Journal articles on the topic 'Cheng xu bao'

Abstract Backgrounds: Since human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2)-positive breast cancers may have different HER2/CEP17 ratios and HER2 copy numbers, outcomes of HER2-positive breast cancer patients treated with anti-HER2 neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NACT) may be different. The aim of this study is to explore the relationship between different groups of HER2 fluorescence in situ hybridization (FISH) positive patterns and response to anti-HER2 NACT. Methods: 513 HER2-positive invasive breast cancers who received anti-HER2 NACT in Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, during January 2015 to September 2020, were collected. According to FISH results, 513 patients were divided into three groups. Group A: HER2/CEP17 < 2.0 and HER2 average copy number ≥6.0; Group B: HER2/CEP17≥2.0 and HER2 average copy number ≥4.0 and < 6.0; Group C: HER2/CEP17≥2.0 and HER2 average copy number ≥6.0. Clinicopathological characteristics and pathological complete response(pCR) rates of three groups were analyzed. Results: All 513 patients were treated with anti-HER2 NACT. The anti-HER2 treatment included trastuzumab in 463 (90.3%) patients, trastuzumab plus pertuzumab in 21 (4.1%) patients, trastuzumab plus lapatinib in 3 (0.6%) patients, and trastuzumab plus pyrotinib in 1 (0.2%) patient. 25 (4.9%) cases were unblinded in clinical trials, who were treated either with trastuzumab plus pertuzumab or with trastuzumab plus pyrotinib. Among 513 patients, 237 cases (46.2%)were luminal B (hormone receptor positive and HER2 positive) and 276 cases (53.8%) were hormone receptor negative and HER2 overexpressed (HER2 overexpression type). According to IHC results, cases with HER2 1+,2+ and 3+ were 8 (1.6%), 123 (24.0%) and 382(74.5%), respectively. Among them, 0.0%, 25.2%, and 48.7% achieved pCR (p<0.001). The pCR rate of HER2 overexpression type was higher than that of luminal B type (54.0% vs 28.7%, P<0.001). Lymph nodes with metastasis after NACT in luminal B type was higher than that of HER2 overexpression type (43.0% vs 21.4%, P<0.001). According to HER2-FISH results, 11 cases (2.1%) were group A, 28 cases (5.5%) were group B and 474 cases (92.4%) were group C. Compared with the pCR rate of group A (36.4%) and group C (44.5%), the pCR rate in group B (7.1%) was significantly lower (p<0.001). Conclusions: Among HER2-positive breast cancers, HER2 protein expression level was positively correlated with pCR rate. Luminal B(HER2+)patients benefited less from anti-HER2 NACT than HER2 overexpression patients. Although all were invasive breast cancers with positive HER2-FISH results, patients with HER2/CEP17≥2.0 and HER2 copy number ≥4.0 and <6.0 seemed to respond less favorably to anti-HER2 NACT compared with other groups. The biological characteristics of this group of patients are worthy of further study. Citation Format: Hong Lv, Qian-Ming Bai, Yin Liu, Zhong-Hua Wang, Ruo-Hong Shui, Hong-Fen Lu, Xiao-Li Xu, Bao-Hua Yu, Xiao-Yu Tu, Rui Bi, Yu-Fan Cheng, Xiao-Yan Zhou, Zhi-Min Shao, Wen-Tao Yang. Response to anti-HER2 neoadjuvant chemotherapy in invasive breast cancers with different HER2 FISH-positive patterns [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr P2-13-11.

Abstract Introduction: Bladder cancer (BC) is the most frequent urinary system cancer in the US. Neoadjuvant chemotherapy before cystectomy for muscle-invasive BC is standard management, though the absolute survival benefit is small, with many patients progressing during chemotherapy. Identifying therapies with a high probability of specific activity against each patient’s tumor remains a critical need. Methods: Following informed consent, from patients undergoing a transurethral resection of bladder tumor or cystectomy, 1+ gram of tumor was procured and divided between DNA/RNA sequencing, organoid drug-screening, and single-cell sequencing of cells surviving chemotherapy. Tissue was dissociated, filtered, and resuspended in organoid media for minimal passaging and drug screening. Drugs were tested at the maximum plasma concentration (Cmax) in human trials, so to provide physiologic relevance. When material was sufficient, cells were additionally tested using dose response. Cmax screening results were normalized to control such that a value of “100” indicated no difference in organoid viability compared to control, and a value of 0 indicated complete response. The number of drugs screened was dependent upon tissue available, with up to 34 drugs screened at Cmax and 9 drugs screened in dose response format. Results: Thus far, >100 patient-derived organoids have undergone collection and development with ~ 2/3 samples collected resulting in organoid development and drug screening. RNA sequencing and GSEA enriched pathways across organoids was compared to other published datasets, noting high levels of correlation between our organoid models and in particular, the Cancer Cell Line Encyclopedia urethral lines. Moreover, analysis of subtype and mutation/copy number data further indicate that our organoid dataset is representative of the full spectrum of disease. RNA sequencing and subtyping of cultured organoids compared to patient tissue indicate that organoid models are representative of patient tissue and do not undergo subtype shifts in our short-term 3D cultures. Our drug screening results highlight the large spectrum of response to chemotherapies that in fact, clinically benefit only a small proportion of patients in the neoadjuvant setting. Crucially, we identify promising targeted therapies to consider for patients who progress following resection and adjuvant chemotherapy. Conclusions: Rapid organoid development, characterization, and drug screening allows for the prediction of therapeutic response in ~10 days following sample collection. Use of this technique on tissue provided during disease work-up may further guide selection of effective therapeutic agents in patients with bladder cancer. This would overall minimize the morbidity of standard of care therapies and could be used to identify alternative therapeutics for patients who progress on standard therapies. Citation Format: Nathan M. Merrill, Liwei Bao, Xu Cheng, Nathalie Vandecan, Zhaoping Qin, Albert Liu, Athena Apfel, Laura Goo, Lila Tudrick, Armand Bankhead III, Phil Palmbos, Samuel Kaffenberger, Khaled Hafez, Jeffrey Montgomery, Todd Morgan, Ajjai Alva, Aaron Udager, Matthew Soellner, Sofia Merajver. Functional assays of drug sensitivity in real-time from patient material for precision oncology in bladder cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 3072.

