Journal articles: 'Chemistry, Polymer. Engineering, Biomedical. Polymers'

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LOO, JOACHIM SAY CHYE. "FROM PLASTICS TO ADVANCED POLYMER IMPLANTS: THE ESSENTIALS OF POLYMER CHEMISTRY." COSMOS 04, no. 01 (May 2008): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s0219607708000263.

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Man has been using plastics for thousands of years, and some of the earlier uses of plastics include spoons, buttons and combs. Today, plastics are used for a myriad of applications, such as for aerospace, microelectronics and water purification. With polymer chemistry, man has been able to alter the properties of plastics or polymers to suit almost any application. Their properties can also be tailored for use as advanced biomedical implants in the human body. An example of such a polymer is the biocompatible lactide/glycolide polyesters. These biodegradable polymers are currently used as sutures, drug delivery systems, temporary implants and even as scaffolds for tissue engineering.

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Puluhulawa, Lisa Efriani, I. Made Joni, Ahmed Fouad Abdelwahab Mohammed, Hidetoshi Arima, and Nasrul Wathoni. "The Use of Megamolecular Polysaccharide Sacran in Food and Biomedical Applications." Molecules 26, no. 11 (June 2, 2021): 3362. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113362.

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Natural polymer is a frequently used polymer in various food applications and pharmaceutical formulations due to its benefits and its biocompatibility compared to synthetic polymers. One of the natural polymer groups (i.e., polysaccharide) does not only function as an additive in pharmaceutical preparations, but also as an active ingredient with pharmacological effects. In addition, several natural polymers offer potential distinct applications in gene delivery and genetic engineering. However, some of these polymers have drawbacks, such as their lack of water retention and elasticity. Sacran, one of the high-molecular-weight natural polysaccharides (megamolecular polysaccharides) derived from Aphanothece sacrum (A. sacrum), has good water retention and elasticity. Historically, sacran has been used as a dietary food. Moreover, sacran can be applied in biomedical fields as an active material, excipient, and genetic engineering material. This article discusses the characteristics, extraction, isolation procedures, and the use of sacran in food and biomedical applications.

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Li, Xiumei, Wanjia Xu, Yue Xin, Jiawei Yuan, Yuancheng Ji, Shengnan Chu, Junqiu Liu, and Quan Luo. "Supramolecular Polymer Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications." Polymers 13, no. 4 (February 9, 2021): 513. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13040513.

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Polymer nanocomposites, a class of innovative materials formed by polymer matrixes and nanoscaled fillers (e.g., carbon-based nanomaterials, inorganic/semiconductor nanoparticles, metal/metal-oxide nanoparticles, polymeric nanostructures, etc.), display enhanced mechanical, optoelectrical, magnetic, catalytic, and bio-related characteristics, thereby finding a wide range of applications in the biomedical field. In particular, the concept of supramolecular chemistry has been introduced into polymer nanocomposites, which creates myriad “smart” biomedical materials with unique physicochemical properties and dynamic tunable structures in response to diverse external stimuli. This review aims to provide an overview of the chemical composition, morphological structures, biological functionalities, and reinforced performances of supramolecular polymer nanocomposites. Additionally, recent advances in biomedical applications such as therapeutic delivery, bioimaging, and tissue engineering are also discussed, especially their excellent properties leveraged in the development of multifunctional intelligent biomedical materials.

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Filimon, Anca, Adina Maria Dobos, Ecaterina Avram, and Silvia Ioan. "Ionic polymers based on quaternized polysulfones: hydrodynamic properties of polymer mixtures in solution." Pure and Applied Chemistry 86, no. 11 (November 1, 2014): 1871–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/pac-2014-0603.

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Abstract Hydrodynamic properties developed in a series of mixtures, obtained from quaternized polysulfone and cellulose acetate phthalate or polyvinyl alcohol in N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, were evaluated by viscometric investigations. Theoretical and experimental aspects concerning the viscometric data for binary polymer/solvent and ternary polymer/polymer/solvent mixtures have been discussed by the new Wolf model, as a function of the charge density of polyion, structural peculiarity of polymers, and polymer mixture composition. Intrinsic viscosity and also the hydrodynamic parameters obtained by the Wolf method offer new information on the competition between different types of interactions manifested in ternary polymer/polymer/solvent systems. The complex dependence of viscosity on polymer composition is influenced by conformational changes of constituent polymers from the mixture, as well as by cumulative effects of electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding or association phenomena. Additionally, the above-mentioned interactions indicate the compatibility of these polymers over a large composition domain. This study investigates the hydrodynamic functions from the perspective of some newly-issued theories and analyzes the choice of optimal polymer mixtures compositions for specific applications in biomedical domains.

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LU, YUAN, HALIL LEVENT TEKINALP, CLAUDE CLIFFORD EBERLE, WILLIAM PETER, AMIT KUMAR NASKAR, and SOYDAN OZCAN. "Nanocellulose in polymer composites and biomedical applications." June 2014 13, no. 6 (July 1, 2014): 47–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.32964/tj13.6.47.

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Nanocellulose materials are nano-sized cellulose fibrils or crystals produced by bacteria or derived from plants. These materials exhibit exceptional strength characteristics, light weight, transparency, and excellent biocompatibility. Compared with some other nanomaterials, nanocellulose is renewable and less expensive to produce, and a wide range of applications for nanocellulose has been envisioned. The areas most extensively studied include polymer composites and biomedical applications. Cellulose nanofibrils and nanocrystals have been used to reinforce both thermoplastic and thermoset polymers. Given the hydrophilic nature of these materials, the interfacial properties with most polymers are often poor; thus, various surface modification procedures have been adopted to improve the interaction between polymer matrix and cellulose nanofibrils or nanocrystals. The applications of nanocellulose as a biomaterial also have been explored, including wound dressing, tissue repair, and medical implants. Nanocellulose materials for wound healing and periodontal tissue recovery have become commercially available, demonstrating the great potential of nanocellulose as a new generation of biomaterials.

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Ryu, Ji Hyun, Gyeong Jin Lee, Yu-Ru V. Shih, Tae-il Kim, and Shyni Varghese. "Phenylboronic Acid-polymers for Biomedical Applications." Current Medicinal Chemistry 26, no. 37 (December 17, 2019): 6797–816. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/0929867325666181008144436.

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Background: Phenylboronic acid-polymers (PBA-polymers) have attracted tremendous attention as potential stimuli-responsive materials with applications in drug-delivery depots, scaffolds for tissue engineering, HIV barriers, and biomolecule-detecting/sensing platforms. The unique aspect of PBA-polymers is their interactions with diols, which result in reversible, covalent bond formation. This very nature of reversible bonding between boronic acids and diols has been fundamental to their applications in the biomedical area. Methods: We have searched peer-reviewed articles including reviews from Scopus, PubMed, and Google Scholar with a focus on the 1) chemistry of PBA, 2) synthesis of PBA-polymers, and 3) their biomedical applications. Results: We have summarized approximately 179 papers in this review. Most of the applications described in this review are focused on the unique ability of PBA molecules to interact with diol molecules and the dynamic nature of the resulting boronate esters. The strong sensitivity of boronate ester groups towards the surrounding pH also makes these molecules stimuli-responsive. In addition, we also discuss how the re-arrangement of the dynamic boronate ester bonds renders PBA-based materials with other unique features such as self-healing and shear thinning. Conclusion: The presence of PBA in the polymer chain can render it with diverse functions/ relativities without changing their intrinsic properties. In this review, we discuss the development of PBA polymers with diverse functions and their biomedical applications with a specific focus on the dynamic nature of boronate ester groups.

