Relevant bibliographies by topics / Chemistry in dentistry

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers

Academic literature on the topic 'Chemistry in dentistry'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 12 February 2022

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Journal articles on the topic "Chemistry in dentistry"

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Bordina, Galina E., N. P. Lopina, A. V. Blinova, and D. A. Bordin. "THE DISCOLORING TEETH: THE CHEMISTRY OF THE EMERGENCE AND EFFECTIVE WHITENING." Russian Journal of Dentistry 22, no. 3 (June 15, 2018): 124–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.18821/1728-2802-2018-22-3-124-128.

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In the article stated mechanism of formation organic and inorganic pigmentary complexes which changes color of teeth. Chemical aspects of dentistry procedure of whitening teeth are consider, original author's schemes of ion-changes and oxidative process are given, which happen with it. Knowledge of intermolecular interaction, which leads to the appearance of coloration and proceeding in process of his removal, will allow to develop new treatment methods and to improve existing, which apply in an esthetic dentistry.
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Sharma, Shivani, Sarah E. Cross, Carlin Hsueh, Ruseen P. Wali, Adam Z. Stieg, and James K. Gimzewski. "Nanocharacterization in Dentistry." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 11, no. 6 (June 17, 2010): 2523–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms11062523.

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Lindén, L. Å., J. F. Rabek, E. Adamczak, S. Morge, H. Kaczmarek, and A. Wrzyszczynski. "Polymer networks in dentistry." Macromolecular Symposia 93, no. 1 (April 1995): 337–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.19950930139.

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Tigmeanu, Codruta Victoria, Anca Porumb, Alexandra Sabina Podariu, Mihaela Florica Adomnicai, Cristian Dan Krems, Virgil Ciobanu, Simina Camelia Dejica, and Angela Codruta Podariu. "Ethical Aspects in Pediatric Radiology." Revista de Chimie 69, no. 11 (December 15, 2018): 3304–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.37358/rc.18.11.6736.

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Pediatric dentistry has become, in recent decades, a freestanding discipline, from the desire to improve dental assistance offered to children. It is a highly complex medical specialty, involving the triad of minor patient, doctor and the legal guardian of the patient. In conformity with European Community law, Law no. 95/2006 of Romania says it will get a written consent from the patient or his legal guardian; the methods of prevention, diagnosis and treatment of potential risk to the patient. Minor patient will be informed during the process of making decisions according to his understanding skills, (Law 46/2003), the final decision for acceptance the treatment belongs to the parents (consent of one of them is sufficient) or the legal guardian and the consent must be given in a written form (Law 95/2006; Bucur S.&al 2014). But conception as well as the doses used in pediatric dentistry are different from those used for adults. This paper aims to aware of dentists on ethical issues related to the indication of making child patient dental radiographs, in conformity with the recommendations and radiological current European rules (Guidelineson the use of dental radiographs, 2003).
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Teślak, Monika, Hanna Sobczak, Iwona Ordyniec-Kwaśnica, Barbara Kochańska, and Barbara Drogoszewska. "Awareness of Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws amongst Dental Professionals in Poland." Applied Sciences 11, no. 11 (May 24, 2021): 4821. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11114821.

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Background: Medication-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaws (MRONJ) is a serious complication of antiresorptive therapy. The aim of the study was to assess the level of knowledge and awareness regarding MRONJ among Polish dentists and students of dentistry. Methods: The online self-administered questionnaire was sent out electronically among dentists in Poland and dentistry students of the Medical University of Gdansk. The results obtained were statistically analyzed. The results were considered statistically significant if the condition p ≤ 0.05 was met. Results: A total of 203 respondents participated in this survey. A total of 94.6% of them declared knowledge of the term MRONJ. However, the length of bisphosphonates persistence in the body was known to 51.5% of participants, while the knowledge of oral and maxillofacial surgeons concerning this topic was significantly higher (87.0%). Conclusion: Dental and maxillofacial surgeons presented the highest level of knowledge about MRONJ. The remaining groups did not differ in their knowledge. It must be noted that the knowledge of the students was similar to that of dentists. A better level of knowledge by dentists could contribute to a decline of the occurrence of the disease in future. Theoretical and practical initiatives should be promoted to improve the knowledge about MRONJ.
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Kushkhov, Tembulat A., Diana A. Makhieva, Larisa V. Kardanova, Marina T. Tkhazaplizheva, and Adalbi Z. Khashukoev. "The Use of Polymeric Materials in Modern Dentistry." Key Engineering Materials 899 (September 8, 2021): 613–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/kem.899.613.

