the novel synthetic route applying a disproportionation reaction of metastable Sn(I) halides.
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Peng, Xiangjun, Xianyun Xu, Fujiang Huang, Qian Liu, and Liangxian Liu. "Graphene Oxide and Its Derivatives: Their Synthesis and Use in Organic Synthesis." Current Organic Chemistry 23, no. 2 (April 23, 2019): 188–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1385272823666190213122158.
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Since Geim and co-workers reported their groundbreaking experiments on graphene, research on graphene oxide (GO) and its derivatives has greatly influenced the field of modern physics, chemistry, device fabrication, material science, and nanotechnology. The unique structure and fascinating properties of these carbon materials can be ascribed to their eminent chemical, electronic, electrochemical, optical, and mechanical properties of GO and its derivatives, particularly compared to other carbon allotropes. The present Review aims to provide an overview on the recent developments in the preparation of GO and its derivatives and their applications in organic reactions. We will first outline the synthesis of GO and its derivatives. Then, we will discuss the major sections about their application as stoichiometric and catalytic oxidants in organic reactions, a particular emphasis on the carbon-carbon, carbon-oxygen, and carbon-nitrogen single bond-forming reactions, as well as carbon-oxygen and carbon-nitrogen double bond-forming reactions. Simultaneously, this Review also describes briefly transition metal supported on GO or its derivatives as a catalyst for organic reaction. Lastly, we will present an outlook of potential areas where GO and its derivatives may be expected to find utility or opportunity for further growth and study.
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Goracci, Martina, Ymera Pignochino, and Serena Marchiò. "Phage Display-Based Nanotechnology Applications in Cancer Immunotherapy." Molecules 25, no. 4 (February 14, 2020): 843. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25040843.
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Phage display is a nanotechnology with limitless potential, first developed in 1985 and still awaiting to reach its peak. Awarded in 2018 with the Nobel Prize for Chemistry, the method allows the isolation of high-affinity ligands for diverse substrates, ranging from recombinant proteins to cells, organs, even whole organisms. Personalized therapeutic approaches, particularly in oncology, depend on the identification of new, unique, and functional targets that phage display, through its various declinations, can certainly provide. A fast-evolving branch in cancer research, immunotherapy is now experiencing a second youth after being overlooked for years; indeed, many reports support the concept of immunotherapy as the only non-surgical cure for cancer, at least in some settings. In this review, we describe literature reports on the application of peptide phage display to cancer immunotherapy. In particular, we discuss three main outcomes of this procedure: (i) phage display-derived peptides that mimic cancer antigens (mimotopes) and (ii) antigen-carrying phage particles, both as prophylactic and/or therapeutic vaccines, and (iii) phage display-derived peptides as small-molecule effectors of immune cell functions. Preclinical studies demonstrate the efficacy and vast potential of these nanosized tools, and their clinical application is on the way.
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Chatzimitakos, Theodoros G., and Constantine D. Stalikas. "Sponges and Sponge-Like Materials in Sample Preparation: A Journey from Past to Present and into the Future." Molecules 25, no. 16 (August 12, 2020): 3673. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25163673.
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Even though instrumental advancements are constantly being made in analytical chemistry, sample preparation is still considered the bottleneck of analytical methods. To this end, researchers are developing new sorbent materials to improve and replace existing ones, with the ultimate goal to improve current methods and make them more efficient and effective. A few years ago, an alternative trend was started toward sample preparation: the use of sponge or sponge-like materials. These materials possess favorable characteristics, such as negligible weight, open-hole structure, high surface area, and variable surface chemistry. Although their use seemed promising, this trend soon reversed, due to either the increasing use of nanomaterials in sample preparation or the limited scope of the first materials. Currently, with the development of new materials, such as melamine sponges, along with the advancement in nanotechnology, this topic was revived, and various functionalizations were carried out on such materials. The new materials are used as sorbents in sample preparation in analytical chemistry. This review explores the development of such materials, from the past to the present and into the future, as well as their use in analytical chemistry.
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Selvapriya S, Monika K, and Rajeshkumar S. "Antioxidant activity of silver nanoparticles synthesis using Cinnamomum verum and Phyllanthus emblica formulation." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 4 (December 14, 2020): 6918–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.3682.
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Nanotechnology is defined as a very broad field of science which is as diverse as surface science, organic chemistry, molecular biology, semiconductor physics, molecular engineering etc. Nanotechnology might have the option to make numerous new materials and devices with a huge scope of use, for example, in Nano medicine, Nano electronics, and bio materials energy creation. Phyllanthus emblica is a remarkable supply of diet C; consequently, it facilitates increase your immunity. Its dietary profile additionally comes studded with a variety of polyphenols which are acknowledged to combat towards the improvement of most cancers cells. Cinnamomum verum is stocked with powerful antioxidants which protects the body from oxidative damage caused by free radicals. The physical characterization of these silver nanoparticles was verified using UV - visible spectroscopy and the surface Plasmon resonance band was formed at 400nm of silver nanoparticles. The silver nanoparticles synthesized using Cinnamomum verum and Phyllanthus emblica extract showed higher antioxidant activity.
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Murakami, Hiroto, and Naotoshi Nakashima. "Soluble Carbon Nanotubes and Their Applications." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 6, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 16–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2006.17900.
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Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) have been the forefront of nanoscience and nanotechnology due to their unique electrical and mechanical properties and specific functions. However, due to their poor solubility in solvents, the applications using the materials have been limited. Therefore, strategic approaches toward the solubilization of CNTs are important in wide fields including chemistry, physics, biochemistry, biology, pharmaceuticals, and medical sciences. In this article, we summarize: (i) the strategic approaches toward the solubilization of CNTs using chemical and physical modifications, (ii) nanocomposites of CNTs and biological molecules including DNA, (iii) formation of CNTs with topological structures, (iv) separation of metallic and semiconducting nanotubes, (v) the preparations of films and fibers of CNTs and hybrid materials of CNTs and organic and inorganic molecules.
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Henry, Bryan R. "Preface." Pure and Applied Chemistry 81, no. 12 (December 31, 2009): iv. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac20098112iv.