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Ikada, Y. "7th Taniguchi Conference on Polymer Chemistry Tissue Engineering with the Use of Biomedical Polymers: Introduction." Tissue Engineering 2, no. 4 (December 1996): 239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1089/ten.1996.2.239.

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Yu, Zhuonan, and Kuo-Kang Liu. "Soft Polymer-Based Technique for Cellular Force Sensing." Polymers 13, no. 16 (August 10, 2021): 2672. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13162672.

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Soft polymers have emerged as a vital type of material adopted in biomedical engineering to perform various biomechanical characterisations such as sensing cellular forces. Distinct advantages of these materials used in cellular force sensing include maintaining normal functions of cells, resembling in vivo mechanical characteristics, and adapting to the customised functionality demanded in individual applications. A wide range of techniques has been developed with various designs and fabrication processes for the desired soft polymeric structures, as well as measurement methodologies in sensing cellular forces. This review highlights the merits and demerits of these soft polymer-based techniques for measuring cellular contraction force with emphasis on their quantitativeness and cell-friendliness. Moreover, how the viscoelastic properties of soft polymers influence the force measurement is addressed. More importantly, the future trends and advancements of soft polymer-based techniques, such as new designs and fabrication processes for cellular force sensing, are also addressed in this review.

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Pereira, Sara B., Aureliana Sousa, Marina Santos, Marco Araújo, Filipa Serôdio, Pedro Granja, and Paula Tamagnini. "Strategies to Obtain Designer Polymers Based on Cyanobacterial Extracellular Polymeric Substances (EPS)." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 20, no. 22 (November 14, 2019): 5693. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms20225693.

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Biopolymers derived from polysaccharides are a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative to the synthetic counterparts available in the market. Due to their distinctive properties, the cyanobacterial extracellular polymeric substances (EPS), mainly composed of heteropolysaccharides, emerge as a valid alternative to address several biotechnological and biomedical challenges. Nevertheless, biotechnological/biomedical applications based on cyanobacterial EPS have only recently started to emerge. For the successful exploitation of cyanobacterial EPS, it is important to strategically design the polymers, either by genetic engineering of the producing strains or by chemical modification of the polymers. This requires a better understanding of the EPS biosynthetic pathways and their relationship with central metabolism, as well as to exploit the available polymer functionalization chemistries. Considering all this, we provide an overview of the characteristics and biological activities of cyanobacterial EPS, discuss the challenges and opportunities to improve the amount and/or characteristics of the polymers, and report the most relevant advances on the use of cyanobacterial EPS as scaffolds, coatings, and vehicles for drug delivery.

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Sharma, Shubham, P. Sudhakara, Abdoulhdi A. Borhana Omran, Jujhar Singh, and R. A. Ilyas. "Recent Trends and Developments in Conducting Polymer Nanocomposites for Multifunctional Applications." Polymers 13, no. 17 (August 28, 2021): 2898. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13172898.

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Electrically-conducting polymers (CPs) were first developed as a revolutionary class of organic compounds that possess optical and electrical properties comparable to that of metals as well as inorganic semiconductors and display the commendable properties correlated with traditional polymers, like the ease of manufacture along with resilience in processing. Polymer nanocomposites are designed and manufactured to ensure excellent promising properties for anti-static (electrically conducting), anti-corrosion, actuators, sensors, shape memory alloys, biomedical, flexible electronics, solar cells, fuel cells, supercapacitors, LEDs, and adhesive applications with desired-appealing and cost-effective, functional surface coatings. The distinctive properties of nanocomposite materials involve significantly improved mechanical characteristics, barrier-properties, weight-reduction, and increased, long-lasting performance in terms of heat, wear, and scratch-resistant. Constraint in availability of power due to continuous depletion in the reservoirs of fossil fuels has affected the performance and functioning of electronic and energy storage appliances. For such reasons, efforts to modify the performance of such appliances are under way through blending design engineering with organic electronics. Unlike conventional inorganic semiconductors, organic electronic materials are developed from conducting polymers (CPs), dyes and charge transfer complexes. However, the conductive polymers are perhaps more bio-compatible rather than conventional metals or semi-conductive materials. Such characteristics make it more fascinating for bio-engineering investigators to conduct research on polymers possessing antistatic properties for various applications. An extensive overview of different techniques of synthesis and the applications of polymer bio-nanocomposites in various fields of sensors, actuators, shape memory polymers, flexible electronics, optical limiting, electrical properties (batteries, solar cells, fuel cells, supercapacitors, LEDs), corrosion-protection and biomedical application are well-summarized from the findings all across the world in more than 150 references, exclusively from the past four years. This paper also presents recent advancements in composites of rare-earth oxides based on conducting polymer composites. Across a variety of biological and medical applications, the fact that numerous tissues were receptive to electric fields and stimuli made CPs more enticing.

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Kuzuya, Masayuki, Shin-ichi Kondo, and Yasushi Sasai. "Addendum - Recent advances in plasma techniques for biomedical and drug engineering." Pure and Applied Chemistry 77, no. 4 (January 1, 2005): 667–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1351/pac200577040667.

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Plasma-induced surface radicals formed on a variety of organic polymers have been studied by electron spin resonance (ESR), making it possible to provide a sound basis for future experimental design of polymer surface processing (i.e., plasma treatment). On the basis of the findings from such studies on the nature of radical formation and radical reactivity, several novel bioapplications in the field of biomedical and drug engineering have been developed. Applications derived from the nature of plasma-induced surface radical formation include the preparation of a reservoir-type drug delivery system (DDS) of sustained and delayed release, and a floating drug delivery system (FDDS) possessing gastric retention capabilities, the combined findings leading to preparation of a novel “patient-tailored DDS” administered under consideration of the fact that the environment (pH and transit time, etc.) in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract varies with each patient. Applications derived from the reactivity of plasma-induced surface radicals include the preparation of composite powders applicable to a matrix-type DDS by making a mechanical application to the surface radical-containing polymer powders with drug powders, plasma-assisted immobilization of oligo-nucleotides (DNA) onto polymer surfaces applicable to constructing a DNA diagnosis system, and basic study of plasma-assisted preparation of a novel functionalized chemo-embolic agent of non-crosslinked hydrogel, vinyl alcohol-sodium acrylate copolymer (PVA-PAANa).

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Sharma, Shubham, P. Sudhakara, Jujhar Singh, R. A. Ilyas, M. R. M. Asyraf, and M. R. Razman. "Critical Review of Biodegradable and Bioactive Polymer Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering and Drug Delivery Applications." Polymers 13, no. 16 (August 6, 2021): 2623. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13162623.