Mưa cực đoan thường xuyên xuất hiện ở Việt Nam gây rất nhiều thiệt hại về con người và kinh tế, xã hội. Cùng với xu thế ấm lên của trái đất, mưa cực đoan cũng có xu thế xuất hiện với cường độ nhiều hơn, gây hậu quả nghiêm trọng hơn. Nghiên cứu xu thế biến đổi của mưa lớn đặt ra là một vấn đề có ý nghĩa thực tiễn và khoa học cao. Tuy nhiên, các nghiên cứu về xu thế mưa lớn chủ yếu dựa trên phương pháp phân tích xu thế tuyến tính hoặc phương pháp phi tham số Sen. Các phương pháp này dựa trên giả thiết chuỗi số liệu mưa là dừng (stationary), trong khi trên thực tế chuỗi số liệu mưa là phi tuyến tính, do đó không đưa ra được kết quả chính xác về xu thế biến đổi của mưa. Nghiên cứu này hướng tới phân tích xu thế biến đổi của số ngày mưa cực đoan trên khu vực Việt Nam sử dụng 3 phép phân tích khác nhau, bao gồm phân tích xu thế tuyến tính, xu thế Sen và phương pháp phân tích phổ. Kết quả cho thấy, việc áp dụng phương pháp phân tích phổ giúp đánh giá chính xác hơn về xu thế biến đổi mưa cực đoan trên khu vực Việt Nam. Nhìn chung, số ngày mưa lớn có xu thế tăng ở Tây Bắc, Đông Bắc, Bắc Trung Bộ, Nam Trung Bộ và Tây Nguyên trong khi xu thế giảm của số ngày mưa lớn ghi nhận tại Đồng bằng Sông Hồng và Nam Bộ. Tuy nhiên, xu thế tăng giảm của mưa là khác nhau trong từng giai đoạn đối với mỗi vùng khí hậu.

Nghiên cứu này phân tích mức độ ý định nghỉ việc của giảng viên các trường đại học ở Việt Nam. Mục tiêu chủ yếu nhằm phân tích tác động của các yếu tố bao gồm yếu tố áp lực công việc, hài lòng công việc và cam kết tổ chức đến ý định nghỉ việc của giảng viên. Kết quả nghiên cứu từ một mẫu khảo sát 242 giảng viên cho thấy giảng viên từ các trường công lập có xu hướng ít hài lòng hơn với công việc, cam kết tổ chức cao hơn, áp lực công việc thấp hơn so với nhóm giảng viên từ các trường tư thục. Kết quả của nghiên cứu này tạo nền tảng lý luận và thực tiễn cho việc tham khảo chính sách, lý thuyết trong bối cảnh chảy máu chất xám từ khu vực giảng dạy đại học sang các khu vực kinh tế khác có xu hướng trầm trọng, ảnh hưởng đến sự phát triển chung của ngành giáo dục và đào tạo.

In recent years, many attempts have been made to improve the sensory properties of SnO2, including design of sensors based on one-dimensional nanostructures of this material, such as nanofibers, nanotubes or nanowires. One of the simpler methods of producing one-dimensional tin oxide nanomaterials is to combine the electrospinning method with a sol-gel process. The purpose of this work was to produce SnO2 nanowires using a hybrid electrospinning method combined with a heat treatment process at the temperature of 600 °C and to analyze the morphology and structure of the one-dimensional nanomaterial produced in this way. Analysis of the morphology of composite one-dimensional tin oxide nanostructures showed that smooth, homogeneous and crystalline nanowires were obtained. Full Text: PDF ReferencesN. Dharmaraj, C.H. Kim, K.W. Kim, H.Y. Kim, E.K. Suh, "Spectral studies of SnO2 nanofibres prepared by electrospinning method", Spectrochim. Acta - Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 64, (2006) CrossRef N. Gao, H.Y. Li, W. Zhang, Y. Zhang, Y. Zeng, H. Zhixiang, ... & H. Liu, "QCM-based humidity sensor and sensing properties employing colloidal SnO2 nanowires", Sens. Actuators B Chem. 293, (2019), 129-135. CrossRef W. Ge, Y. Chang, V. Natarajan, Z. Feng, J. Zhan, X. Ma, "In2O3-SnO2 hybrid porous nanostructures delivering enhanced formaldehyde sensing performance", J.Alloys and Comp. 746, (2018) CrossRef M. Zhang, Y. Zhen, F. Sun, C. Xu, "Hydrothermally synthesized SnO2-graphene composites for H2 sensing at low operating temperature", Mater. Sci. Eng. B. 209, (2016), 37-44. CrossRef Y. Zhang, X. He, J. Li, Z. Miao, F. Huang, "Fabrication and ethanol-sensing properties of micro gas sensor based on electrospun SnO2 nanofibers", Sens. Actuators B Chem. 132, (2008), 67-73. CrossRef W.Q. Li, S.Y. Ma, J. Luo, Y.Z. Mao, L. Cheng, D.J. Gengzang, X.L. Xu, S H. Yan, "Synthesis of hollow SnO2 nanobelts and their application in acetone sensor", Mater. Lett. 132, (2014), 338-341. CrossRef E. Mudra, I. Shepa, O. Milkovic, Z. Dankova, A. Kovalcikova, A. Annusova, E. Majkova, J. Dusza, "Effect of iron doping on the properties of SnO2 nano/microfibers", Appl. Surf. Sci. 480, (2019), 876-881. CrossRef P. Mohanapriya, H. Segawa, K. Watanabe, K. Watanabe, S. Samitsu, T.S. Natarajan, N.V. Jaya, N. Ohashi, "Enhanced ethanol-gas sensing performance of Ce-doped SnO2 hollow nanofibers prepared by electrospinning", Sens. Actuators B Chem. 188, (2013), 872-878. CrossRef W.Q. Li, S.Y. Ma, Y.F. Li, X.B. Li, C.Y. Wang, X.H. Yang, L. Cheng, Y.Z. Mao, J. Luo, D.J. Gengzang, G.X. Wan, X.L. Xu, "Preparation of Pr-doped SnO2 hollow nanofibers by electrospinning method and their gas sensing properties", J.Alloys and Comp. 605, (2014), 80-88. CrossRef X.H. Xu, S.Y. Ma, X.L. Xu, T. Han, S.T. Pei, Y. Tie, P.F. Cao, W.W. Liu, B.J. Wang, R. Zhang, J.L. Zhang, "Ultra-sensitive glycol sensing performance with rapid-recovery based on heterostructured ZnO-SnO2 hollow nanotube", Mater. Lett, 273, (2020), 127967. CrossRef F. Li, X. Gao, R. Wang, T. Zhang, G. Lu, Sens. "Study on TiO2-SnO2 core-shell heterostructure nanofibers with different work function and its application in gas sensor", Actuators B Chem, 248, (2017), 812-819. CrossRef S. Bai, W. Guo, J. Sun, J. Li, Y. Tian, A. Chen, R. Luo, D. Li, "Synthesis of SnO2–CuO heterojunction using electrospinning and application in detecting of CO", Sens Actuators B Chem, 226, (2016), 96-103. CrossRef H. Du, P.J. Yao, Y. Sun, J. Wang, H. Wang, N. Yu, "Electrospinning Hetero-Nanofibers In2O3/SnO2 of Homotype Heterojunction with High Gas Sensing Activity", Sensors, 17, (2017), 1822. CrossRef X. Wang, H. Fan, P. Ren, "Electrospinning derived hollow SnO2 microtubes with highly photocatalytic property", Catal. Commun. 31, (2013), 37-41. CrossRef L. Cheng, S.Y. Ma, T.T. Wang, X.B. Li, J. Luo, W.Q. Li, Y.Z. Mao, D.J Gengzang, "Synthesis and characterization of SnO2 hollow nanofibers by electrospinning for ethanol sensing properties", Mater. Lett. 131, (2014), 23-26. CrossRef P.H. Phuoc, C.M. Hung, N.V. Toan, N.V. Duy, N.D. Hoa, N.V. Hieu, "One-step fabrication of SnO2 porous nanofiber gas sensors for sub-ppm H2S detection", Sens. Actuators A Phys. 303, (2020), 111722. CrossRef A.E. Deniz, H.A. Vural, B. Ortac, T. Uyar, "Gold nanoparticle/polymer nanofibrous composites by laser ablation and electrospinning", Matter. Lett. 65, (2011), 2941-2943. CrossRef S. Sagadevan, J. Podder, "Investigation on Structural, Surface Morphological and Dielectric Properties of Zn-doped SnO2 Nanoparticles", Mater. Res. 19, (2016), 420-425. CrossRef