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IUPAC is a global, scientific organization that contributes to the worldwide understanding of chemistry and the chemical sciences. It is certainly true that young chemists are shaping our science, and it is important for IUPAC to provide encouragement to our young colleagues. IUPAC accomplishes this goal through the IUPAC Prize for Young Chemists. This prestigious annual prize honors four to five chemists for important and outstanding research carried out during recent Ph.D. studies. The work is mainly judged on the basis of a 1000-word essay which is supported by recommendations from the senior scientist(s) with whom the candidate collaborated.As immediate Past President of IUPAC, I have had the pleasure of chairing an international prize selection committee of eminent chemists with a wide range of expertise in chemistry that adjudicated essays from 36 applicants from 19 countries. Reading these outstanding essays provided a wonderful overview of new trends in chemistry. Due to the large number of excellent candidates, it was not an easy task to pick the winners, but in the end the committee arrived at a unanimous decision and awarded the 2009 IUPAC Prize for Young Chemists to the following five chemists:- Faisal A. Aldaye, McGill University, Montréal, Canada; "Supramolecular DNA nanotechnology: Discrete nanoparticle organization, three dimensional DNA construction, and molecule-mediated DNA self-assembly"- Christopher Bettinger, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA; "Synthesis and microfabrication of elastomeric biomaterials for advanced tissue engineering scaffolds"- Xinliang Feng, Max Planck Institute for Polymer Research, Mainz, Germany: "C3-symmetric discotic liquid-crystalline materials for molecular electronics: Versatile synthesis and self-organization"- Xing Yi Ling, University of Twente, Enschede, The Netherlands: "From supramolecular chemistry to nanotechnology: Assembly of 3D nanostructures"- Shengqian Ma, Miami University, Oxford, OH, USA; "Gas adsorption applications of porous metal–organic frameworks"Each winner received a cash prize of USD 1000 and a trip to the 42nd IUPAC World Chemistry Congress, which took place in Glascow, Scotland, 2-7 August, 2009. Here the winners had the opportunity to present their work, which is an important stage of any research project. The prize winners also were invited to submit manuscripts on aspects of their research for publication in Pure and Applied Chemistry (PAC). It is a pleasure to see that all five prize winners have taken advantage of this offer. The result is five refereed papers which contain critical reviews of high quality and appear in PAC.Finally, it is an honor and a pleasure to congratulate each of the winners (and their supervisors) for winning the 2009 IUPAC Prize. It is IUPAC's hope that each of them has been encouraged to continue to do exciting research that will contribute to a bright future for the molecular-based sciences, which are so important for our common future.Bryan R. HenryIUPAC Immediate Past President and Chair of the IUPAC Prize Selection Committee
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Jhaveri, Jhanvi, Zarna Raichura, Tabassum Khan, Munira Momin, and Abdelwahab Omri. "Chitosan Nanoparticles-Insight into Properties, Functionalization and Applications in Drug Delivery and Theranostics." Molecules 26, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020272.
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Nanotechnology-based development of drug delivery systems is an attractive area of research in formulation driven R&D laboratories that makes administration of new and complex drugs feasible. It plays a significant role in the design of novel dosage forms by attributing target specific drug delivery, controlled drug release, improved, patient friendly drug regimen and lower side effects. Polysaccharides, especially chitosan, occupy an important place and are widely used in nano drug delivery systems owing to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. This review focuses on chitosan nanoparticles and envisages to provide an insight into the chemistry, properties, drug release mechanisms, preparation techniques and the vast evolving landscape of diverse applications across disease categories leading to development of better therapeutics and superior clinical outcomes. It summarizes recent advancement in the development and utility of functionalized chitosan in anticancer therapeutics, cancer immunotherapy, theranostics and multistage delivery systems.
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Chigarev, B. N. "A brief bibliometric analysis of Web of Science publications on “Carbon” topic for 2019–2020." Actual Problems of Oil and Gas, no. 33 (September 17, 2021): 76–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.29222/ipng.2078-5712.2021-33.art6.
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A brief bibliometric analysis of 5,000 most cited scientific publications presented in the Web of Science database on the “Carbon” topic for 2019–2020 is done. It is shown that the world’s leading scientific centers of China, the United States, India, South Korea, Japan and Germany, as well as the Russian Academy of Sciences are involved in research on this topic. The following areas of scientific research were dominant: materials science, physical chemistry, nanotechnology, engineering chemistry, applied physics, energy, electrochemistry, ecology, condensed matter physics. The clustering method based on the co-occurrence of the Author Keywords and the Keywords Plus of the Web of Science system revealed six areas of research: 1. catalysis, hydrogen production, carbon materials doped with nitrogen; 2. graphite/graphene-based energy storage systems; 3. sensors and emissions based on carbon quantum dots; 4. nanocomposites and their physical properties; 5. energy consumption and climate change; 6. adsorption and organic pollutants. The author assumes the high potential of research on the co-production of hydrogen and graphite, which may combine the interests of hydrogen energy development and production of new materials.
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Konyrkulzhayeva, М. N. "THE DIRICHLET PROBLEM ON THE ORIENTED GRAPHS." BULLETIN Series of Physics & Mathematical Sciences 70, no. 2 (June 30, 2020): 84–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.51889/2020-2.1728-7901.12.
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Differential operators on graphs often arise in mathematics and different fields of science such as mechanics, physics, organic chemistry, nanotechnology, etc. In this paper the solutions of the Dirichlet problem for a differential operator on a star-shaped graph are deduced. And the differential operator with standard matching conditions in the internal vertices and the Dirichlet boundary conditions at boundary vertices are studied. Task is a model the oscillation of a simple system of several rods with an adjacent end. In work the formula of the Green function of the Dirichlet problem for the second order equation on directed graph is showed. Spectral analysis of differential operators on geometric graphs is the basic mathematical apparatus in solving modern problems of quantum mechanics.
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Kustin, Kenneth, and Tamas Kiss. "Preface." Pure and Applied Chemistry 77, no. 9 (January 1, 2005): iv. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac20057709iv.