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In the determination of the bioavailability of drugs administered orally, the drugs’ solubility and permeability play a crucial role. For absorption of drug molecules and production of a pharmacological response, solubility is an important parameter that defines the concentration of the drug in systemic circulation. It is a challenging task to improve the oral bioavailability of drugs that have poor water solubility. Most drug molecules are either poorly soluble or insoluble in aqueous environments. Polymer nanocomposites are combinations of two or more different materials that possess unique characteristics and are fused together with sufficient energy in such a manner that the resultant material will have the best properties of both materials. These polymeric materials (biodegradable and other naturally bioactive polymers) are comprised of nanosized particles in a composition of other materials. A systematic search was carried out on Web of Science and SCOPUS using different keywords, and 485 records were found. After the screening and eligibility process, 88 journal articles were found to be eligible, and hence selected to be reviewed and analyzed. Biocompatible and biodegradable materials have emerged in the manufacture of therapeutic and pharmacologic devices, such as impermanent implantation and 3D scaffolds for tissue regeneration and biomedical applications. Substantial effort has been made in the usage of bio-based polymers for potential pharmacologic and biomedical purposes, including targeted deliveries and drug carriers for regulated drug release. These implementations necessitate unique physicochemical and pharmacokinetic, microbiological, metabolic, and degradation characteristics of the materials in order to provide prolific therapeutic treatments. As a result, a broadly diverse spectrum of natural or artificially synthesized polymers capable of enzymatic hydrolysis, hydrolyzing, or enzyme decomposition are being explored for biomedical purposes. This summary examines the contemporary status of biodegradable naturally and synthetically derived polymers for biomedical fields, such as tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, bioengineering, targeted drug discovery and delivery, implantation, and wound repair and healing. This review presents an insight into a number of the commonly used tissue engineering applications, including drug delivery carrier systems, demonstrated in the recent findings. Due to the inherent remarkable properties of biodegradable and bioactive polymers, such as their antimicrobial, antitumor, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer activities, certain materials have gained significant interest in recent years. These systems are also actively being researched to improve therapeutic activity and mitigate adverse consequences. In this article, we also present the main drug delivery systems reported in the literature and the main methods available to impregnate the polymeric scaffolds with drugs, their properties, and their respective benefits for tissue engineering.

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Savina, Irina N., Mohamed Zoughaib, and Abdulla A. Yergeshov. "Design and Assessment of Biodegradable Macroporous Cryogels as Advanced Tissue Engineering and Drug Carrying Materials." Gels 7, no. 3 (June 28, 2021): 79. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/gels7030079.

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Cryogels obtained by the cryotropic gelation process are macroporous hydrogels with a well-developed system of interconnected pores and shape memory. There have been significant recent advancements in our understanding of the cryotropic gelation process, and in the relationship between components, their structure and the application of the cryogels obtained. As cryogels are one of the most promising hydrogel-based biomaterials, and this field has been advancing rapidly, this review focuses on the design of biodegradable cryogels as advanced biomaterials for drug delivery and tissue engineering. The selection of a biodegradable polymer is key to the development of modern biomaterials that mimic the biological environment and the properties of artificial tissue, and are at the same time capable of being safely degraded/metabolized without any side effects. The range of biodegradable polymers utilized for cryogel formation is overviewed, including biopolymers, synthetic polymers, polymer blends, and composites. The paper discusses a cryotropic gelation method as a tool for synthesis of hydrogel materials with large, interconnected pores and mechanical, physical, chemical and biological properties, adapted for targeted biomedical applications. The effect of the composition, cross-linker, freezing conditions, and the nature of the polymer on the morphology, mechanical properties and biodegradation of cryogels is discussed. The biodegradation of cryogels and its dependence on their production and composition is overviewed. Selected representative biomedical applications demonstrate how cryogel-based materials have been used in drug delivery, tissue engineering, regenerative medicine, cancer research, and sensing.

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Mountaki, Stella Afroditi, Maria Kaliva, Konstantinos Loukelis, Maria Chatzinikolaidou, and Maria Vamvakaki. "Responsive Polyesters with Alkene and Carboxylic Acid Side-Groups for Tissue Engineering Applications." Polymers 13, no. 10 (May 18, 2021): 1636. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13101636.

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Main chain polyesters have been extensively used in the biomedical field. Despite their many advantages, including biocompatibility, biodegradability, and others, these materials are rather inert and lack specific functionalities which will endow them with additional biological and responsive properties. In this work, novel pH-responsive main chain polyesters have been prepared by a conventional condensation polymerization of a vinyl functionalized diol with a diacid chloride, followed by a photo-induced thiol-ene click reaction to attach functional carboxylic acid side-groups along the polymer chains. Two different mercaptocarboxylic acids were employed, allowing to vary the alkyl chain length of the polymer pendant groups. Moreover, the degree of modification, and as a result, the carboxylic acid content of the polymers, was easily tuned by varying the irradiation time during the click reaction. Both these parameters, were shown to strongly influence the responsive behavior of the polyesters, which presented adjustable pKα values and water solubilities. Finally, the difunctional polyesters bearing the alkene and carboxylic acid functionalities enabled the preparation of cross-linked polyester films by chemically linking the pendant vinyl bonds on the polymer side groups. The biocompatibility of the cross-linked polymers films was assessed in L929 fibroblast cultures and showed that the cell viability, proliferation, and attachment were greatly promoted on the polyester surface, bearing the shorter alkyl chain length side groups and the higher fraction of carboxylic acid functionalities.

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Criado-Gonzalez, Miryam, Carmen Mijangos, and Rebeca Hernández. "Polyelectrolyte Multilayer Films Based on Natural Polymers: From Fundamentals to Bio-Applications." Polymers 13, no. 14 (July 9, 2021): 2254. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13142254.

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Natural polymers are of great interest in the biomedical field due to their intrinsic properties such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, and non-toxicity. Layer-by-layer (LbL) assembly of natural polymers is a versatile, simple, efficient, reproducible, and flexible bottom-up technique for the development of nanostructured materials in a controlled manner. The multiple morphological and structural advantages of LbL compared to traditional coating methods (i.e., precise control over the thickness and compositions at the nanoscale, simplicity, versatility, suitability, and flexibility to coat surfaces with irregular shapes and sizes), make LbL one of the most useful techniques for building up advanced multilayer polymer structures for application in several fields, e.g., biomedicine, energy, and optics. This review article collects the main advances concerning multilayer assembly of natural polymers employing the most used LbL techniques (i.e., dipping, spray, and spin coating) leading to multilayer polymer structures and the influence of several variables (i.e., pH, molar mass, and method of preparation) in this LbL assembly process. Finally, the employment of these multilayer biopolymer films as platforms for tissue engineering, drug delivery, and thermal therapies will be discussed.

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Mills, Christopher A., Elena Martinez, Abdelhamid Errachid, Elisabeth Engel, Miriam Funes, Christian Moormann, Thorsten Wahlbrink, Gabriel Gomila, Josep Planell, and Josep Samitier. "Nanoembossed Polymer Substrates for Biomedical Surface Interaction Studies." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 7, no. 12 (December 1, 2007): 4588–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2007.18110.