Bài báo tổng quan được trình bày gồm 3 phần: Phần 1 trình bày xu hướng tích hợp công nghệ đa ngành, liên ngành và xuyên ngành giới thiệu chung về tính chất tích hợp các công nghệ cao trong nghiên cứu, triển khai và ứng dụng công nghệ cao, đặc biệt các công nghệ của công nghiệp 4.0 trong cuộc cách mạng công nghiệp lần thứ 4 (CMCN4). Trong lĩnh vực công nghệ thông tin (CNTT), việc tích hợp các công nghệ xử lý dữ liệu lớn hiệu năng cao và thông minh là một xu thế áp đảo. Phần 2. Trí tuệ nhân tạo- Công nghệ hàm mũ giới thiệu chung về Trí tuệ nhân tạo (TTNT) như một khoa học, công nghệ có nhiều ứng dụng được triển khai rộng khắp. Trí tuệ nhân tạo nhanh chóng trở thành một công nghệ xuyên ngành. Việc hình thành công nghiệp Trí tuệ nhân tạo trở thành tất yếu với thị trường phát triển nhanh chóng. Các quốc gia đã xây dựng Chiến lược nghiên cứu, phát triển và ứng dụng trí tuệ nhân tạo. Thủ tướng Chính phủ đã ký ban hành Chiến lược Quốc gia về Trí tuệ nhân tạo của Việt Nam giai đoạn 2020-2030. Bộ Quốc phòng cũng đã ban hành Kế hoạch Nghiên cứu phát triển ứng dụng Chiến lược nghiên cứu, phát triển và ứng dụng Trí tuệ nhân tạo giai đoạn 2020-2030. Phần 3. Nghiên cứu, Triển khai và Ứng dụng Công nghệ của Công nghiệp 4.0 giai đoạn 2019-2025 (KC-4.0) giới thiệu thêm về các đề tài của Chương trình Khoa học Công nghệ Trọng điểm Quốc gia KC-4.0 trong các lĩnh vực, trong đó các công nghệ Dữ liệu lớn, Trí tuệ nhân tạo, IoT, Tính toán hiệu năng cao,… được tích hợp với phạm vi ứng dụng phong phú. Một số đề tài trong lĩnh vực quân sự đã được thực hiện.

Fractal là một dạng hình học mới được công bố vào năm 1975 và nhanh chóng tham gia vào tất cả các lĩnh vực bao gồm cả kiến trúc. Tự đồng dạng là một trong những tính chất đặc trưng của Fractal, góp phần định hình và giúp Fractal mô tả thiên nhiên một cách chân thực và gần gũi nhất, điều mà hình học Euclid truyền thống không thực hiện được. Tuy vậy, khái niệm Fractal vẫn còn khá mới mẻ, nhất là trong lĩnh vực Kiến trúc ở Việt Nam. Phạm vi của bài báo này là giới thiệu khái quát về hình học Fractal, tính chất tự đồng dạng và sự tham gia trong kiến trúc tại Việt Nam đến nay. Đó sẽ là nền tảng để đánh giá, đề xuất phương hướng nghiên cứu và ứng dụng hình học Fractal cho Kiến trúc Việt Nam, phù hợp với xu thế chung của thế giới. Từ khoá: hình học Fractal; tự đồng dạng; kiến trúc Việt Nam.

Dưới tác động của quá trình đô thị hóa, hiện đại hóa, công nghiệp hóa đã tạo ra những biến đổi to lớn trong đời sống kinh tế - xã hội nói chung, từ đó kéo theo những biến đổi trong đời sống của các cá nhân và các nhóm xã hội. Kết quả khảo sát cho thấy có sự biến đổi trong việc người dân khu vực thành thị tham gia các hoạt động sinh hoạt cộng đồng xã hội trong 10 năm trở lại đây (2010 - 2020). Phần lớn người dân có xu hướng tham gia tích cực hơn vào các hoạt động cộng đồng tại địa phương nơi họ sinh sống như: họp tổ dân phố, họp tại Ủy ban nhân dân xã/phường, họp họ hàng, lễ mừng thọ, lễ mừng sinh nhật, tham gia các hội đoàn thể và các tổ chức chính trị - xã hội...

Abstract Based on concepts of horizon of expectation and indeterminacy in reception theory, this paper reports a comparative analysis of Chang Hen Ge, a narrative poem written by Chinese poet Bai Juyi in the Tang Dynasty, and its English translations by William John Bainbrigge Fletcher, Herbert Allen Giles, Xu Yuanchong as well as Yang Hsien-yi and Gladys Yang. Results are as follows: 1) Xu’s translation is the best in that he adds annotations and combines literal and free translations so as to explicate cultural connotations and underlying implications of images while meeting and broadening target readers’ horizon of expectation. In addition, he tries to replicate figurative characteristics and transform rhetorical techniques of original cultural images to retain the source text’s indeterminacy and aesthetic value and to provide target readers with intense aesthetic experience. 2) There are inappropriate and inaccurate translations of cultural images in all the four English translations, and they are caused by differences in ethnic history, religious belief, mode of thinking, features of English and Chinese as well as the subjectivity of translators.