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The achievements and discoveries of chemical science have firmly established themselves in all branches of humanity. One of the most significant chemistry possibilities is the polymerization and polycondensation of compounds, which, in turn, are methods for producing polymers. Polymers are high molecular weight compounds consisting of many units (monomers) linked by chemical bonds. Unique polymer compounds are the basis of plastics, chemical fibers, rubber, paints, and varnishes, adhesives [8]. Polymers are used for the manufacture of removable prostheses, materials for fillings and inlays, orthodontic appliances, artificial teeth, dental implants, as well as in the creation of artificial heart valves, artificial kidney devices, artificial circulation, artificial heart [6].
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von Fraunhofer, J. Anthony. "Adhesion and Cohesion." International Journal of Dentistry 2012 (2012): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2012/951324.

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The phenomena of adhesion and cohesion are reviewed and discussed with particular reference to dentistry. This review considers the forces involved in cohesion and adhesion together with the mechanisms of adhesion and the underlying molecular processes involved in bonding of dissimilar materials. The forces involved in surface tension, surface wetting, chemical adhesion, dispersive adhesion, diffusive adhesion, and mechanical adhesion are reviewed in detail and examples relevant to adhesive dentistry and bonding are given. Substrate surface chemistry and its influence on adhesion, together with the properties of adhesive materials, are evaluated. The underlying mechanisms involved in adhesion failure are covered. The relevance of the adhesion zone and its importance with regard to adhesive dentistry and bonding to enamel and dentin is discussed.
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Song, Wenjing, and Shaohua Ge. "Application of Antimicrobial Nanoparticles in Dentistry." Molecules 24, no. 6 (March 15, 2019): 1033. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules24061033.

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Oral cavity incessantly encounters a plethora of microorganisms. Plaque biofilm—a major cause of caries, periodontitis and other dental diseases—is a complex community of bacteria or fungi that causes infection by protecting pathogenic microorganisms from external drug agents and escaping the host defense mechanisms. Antimicrobial nanoparticles are promising because of several advantages such as ultra-small sizes, large surface-area-to-mass ratio and special physical and chemical properties. To better summarize explorations of antimicrobial nanoparticles and provide directions for future studies, we present the following critical review. The keywords “nanoparticle,” “anti-infective or antibacterial or antimicrobial” and “dentistry” were retrieved from Pubmed, Scopus, Embase and Web of Science databases in the last five years. A total of 172 articles met the requirements were included and discussed in this review. The results show that superior antibacterial properties of nanoparticle biomaterials bring broad prospects in the oral field. This review presents the development, applications and underneath mechanisms of antibacterial nanoparticles in dentistry including restorative dentistry, endodontics, implantology, orthodontics, dental prostheses and periodontal field.
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Skallevold, Hans Erling, Dinesh Rokaya, Zohaib Khurshid, and Muhammad Sohail Zafar. "Bioactive Glass Applications in Dentistry." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 23 (November 27, 2019): 5960. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20235960.

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At present, researchers in the field of biomaterials are focusing on the oral hard and soft tissue engineering with bioactive ingredients by activating body immune cells or different proteins of the body. By doing this natural ground substance, tissue component and long-lasting tissues grow. One of the current biomaterials is known as bioactive glass (BAG). The bioactive properties make BAG applicable to several clinical applications involving the regeneration of hard tissues in medicine and dentistry. In dentistry, its uses include dental restorative materials, mineralizing agents, as a coating material for dental implants, pulp capping, root canal treatment, and air-abrasion, and in medicine it has its applications from orthopedics to soft-tissue restoration. This review aims to provide an overview of promising and current uses of bioactive glasses in dentistry.
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Chen, I.-Hao, Tzer-Min Lee, and Chih-Ling Huang. "Biopolymers Hybrid Particles Used in Dentistry." Gels 7, no. 1 (March 22, 2021): 31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels7010031.