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Biomedical devices are moving towards the incorporation of nanostructures to investigate the interactions of biological species with such topological surfaces found in nature. Good optical transparency and sealing properties, low fabrication cost, fast design realization times, and bio-compatibility make polymers excellent candidates for the production of surfaces containing such nanometric structures. In this work, a method for the production of nanostructures in free-standing sheets of different thermoplastic polymers is presented, with a view to using these substrates in biomedical cell-surface applications where optical microscopy techniques are required. The process conditions for the production of these structures in poly(methyl methacrylate), poly(ethylene naphthalate), poly(lactic acid), poly(styrene), and poly(ethyl ether ketone) are given. The fabrication method used is based on a modified nanoimprint lithography (NIL) technique using silicon based moulds, fabricated via reactive ion etching or focused ion beam lithography, to emboss nanostructures into the surface of the biologically compatible thermoplastic polymers. The method presented here is designed to faithfully replicate the nanostructures in the mould while maximising the mould lifetime. Examples of polymer replicas with nanostructures of different topographies are presented in poly(methyl methacrylate), including nanostructures for use in cell-surface interactions and nanostructure-containing microfluidic devices.

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Tanzli, Ewin, and Andrea Ehrmann. "Electrospun Nanofibrous Membranes for Tissue Engineering and Cell Growth." Applied Sciences 11, no. 15 (July 28, 2021): 6929. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11156929.

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In biotechnology, the field of cell cultivation is highly relevant. Cultivated cells can be used, for example, for the development of biopharmaceuticals and in tissue engineering. Commonly, mammalian cells are grown in bioreactors, T-flasks, well plates, etc., without a specific substrate. Nanofibrous mats, however, have been reported to promote cell growth, adhesion, and proliferation. Here, we give an overview of the different attempts at cultivating mammalian cells on electrospun nanofiber mats for biotechnological and biomedical purposes. Starting with a brief overview of the different electrospinning methods, resulting in random or defined fiber orientations in the nanofiber mats, we describe the typical materials used in cell growth applications in biotechnology and tissue engineering. The influence of using different surface morphologies and polymers or polymer blends on the possible application of such nanofiber mats for tissue engineering and other biotechnological applications is discussed. Polymer blends, in particular, can often be used to reach the required combination of mechanical and biological properties, making such nanofiber mats highly suitable for tissue engineering and other biotechnological or biomedical cell growth applications.

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Ehrmann, Andrea. "Non-Toxic Crosslinking of Electrospun Gelatin Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering and Biomedicine—A Review." Polymers 13, no. 12 (June 15, 2021): 1973. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13121973.

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Electrospinning can be used to prepare nanofiber mats from diverse polymers, polymer blends, or polymers doped with other materials. Amongst this broad range of usable materials, biopolymers play an important role in biotechnological, biomedical, and other applications. However, several of them are water-soluble, necessitating a crosslinking step after electrospinning. While crosslinking with glutaraldehyde or other toxic chemicals is regularly reported in the literature, here, we concentrate on methods applying non-toxic or low-toxic chemicals, and enzymatic as well as physical methods. Making gelatin nanofibers non-water soluble by electrospinning them from a blend with non-water soluble polymers is another method described here. These possibilities are described together with the resulting physical properties, such as swelling behavior, mechanical strength, nanofiber morphology, or cell growth and proliferation on the crosslinked nanofiber mats. For most of these non-toxic crosslinking methods, the degree of crosslinking was found to be lower than for crosslinking with glutaraldehyde and other common toxic chemicals.

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Ren, Jie, Mengqi Yao, Wu Yang, Yan Li, and Jinzhang Gao. "Recent progress in the application of glow-discharge electrolysis plasma." Open Chemistry 12, no. 12 (December 1, 2014): 1213–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/s11532-014-0575-6.

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AbstractNon-equilibrium plasma makes it is possible to modify surface chemistry, synthetize polymer materials, and oxidize some organic compounds completely by generation of energetic and chemically active species in gas or liquid phases. Glow-discharge electrolysis plasma (GDEP) has been intensely studied for applications in chemistry and in material, environmental, and biomedical engineering during the last few years because of the very highly active chemical species produced during the glow-discharge electrolysis (GDE) process. A brief review is already available regarding applications of glow-discharge electrolysis plasma technique in chemistry and environmental science during the past decade. For convenience of discussion, some papers from prior years are also cited. The contents of this review are focused on the degradation of persistent pollutants, surface modification of materials, and preparation of functional polymers.

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Zhu, Congcong, Chi Ninh, and Christopher J. Bettinger. "Photoreconfigurable Polymers for Biomedical Applications: Chemistry and Macromolecular Engineering." Biomacromolecules 15, no. 10 (October 2, 2014): 3474–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/bm500990z.

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Golgovici, Florentina, Liana Anicai, Andreea Florea, and Teodor Visan. "Electrochemical Synthesis of Conducting Polymers Involving Deep Eutectic Solvents." Current Nanoscience 16, no. 4 (August 20, 2020): 478–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1573413715666190206145036.

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Background: Deep eutectic solvents (DESs) represent a new generation of ionic liquids which are widely promoted as “green solvents”. They are gaining widespread application in materials chemistry and electrochemistry. DESs are defined as eutectic mixtures of quaternary ammonium salt with a hydrogen bond donor in certain molar ratios. Their use as solvents for electrochemical synthesis of conducting polymers could influence the polymer properties and reduce their economic cost. Objective: This review presents the most recent results regarding the electropolymerization of common conductive polymers involving choline chloride based ionic liquids. New findings from our laboratory on the electrochemical growth of conductive polymers are also discussed. Methods: The electrochemical polymerization mechanisms during synthesis of polypyrrole (PPy), polyaniline (PANI) and poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) using various formulations of DESs are reviewed, as well as their characteristics, mainly from surface morphology view point. Results: Some general information related to the preparation and characterization of DESs is also presented, followed by an overview of the recent advances in the field of electropolymerization using DESs. Conclusion: Electropolymerization of conducting polymers involving DESs represents an attractive route of synthesis due to their compositional flexibility which makes possible the preparation of unlimited formulations further influencing the polymer morphology and properties. The use of these inexpensive eutectic mixtures has a large potential to contribute to the development of more sustainable technological processes meeting many of the required features characteristic to the green chemistry.

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Vasile, Cornelia, Daniela Pamfil, Elena Stoleru, and Mihaela Baican. "New Developments in Medical Applications of Hybrid Hydrogels Containing Natural Polymers." Molecules 25, no. 7 (March 27, 2020): 1539. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules25071539.

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New trends in biomedical applications of the hybrid polymeric hydrogels, obtained by combining natural polymers with synthetic ones, have been reviewed. Homopolysaccharides, heteropolysaccharides, as well as polypeptides, proteins and nucleic acids, are presented from the point of view of their ability to form hydrogels with synthetic polymers, the preparation procedures for polymeric organic hybrid hydrogels, general physico-chemical properties and main biomedical applications (i.e., tissue engineering, wound dressing, drug delivery, etc.).

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Vienken, J. "Polymers in Nephrology Characteristics and Needs." International Journal of Artificial Organs 25, no. 5 (May 2002): 470–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/039139880202500518.