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The following 10 papers are selections from the 4th International Symposium on Chemistry and Biological Chemistry of Vanadium held 3-5 September 2004 in Szeged, Hungary. This conference attracted over 110 participants from 25 countries and 4 continents. Plenary and invited lectures as well as posters discussed the inorganic chemistry of vanadium, vanadium chemistry in catalysis and organic synthesis, and biological aspects of vanadium chemistry. A new feature was introduced: the presentation of the Vanadis Award.The purpose of the Vanadis Award is to recognize an outstanding contributor to the advancement of vanadium science. The award will be presented at each International Vanadium Symposium prior to a lecture to be given by the recipient. It is awarded on the basis of contributions to a discipline or combination of disciplines of vanadium science, and is presented to an investigator who has produced innovative research with impact on the direction of the field. The nominee is selected on the basis of the following criteria: (1) Innovative research: A history of development or expansion of techniques and procedures and discovery of new chemical, biochemical, biological, technological, or pharmaceutical systems; (2) Development of new applications in one or more of the following areas: chemistry, biochemistry, biology, pharmaceutical science, materials science, and nanotechnology; (3) Wide-ranging influence of the nominee's work on the research of others in one or more disciplines; (4) History of highquality and -impact publications; and (5) Service of the nominee to progress, application, and exploration of vanadium in science. The recipient of the first Vanadis Award is Prof. Debbie C. Crans of Colorado State University, whose award address is the first contribution to be presented herein.The additional contributions begin with papers covering various aspects of the inorganic chemistry of vanadium. These papers are followed by descriptions of recent results in the use of vanadium compounds to further organic synthesis, and on the catalytic behavior of interesting vanadium complexes. The final selection includes papers dealing with the role of vanadium in haloperoxidases, or as insulin-mimetic compounds, which may be orally administered replacements of insulin injections.A tremendous increase in studies of aqueous vanadium chemistry over the past decade has been driven by the need to comprehend the diverse biological effects of vanadium. Examples of the rich array of data and concepts needed to explain the biological role of vanadium are given by models of the vanadium-containing haloperoxidase enzyme activity. However, this selection of papers from the 4th International Vanadium Symposium indicates that basic inorganic studies and a wide range of applications of vanadium chemistry to fundamental chemical problems of synthesis, reactivity, and catalysis are not lacking. Indeed, we look forward to the 5th International Vanadium Symposium to be held in San Francisco, CA USA in the fall of 2006, where additional fundamental studies linked to the need to better understand vanadium nutritional essentiality, vanadium toxicity, vanadium therapy, and vanadium catalysis, including "green chemical" industrial applications will be presented.Kenneth Kustin and Tamas KissConference Editors
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Ariga, Katsuhiko, Tatsuyuki Makita, Masato Ito, Taizo Mori, Shun Watanabe, and Jun Takeya. "Review of advanced sensor devices employing nanoarchitectonics concepts." Beilstein Journal of Nanotechnology 10 (October 16, 2019): 2014–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.3762/bjnano.10.198.
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Many recent advances in sensor technology have been possible due to nanotechnological advancements together with contributions from other research fields. Such interdisciplinary collaborations fit well with the emerging concept of nanoarchitectonics, which is a novel conceptual methodology to engineer functional materials and systems from nanoscale units through the fusion of nanotechnology with other research fields, including organic chemistry, supramolecular chemistry, materials science and biology. In this review article, we discuss recent advancements in sensor devices and sensor materials that take advantage of advanced nanoarchitectonics concepts for improved performance. In the first part, recent progress on sensor systems are roughly classified according to the sensor targets, such as chemical substances, physical conditions, and biological phenomena. In the following sections, advancements in various nanoarchitectonic motifs, including nanoporous structures, ultrathin films, and interfacial effects for improved sensor function are discussed to realize the importance of nanoarchitectonic structures. Many of these examples show that advancements in sensor technology are no longer limited by progress in microfabrication and nanofabrication of device structures – opening a new avenue for highly engineered, high performing sensor systems through the application of nanoarchitectonics concepts.
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Khaligh, Nader Ghaffari, and Mohd Rafie Johan. "Recent Advances in Water Treatment Using Graphene-based Materials." Mini-Reviews in Organic Chemistry 17, no. 1 (January 27, 2020): 74–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1570193x16666190516114023.
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: A variety of processes were reported for efficient removing of heavy metal from wastewater, including but not limited to ion exchange, reverse osmosis, membrane filtration, flotation, coagulation, chemical precipitation, solvent extraction, electrochemical treatments, evaporation, oxidation, adsorption, and biosorption. Among the aforementioned techniques, adsorption/ion exchange has been known as a most important method for removing heavy metal ions and organic pollutants due to great removal performance, simple and easy process, cost-effectiveness and the considerable choice of adsorbent materials. : Nanotechnology and its applications have been developed in most branches of science and technology. Extensive studies have been conducted to remove heavy metal ions from wastewater by preparation and applications of various nanomaterials. Nanomaterials offer advantages in comparison to other materials including an extremely high specific surface area, low-temperature modification, short intraparticle diffusion distance, numerous associated sorption sites, tunable surface chemistry, and pore size. In order to evaluate an adsorbent, two key parameters are: the adsorption capacity and the desorption property. The adsorption parameters including the absorbent loading, pH and temperature, concentration of heavy metal ion, ionic strength, and competition among metal ions are often studied and optimized. : Several reviews have been published on the application of Graphene (G), Graphene Oxide (GO) in water treatment. In this minireview, we attempted to summarize the recent research advances in water treatment and remediation process by graphene-based materials and provide intensive knowledge of the removal of pollutants in batch and flow systems. Finally, future applicability perspectives are offered to encourage more interesting developments in this promising field. This minireview does not include patent literature.
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Britton, David T. "Preface." Pure and Applied Chemistry 78, no. 9 (January 1, 2006): iv. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac20067809iv.