Sản xuất từ lá của cây Camellia sinesis L. (Kuntz), trà được xem là một trong những thức uống phổ biến nhất trên thế giới và cây trà được trồng ở khoảng 30 quốc gia. Trong nghiên cứu này, phương pháp Folin-Ciocalteu được áp dụng để xác định hàm lượng polyphenol tổng (quy về milli đương lượng gam của gallic acid, GAE) trong các mẫu trà thành phẩm (ba mẫu trà cổ thụ bao gồm trà đỏ, trà xanh, trà trắng và một mẫu trà oolong) dựa trên ISO 14502-1:2005 với một số thay đổi, cụ thể là chiết một lần bằng dung môi chiết methanol:nước (7:3, v/v) có sự hỗ trợ của siêu âm ở 70 oC với tỉ lệ chiết 0.200:10.00 (g:mL). Phương pháp phân tích được thẩm định trên thiết bị UV-Vis 1800 của hãng Shimadzu với độ tuyến tính phù hợp (R2 > 0.995), khoảng tuyến tính 10-70 mg GAE L–1, độ lặp lại và độ tái lặp tốt (%RSD lần lượt là 0.79 và 1.2% cho độ lặp trong ngày và giữa các ngày) và tỉ lệ phục hồi cao (trên 98% cho các mẫu thêm chuẩn). Hàm lượng polyphenol tổng (giá trị trung bình tính bằng mg GAE g–1 khối lượng khô trong dấu ngoặc đơn) thể hiện xu hướng giảm dần giữa các mẫu trà, cụ thể trà trắng (206.62) trà xanh (201.33) > trà đỏ (167.42) > trà oolong (139.18) do sự khác biệt về mức độ oxy hoá trong quá trình lên men, đặc biệt đối với trà đỏ và oolong. Hàm lượng polyphenol phóng thích vào nước trà thể hiện xu hướng chung tăng dần khi tăng nhiệt độ pha trà, ngoại trừ mẫu trà oolong có xu hướng riêng, có thể do cấu trúc “cuộn xoắn” của loại trà này, dẫn đến thời gian ngâm trà cần phải dài hơn để polyphenol có thể được phóng thích ổn định và hoàn toàn. Nghiên cứu này đóng góp một phần khiêm tốn để làm giàu thêm dữ liệu cho các sản phẩm trà Việt Nam trong bối cảnh lượng trà sản xuất và xuất khẩu cao.

Nghiên cứu mô tả cắt ngang tiến hành trên 312 người bệnh đến khám tại phòng khám Y học gia đình, Bệnh viện Đại học Y Hải Phòng từ tháng 03/2021 đến tháng 5/2021 nhằm mô tả thực trạng và một số yếu tố liên quan đến sự hài lòng của người bệnh. Phỏng vấn trực tiếp bệnh nhân bằng phiếu khảo sát của Bộ Y tế ban hành kèm theo quyết định số 3869/QĐ-BYT năm 2019. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy tỷ lệ hài lòng chung của người bệnh là 78,5%. Yếu tố liên quan đến không hài lòng của người bệnh: Nữ giới (OR = 1,89; 95%CI: 1,15 - 3,06); người bệnh trong độ tuổi từ 18 - 20 tuổi có xu hướng không hài lòng cao hơn 0,63 lần so với người bệnh có độ tuổi từ 21 - 40 tuổi (p < 0,05); trình độ học vấn dưới đại học (OR = 1,57; 95%CI: 1,00 - 2,46); người bệnh có nghề nghiệp là hưu trí có xu hướng không hài lòng cao gấp 2,35 lần so với người bệnh là cán bộ nhân viên nhà nước (p < 0,05); người bệnh đến khám không thường xuyên (OR = 1,81; 95%CI: 1,03 - 3,17). Bệnh viện cần cải thiện chất lượng dịch vụ y tế để có thể đáp ứng được sự hài lòng của tất cả các đối tượng đến khám tại phòng khám.