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Polymers employed as biomaterials in nephrology serve for different applications: they form membranes for dialysis and plasmapheresis, are used as materials for dialyser housings and as a potting mass for capillary membranes, they make up tubing-systems for extracorporeal circuits and – in the form of beads – act as parts of adsorber columns for hemoperfusion or immunoadsorption. However, generally speaking, many polymers have not yet been designed for their final application. To date, many polymers are still taken from the chemist's shelf according to their alleged performance properties or to their sterilisability. When used in medical application, polymers must show a high purity. Uncontrolled leaching of oligomers from the polymer backbone or of additives from or during the manufacturing process must be avoided. Blood and other body fluids are extremely effective in extracting any loosely bound polymers. During long-term application, e.g. in patients suffering from chronic diseases, these effects may lead to an accumulation of these compounds in circulating blood, tissue, or joints. Consequently, polymers should show an excellent biostability and not degrade during their ageing process. The amount of extractable material should be kept low in order to avoid inflammatory reactions. Polymers must have high blood compatibility in terms of minimized cell-and complement activation. Polymers for medical application should at best be able to stand high temperatures in order to survive steam sterilisation. If this is impossible, their release kinetics for residual quantities of sterilizing agents should be fast. Finally, protein adsorption should appear under controlled conditions, otherwise a reduced performance through protein adsorption will take place. Further, the uncontrolled activation of biochemical cascades, such as the coagulation, complement or contact phase cascade, following blood/material contact must be minimized. A final aspect has been recently made responsible for adverse patients reactions, the interaction between polymers and medicinal drugs. This drug/material interaction must be low, at best zero, apart form those situations, where a controlled drug-release is wanted. The chemical variety of polymers for medical application is large. However, all typical requirements cannot be met by one single polymer. Compromises have to be found between properties and application. Polymer selection for application in nephrology has always to be made under the premise of final application.

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Fei Fang, Fei, Hyoung Jin Choi, and Jinsoo Joo. "Conducting Polymer/Clay Nanocomposites and Their Applications." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 4 (April 1, 2008): 1559–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.18224.

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This review aims at reporting on interesting and potential aspects of conducting polymer/clay nanocomposites with regard to their preparation, characteristics and engineering applications. Various conducting polymers such as polyaniline, polypyrrole and copolyaniline are introduced and three different preparation methods of synthesizing conducting polymer/clay nanocomposites are being emphasized. Morphological features, structure characteristics and thermal degradation behavior are explained based on SEM/TEM images, XRD pattern analyses and TGA/DSC graphs, respectively. Attentions are also being paid on conductive/magnetic performances as well as two potential applications in anti-corrosion coating and electrorheological (ER) fluids.

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Ikemoto, Ryoma, Dai Taguchi, Takaaki Manaka, Mitsumasa Iwamoto, Toshiki Yamada, and Akira Otomo. "Evaluation of Thermal Stability of Organic Electro-Optic Device by Using Thermally Stimulated Current." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 16, no. 4 (April 1, 2016): 3378–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2016.12282.

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Thermally stimulated current (TSC) measurement was employed to study the thermal stability of electro-optic (EO) polymers, i.e., guest/host polymer DR1/PMMA and side-chain polymer PMMA-co-DR1. Here the isothermal relaxation test showed that the relaxation time τ (85 °C) of side-chain polymer PMMA-co-DR1 is longer than that of guest/host polymer DR1/PMMA. TSC peaks appeared symmetrically in proportion to the poling electric field Ep, indicating that DR1 molecules make a dominant contribution to dipolar depolarization. Thermal sampling (TS) method showed that the activation energy of the DR1/PMMA is around 1 eV, while that of the PMMA-co-DR1 is distributed > 1 eV. Results suggested that side-chain polymer is preferable to the guest/host polymer in the thermal stability. TSC measurement is helpful as a conventional method for studying the life time of EO polymers in terms of dipolar motion.

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Kim, Youngkyoo, Minjung Shin, and Hwajeong Kim. "Polymer Solar Cells with Ternary Blend Nanolayers." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 12 (December 1, 2008): 6247–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.18378.

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We report polymer solar cells with a polymer blend nanolayer (film) that consists of two electron-donating polymers and one electron-accepting polymer. Regioregular poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) and poly[2-methoxy-5-(3',7'-dimethyloctyloxy)-1,4-phenylenevinylene] (MDMO-PPV) were employed as electron-donating polymers, whilst poly(9,9-dioctylfluorene-co-benzothiadiazole) (F8BT) was used as an electron-accepting polymer. Two kinds of solvent and film thickness were applied to examine their effect on the device characteristics. Results showed that the device performance was better when p-xylene was used as a solvent, whilst thicker blend films exhibited better power conversion efficiency. A nanohole morphology found in the blend film made using chlorobenzene, compared to the blend film made using p-xylene, was assumed to be responsible for the relatively poor device performance in spite of higher absorption in the longer wavelengths. Still low efficiency of present devices was attributed to the existence of charge blocking resistances in the bulk polymer nanolayer.

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Oladapo, Bankole I., S. Abolfazl Zahedi, and Francis T. Omigbodun. "A systematic review of polymer composite in biomedical engineering." European Polymer Journal 154 (July 2021): 110534. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2021.110534.

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Mousavi, Seyyed Mojtaba, Seyyed Alireza Hashemi, Sonia Bahrani, Khadije Yousefi, Gity Behbudi, Aziz Babapoor, Navid Omidifar, Chin Wei Lai, Ahmad Gholami, and Wei-Hung Chiang. "Recent Advancements in Polythiophene-Based Materials and Their Biomedical, Geno Sensor and DNA Detection." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 22, no. 13 (June 25, 2021): 6850. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms22136850.

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In this review, the unique properties of intrinsically conducting polymer (ICP) in biomedical engineering fields are summarized. Polythiophene and its valuable derivatives are known as potent materials that can broadly be applied in biosensors, DNA, and gene delivery applications. Moreover, this material plays a basic role in curing and promoting anti-HIV drugs. Some of the thiophene’s derivatives were chosen for different experiments and investigations to study their behavior and effects while binding with different materials and establishing new compounds. Many methods were considered for electrode coating and the conversion of thiophene to different monomers to improve their functions and to use them for a new generation of novel medical usages. It is believed that polythiophenes and their derivatives can be used in the future as a substitute for many old-fashioned ways of creating chemical biosensors polymeric materials and also drugs with lower side effects yet having a more effective response. It can be noted that syncing biochemistry with biomedical engineering will lead to a new generation of science, especially one that involves high-efficiency polymers. Therefore, since polythiophene can be customized with many derivatives, some of the novel combinations are covered in this review.

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K., Prakash Raj, Kathiresan K., and Pandian P. "A Review on Poly-Lactic-Co-Glycolic Acid as a Unique Carrier for Controlled and Targeted Delivery Drugs." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, no. 27 (July 5, 2021): 2034–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/416.