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This literature review provides an overview of the fabrication and application of biopolymer hybrid particles in dentistry. A total of 95 articles have been included in this review. In the review paper, the common inorganic particles and biopolymers used in dentistry are discussed in general, and detailed examples of inorganic particles (i.e., hydroxyapatite, calcium phosphate, and bioactive glass) and biopolymers such as collagen, gelatin, and chitosan have been drawn from the scientific literature and practical work. Among the included studies, calcium phosphate including hydroxyapatite is the most widely applied for inorganic particles used in dentistry, but bioactive glass is more applicable and multifunctional than hydroxyapatite and is currently used in clinical practice. Today, biopolymer hybrid particles are receiving more attention as novel materials for several applications in dentistry, such as drug delivery systems, bone repair, and periodontal regeneration surgery. The literature published on the biopolymer gel-assisted synthesis of inorganic particles for dentistry is somewhat limited, and therefore, this article focuses on reviewing and discussing the biopolymer hybrid particles used in dentistry.
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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Chemistry in dentistry"

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Khurshid, Z., S. Najeeb, M. S. Zafar, and Farshid Sefat. "Advanced Dental Biomaterials: Chemistry, Manipulation and Applications." Elsevier, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10454/18383.

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Advanced Dental Biomaterials is an invaluable reference for researchers and clinicians within the biomedical industry and academia. The book can be used by both an experienced researcher/clinician learning about other biomaterials or applications that may be applicable to their current research or as a guide for a new entrant into the field who needs to gain an understanding of the primary challenges, opportunities, most relevant biomaterials, and key applications in dentistry.
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McGeouch-Flaherty, Carrie-Anne. "Proton assisted dissolution of the dental hard tissue enamel as a non-bacterial process." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2011. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/49476/.

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The overall aim of this thesis was to examine the kinetics of proton-promoted dissolution of the dental hard tissue enamel as a non-bacterial process and the evaluation of inhibitors with the intent of minimising the dissolution process and effectively protecting the surface. A novel approach was taken, utilising scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM) to galvanostatically generate controllable and well defined proton fluxes in defined areas of the surface. The resulting etch pits formed on the surface were characterised by optical microscopy and white light interferometry (WLI), which quantitatively determined etch pit dimensions. A theoretical finite element model (FEM) was used to elucidate the kinetics of dissolution based upon the analysis of the shape and dimensions of etch pits produced. A heterogeneous rate constant of dissolution of 0.08 ± 0.04 cm s-1 was attributed to untreated enamel, whereas 2 min treatment with 1000 ppm sodium fluoride (NaF) decreased this rate constant slightly to 0.05 ± 0.03 cm s-1. The impact of fluoride on the rate of proton attack was evident from the formation of shallower broader etch pits. In relation to both acid erosion and caries, the two most relevant acids pertinent to enamel dissolution are citric acid and lactic acid. These acids were investigated by protonating their respective sodium salts in-situ to produce localised weak acid directly under the probe tip. This permitted the surrounding enamel sample to remain largely unaltered giving a true surface for comparison, whilst allowing evaluation of the kinetics in the presence of each weak acid. Etching in the presence of lactic acid, showed a surface controlled process with a rate constant of 0.1 ± 0.03 cm s-1. Etching in the presence of the triprotic citric acid, also yielded a surface controlled process with a rate constant of 0.35 ± 2.6 cm s-1. Calcite was also investigated using SECM, WLI and FEM to validate the use of these techniques. The kinetic data extrapolated was comparable to rate constants found in literature, confirming the validity of these methods. In this case, a novel approach was the use of experimental data to parameterise the finite element model directly. Confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) coupled with SECM was used to visualise proton fluxes from the tip of the UME. This allowed, not only, correlation of the current applied to the probe tip with the pH, but also quantitative data on the spread of protons across a particular surface. Rate constants found for untreated and fluoride-treated enamel were comparable to those found in SECM etching, however, zinc ion treatment proved to result in much greater inhibition of dissolution than fluoride.
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Darling, Maureen. "The design of novel glass-ionomer cements." Thesis, University of Greenwich, 1993. http://gala.gre.ac.uk/6142/.

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Narendrakumar, Krunal. "Developing methods to prevent or treat microbial colonisation of titanium dental implant surfaces." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/5677/.