Objetivo: Esse estudo objetivou investigar percepções de estudantes de Odontologia quanto ao medo e à ansiedade em relação ao manejo de pacientes e ao risco de infecção por COVID-19. Materiais e métodos: Esse estudo transversal envolveu todos os alunos regularmente matriculados em Odontologia, no primeiro semestre de 2020, da Universidade Federal de Pelotas. Um questionário foi aplicado, coletando dados demográficos, nível de formação e perguntas relacionadas ao medo e ansiedade frente à pandemia de COVID-19. Quatro comparações de acordo com a fase da graduação (fase pré-clínica ou clínica), nível de graduação e pós-graduação e de acordo com os sexos foram feitas. Análises independentes para as comparações entre os sexos foram realizadas para os alunos de graduação e de pós-graduação (α<5%). Resultados: Foram incluídos 408 estudantes. Na graduação, mulheres relataram sentirem-se mais ansiosas ao realizar tratamento em pacientes com suspeita de COVID-19 (54%) e sentem mais medo ao ouvir que a infecção tem causado mortes (92,4%), na pós-graduação, responderam ser mais nervosas para conversar com pacientes em ambientes fechados em comparações com homens (P<0,05). Alunos em fase pré-clínica possuem significativamente menor receio (65,5%), ansiedade (32,3%) e nervosismo (28,3%) do contágio do COVID-19 quando comparados com aqueles na fase clínica. Conclusões: Mulheres e alunos na fase clínica apresentam maior ansiedade e nervosismo. Descritores: Ansiedade; Estudantes de Odontologia; Medo; Infecções por Coronavírus. Referências Chang J, Yuan Y, Wang D. [Mental health status and its influencing factors among college students during the epidemic of COVID-19]. Nan Fang Yi Ke Da Xue Xue Bao. 2020;40(2):171-176. World Health Organization. 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Transmission routes of 2019-nCoV and controls in dental practice. Int J Oral Sci. 2020;12(1):9. Machado RA, Bonan PRF, Perez DEDC, Martelli Júnior H. COVID-19 pandemic and the impact on dental education: discussing current and future perspectives. Braz Oral Res. 2020;34:e083. Ataş O, Talo Yildirim T. Evaluation of knowledge, attitudes, and clinical education of dental students about COVID-19 pandemic. PeerJ. 2020;8:e9575. Deery C. The COVID-19 pandemic: implications for dental education. Evid Based Dent. 2020;21(2):46-47. Basudan S, Binanzan N, Alhassan A. Depression, anxiety and stress in dental students. Int J Med Educ. 2017;8:179-186. Elani HW, Allison PJ, Kumar RA, Mancini L, Lambrou A, Bedos C. A systematic review of stress in dental students. J Dent Educ. 2014; 78(2):226-42. Sahu P. Closure of Universities Due to Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19): Impact on Education and Mental Health of Students and Academic Staff. Cureus. 2020;12(4):e7541. Ahmed MA, Jouhar R, Ahmed N, Adnan S, Aftab M, Zafar MS, Khurshid Z. Fear and Practice Modifications among Dentists to Combat Novel Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Outbreak. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17(8):2821. Talevi D, Socci V, Carai M, Carnaghi G, Faleri S, Trebbi E, di Bernardo A, Capelli F, Pacitti F. Mental health outcomes of the CoViD-19 pandemic. Riv Psichiatr. 2020;55(3):137-44. Mijiritsky E, Hamama-Raz Y, Liu F, Datarkar AN, Mangani L, Caplan J, Shacham A, Kolerman R, Mijiritsky O, Ben-Ezra M, Shacham M. Subjective Overload and Psychological Distress among Dentists during COVID-19. Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17:5074. Rymarowicz J, Stefura T, Major P, Szeliga J, Wallner G, Nowakowski M, Pędziwiatr M. General surgeons' attitudes towards COVID-19: A national survey during the SARS-CoV-2 virus outbreak. Eur Surg. 2020;1-6. Adams JG, Walls RM. Supporting the Health Care Workforce During the COVID-19 Global Epidemic. JAMA. 2020;323(15):1439-40. Naz N, Iqbal S, Mahmood A. Stress, anxiety and depression among the dental students of university college of medicine and dentistry Lahore; Pakistan. Pak J Med Health Sci. 2017;11(4):1277-81. Waqas A, Iftikhar A, Malik Z, Aedma KK, Meraj H, Naveed S. Association of severity of depressive symptoms with sleep quality, social support and stress among Pakistani medical and dental students: A cross-sectional study. Global Psychiatry. 2019;2(2):211-20. Wang Y, Di Y, Ye J, Wei W. Study on the public psychological states and its related factors during the outbreak of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) in some regions of China. Psychol Health Med. 2020;1-10. Xiong J, Lipsitz O, Nasri F, Lui LMW, Gill H, Phan L, Chen-Li D, Iacobucci M, Ho R, Majeed A, McIntyre RS. Impact of COVID-19 pandemic on mental health in the general population: A systematic review. J Affect Disord. 2020;277:55-64. Liu N, Zhang F, Wei C, Jia Y, Shang Z, Sun L, Wu L, Sun Z, Zhou Y, Wang Y, Liu W. Prevalence and predictors of PTSS during COVID-19 outbreak in China hardest-hit areas: Gender differences matter. Psychiatry Res. 2020;287;112921. Terán E, Mayta-Tovalino F. Risk Factors, Self-perceived Stress, and Clinical Training among Dentistry Students in Peru: A Cross-sectional Study. J Contemp Dent Pract. 2019;20(5):561-5. Uraz A, Tocak YS, Yozgatligil C, Cetiner S, Bal B. Psychological well-being, health, and stress sources in Turkish dental students. J Dent Educ. 2013:77(10):1345-55. Agius AM, Gatt G, Vento Zahra E, Busuttil A, Gainza-Cirauqui ML, Cortes ARG et al. Self-reported dental student stressors and experiences during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Dent Educ. 2020. doi: 10.1002/jdd.12409. Hu J, Zou H, Dai Y, Feng Z. How to keep students engaged in oral health education during the COVID-19 pandemic. J Dent Educ. 2020. doi: 10.1002/jdd.12420. Liu S, Yang L, Zhang C, Xiang YT, Liu Z, Hu S, Zhang B. Online mental health services in China during the COVID-19 outbreak. 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Phát triển bền vững mà trong đó có phát triển du lịch là xu hướng chung của mọi nền kinh tế. Tỉnh An Giang đã định hướng xây dựng và phát triển ngành du lịch trở thành ngành kinh tế mũi nhọn và trở thành trung tâm du lịch của vùng Đồng bằng sông Cửu Long, Việt Nam. Để thực hiện mục tiêu này, tỉnh An Giang nên có chính sách phát triển đúng hướng, đồng thời đảm bảo sự phát triển, khai thác lợi thế về tự nhiên, đảm bảo sự phát triển bền vững lâu dài. Mục tiêu của nghiên cứu này là xem xét các yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến phát triển du lịch bền vững ở tỉnh An Giang, Việt Nam. Các phương pháp được sử dụng bao gồm phân tích thống kê mô tả, phân tích nhân tố khám phá và phân tích hồi quy. Dữ liệu được thu thập từ kết quả của cuộc khảo sát 650 khách du lịch trong và ngoài nước đến An Giang. Phần mềm SPSS 20, AMOS 24 dùng để phân tích, đánh giá thang đo, kiểm tra các giả thuyết. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy, có sáu yếu tố ảnh hưởng đến phát triển du lịch bền vững ở tỉnh An Giang, Việt Nam, bao gồm kinh tế, xã hội, môi trường, tài nguyên du lịch, sản phẩm và dịch vụ du lịch, cơ sở hạ tầng. Từ kết quả nghiên cứu, một cuộc thảo luận về giải pháp được đề xuất đối với sự phát triển du lịch bền vững ở tỉnh An Giang, Việt Nam.

Điều tra cắt ngang tại mỗi tỉnh với cỡ mẫu là 200 trên người nghiện chích ma túy (NCMT) ≥16 tuổi trong cộng đồng thông qua phỏng vấn trực tiếp và lấy máu xét nghiệm HIV nhằm mô tả thực trạng nhiễm HIV và các yếu tố liên quan ở nam nghiện chích ma túy (NCMT) tại 3 tỉnh Đông Nam Bộ (ĐNB) là Bình Dương, Bà Rịa-Vũng Tàu & Đồng Nai năm 2019. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy tỷ lệ hiện nhiễm HIV ở người NCMT vùng ĐNB là 11,9% (KTC95%:9,4%-14,7%). Mô hình phân tích đa biến cho thấy xu hướng nhiễm HIV nhiều hơn ở NCMT: (1) tại Bình Dương; (2) lớn tuổi ; (3) có trình độ học vấn thấp; (4) có dùng chung bơm kim tiêm (BKT)/tháng qua; (5) Có dùng BCS ở lần QHTD gần đây nhất; (6) luôn dùng bao cao su (BCS) với vợ/người yêu trong 1 tháng qua; (7) tham gia điều trị methadone. Ngược lại, người NCMT có tuổi tiêm chích ma túy lần đầu càng lớn thì có nguy cơ mắc HIV càng thấp. Do dó nghiên cứu này đưa ra khuyến nghị là cần duy trì và cải thiện chương trình can thiệp giảm hại cho quần thể NCMT, tập trung vào các yếu tố tìm thấy trong nghiên cứu để góp phần khống chế tỷ lệ mắc HIV trên quần thể này.