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In regulated and targeted drug distribution, biodegradable polymers have played a significant portion. Poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) has been an important desirable polymer in tissue engineering to meet a new drug delivery system. PLGAs, show a broad spectrum of erosion cycles and have tuning mechanical characteristics. Poly-lactic-co-glycolic acid (PLGA) has been the most successful polymeric biomaterial for use in controlled drug delivery systems. PLGA has been extensively studied, in particular, in the production of equipment for controlled distribution in industrial and research applications of small molecules, protein, and other macromolecules. PLGA is biocompatible and biodegradable, exhibits a wide range of erosion times, has tunable mechanical properties and most importantly, is a FDA approved polymer. PLGA has many properties such as controlled and sustained release, low cancerinducing, long-standing biomedical applications, biocompatibility with tissues and cells, and prolonged residence time. It is otherwise called as 'Smart Polymer' because improvements are fragile to conduct PLGA that has been widely examined in industrial and academic applications to produce instruments for the target delivery of tiny molecular drugs, proteins, and other large molecules. An introduction about the chemistry, physicochemical properties, manufacturing techniques of the devices, toxicity, and the reason influencing their decrease and release of the drug was given in the present study. Mathematical modelling is a useful tool for identifying, characterizing, and predicting the mechanisms of controlled release. Mathematical modelling applied against the target from PLGA – the devices has been clarified by discussing in the review, by explaining the underlying mathematical models and how this is used. KEY WORDS Biodegradable Polymers, PLGA, Biodegradability, Macromolecules

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Won, Sangho, Daniel J. Phillips, Marc Walker, and Matthew I. Gibson. "Co-operative transitions of responsive-polymer coated gold nanoparticles; precision tuning and direct evidence for co-operative aggregation." Journal of Materials Chemistry B 4, no. 34 (2016): 5673–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6tb01336h.

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Granick, Steve. "Polymer Surface Dynamics." MRS Bulletin 21, no. 1 (January 1996): 33–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1557/s0883769400035120.

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A major surge of activity is underway to understand the dynamics of polymer chains at interfaces. This stands in contrast to the situation a generation ago when much of polymer-materials research revolved around understanding dynamics in the bulk (isotropic) state. Building in part on earlier studies that had been somewhat neglected, striking new findings have been obtained. The new methods and equipment include surface-specific spectroscopies; advanced, in situ time-resolved methods to determine surface structure and composition; and the surface-forces apparatus for measuring adhesion and interfacial rheology. Also, older methods (such as contact angle) have been revitalizated and applied to new problems. Theoretical calculations and molecular-dynamics simulations are also emerging.Appreciation is growing that scientific understanding is possible of these systems that are so complex and, often, so far from equilibrium. Polymer surfaces are becoming recognized as an area with many opportunities to do exciting and useful surface science, particularly regarding kinetics, diffusion, surface chemistry, and other rate-dependent processes.The engineering significance is that while polymers and plastics-based applications are rooted in our economic life, too often the technologies and formulations are empirically derived. One tends to take plastics and their communication with adjoining materials for granted. A molecular understanding is needed so that better design can emerge by rational extension.During the course of these new activities, the community of polymer science has rubbed shoulders with and has thereby become increasingly integrated with other disciplines-colloid science, surface science, biomedical science, and microelectronics, to cite a few examples. When dealing with interfaces, one's parochial materials interests quickly become generalized.

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Nathanael, Arputharaj Joseph, and Tae Hwan Oh. "Encapsulation of Calcium Phosphates on Electrospun Nanofibers for Tissue Engineering Applications." Crystals 11, no. 2 (February 18, 2021): 199. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cryst11020199.

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In the field of tissue engineering, electrospinning is a versatile technique that provides nanofibers with structure similar to that of the extracellular matrix owing to their flexible functionalization. Considerable developments in electrospinning have been made to produce engineered electrospun nanofibers for different biomedical applications. Various biopolymers possess good biocompatibility and biodegradability and are nontoxic in nature. Modification of these biopolymers can enhance or elicit certain properties. One technique of modification is the incorporation of certain inorganic ions or components that can enhance its specific functional characteristics such as mineralization, osseointegration, and bioactivity. Incidentally, calcium phosphate (CaP) materials have proven to be suitable and versatile for biopolymer incorporation and exploration because of their inherent bioactivity and being key mineral constituents of bone and teeth. The addition of CaP materials to polymers enhances cell infiltration, differentiation, and biomineralization. We aim to provide a broad overview of CaP material (particularly hydroxyapatite (HA))-incorporated electrospun nanocomposite fibers and their possible applications in tissue engineering. Some key polymer/HA composites were discussed in detail, and a brief discussion on other polymer/HA composites was also provided. Finally, we discussed the future perspectives of this interesting and emerging composite material fabricated via electrospinning.

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Gobi, Ravichandran, Palanisamy Ravichandiran, Ravi Shanker Babu, and Dong Jin Yoo. "Biopolymer and Synthetic Polymer-Based Nanocomposites in Wound Dressing Applications: A Review." Polymers 13, no. 12 (June 13, 2021): 1962. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13121962.

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Biopolymers are materials obtained from a natural origin, such as plants, animals, microorganisms, or other living beings; they are flexible, elastic, or fibrous materials. Polysaccharides and proteins are some of the natural polymers that are widely used in wound dressing applications. In this review paper, we will provide an overview of biopolymers and synthetic polymer-based nanocomposites, which have promising applications in the biomedical research field, such as wound dressings, wound healing, tissue engineering, drug delivery, and medical implants. Since these polymers have intrinsic biocompatibility, low immunogenicity, non-toxicity, and biodegradable properties, they can be used for various clinical applications. The significant advancements in materials research, drug development, nanotechnology, and biotechnology have laid the foundation for changing the biopolymeric structural and functional properties. The properties of biopolymer and synthetic polymers were modified by blending them with nanoparticles, so that these materials can be used as a wound dressing application. Recent wound care issues, such as tissue repairs, scarless healing, and lost tissue integrity, can be treated with blended polymers. Currently, researchers are focusing on metal/metal oxide nanomaterials such as zinc oxide (ZnO), cerium oxide (CeO2), silver (Ag), titanium oxide (TiO2), iron oxide (Fe2O3), and other materials (graphene and carbon nanotubes (CNT)). These materials have good antimicrobial properties, as well as action as antibacterial agents. Due to the highly antimicrobial properties of the metal/metal oxide materials, they can be used for wound dressing applications.

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Swierczynski, Michael J., and Zachary T. Ball. "One-Step Protein–Polymer Conjugates from Boronic-Acid-Functionalized Polymers." Bioconjugate Chemistry 31, no. 11 (October 20, 2020): 2494–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/acs.bioconjchem.0c00516.

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NAKANO, YOSHIO, YOSHIMI SEIDA, and YOJI ABE. "Biomedical Engineering. Release Property of Swelling Controlled Polymer System." KAGAKU KOGAKU RONBUNSHU 24, no. 2 (1998): 222–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/kakoronbunshu.24.222.

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36

Peng, Yuankun, Tongkui Yue, Sai Li, Ke Gao, Yachen Wang, Ziwei Li, Xin Ye, Liqun Zhang, and Jun Liu. "Rheological and structural properties of associated polymer networks studied via non-equilibrium molecular dynamics simulation." Molecular Systems Design & Engineering 6, no. 6 (2021): 461–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/d1me00017a.