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As a physicist, it is a great honor for me to write the preface to this issue of Pure and Applied Chemistry (PAC), which focuses on the synthesis, characterization, and applications of nanostructured advanced materials. Nanoscale science and nanotechnology are rapidly advancing examples of the interdisciplinary nature of science and technology in the 21st century, requiring the mastery of a combination of chemical and physical techniques and a broad vision. In the study of material properties, the nanoscale is truly the interface between the two fundamental natural sciences, where size, geometry, and chemical species all play a significant role in determining the electronic and mechanical properties of nanostructured materials, and their subsequent biological and chemical activity. All these aspects are covered in the selection of papers presented here, written by both established and upcoming chemists, physicists, materials scientists, and technologists.The 13 papers in this issue are selected from the invited presentations at the 3rd IUPAC Workshop on Advanced Materials (WAM III). This event is the third in a series devoted to the general theme of New Directions in Chemistry under the sponsorship of the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (IUPAC). The Workshop was held on 5-8 September 2005 at the University of Stellenbosch in South Africa, and addressed the topic of Nanostructured Advanced Materials. Previous Workshops in this series were held in Hong Kong, 14-18 July 1999, and Bangalore, 13-16 February 2002. It is an indication of the importance of the science of nanomaterials that IUPAC continues to promote the advancement of interdisciplinary research and international collaboration in this area through these flagship workshops. In South Africa, this has been mirrored by the growth of the South African Nanotechnology Initiative (SANi), whose members, particularly at the student level, were lively participants of WAM III, and the recent launch, by the SA Department of Science and Technology, of a National Nanotechnology Strategy with a very strong focus on the characterization and basic properties of nanostructured materials.The atmosphere of the workshop was fully in keeping with the interdisciplinary and international nature of the field, with invited speakers and participants representing a range of disciplines, including inorganic and organic chemistry, physics, materials science, process engineering, and electrical engineering, representing both academia and industry, and 25 countries from all five continents. The formal program consisted of 16 contributed posters, 34 invited talks, and 7 plenary lectures. Although the majority of presentations concerned the synthesis, characterization, and properties of nanoparticles (3 plenary and 8 invited talks), other themes of the workshop focused on nano-electronics (6 invited talks); nanotubes and fibers (1 plenary and 3 invited talks); bottom-up design and self-assembly (1 plenary and 5 invited talks); biorelated and general nanomaterials (5 invited talks); and device application and characterization (2 plenary and 7 invited talks). All of these talks have been made available for download from the University of Stellenbosch website at http://academic.sun.ac.za/unesco/Conferences/Conference2005/programme.htm. The WAM III program also incorporated a German-South African student symposium, with oral presentations from four German students and one South African student, and the annual general meeting of SANi.Acknowledgments are due firstly to IUPAC for their continued support for the WAM series, and to the immediate past president Prof. P. S. Steyn for bringing the workshop to South Africa. In this regard, the support of the international organizing committee, and, in particular, Profs. C. N. R. Rao, P. O'Brien, and J. Wendorff, who gave plenary lectures. Another international organizing committee member, Dr. S. Mathur, organized the student symposium. The local organizing committee, comprising members from various local institutions, was chaired by Prof. R. D. Sanderson of Stellenbosch University, with all the organizational aspects ably handled by Ms. Aneli Fourie.David T. BrittonConference Editor
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Wu, Fei, Jun Nan Wu, Sriya Banerjee, Oshri Blank, and Parag Banerjee. "Frontiers in Applied Atomic Layer Deposition (ALD) Research." Materials Science Forum 736 (December 2012): 147–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.736.147.
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Atomic layer deposition (ALD) has been a key player in advancing the science and technology of nanomaterials synthesis and device fabrication. The monolayer (ML) control of growth rate obtained with ALD combined with its ability to self-limit growth reactions at the gas-substrate interface can be exploited in fundamentally new ways to produce novel composite nanomaterials or precisely tailored 3D nanostructures. Fueling the rapid popularity of ALD in nanotechnology research is the relative simplicity of the hardware and exciting new chemistries that allow researchers to deposit a host of new materials including pure metals, metal oxides, sulphides and nitrides and organic thin films with relative ease and superb accuracy. In this review article, we present four impact areas - microelectronics, energy harvesting and energy storage devices and sensors and photonic devices that have benefitted from such an approach. While many excellent review articles are available on the fundamental chemistry of ALD processes, we focus here on the applied science and engineering aspects of cutting edge ALD research
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Ganapathe, Lokesh Srinath, Mohd Ambri Mohamed, Rozan Mohamad Yunus, and Dilla Duryha Berhanuddin. "Magnetite (Fe3O4) Nanoparticles in Biomedical Application: From Synthesis to Surface Functionalisation." Magnetochemistry 6, no. 4 (December 3, 2020): 68. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/magnetochemistry6040068.
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Nanotechnology has gained much attention for its potential application in medical science. Iron oxide nanoparticles have demonstrated a promising effect in various biomedical applications. In particular, magnetite (Fe3O4) nanoparticles are widely applied due to their biocompatibility, high magnetic susceptibility, chemical stability, innocuousness, high saturation magnetisation, and inexpensiveness. Magnetite (Fe3O4) exhibits superparamagnetism as its size shrinks in the single-domain region to around 20 nm, which is an essential property for use in biomedical applications. In this review, the application of magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) in the biomedical field based on different synthesis approaches and various surface functionalisation materials was discussed. Firstly, a brief introduction on the MNP properties, such as physical, thermal, magnetic, and optical properties, is provided. Considering that the surface chemistry of MNPs plays an important role in the practical implementation of in vitro and in vivo applications, this review then focuses on several predominant synthesis methods and variations in the synthesis parameters of MNPs. The encapsulation of MNPs with organic and inorganic materials is also discussed. Finally, the most common in vivo and in vitro applications in the biomedical world are elucidated. This review aims to deliver concise information to new researchers in this field, guide them in selecting appropriate synthesis techniques for MNPs, and to enhance the surface chemistry of MNPs for their interests.
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Nghiem, Tai-Lam, Deniz Coban, Stefanie Tjaberings, and André H. Gröschel. "Recent Advances in the Synthesis and Application of Polymer Compartments for Catalysis." Polymers 12, no. 10 (September 24, 2020): 2190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym12102190.
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Catalysis is one of the most important processes in nature, science, and technology, that enables the energy efficient synthesis of essential organic compounds, pharmaceutically active substances, and molecular energy sources. In nature, catalytic reactions typically occur in aqueous environments involving multiple catalytic sites. To prevent the deactivation of catalysts in water or avoid unwanted cross-reactions, catalysts are often site-isolated in nanopockets or separately stored in compartments. These concepts have inspired the design of a range of synthetic nanoreactors that allow otherwise unfeasible catalytic reactions in aqueous environments. Since the field of nanoreactors is evolving rapidly, we here summarize—from a personal perspective—prominent and recent examples for polymer nanoreactors with emphasis on their synthesis and their ability to catalyze reactions in dispersion. Examples comprise the incorporation of catalytic sites into hydrophobic nanodomains of single chain polymer nanoparticles, molecular polymer nanoparticles, and block copolymer micelles and vesicles. We focus on catalytic reactions mediated by transition metal and organocatalysts, and the separate storage of multiple catalysts for one-pot cascade reactions. Efforts devoted to the field of nanoreactors are relevant for catalytic chemistry and nanotechnology, as well as the synthesis of pharmaceutical and natural compounds. Optimized nanoreactors will aid in the development of more potent catalytic systems for green and fast reaction sequences contributing to sustainable chemistry by reducing waste of solvents, reagents, and energy.