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Titanium (Ti) dental implants are a successful treatment modality to replace missing teeth. Success is traditionally defined as the retention of the Ti dental implant but fails to account for peri-implant inflammatory diseases such as peri-implant mucositis and peri-implantitis. Peri-implant diseases are caused by the formation of pathogenic bacteria biofilms on the implant surface and disease progression can lead to dysfunctional and unaesthetic outcomes. There is no universally accepted treatment or management protocol for peri-implant disease. The objectives were to develop methods to prevent bacterial adhesion to Ti implant surfaces or treat existing biofilms. The relationship between bacterial adhesion of common early coloniser bacteria and topological features on dental implant surfaces was studied. Reproducible model systems were identified to be used in studies of biofilm formation and disruption. Early bacterial adhesion was investigated on engineered Ti surfaces created using Scanning-Laser-Melting or on Ti nanotubule surfaces. Photoactivation of Ti oxide films was investigated on thermally or anodically oxidised Ti and demonstrated the potential to pre-treat implant surfaces to reduce bacterial attachment. Finally chemical disinfection of Ti surfaces with a novel Eucalyptus Oil (EO) based formulation was demonstrated to increase the permeation of bactericidal agents into immature biofilms formed on Ti surfaces.
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Boissonade, Jonathan James. "Direct contact measurement of the dielectric properties of glass ionomer cements for MEMs design." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2015. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/6321/.

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This investigation was aimed at measuring the changes in dielectric properties of glass ionomer cements during their setting reaction in order to observe if there is a correlation between these properties and the cement curing. Commercial glass ionomer cements were prepared and their setting process was monitored over a 24 hour period using FT-IR and direct contact impedance measurement. An impedance bridge with a dielectric test assembly, based on previous work by Braden et al, was used to measure the dielectric properties of a number of different glass ionomer cements using a simple design. Using the dielectric properties of the glass ionomer cements, it could be possible to develop a micro-electro-mechanical sensor (MEMS) based on this design, which could be implanted into a dental restoration and interrogated remotely. During the curing of the cements examined, the dielectric data collected from the co-planar assembly showed a change in impedance over the course of the setting of the cement, which when compared to FT-IR spectra over the same period, showed a correlation between the dielectric properties and the chemical changes within the cement.
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Mukherjee, Indraneil Wei Yen. "Mesoporous materials for dental and biotechnological applications, curcumin polymers and enzymatic saccharification of biomass /." Philadelphia, Pa. : Drexel University, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1860/3130.

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Wade, Spencer David DDS. "Stability of Epinephrine in a 0.9% Saline Solution." The Ohio State University, 2019. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1561489299362315.

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Owyoung, Jeremy B. "Bioactive coating glass and commercial bioglass enhance gene expression, protein expression, and matrix formation of human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts during osteogenesis." Diss., Search in ProQuest Dissertations & Theses. UC Only, 2009. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1465487.

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Hayden, Holly Chang. "Exploration of Materials Used in 3-Dimensional Printing for the Dental Industry." Scholarship @ Claremont, 2015. http://scholarship.claremont.edu/scripps_theses/577.

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A limiting factor in the digitization of dental devices is the availability of materials suitable for use in both dentistry and the new digital technologies. As a rapidly growing industry, three-dimensional printing (3DP) has the potential to disrupt traditional manufacturing and prototyping methods. A review of both restorative materials and the current 3DP materials has lead to a focus on fiber- reinforced composites in the exploration for a new 3DP material. In addition, another area worth exploring and investing in would be 3D bioprinting as it opens up the possibility of regenerative dentistry.
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Flight, Rachel Catharine. "Novel approaches for image analysis of in vitro epithelial cultures with application to silver nanoparticle toxicity." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2017. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/7481/.

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A novel imaging approach was developed for the purpose of counting cells from phase contrast microscopy images of laboratory grown (in vitro) cultures of epithelial cells. Validation through comparison with standard laboratory cell counting techniques showed this approach provided consistent and comparable results, whilst overcoming limitations of these existing techniques, such as operator variability and sample destruction. The imaging approach was subsequently applied to investigate the effects of silver nanoparticles (AgNP) on H400 oral keratinocytes. Concurrent investigations into antimicrobial effects of AgNP were performed on Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus and Streptococcus mutans to provide models for Gram-positive and Gram-negative infection, and to compare with the literature and oral keratinocyte toxicity. It was found that AgNP elicit size-, dose- and time-dependent growth inhibition in both human cells and bacteria, although bacterial inhibition was not achieved without significant cytotoxicity at the same concentrations.
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Books on the topic "Chemistry in dentistry"

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Gros, Gilles. Histoire des liaisons épistémologiques entre l'art dentaire et la chimie: De l'Antiquité à la fin du 20e siècle. Paris: L'Harmattan, 2013.