Ô nhiễm kim loại nặng là vấn đề được quan tâm toàn cầu, bởi tính độc hại của chúng đối với sinh vật sống. Mục đích của nghiên cứu này là xác định hàm lượng cadimi, chì và thủy ngân ở trong cơ (thịt), gan và thận của 28 cá thể lợn rừng được thu thập bởi thợ săn tại tỉnh Małopolskie, Ba Lan từ tháng 9 - 10 năm 2019. Hàm lượng Cd, Pb được phân tích bằng phương pháp quang phổ hấp thụ nguyên tử ngọn lửa, trong khi hàm lượng Hg được phân tích bằng phương pháp quang phổ hấp thụ nguyên tử hóa hơi, tất cả các mẫu được phân tích tại Viện Sinh học, Trường Đại học Sư phạm Kracow, Ba Lan. Kết quả cho thấy, hàm lượng Cd, Pb và Hg ở trong thận, gan cao hơn đáng kể so với trong cơ, các kim loại tích lũy trong các mô của lợn rừng theo xu hướng Hg < Pb < Cd. Nhiều mẫu có hàm lượng Cd, Pb và Hg cao hơn ngưỡng an toàn được thiết lập bởi Ủy ban Châu Âu. Người tiêu thụ sẽ bị ảnh hưởng đến sức khỏe nếu tiêu thụ một lượng lớn thịt lợn rừng (đặc biệt là thận và gan) tại tỉnh Małopolskie. Nghiên cứu cung cấp một dẫn liệu quan trọng trong việc đánh giá rủi ro đối với việc tiêu thụ động vật hoang dã nói chung.

Trong xu thế hội nhập quốc tế WTO, ngày nay đảm bảo chất lượng trong phòng thử nghiệm (PTN) là một yêu cầu hết sức quan trọng nhằm cung cấp các kết quả thử nghiệm đáng tin cậy, có độ chính xác cao. Một trong các công cụ đảm bảo chất lượng mà hiện nay được nhiều phòng thử nghiệm áp dụng đó là việc tham gia thử nghiệm thành thạo (TNTT)/ so sánh liên phòng. Để đánh giá năng lực của các phòng thử nghiệm vi sinh trong cả nước, căn cứ vào nhu cầu của các khách hàng, năm 2017 Viện Kiểm nghiệm an toàn vệ sinh thực phẩm Quốc gia đã tổ chức thành công 6 chương trình với các nền mẫu thực phẩm chung, thực phẩm chức năng. Thông qua việc xử lý thống kê, tính hệ số z-score, Ban tổ chức đã đưa ra danh sách các phòng thử nghiệm vi sinh đạt yêu cầu khá cao như chỉ tiêu vi sinh vật hiếu khí, E.coli, Coliforms trên nền mẫu thực phẩm chức năng với tỉ lệ đạt lần lượt là 92,9%,100%, 92,3%. Tỷ lệ không đạt lớn nhất là chỉ tiêu nấm men nấm mốc trên nền mẫu thực phẩm chức năng (35,7%) và Coliforms trên mẫu nước (47,8%). Thông qua kết quả này cho thấy năng lực các phòng thử nghiệm về vi sinh đã được tăng cả về chất lượng và số lượng (chương trình có số đơn vị tham gia nhiều nhất là 89 phòng thử nghiệm).

Mô hình thông tin công trình (Building Information Modeling, viết tắt là BIM), một xu thế mới cho ngành xây dựng hiện nay, khi được ứng dụng trong các dự án đầu tư xây dựng đã cho thấy những ưu điểm vượt trội trong việc kết xuất khối lượng tự động. Tuy nhiên, tại Việt Nam, do người dựng mô hình ban đầu thường là các họa viên, kỹ sư, kiến trúc sư, kiến thức chuyên sâu về dự toán không phải là thế mạnh của họ, vì vậy họ quan tâm chủ yếu đến hình khối kết cấu, kiến trúc v.v. mà chưa quan tâm đến các thông tin phục vụ đo bóc khối lượng và lập dự toán. Do đó, mô hình BIM được họ dựng lên khi sử dụng để xuất khối lượng cho kết quả khối lượng chưa phù hợp với yêu cầu bóc tách khối lượng từ các hướng dẫn, quy định về đo bóc khối lượng hiện nay, cần được điều chỉnh thủ công, dẫn đến giảm độ chính xác và năng suất bóc tách, mà các công cụ hỗ trợ dựng mô hình và bóc khối lượng từ mô hình BIM phổ biến hiện nay chưa giải quyết được vấn đề này. Bài báo đề xuất một số quy tắc cần tuân thủ khi tạo lập mô hình BIM dành cho người dựng mô hình, để giảm nhẹ khối lượng điều chỉnh mô hình, bổ sung thông tin sau này cho người bóc tách khối lượng. Các quy tắc này không quá phức tạp để làm giảm năng suất và hiệu quả của những người dựng mô hình ban đầu, nhưng vẫn đảm bảo giảm được đáng kể khối lượng xử lý, điều chỉnh mô hình cho người bóc tách khối lượng, từ đó tăng được tốc độ và hiệu quả chung khi áp dụng BIM trong dự án đầu tư xây dựng tại Việt Nam. Từ khóa: dự án sử dụng vốn nhà nước; mô hình thông tin công trình; đo bóc khối lượng; đối tượng BIM.

Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) divides fracture treatment into three stages. Many TCM herbs and formulas have been used to treat fractures for thousands of years. However, research regarding the Chinese herbal products (CHPs) that should be used at different periods of treatment is still lacking. This study aims to identify the CHPs that should be used at different periods of treatment as well as confirm the TCM theory of fracture periods medicine. We used prescriptions of TCM outpatients with fracture diagnoses analyzed using the Chang Gung Research Database (CGRD) from 2000 to 2015. According to the number of days between the date of the fracture and the clinic visit date, all patients were assigned to one of three groups. Patients with a date gap of 0-13 days were assigned to the early period group; those with a date gap of 14-82 days were assigned to the middle period group; and those with a date gap of 83-182 days were assigned to the late period group. We observed the average number of herbal formulas prescribed by the TCM doctor at each visit was 2.78, and the average number of single herbs prescribed was 6.47. The top three prescriptions in the early fracture period were Zheng-gu-zi-jin-dang, Shu-jing-huo-xue-tang, and Wu-ling-san. In the middle fracture period, the top three formulas were Zheng-gu-zi-jin-dang, Shu-jing-huo-xue-tang, and Zhi-bai-di-huang-wan. In the late fracture period, the top three formulas were Shu-jing-huo-xue-tang, Gui-lu-er-xian-jiao, and Du-huo-ji-sheng-tang. The main single herbs used in the early fracture period were Yan-hu-suo, Gu-sui-bu, and Dan-shen. From the middle to the late period, the most prescribed single herbs were Xu-duan, Gu-sui-bu, and Yan-hu-suo. We concluded that the results showed that the CGRD utilization pattern roughly meets the TCM theory at different fracture periods.