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Jhaveri, Jhanvi, Zarna Raichura, Tabassum Khan, Munira Momin, and Abdelwahab Omri. "Chitosan Nanoparticles-Insight into Properties, Functionalization and Applications in Drug Delivery and Theranostics." Molecules 26, no. 2 (January 7, 2021): 272. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26020272.
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Nanotechnology-based development of drug delivery systems is an attractive area of research in formulation driven R&D laboratories that makes administration of new and complex drugs feasible. It plays a significant role in the design of novel dosage forms by attributing target specific drug delivery, controlled drug release, improved, patient friendly drug regimen and lower side effects. Polysaccharides, especially chitosan, occupy an important place and are widely used in nano drug delivery systems owing to their biocompatibility and biodegradability. This review focuses on chitosan nanoparticles and envisages to provide an insight into the chemistry, properties, drug release mechanisms, preparation techniques and the vast evolving landscape of diverse applications across disease categories leading to development of better therapeutics and superior clinical outcomes. It summarizes recent advancement in the development and utility of functionalized chitosan in anticancer therapeutics, cancer immunotherapy, theranostics and multistage delivery systems.
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Dunne, Peter W., Alexis S. Munn, Chris L. Starkey, Tom A. Huddle, and Ed H. Lester. "Continuous-flow hydrothermal synthesis for the production of inorganic nanomaterials." Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences 373, no. 2057 (December 28, 2015): 20150015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1098/rsta.2015.0015.
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As nanotechnology becomes increasingly important and ubiquitous, new and scalable synthetic approaches are needed to meet the growing demand for industrially viable routes to nanomaterial production. Continuous-flow hydrothermal synthesis or supercritical water hydrothermal synthesis (scWHS) is emerging as a versatile solution to this problem. The process was initially developed to take advantage of the tunable chemical and physical properties of superheated water to produce metal oxide nanoparticles by rapid nucleation and precipitation. The development of new mixing regimes and reactor designs has been facilitated by the modelling of reactor systems. These new reactor designs further exploit the properties of supercritical water to promote faster and more uniform mixing of reagent streams. The synthetic approach has been expanded beyond the metal oxide systems for which it was conceived, and now encompasses metal sulfides, metal phosphates, metal nanoparticles and metal–organic frameworks. In many of these cases, some degree of size and shape control can be achieved through careful consideration of both chemistry and reactor design. This review briefly considers the development of scWHS reactor technology, before highlighting some of our recent work in expanding the scope of this synthetic method to include a wide range of materials.
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Miyasaka, Hiroshi. "Preface." Pure and Applied Chemistry 78, no. 12 (January 1, 2006): iv. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac20067812iv.
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The XXIst IUPAC Symposium on Photochemistry was chaired jointly by Profs. Masahiro Irie (Kyushu University, International Committee) and Atsuhiro Osuka (Kyoto University, Local Committee) on 2-7 April 2006 in Kyoto, the beautiful and ancient capital of Japan in the season of cherry blossoms. This series of Symposia was initiated by Prof. George S. Hammond, and the first was held in Strasbourg in 1964. Since then it has been held almost every two years, and this is the first time that it has been held outside Europe.The opening presentation of the Symposium was dedicated to the founding pioneer, Prof. Hammond, who passed away in 2005 at the age of 84. In a eulogy, Prof. David G. Whitten (University of New Mexico) paid a tribute to his memory with an account of his personality and his scientific works in photochemistry and physical organic chemistry.The scientific program of the Symposium featured 25 plenary and invited lectures, and three workshops on the topics "Organic light-emitting diodes: Present and future", "Photocatalysis: Water splitting and environmental purification", and "Photoinduced electron transfer: Present and future". In addition to 462 posters on display, 131 were selected for short oral presentations. The poster sessions were spirited, with the younger participants engaged in stimulating discussions with their more senior colleagues, and the contributions of three young authors were additionally recognized by the award of prizes. The numerous presentations reflected the broad scope and interdisciplinarity of modern photochemistry. The spectrum of topics ranged from the classical fields of inorganic, organic, physical, and theoretical chemistry, to physics, biological chemistry, and materials science. In summary, the exciting scientific program maintained the proud tradition of this series, and demonstrated that photochemistry continues to be a vivid, active, and evolving discipline, some details of which have been introduced by Prof. Jochen Mattay [Angew. Chem., Int. Ed.45, 3570 (2006)]. In addition to the scientific program, the participants and their accompanying guests enjoyed a variety of social and cultural programs provided by the Local Organizing Committee, which took full advantage of the spring season in Kyoto.A highlight of the meeting was the presentation of the Porter Medals, named for 1967 NobelLaureate, George Porter. On this occasion, two medals were awarded, to recognize the outstandingachievements of Prof. Howard E. Zimmerman (University of Wisconsin, Madison, USA), one of thefounders of modern organic photochemistry whose lifetime's work has contributed to our understandingof fundamental processes in excited states, and Prof. Hiroshi Masuhara (Osaka University, Japan)for his pioneering work on the integration of time and spatially resolved measurements on the emergingfields of nanosciences.This issue of Pure and Applied Chemistry offers a representative collection of papers, based upon plenary and invited lectures by the two medallists and a number of internationally recognized scientists, who covered traditional as well as modern photochemistry, and discussed the science as well as related technologies such as materials for photonics, nanotechnology, and photobiology. This demonstrates the broadening scope of photochemistry from an initial central core toward a periphery that is increasingly interactive and interdisciplinary. As editors, we appreciate all the important contributions made by our authors and hope that this collection enables us to convey to readers some of the excitement of photochemistry and the status of recent achievements in the field.Hiroshi MiyasakaMasahiro IrieConference Editors
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King, Angela G. "Research Advances: Nitric Oxide Synthase Reduces Cr(VI); The Chemistry of Popcorn: It's All About "Pop-Ability"; Nanotubes May Help Heal Broken Bones; New Method Unites Organic Materials and Nanotechnology." Journal of Chemical Education 82, no. 12 (December 2005): 1754. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/ed082p1754.
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Gonçalves, Rosana A., Rosimara P. Toledo, Nirav Joshi, and Olivia M. Berengue. "Green Synthesis and Applications of ZnO and TiO2 Nanostructures." Molecules 26, no. 8 (April 13, 2021): 2236. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26082236.