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Abbi, Bal. Preparing for the Canadian Dental Aptitude Test (DAT): Survey of the natural sciences: biology & chemistry. Edmonton, Alta: IQ Publications, 1999.

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Bergmann, Carlos P. Dental Ceramics: Microstructure, Properties and Degradation. Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 2013.

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Zhou, Zhong-Rong. Dental Biotribology. New York, NY: Springer New York, 2013.

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1928-, Wagner Bernard Meyer, National Research Council (U.S.). Board on Environmental Studies and Toxicology., and National Research Council (U.S.). Commission on Life Sciences., eds. Health effects of ingested fluoride. Washington, D.C: National Academy Press, 1993.

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DAT organic chemistry practice questions. 2nd ed. Sterling Education, 2017.

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1941-, Massart Desiré L., ed. Chemometrics: A textbook. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1988.

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Witthaus, Rudolph August. Text-Book of Chemistry Inorganic and Organic: With Toxicology for Students of Medicine, Pharmacy, Dentistry and Biology. Franklin Classics, 2018.

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Bergmann, Carlos P., and Aisha Stumpf. Dental Ceramics: Microstructure, Properties and Degradation. Springer, 2013.

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Crime Scene to Court: The Essentials of Forensic Science. Royal Society of Chemistry, 1998.

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Book chapters on the topic "Chemistry in dentistry"

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Frentzen, M., P. Besrukow, A. Ackermann, S. Pierog, B. Schiermeyer, J. Winter, U. Wölwer-Rieck, and D. Kraus. "CHAPTER 9. Steviol Glycosides in Dentistry." In Food Chemistry, Function and Analysis, 162–84. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781788010559-00162.

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Chandran, T., Unnikrishnan Vishnu, and A. K. Warrier. "Microplastics in Dentistry—A Review." In Sustainable Textiles: Production, Processing, Manufacturing & Chemistry, 157–74. Singapore: Springer Singapore, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-981-16-0297-9_6.

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Ye, Qiang, Farhana Abedin, Ranganathan Parthasarathy, and Paulette Spencer. "Chapter 11. Photoinitiators in Dentistry: Challenges and Advances." In Polymer Chemistry Series, 297–336. Cambridge: Royal Society of Chemistry, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/9781788013307-00297.

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Darvell, B. W. "More Chemistry." In Materials Science for Dentistry, 771–89. Elsevier, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-101035-8.50030-4.

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Longridge, Nicholas, Pete Clarke, Raheel Aftab, and Tariq Ali. "Dental Materials." In Oxford Assess and Progress: Clinical Dentistry, edited by Katharine Boursicot and David Sales. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198825173.003.0023.

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Dental material science can be a daunting subject for most dentists, given its origins in the pure sciences of physics and chemistry. Combining this with human biology, and trying to see through the fog of material manu­facturers’ commercial claims, can make it seem like a truly mystifying subject. It is important that any student of material sciences maintains a critical eye and an evidence- based approach when it comes to material selection and use. Today we are lucky enough to work with the most advanced dental materials we have ever had. But simply having such materials at your dis­posal does not ensure success. Clinical procedural techniques are often the prime focus in restorative dentistry; however, to achieve optimal aesthetics, function, and longevity from restorations, a clear under­standing of material sciences is required. Ancient Roman engineers clearly understood this concept when con­structing Rome. They had to work within the limitations imposed by the materials they had at their disposal. However, the longevity and solidity of the impressive infrastructure we see today can be attributed to their expertise in exploiting the unique properties of the material resources they had available. The Romans perfected concrete production (based on volcanic ash and lime reacting with seawater to form tobermorite crystals) to yield a water- hardening material, so durable and resistant to cracks that modern- day concrete (based on Portland cement) is still considered weaker. It can be argued whether operator skill or advancements in dental ma­terials have resulted in improvements in restorative dentistry. However, few would disagree that it is the combination of good operator skill and appropriate use of dental materials that is the key for successful long-term dentistry. Key topics include: ● Adhesive dentistry concepts ● Understanding material physical properties ● Elemental make- up of materials ● Manufacturing processing of materials ● Biocompatibility ● Appreciation of setting reactions and working time ● Appreciation of material aesthetic and optical properties.
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Shahid, Saroash, and Tomas Duminis. "Glass-ionomer cement: chemistry and its applications in dentistry." In Advanced Dental Biomaterials, 175–95. Elsevier, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-0-08-102476-8.00008-6.