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The physical polymer network formed by molecular association via non-covalent interactions between end groups alters a great many rheological properties of polymers and produces some fascinating rheological phenomena.

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37

Ahmad, Mazatusziha, Mat Uzir Wahit, Mohammed Rafiq Abdul Kadir, Khairul Zaman Mohd Dahlan, and Mohammad Jawaid. "Thermal and mechanical properties of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene/high-density polyethylene/polyethylene glycol blends." Journal of Polymer Engineering 33, no. 7 (October 1, 2013): 599–614. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/polyeng-2012-0142.

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Abstract Blends of ultrahigh molecular weight polyethylene (UHMWPE) with high-density polyethylene (HDPE) provide adequate mechanical properties for biomedical application. In this study, the mechanical and thermal properties of UHMWPE/HDPE blends with the addition of polyethylene glycol (PEG) prepared via single-screw extruder nanomixer were investigated. The UHMWPE/HDPE blends exhibit a gradual increase in strength, modulus, and impact strength over pure polymers, suggesting synergism in the polymer blends. The elastic and flexural modulus was increased at the expense of tensile, flexural, and impact strength for the blends containing PEG. The degradation temperature of UHMWPE was improved with the incorporation of HDPE due to good thermal stability of HDPE. HDPE improved the dispersibility of PEG in matrix, consequently reduced the surface area available for the kinetic effects, and reduced the degradation temperature. The morphology analysis confirmed the miscibility between UHMWPE and HDPE and the changes in polymer structure with the presence of PEG modify the thermal behavior of the blends. The mechanical properties of the blends that are underlying values for the design of implant material show the potential used as biomedical devices.

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Kalirajan, Cheirmadurai, Amey Dukle, Arputharaj Joseph Nathanael, Tae-Hwan Oh, and Geetha Manivasagam. "A Critical Review on Polymeric Biomaterials for Biomedical Applications." Polymers 13, no. 17 (September 6, 2021): 3015. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13173015.

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Natural and synthetic polymers have been explored for many years in the field of tissue engineering and regeneration. Researchers have developed many new strategies to design successful advanced polymeric biomaterials. In this review, we summarized the recent notable advancements in the preparation of smart polymeric biomaterials with self-healing and shape memory properties. We also discussed novel approaches used to develop different forms of polymeric biomaterials such as films, hydrogels and 3D printable biomaterials. In each part, the applications of the biomaterials in soft and hard tissue engineering with their in vitro and in vivo effects are underlined. The future direction of the polymeric biomaterials that could pave a path towards successful clinical implications is also underlined in this review.

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Sun, Hui, Yin Wang, and Jiahui Song. "Polymer Vesicles for Antimicrobial Applications." Polymers 13, no. 17 (August 28, 2021): 2903. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13172903.

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Polymer vesicles, hollow nanostructures with hydrophilic cavity and hydrophobic membrane, have shown significant potentials in biomedical applications including drug delivery, gene therapy, cancer theranostics, and so forth, due to their unique cell membrane-like structure. Incorporation with antibacterial active components like antimicrobial peptides, etc., polymer vesicles exhibited enhanced antimicrobial activity, extended circulation time, and reduced cell toxicity. Furthermore, antibacterial, and anticancer can be achieved simultaneously, opening a new avenue of the antimicrobial applications of polymer vesicles. This review seeks to highlight the state-of-the-art of antimicrobial polymer vesicles, including the design strategies and potential applications in the field of antibacterial. The structural features of polymer vesicles, preparation methods, and the combination principles with antimicrobial active components, as well as the advantages of antimicrobial polymer vesicles, will be discussed. Then, the diverse applications of antimicrobial polymer vesicles such as wide spectrum antibacterial, anti-biofilm, wound healing, and tissue engineering associated with their structure features are presented. Finally, future perspectives of polymer vesicles in the field of antibacterial is also proposed.

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Taşdemir, Muharrem, Fatih Şenaslan, and Ayhan Çelik. "Investigation of corrosion and thermal behavior of PU–PDMS-coated AISI 316L." e-Polymers 21, no. 1 (January 1, 2021): 355–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/epoly-2021-0035.

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Abstract Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) is widely used from biomedical to industrial applications due to its nontoxic, hydrophobic, and transparent characteristics. PDMS has good thermal and adhesion properties; however, its mechanical properties are comparatively weak. Therefore, PDMS is blended with various polymers to effectively improve its mechanical properties. In this study, polyurethane (PU)–polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) blended coatings of different concentrations were applied on the AISI 316L stainless steel surface. Their effects on corrosion and tribocorrosion properties were investigated in Ringer’s solutions. The blended polymer coatings were characterized using Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). The thermal properties of samples were examined by TGA and DSC. The surface images and cross-sectional were investigated using scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Tribocorrosion tests were carried out at open circuit potential (OCP). It was determined that hydrophobicity and thermal stability of polymer coating increased, while corrosion resistance slightly decreased with the increasing PDMS concentration in the polymer blended. The friction coefficient of blends decreased as the PU concentration increased. As a result, it was determined that the polymer-coated samples containing up to 50% PDMS prevented corrosive wear under the OCP wear test in Ringer’s solutions.

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41

Hinchliffe, Jonathan David, Alakananda Parassini Madappura, Syed Mohammad Daniel Syed Mohamed, and Ipsita Roy. "Biomedical Applications of Bacteria-Derived Polymers." Polymers 13, no. 7 (March 29, 2021): 1081. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13071081.

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Plastics have found widespread use in the fields of cosmetic, engineering, and medical sciences due to their wide-ranging mechanical and physical properties, as well as suitability in biomedical applications. However, in the light of the environmental cost of further upscaling current methods of synthesizing many plastics, work has recently focused on the manufacture of these polymers using biological methods (often bacterial fermentation), which brings with them the advantages of both low temperature synthesis and a reduced reliance on potentially toxic and non-eco-friendly compounds. This can be seen as a boon in the biomaterials industry, where there is a need for highly bespoke, biocompatible, processable polymers with unique biological properties, for the regeneration and replacement of a large number of tissue types, following disease. However, barriers still remain to the mass-production of some of these polymers, necessitating new research. This review attempts a critical analysis of the contemporary literature concerning the use of a number of bacteria-derived polymers in the context of biomedical applications, including the biosynthetic pathways and organisms involved, as well as the challenges surrounding their mass production. This review will also consider the unique properties of these bacteria-derived polymers, contributing to bioactivity, including antibacterial properties, oxygen permittivity, and properties pertaining to cell adhesion, proliferation, and differentiation. Finally, the review will select notable examples in literature to indicate future directions, should the aforementioned barriers be addressed, as well as improvements to current bacterial fermentation methods that could help to address these barriers.

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42

Jin, Lei, Md Mahabubur Rahman, Faiz Ahmed, Taewook Ryu, Sujin Yoon, Wei Zhang, Daeho Kim, and Hohyoun Jang. "Highly Proton Conductive Sulfonyl Imide Based Polymer Blended from Poly(arylene ether sulfone) and Parmax-1200 for Fuel Cells." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 21, no. 3 (March 1, 2021): 1845–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2021.18932.