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Over the last two decades, oxide nanostructures have been continuously evaluated and used in many technological applications. The advancement of the controlled synthesis approach to design desired morphology is a fundamental key to the discipline of material science and nanotechnology. These nanostructures can be prepared via different physical and chemical methods; however, a green and ecofriendly synthesis approach is a promising way to produce these nanostructures with desired properties with less risk of hazardous chemicals. In this regard, ZnO and TiO2 nanostructures are prominent candidates for various applications. Moreover, they are more efficient, non-toxic, and cost-effective. This review mainly focuses on the recent state-of-the-art advancements in the green synthesis approach for ZnO and TiO2 nanostructures and their applications. The first section summarizes the green synthesis approach to synthesize ZnO and TiO2 nanostructures via different routes such as solvothermal, hydrothermal, co-precipitation, and sol-gel using biological systems that are based on the principles of green chemistry. The second section demonstrates the application of ZnO and TiO2 nanostructures. The review also discusses the problems and future perspectives of green synthesis methods and the related issues posed and overlooked by the scientific community on the green approach to nanostructure oxides.
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Nageeb El-Helaly, Sara, Eman Abd-Elrasheed, Samar A. Salim, Rania H. Fahmy, Salwa Salah, and Manal M. EL-Ashmoony. "Green Nanotechnology in the Formulation of a Novel Solid Dispersed Multilayered Core-Sheath Raloxifene-Loaded Nanofibrous Buccal Film; In Vitro and In Vivo Characterization." Pharmaceutics 13, no. 4 (April 1, 2021): 474. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics13040474.
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Green nanotechnology utilizes the principles of green chemistry to formulate eco-friendly nanocarrier systems to mitigate patients and environment hazards. Raloxifene (RLX) demonstrates poor aqueous solubility (BCS class II) and low bioavailability, only 2% (extensive first-pass metabolism). The aim of this study is to enhance RLX solubility and bioavailability via development of novel solid dispersed multilayered core-sheath RLX-loaded nanofibers (RLX-NFs) without the involvement of organic solvents. A modified emulsion electrospinning technique was developed. Electrospinning of an RLX-nanoemulsion (RLX-NE) with polymer solution (poly vinyl alcohol (PVA), hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC), and chitosan (CS) in different volume ratios (1:9, 2:8, and 4:6) using D-optimal response surface methodology was adopted. In vitro characterization of RLX-loaded NFs was performed; scanning electron microscope (SEM), thermal analysis, drug content, release studies, and bioadhesion potential. The optimum NFs formula was evaluated for morphology using high-resolution transmission electron microscopy (HRTEM), and ex vivo drug permeation. The superiority of E2 (comprising RLX-NE and PVA (2:8)) over other NF formulae was statistically observed with respect to Q60 (56.048%), Q240 (94.612%), fiber size (594.678 nm), mucoadhesion time 24 h, flux (5.51 µg/cm2/h), and enhancement ratio (2.12). RLX pharmacokinetics parameters were evaluated in rabbits following buccal application of NF formula E2, relative to RLX oral dispersion. E2 showed significantly higher Cmax (53.18 ± 4.56 ng/mL), and relative bioavailability (≈2.29-fold).
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Ekielski, Adam, and Pawan Kumar Mishra. "Lignin for Bioeconomy: The Present and Future Role of Technical Lignin." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 1 (December 23, 2020): 63. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22010063.
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Lignin, the term commonly used in literature, represents a group of heterogeneous aromatic compounds of plant origin. Protolignin or lignin in the cell wall is entirely different from the commercially available technical lignin due to changes during the delignification process. In this paper, we assess the status of lignin valorization in terms of commercial products. We start with existing knowledge of the lignin/protolignin structure in its native form and move to the technical lignin from various sources. Special attention is given to the patents and lignin-based commercial products. We observed that the technical lignin-based commercial products utilize coarse properties of the technical lignin in marketed formulations. Additionally, the general principles of polymers chemistry and self-assembly are difficult to apply in lignin-based nanotechnology, and lignin-centric investigations must be carried out. The alternate upcoming approach is to develop lignin-centric or lignin first bio-refineries for high-value applications; however, that brings its own technological challenges. The assessment of the gap between lab-scale applications and lignin-based commercial products delineates the challenges lignin nanoparticles-based technologies must meet to be a commercially viable alternative.
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Hanke, Marcel, Yu Yang, Yuxin Ji, Guido Grundmeier, and Adrian Keller. "Nanoscale Surface Topography Modulates hIAPP Aggregation Pathways at Solid–Liquid Interfaces." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 10 (May 13, 2021): 5142. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22105142.
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The effects that solid–liquid interfaces exert on the aggregation of proteins and peptides are of high relevance for various fields of basic and applied research, ranging from molecular biology and biomedicine to nanotechnology. While the influence of surface chemistry has received a lot of attention in this context, the role of surface topography has mostly been neglected so far. In this work, therefore, we investigate the aggregation of the type 2 diabetes-associated peptide hormone hIAPP in contact with flat and nanopatterned silicon oxide surfaces. The nanopatterned surfaces are produced by ion beam irradiation, resulting in well-defined anisotropic ripple patterns with heights and periodicities of about 1.5 and 30 nm, respectively. Using time-lapse atomic force microscopy, the morphology of the hIAPP aggregates is characterized quantitatively. Aggregation results in both amorphous aggregates and amyloid fibrils, with the presence of the nanopatterns leading to retarded fibrillization and stronger amorphous aggregation. This is attributed to structural differences in the amorphous aggregates formed at the nanopatterned surface, which result in a lower propensity for nucleating amyloid fibrillization. Our results demonstrate that nanoscale surface topography may modulate peptide and protein aggregation pathways in complex and intricate ways.
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Nekrasov, Sergey A., and V. N. Mironov. "Patent Activity as an Indicator Determining the Vector of Development of the World Economy." Economics of Contemporary Russia, no. 2 (July 17, 2019): 115–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.33293/1609-1442-2019-2(85)-115-130.