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"Experimental Adhesive Biomaterial in the Development of Restorative Concept towards the Biomimicric Dentistry." In Bioscience Methodologies in Physical Chemistry, 433–54. Apple Academic Press, 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.1201/b15300-32.

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Banerjee, Avijit, and Timothy F. Watson. "Restorative materials and their relationship to tooth structure." In Pickard's Guide to Minimally Invasive Operative Dentistry. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198712091.003.0010.

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Modern restorative materials can be classified in several ways, in terms of their retention (chemically adhesive, macro-, micro- or even nanomechanical), their chemistry (e.g. resin-based vs. acid–base reaction, filler particles), or their clinical properties (e.g. aesthetics, strength, handling). It is essential that these materials are considered closely with the histological substrate to which they will adhere or with which they will interact, in order to understand the complexities of each system and their potential clinical uses. This chapter will outline and discuss aspects of dental materials science to enable the reader to understand and appreciate the links with relevant histology and relate this to the clinical aspects of minimally invasive operative dentistry. Also discussed is dental amalgam, still a popular restorative material among many dentists worldwide, although clinical indications for its use are becoming more limited as treatment rationales change and adhesive materials improve. This text will require supplementation from suitable dental histology and detailed dental material science texts. Dental resin composites are aesthetic, plastic adhesive restorative materials that consist of co-polymerized methacrylate-based resin chains embedding inert filler particles (conferring strength and wear resistance) and requiring a separate adhesive (bonding agent) to micro-/ nano-mechanically bond them to either enamel or dentine, respectively. However, not all modern dental composites are based purely on this methacrylate resin chemistry (see Section 7.2.6). Therefore the term ‘composite resin’ is inappropriate and should not be used. Resin composites have developed over the past 50 years, after the introduction of the acid-etch technique (Buonocore, 1955) and methacrylate monomers (Bowen’s resin—Bis-GMA (1971); see Section 7.2.2). The unset (or uncured) material consists of a mixture of several different types of resin methacrylate monomers, most of which are hydrophobic (water-hating) in nature (see Figure 7.1). The monomer chain length affects certain properties of the resin composite:… • Viscosity (or flowability) of the material. This is important in order to minimize voids trapped within the uncured composite during placement and packing within the depths of a cavity (the stiffer the consistency, the greater the risk of trapping air voids). The shorter the uncured monomer length (and therefore the lower the molecular weight), the lower is its viscosity. Often shorter-length, lower-molecular- weight methacrylate monomers form the basis of the resin chemistry of flowable resin composites, and other diluent molecules may be added.
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Banerjee, Avijit, and Timothy F. Watson. "Long-term management of direct restorations." In Pickard's Guide to Minimally Invasive Operative Dentistry. Oxford University Press, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198712091.003.0012.

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As has been emphasized throughout this book, minimum intervention oral/dental care involves more than just the minimally invasive operative treatment of the consequences of dental disease. It involves identifying and predicting disease patterns, and concerns the control/ prevention of disease by modifying aetiological factors and reassessing the adherence to changes in patient behaviours, attitudes, and responsibility. Monitoring the oral cavity and restored dentition ensures that the treatment undertaken, and subsequently improved oral health, is maintained. This should be accomplished through individualized strategic recall regimes. Restorations need to be reviewed regularly and occasionally refurbished, resealed, repaired, or replaced (see Figures 9.1, 9.2, and 9.3, and Section 9.5). Therefore periodic recall appointments, once an episode of treatment has been completed, are just as important as the treatment itself. It is critical that the patient understands the importance of these recall consultations as part of the ongoing care that is being offered to help to maintain their oral health. Three aspects of dental care need to be assessed at recall visits:… • the overall state of the patient’s oral and dental health (review) • the individual patient’s longer-term response/adherence to previous preventive advice and/or treatment, in moderating any aetiological factors that could cause future dental disease (reassessment) • the status and quality of the restorations present (monitoring and maintenance)…. The potential causes of restoration failure have been identified and outlined in Table 9.1. It is important to appreciate that the causes of restoration and tooth failure (see Table 9.2) are often multifactorial in nature. Indeed, as the causes of both tooth and restoration failure are inextricably linked, it is wise to consider them together, as a tooth–restoration complex. The multifactorial aetiology of restoration failure is often due to manifestations of inherent long-term weaknesses in the mechanical properties of different restorative materials (e.g. poor edge strength, wear, compressive strength, water absorption, etc.) and/or problems with the technical application of the restorative material for the chosen clinical situation (i.e. incorrect choice of material and poor placement technique). The chemistry and physical properties of the different direct, plastic restorative dental materials at a dentist’s disposal have been discussed in Chapter 7.
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10

Atkins, Peter. "Networking Opportunities: The Friedel Crafts Reaction." In Reactions. Oxford University Press, 2011. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780199695126.003.0027.