Lithium-ion batteries now dominate electrochemical energy storage for vehicle propulsion and grid storage in addition to portable electronics. In 2022, they celebrate their 50th anniversary, and yet still achieve only 25% of their theoretical energy density. The dominant anode and cathode today are graphitic carbon and the layered NMC oxides, LI[NiMnCoAl]O2. Both need improving. Most of the carbon in the anode must go, and the NMCs need pushing to their limit and at the same time eliminating cobalt. I will today discuss the challenges faced as we push the limits of the NMCs to their limits, > 80% lithium cycling, and Ni>0.8 and Co <<0.1. The higher the Ni content the lower the charging voltage needed for a given cycling capacity, but the greater its surface and bulk reactivity. The issues discussed will include 1stcycle loss [1], high rate capability [2], cathode stability [3], and surface/bulk reactivity and the impact of surface/bulk modification [4,5] and the micron-size single crystals vs meatballs on these [6]. This work is being supported by DOE-EERE-BMR-Battery500 consortium. [1]. Hui Zhou, Fengxia Xin, Ben Pei, M. Stanley Whittingham, “What Limits the Capacity of Layered Oxide Cathodes in Lithium Batteries?”, ACS Energy Lett. 2019, 4: 1902−1906. [2]. Chunmei Ban, Zheng Li, Zhuangchun Wu, Melanie J. Kirkham, Le Chen, Yoon Seok Jung, E. Andrew Payzant, Yanfa Yan, M. Stanley Whittingham, and Anne C. Dillon “Extremely Durable High-Rate Capability of a LiNi0.4Mn0.4Co0.2O2 Cathode Enabled by Single–Wall Carbon Nanotubes”, Advanced Energy Materials, 2011, 1: 58-62. [3]. Hyung-Joo Noh, Sungjune Youn, Chong Seung Yoon, Yang-Kook Sun “Comparison of the structural and electrochemical properties of layered Li[NixCoyMnz]O2 (x = ¼ 1/3, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8 and 0.85) cathode material for lithium-ion batteries”, J. Power Sources, 2013, 233: 121-130. [4]. Fengxia Xin, Hui Zhou, Yanxu Zong, Mateusz Zuba, Yan Chen, Natasha A. Chernova, Jianming Bai, Ben Pei, Anshika Goel, Jatinkumar Rana, Feng Wang, Ke An, Louis F. J. Piper, Guangwen Zhou, and M. Stanley Whittingham, “What is the Role of Nb in Nickel-Rich Layered Oxide Cathodes for Lithium-Ion Batteries?”, ACS Energy Letters, 2021, 6: 1377-1382. [5]. Ben Pei, Hui Zhou, Anshika Goel, Mateusz Zuba, Hao Liu, Fengxia Xin, and M. Stanley Whittingham, “Al Substitution for Mn during Co-Precipitation Boosts the Electrochemical Performance of LiNi0.8Mn0.1Co0.1O2”, J. Electrochemical Society, 2021, 68: 050532. [6]. Yujing Bi, Jinhui Tao, Yuqin Wu, Linze Li, Yaobin Xu, Enyuan Hu, Bingbin Wu, Jiangtao Hu, Chongmin Wang, JiGuang Zhang, Yue Qi and Jie Xiao, “Reversible planar gliding and microcracking in a single-crystalline Ni-rich cathode”, Science, 2020, 370: 1313-1317.

This paper explains about the performance of graphene nanopowder (GNP) based saturable absorber (SA) at 1.5-micron region which is prepared by dissolution in polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) polymer. Two different GNP flakes thickness (AO2-8 nm and AO4-60 nm) are tested. By applying a solution casting method, three weight ratio of GNP to PVA (12.04, 8.03 and 3.11 wt.%) have been prepared and fabricated as a composite thin film. To characterize for the SA performance, 4 mm2 area of GNP-PVA thin film is embedded in a 14 meters long ring cavity with 3 meters Erbium doped fiber (EDF) as a gain medium. Our characterization results show that the GNP-PVA thin film act as a Q-switcher which produce stable laser pulses for 12.04 wt.% with maximum repetition rate of 39.22 kHz and shortest pulse width of 11.79 µs. Meanwhile, unstable Q-switched pulses of 8.03 wt.% and 3.11 wt.% have been observed with recorded signal to noise ratio (SNR) of only 21 dB and 17 dB, respectively. The threshold pumping power for Q-switched lasing to emerge is recorded as low as 30 mW. Apparently, it shows that GNP concentration and flakes thickness in fabricated SA composite plays vital role in the performance of generated Q-switch laser, particularly at 1.5 µm region. Full Text: PDF ReferencesT. Hasan, Z. Sun, F. Wang, F. Bonaccorso, P.H. Tan, A.G. Rozhin, A.C. Ferrari, "Nanotube–Polymer Composites for Ultrafast Photonics", Adv. Mater. 21, 3874 (2009). CrossRef Q. Bao, H. Zhang, Y. Wang, Z. Ni, Y. Yan, Z.X. Shen, K.P. Loh, D.Y. Tang, "Atomic-Layer Graphene as a Saturable Absorber for Ultrafast Pulsed Lasers", Adv. Funct. Mater. 19, 3077 (2009). CrossRef Z. Luo, M. Zhou, J. Weng, G. Huang, H. Xu, C. Ye, Z. Cai, Opt. Lett. 35(21), 3709 (2010). CrossRef D. Popa, Z. Sun, T. Hasan, F. Torrisi, F. Wang, A.C. Ferrari, "Graphene Q-switched, tunable fiber laser", Appl. Phys. Lett. 98, 3106 (2011). CrossRef Y.M. Chang, H. Kim, J.H. Lee, Y. Song, "Multilayered graphene efficiently formed by mechanical exfoliation for nonlinear saturable absorbers in fiber mode-locked lasers", Appl. Phys. Lett. 97, 211102 (2010). CrossRef M. Jiang, Z. Ren, Y. Zhang, B. Lu, R. Zhang, J. Guo, Y. Zhou, J. Bai, "Passive Q-Switching with Graphene Saturable Absorber in Nd:YAG Operating at 1064nm", Mater. Sci. Forum 694, 700 (2011). CrossRef N. Hussin, M.H. Ibrahim, F. Ahmad, H. Yahaya, S.W. Harun, "Graphene Nanoplatelets (GnP)-PVA Based Passive Saturable Absorber", Telkomnika 15(2), 814 (2017). CrossRef F.C. Mat, M. Yasin, A.A. Latiff, S.W. Harun, Photonics Letters of Poland 9, 100 (2017). CrossRef E.K. Ng, K.Y. Lau, H.K. Lee, N.M. Yusoff, A.R. Sarmani, M.F. Omar, M.A. Mahdi, "L-band femtosecond fiber laser based on a reduced graphene oxide polymer composite saturable absorber", Opt. Mater. Express 11, 59 (2021). CrossRef N.H.M. Apandi, S.N.F. Zuikafly, N. Kasim, M.A. Mohamed, S.W. Harun, F. Ahmad, "Observation of dark and bright pulses in q-switched erbium doped fiber laser using graphene nano-platelets as saturable absorber", Bull. Electr. Eng. Inform. 8, 1358 (2019). CrossRef N.U.H.H.B. Zalkepali, N.A. Awang, Y.R. Yuzaile, Z. Zakaria, A.A. Latif and F. Ahmad, "Graphene Nanoplatelets as Saturable Absorber for Mode-locked Fiber Laser Generation", J. Adv. Res. Dyn. Control Syst. 12(2), 602 (2020). CrossRef X. Zhu and S. Chen, "Autoencoder-Based Transceiver Design for OWC Systems in Log-Normal Fading Channel", IEEE Photonics J. 11, 7105109 (2019). CrossRef