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Thermally and chemically stable, sulfonyl imide-based polymer blends have been prepared from sulfonimide poly(arylene ether sulfone) (SI-PAES) and sulfonimide Parmax-1200 (SI-Parmax-1200) using the solvent casting method. Initially, sulfonimide poly(arylene ether sulfone) (SI-PAES) polymers have typically been synthesized via direct polymerization of bis(4-chlorophenyl) sulfonyl imide (SI-DCDPS) and bis(4-fluorophenyl) sulfone (DFDPS) with bisphenol A (BPA). Subsequently, SI-Parmax-1200 has been synthesized via post-modification of the existing Parmax-1200 polymer followed by sulfonation and imidization. The SI-PAES/SI-Parmax-1200 blend membranes show high ion exchange capacity ranging from 1.65 to 1.97 meq/g, water uptake ranging from 22.8 to 65.4% and proton conductivity from 25.9 to 78.5 mS/cm. Markedly, the SI-PAES-40/SI-Parmax-1200 membrane (blended-40) exhibits the highest proton conductivity (78.5 mS/cm), which is almost similar to Nafion 117® (84.73 mS/cm). The thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) and Fenton's test confirm the excellent thermal and chemical stability of the synthetic polymer blends. Furthermore, the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) study shows a distinct phase separation at the hydrophobic/hydrophilic segments, which facilitate proton conduction throughout the ionic channel of the blend polymers. Therefore, the synthetic polymer blends represent an alternative to Nafion 117® as proton exchangers for fuel cells.

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Jagur-Grodzinski, Joseph. "Biomedical application of functional polymers." Reactive and Functional Polymers 39, no. 2 (February 1999): 99–138. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1381-5148(98)00054-6.

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44

UCHIDA, KATSUMI, MASAHIRO WAKI, KIYOTAKA SAKAI, CHISATO NOJIRI, TAKAYUKI KIDO, TOMOKO SUGIYAMA, KAZUHIKO ISHIHARA, and NOBUO NAKABAYASHI. "Biomedical Engineering. Relationship between Blood Compatibility and Nonthrombogenic Polymer Surfaces." KAGAKU KOGAKU RONBUNSHU 24, no. 2 (1998): 217–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.1252/kakoronbunshu.24.217.

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45

Kelly, Fern M., James H. Johnston, Thomas Borrmann, and Michael J. Richardson. "Functionalised Hybrid Materials of Conducting Polymers with Individual Wool Fibers." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 4 (April 1, 2008): 1965–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.18262.

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Composites of natural protein materials, such as merino wool, with the conducting polymers polypyrrole (PPy) and polyaniline (PAn) have been successfully synthesised. In doing so, hybrid materials have been produced in which the mechanical strength and flexibility of the fibers is retained whilst also incorporating the desired chemical and electrical properties of the polymer. Scanning electron microscopy shows PPy coatings to comprise individual polymer spheres, approximately 100 to 150 nm in diameter. The average size of the polymer spheres of PAn was observed to be approximately 50 to 100 nm in diameter. These spheres fuse together in a continuous sheet to coat the fibers in their entirety. The reduction of silver ions to silver metal nanoparticles onto the redox active polymer surface has also been successful and thus imparts anti-microbial properties to the hybrid materials. This gives rise to further applications requiring the inhibition of microbial growth. The chemical and physical characterisation of such products has been undertaken through scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), electrical conductivity, cyclic voltammetry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and the testing of their anti-microbial activity.

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Simpson, Joshua D., Gayathri R. Ediriweera, Christopher B. Howard, Nicholas L. Fletcher, Craig A. Bell, and Kristofer J. Thurecht. "Polymer design and component selection contribute to uptake, distribution & trafficking behaviours of polyethylene glycol hyperbranched polymers in live MDA-MB-468 breast cancer cells." Biomaterials Science 7, no. 11 (2019): 4661–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c9bm00957d.

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Sikkema, Rebecca, Blanca Keohan, and Igor Zhitomirsky. "Alginic Acid Polymer-Hydroxyapatite Composites for Bone Tissue Engineering." Polymers 13, no. 18 (September 11, 2021): 3070. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/polym13183070.

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Natural bone is a composite organic-inorganic material, containing hydroxyapatite (HAP) as an inorganic phase. In this review, applications of natural alginic acid (ALGH) polymer for the fabrication of composites containing HAP are described. ALGH is used as a biocompatible structure directing, capping and dispersing agent for the synthesis of HAP. Many advanced techniques for the fabrication of ALGH-HAP composites are attributed to the ability of ALGH to promote biomineralization. Gel-forming and film-forming properties of ALGH are key factors for the development of colloidal manufacturing techniques. Electrochemical fabrication techniques are based on strong ALGH adsorption on HAP, pH-dependent charge and solubility of ALGH. Functional properties of advanced composite ALGH-HAP films and coatings, scaffolds, biocements, gels and beads are described. The composites are loaded with other functional materials, such as antimicrobial agents, drugs, proteins and enzymes. Moreover, the composites provided a platform for their loading with cells for the fabrication of composites with enhanced properties for various biomedical applications. This review summarizes manufacturing strategies, mechanisms and outlines future trends in the development of functional biocomposites.

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Bhowmik, Rahul, Kalpana S. Katti, and Dinesh R. Katti. "Influence of Mineral on the Load Deformation Behavior of Polymer in Hydroxyapatite-Polyacrylic Acid Nanocomposite Biomaterials: A Steered Molecular Dynamics Study." Journal of Nanoscience and Nanotechnology 8, no. 4 (April 1, 2008): 2075–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1166/jnn.2008.18267.

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Composites of hydroxyapatite and polymers are widely studied for bone replacement. To perform satisfactorily in the human body, these composites need to be biocompatible and exhibit optimum mechanical properties. The load-deformation behavior of composites is often investigated using experimental techniques. However, the molecular mechanisms of load deformation behavior are not clearly understood. We have used Steered Molecular Dynamics to evaluate the load-deformation behavior at interfaces in polyacrylic acid-hydroxyapatite (HAP) composite models. The polymer is pulled at constant velocity in close proximity of HAP. On comparing the results obtained for deformation behavior of polymer in vicinity of mineral and in the absence of mineral, it was found that energy required to pull the polymer in close proximity of HAP is significantly higher. Also, structural details of the load transfer mechanisms in composite were investigated under both conditions. Our simulations indicate that there is a significant role of mineral-polymer interactions on the mechanical response of polymer.

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Ward, Ian Macmillan. "Recent developments in oriented polymers for biomedical and engineering applications." Macromolecular Symposia 195, no. 1 (July 2003): 293–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/masy.200390137.

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Mallinson, David, Polyxeni Alexiou, Alexander B. Mullen, Maria Pelecanou, Marina Sagnou, and Dimitrios A. Lamprou. "Isatin thiosemicarbazone-blended polymer films for biomedical applications: surface morphology, characterisation and preliminary biological assessment." RSC Advances 6, no. 30 (2016): 24939–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1039/c6ra01224h.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Chemistry, Polymer. Engineering, Biomedical. Polymers'

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