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In the final reaction of this part I am going to help you extend your ability to use our toolkit to build a network of carbon atoms. The reaction I talk about here is one of many that I could have chosen and will give you some insight into the way that organic chemists go about building their intricate constructions. It was devised in 1877 by the French chemist Charles Friedel (1832–1899) and the American chemist James Crafts (1839–1917). There are two kinds of Friedel–Crafts reaction: I shall call them Type 1 and Type 2. The latter is more important, but the former is a bit simpler and I shall deal with it first. In a Type 1 Friedel–Crafts reaction, the aim is to attach a group of C atoms, such as 1, to a benzene ring or a related molecule. The strategy is to generate a powerful electrophile (Reaction 16), one characteristic of the group of atoms you want to attach, which will seek out regions of dense electron cloud in the target benzene molecule. The tactics involve taking the group you want to attach in combination with a chlorine atom, Cl, as in 2, and then finding another dentist-like compound that will extract the Cl atom as a chloride ion, Cl–. That extraction will leave a positively charged hydrocarbon ion hungry for opposite charge and thus able to act as the electrophile. The Friedel–Crafts procedure uses aluminium chloride, 3, to act as this dentist compound. It gets regenerated in the reaction, so it is present as a catalyst (Reaction 11). When you examine this molecule you see that although its Cl atoms are rich in electrons, the aluminium atom, Al, has a very skimpy share in them and the positive charge of its nucleus shines through. Moreover, the molecule is flat, and there is plenty of room for the Cl atoms to bend away from any incoming intruder atom and so make room for its attachment to the Al atom.
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Conference papers on the topic "Chemistry in dentistry"

1

Vasko, Christopher A., and Christina G. Giannopapa. "Liquid Droplets in Contact With Cold Non-Equilibrium Atmospheric Pressure Plasmas." In ASME 2016 Pressure Vessels and Piping Conference. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1115/pvp2016-63629.

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Recently, cold, non-equilibrium atmospheric pressure plasmas (CAPs) and their active chemistry have been extensively investigated to the benefit of a wide array of applications such as biomedical and industrial applications mainly in the area of materials processing and chemical synthesis, amongst many others. In general, these plasmas operate at standard conditions (i.e. 1 atm, 300K), are small (∼ cm) and rather simple to operate in comparison to other plasmas. Their complex chemistry gives rise to a wide array of both stable and transient reactive species: such as O3, H2O2, OH and NOx, next to charged species and (V)UV-radiation. This chemistry is the reason for their wide spread application and has already found many industrial applications from waste water treatment, stain free detergents and industrial scale production of oxidants. In recent years, bactericidal effects of CAPs gained increasing attention for applications such as dermatology, disinfection, dentistry and cancer treatment or stimulated blood coagulation. This paper aims to highlight recent research into new biological applications for complex mission scenarios involving humans in remote locations using CAPs for disinfection, bleaching or wound healing. Results using radiofrequency plasma jets for the inactivation of Pseudomonas aeruginosa are summarized, highlighting the importance of liquid plasma interactions. Work with such a CAP paved the way for a promising application in the field of biomedical applications presented here. It involves surface barrier discharges which can be used to treat larger surfaces compared to jets. Their physical construction, using floating or contained electrodes, offer a convenient way of controlling electrical current on a large scale, 3D treatment of both conducting and insulating surfaces with minimal heating. These devices may be tailored to specific skin treatments, allowing fast and effective treatment of larger skin surfaces while following the shape of the skin. This might reduce the need for bactericidal agents and would be a valuable application to assist humans in remote locations. These emerging technologies could be essential both for human health care under extreme conditions, as well as for research itself (sterilisation of tools and large areas, etc.). Especially in the absence of abundant resources (antibiotic agents, disinfectants and the like) alternative approaches to support humans in isolated locations have to be developed. Applications based on a good understanding of plasma chemistry would empower health care under extreme conditions to efficiently use and manage in situ resources. Their low mass, compact size, low power consumption and high reliability could make them essential use under extreme conditions.
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