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Analysis of the change in the number of annually filed patent applications is a new method for studying the patterns of economic development. The article considers two trends. Firstly, the growth of patent applications is decreasing in the whole world with the exception of China since the 1980s excluding the short – term interval of 1997–2002, after 2002 does not exceed 1.5% per year. In China, the annual 20% increase in the number of patent applications over 25 years led to an increase in its share in the patent applications of the world by more than 40%. At the same time, the distribution of patent applications in various areas in China almost completely correlates with the global vector of scientific and technological development. Secondly: there was a change in the nature of the movement in the direction of diversification of the global scientific and technological development, as indicated by the dynamics of the Herfindahl – Hirschman index. At least from 1980 to the end of the 20th century, the monopolization index had been decreasing. The change occurred in 1997–2002, and since 2002 the monopolization index has been growing. There is an increase in the share of patent applications in the areas of Computer technology, Digital communication, Electrical equipment apparatus, Energy, Measurement. At the same time, the share of both wellformed areas, the share of which is above 2–3% (these are Telecommunications, Textile and paper machines, Audiovisual technology, Machine tools, Organic fine chemistry, Chemical engineering), and those at the initial stage (basic communication, Micro-structural and nano-technology) are decreasing. The analysis of the dynamics Revealed Technological Advantage performed. For the leading economies of the world, directions of technological development have been revealed, along which the most successful development takes place. It is shown that the directions in which the share of patent applications in Russia is ahead of its average world level, namely Food chemistry, Micro-structural and nanotechnology, Analysis of biological materials, have had a negative dynamics in the world over the past five years. Therefore, the adjustment of the domestic vector of scientific and technological development and the transfer of efforts to the development of computer technology, medical technology, civil engineering, computer technology is required.
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Dolomatov, Mikhail Yu, Kamil F. Latypov, Milana M. Dolomatova, Natalia Kh Paymurzina, Ella A. Kovaleva, and Gulnara U. Yarmuhametova. "Integral characteristics of optical spectra, as a new class of descriptors for complex molecular systems." Butlerov Communications 57, no. 1 (January 31, 2019): 1–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.37952/roi-jbc-01/19-57-1-1.
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The authors summarized the results on the study of the relationship of physicochemical properties with spectral integral characteristics of complex molecular systems: integral absorption, reflection coefficients, integral oscillator forces, color characteristics, integral autocorrelation functions, signal convolutions defined in the visible or UV spectral regions. It is shown that these integral characteristics are numerical parameters that adequately convey the physicochemical and electronic properties of molecules and their mixtures, so these values can be used as descriptors. Since electronic spectra are unique characteristics of a substance, these descriptors have a high discriminating ability. The classification of such descriptors is given. These values differ from physicochemical descriptors such as absorption maxima, since their determination requires information on the spectrum of these systems without isolating individual bands and maxima using the Fourier transform. In contrast to conventional physicochemical and quantum mechanical descriptors, the proposed descriptors can be applied to the study of multicomponent systems with unknown structure and composition. This makes it possible to use these values to determine the physicochemical properties and averaged over the composition of the electronic characteristics of a substance, such as petroleum distillates, petroleum, biological fluids, and similar mixtures. The paper provides relevant examples, confirmed by statistical data processing. The obtained patterns should be defined as the patterns "spectrum-property" by analogy with the patterns "structure-property", known in organic chemistry and chemical informatics. The consistency of the developed approach is shown, and a quantum-chemical interpretation of these laws is given. Based on the established spectrum-property dependencies, analytical methods can be developed for determining the amount of complex hydrocarbon systems, such as oil and their products, gas condensates, products of high-temperature pyrolysis of organic substances, etc. The established patterns can be applied to determine the ionization potentials and electron affinity of molecules, as well as in medical diagnostics, oil refining, petrochemistry, oil field development technology, and other fields of science and nanotechnology.
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Soni, Ghanshyam Das. "ADVANTAGES OF GREEN TECHNOLOGY." International Journal of Research -GRANTHAALAYAH 3, no. 9SE (September 30, 2015): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.29121/granthaalayah.v3.i9se.2015.3121.
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Technology is application of knowledge to practical requirements. Green technologies encompass various aspects of technology which help us reduce the human impact on the environment and create ways of sustainable development. Social equitability, economic feasibility and sustainability are the key parameters for green technologies. Today the environment is racing towards the tipping point at which we would have done permanent irreversible damage to the planet earth. Our current actions are pulling the world towards an ecological landslide which if happens would make destruction simply inevitable. Green technologies are an approach towards saving earth. Thus both its positives and negatives need to be investigated. Green technology uses renewable natural resources that never depletes. Green technology uses new and innovative energy generation techniques. Green nanotechnology that uses green engineering and green chemistry is one of the latest in green technologies. One of the important factors for environmental pollution is the disposal of waste. Green technology has answers to that as well. It can effectively change waste pattern and production in a way that it does not harm the planet and we can go green. Among the possible areas where these creations and growth are expected to come from include green energy, organic agriculture, eco-friendly textiles, green building constructions, and manufacturing of related products and materials to support green business. Because this is but new to the industry, it is also expected to attract new customers who will see the many advantages of using green technologies in their homes and others. Besides other forms of green technology in field of generation of energy are done by solar power and fossil fuel. These have no adverse effect on the planet and it won’t replenish. So future generation can also benefit from them without harming the planet. This paper focuses on the advantages of green technology and the benefits that can be accrued out of it.
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García, Hermenegildo. "Preface." Pure and Applied Chemistry 77, no. 6 (January 1, 2005): iv. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac20057706iv.
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Photochemistry is a mature science. A characteristic hallmark of a consolidated scientific discipline is that it increasingly broadens its scope of interests from an initial central core toward the periphery where it interacts with other areas. Most of the current scientific research is characterized by an enriching multidisciplinarity, focusing on topics that combine backgrounds from different fields. In this way, the largest advances are taking place at the interphase between areas where different fields meet.This multidisciplinarity is, I believe, also a characteristic feature of the current situation for photochemistry. Thus, photochemistry was initially focused on the understanding and rationalization at a molecular level of the events occurring after light absorption by simple organic compounds. Molecular organic photochemistry constituted the core of this discipline, and it largely benefited from advances in the understanding of the electronic states provided by quantum mechanics. Later, photochemistry started to grow toward areas such as photobiology, photoinduced electron transfer, supramolecular photochemistry, and photochemistry in heterogeneous media, always expanding its sphere of interest.This context of increasing diversity in topics and specialization is reflected in this issue of Pure and Applied Chemistry. The contributors correspond to some of the plenary plus two invited lectures of the XXth IUPAC Symposium that was held 17ñ22 July in Granada, Spain. The program included plenary and invited lectures and oral contributions grouped in 13 sections covering femtochemistry, photochemistry of biomacromolecules, single-molecule photochemistry, and computational methods in photochemistry to nanotechnology, among others. These workshop titles give an idea of the breadth of themes that were included in this symposium. While it is obvious that the list of contributions correspond to different subdisciplines in photochemistry, all of them have a common scientific framework to rationalize the facts.The purpose of the symposium was to present an overview of the current status of some research fronts in photochemistry. This issue begins with the 2004 Porter Medal Lecture awarded jointly by the Asian, European, and Interamerican Photochemical Societies that was given to Prof. Graham Fleming (University of California, Berkeley) for his continued advances in photosynthesis. Prof. Flemingís studies have constituted a significant contribution to the understanding of the interplay between the structure of photosynthetic centers of green plants and the mechanism of energy migration toward the photosynthetic centers. These events take place in a very short time scale and are governed by the spatial arrangement of the constituents.Continuing with photobiology, the second article by Prof. Jean Cadet (Grenoble University) describes the type of photochemical damage and photoproducts arising from DNA UV irradiation. Knowledge of these processes is important for a better understanding of skin cancer and the possibilities for DNA repair. Closely related with DNA damage occurring upon irradiation, the article by Prof. Tetsuro Majima (Osaka University) provides an account of his excellent work on photosensitized oneelectron oxidation of DNA.The concept of "conical intersection", developed initially by Robb and Bernardi to rationalize the relaxation of excited states, led to the foundation of computational photochemistry, which has proved to be of general application to photochemical reactions. In this issue, Prof. Massimo Olivucci (University of Siena) shows that quantum chemical calculations can also be applied to photochemical reactions occurring in photobiology and, in particular, to the problem of vision. These calculations are characterized by the large number of atoms that are included and the fact that they have to estimate at a high calculation level and with high accuracy the energy of states differring in a few kcal mol-1.The next article corresponds to one of the two invited lectures included in this issue. The one given by Dr. Virginie Lhiaubet-Vallet (Technical University of Valencia) in the workshop Photophysical and Photochemical Approaches in the Control of Toxic and Therapeutic Activity of Drugs describes the enantioselective quenching of chiral drug excited states by biomolecules. Moving from photobiology to free radical polymerization with application in microlithography, the article by Prof. Tito Scaiano (University of Ottawa) reports among other probes an extremely elegant approach to detect the intermediacy of radicals in photochemical reactions based on a silent fluorescent molecular probe containing a free nitroxyl radical.Solar energy storage is a recurrent topic and a long-desired application of photochemistry. In her comprehensive contribution, Prof. Ana Moore (Arizona State University) summarizes the continued seminal contribution of her group to the achievement of an efficient solar energy storage system based on the photochemical generation of long-lived charge-separated states. Another possibility of solar energy storage consists of water splitting. In his article, Prof. Haruo Inoue (Tokyo Metropolitan University) deals with artificial photosynthetic methods based on the use of ruthenium porphyrins as photosensitizers for the two-electron oxidation of water with formation of dioxygen.Also in applied photochemistry, Prof. Luisa De Cola (University of Amsterdam) reports on intramolecular energy transfer in dinuclear metal complexes having a meta-phenylene linker. The systems described by Prof. De Cola have potential application in the field of light-emitting diodes, since most of the complexes described exhibit electroluminescence. The second invited lecture is by Dr. Alberto Credi (University of Bologna), one of Europeís most promising young photochemists. In his interesting article, the operation upon light excitation of a rotaxane molecular machine is described. A macro-ring acting as electron donor moiety in a charge-transfer complex is threaded in a dumbbell-shaped component having two viologen units with different redox potential. Light absorption produces the cyclic movement of the macro-ring from one viologen station to the other.The last two contributions fall within the more classic organic photochemistry realm. Prof. Axel Griesbeck (University of Cologne) describes the multigram synthesis of antimalarial peroxides using singlet-oxygen photosensitizers adsorbed or bonded to polymer matrices. The last contribution comes from Prof. Heinz Roth (University of Rutgers), who has worked during his entire career in the fields of organic photochemistry and radical ion chemistry. Prof. Roth has summarized his vast knowledge in radical ion chemistry, reviewing the mechanism of triplet formation arising from radical ion pair recombination. This mechanism for triplet formation is currently gaining a renewed interest owing to the potential applicability to the development of phosphors.I hope that the present selection will be appealing and attractive for a broad audience of readers interested in photochemistry and will give readers an idea of the state of the art of some current topics in this area.Hermenegildo GarcíaConference Editor
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Ekicibil, Ahmet, Yasemin Çağlar, Ram K. Gupta, and Rui Fausto. "Materials science and nanotechnology." Journal of Molecular Structure 1213 (August 2020): 128208. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.molstruc.2020.128208.
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Zhang, Jing, M. Teresa Albelda, Yu Liu, and James W. Canary. "Chiral nanotechnology." Chirality 17, no. 7 (2005): 404–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/chir.20178.
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Prajnamitra, Ray Putra, Hung-Chih Chen, Chen-Ju Lin, Li-Lun Chen, and Patrick Ching-Ho Hsieh. "Nanotechnology Approaches in Tackling Cardiovascular Diseases." Molecules 24, no. 10 (May 27, 2019): 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24102017.
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Cardiovascular diseases have continued to remain a leading cause of mortality and morbidity worldwide. Poor proliferation capability of adult cardiomyocytes disables the heart from regenerating new myocardium after a myocardial ischaemia event and therefore weakens the heart in the long term, which may result in heart failure and death. Delivery of cardioprotective therapeutics soon after the event can help to protect the heart from further cell death and improve cardiac function, but delivery methods and potential side effects of these therapeutics may be an issue. Advances in nanotechnology, particularly nanoparticles for drug delivery, have enabled researchers to obtain better drug targeting capability, thus increasing the therapeutic outcome. Detailed study of nanoparticles in vivo is useful as it can provide insight for future treatments. Nanogel can help to create a more favourable environment, not only for a sustained delivery of therapeutics, but also for a better navigation of the therapeutics to the targeted sites. Finally, if the damage to the myocardium is too severe for drug treatment, nanopatch can help to improve cardiac function and healing by becoming a platform for pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes to grow for the purpose of cell-based regenerative therapy.
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Zhang, Zhao, Yanming Fu, Baojie Li, Guoyin Feng, Can Li, Chunhai Fan, and Lin He. "Self-Assembly-Based Structural DNA Nanotechnology." Current Organic Chemistry 15, no. 4 (February 1, 2011): 534–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/138527211794474429.
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Zhao, Chen-Yang, Rui Cheng, Zhe Yang, and Zhong-Min Tian. "Nanotechnology for Cancer Therapy Based on Chemotherapy." Molecules 23, no. 4 (April 4, 2018): 826. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules23040826.
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