Ngày 17/10/2021, bệnh viện Da Liễu TP.HCM tổ chức thành công Hội nghị khoa học thường niên theo hình thức trực tuyến với chủ đề “Chuyên ngành da liễu trong giai đoạn bình thường mới”. Đây là diễn đàn khoa học để các bác sĩ da liễu miền Nam và các tỉnh/thành trong cả nước cập nhật kiến thức và đào tạo liên tục về những xu hướng và quan điểm mới trong chuyên ngành da liễu. Tham dự hội nghị có các chuyên gia đầu ngành da liễu như GS.TS Trần Hậu Khang – Chủ tịch Hội Da Liễu Việt Nam, PGS.TS Nguyễn Văn Thường – Giám đốc BV Da Liễu Trung ương, TS.BS Vũ Tuấn Anh – Giám đốc BV Phong và Da Liễu Trung ương Quy Hoà, TS.BS Nguyễn Trọng Hào – Giám đốc BV Da Liễu TP.HCM, Ban Chủ nhiệm các Bộ môn Da Liễu Đại học Y Dược TP.HCM, Trường Đại học Y Dược Cần Thơ, Trường Đại học Y khoa Phạm Ngọc Thạch và 1.000 đại biểu từ khắp nơi trên cả nước. Năm nay, hội nghị diễn ra trong thời điểm khá đặc biệt của đợt bùng phát dịch COVID-19 lần thứ tư, khi tình hình dịch tại TP.HCM đang dần được kiểm soát. Hội nghị gồm có 36 bài báo cáo trong 9 phiên với những nội dung phong phú và cập nhật về mối liên quan giữa các bệnh da và nhiễm khuẩn lây qua tình dục với COVID-19, cũng như quản lý bệnh da mạn tính trong thời kỳ COVID-19, và việc thực hiện các thủ thuật, phẫu thuật da, phẫu thuật thẩm mỹ trong giai đoạn bình thường mới sao cho an toàn và hiệu quả. Điều thuận lợi là hầu hết các báo cáo viên của hội nghị đã và đang tham gia lực lượng tuyến đầu chống dịch của BV Da Liễu TP.HCM như tại BV Dã chiến số 12, khu cách ly tại Học viện bưu chính viễn thông và các đội tiêm chủng cộng đồng, nên có kiến thức và kinh nghiệm thực tế về COVID-19 nói chung và mối liên quan giữa chuyên ngành da liễu với COVID-19 nói riêng. Ban tổ chức hy vọng những thông tin từ hội nghị sẽ hữu ích cho các bác sĩ chuyên ngành da liễu trong thực hành lâm sàng thích nghi an toàn với giai đoạn bình thường mới. Thông qua hội nghị, Ban Tổ chức đã gửi lời tri ân sâu sắc đến các đoàn y bác sĩ trong chuyên ngành da liễu từ BV Da liễu Trung ương, BV Phong và Da Liễu Trung ương Quy Hoà, và BV Phong và Da Liễu Trung ương Quỳnh Lập đã chi viện cho TP.HCM trong đợt bùng phát dịch vừa qua, giúp cho thành phố đang dần trở về trạng thái bình thường mới.

Ngày nay, học tập tại nước ngoài được xem là một cơ hội lớn đối với sinh viên để nâng cao kiến thức, trải nghiệm của chính bản thân trong tương lai. Đặc biệt, hình thức học tập thông qua các chương trình trao đổi văn hóa, học thuật tại nước ngoài đã và đang trở thành xu hướng phổ biến. Hình thức này tuy có những điểm chung so với việc du học dài hạn của sinh viên, nhưng ngoài ra những ưu điểm riêng của nó, cũng giúp hình thức này nhận được nhiều sự quan tâm của các bạn sinh viên. Nghiên cứu này được nhóm tác giả thực hiện nhằm xác định các nhân tố ảnh hưởng đến quyết định tham gia chương trình trao đổi quốc tế (TĐQT) của sinh viên Việt Nam. Nghiên cứu được thực hiện theo phương pháp hỗn hợp, bao gồm nghiên cứu định tính (phỏng vấn chuyên gia) và nghiên cứu định lượng (khảo sát thông qua bảng hỏi), tiến hành trên 505 đối tượng trong thời gian từ tháng 11/2019 đến tháng 02/2020. Từ 8 nhân tố được kế thừa từ nghiên cứu trước và thông qua nghiên cứu định tính, kết quả phân tích định lượng chỉ ra 7 nhân tố có tác động trực tiếp lên quyết định tham gia các chương trình TĐQT của sinh viên. Từ đó, nghiên cứu đem lại những giải pháp cho sinh viên, các trường tổ chức liên kết và các phòng ban chuyên môn có thể xây dựng, đặt ra các mục tiêu phù hợp nhằm nâng cao hiệu quả của các chương trình TĐQT tại Việt Nam. Từ khóa: Giáo dục, Trao đổi quốc tế, ý định tham gia, thành phố Hồ Chí Minh, Sinh viên In this day and age, studying abroad acts as an golden opportunity for students to expand their perspectives, and to gain priceless experience, which can facilitate their career path in the future. Moreover, international learning and knowledge propels students towards acceptance and understanding of an array of different cultural and community perspectives. Especially, a type of studying overseas called cultural and academic exchange programs has been becoming a popular trend. Although it shares a multitude of similarities with a long-term studying abroad programs, it has its own distinctive features which have been receiving a great deal of students’ attentions. This can be strong evidence that more and more students all around the world are participating in these programs every year. In terms of technical side, this research aims to identify factors having impacts on Vietnamese students’ decisions in participating in exchange programs. In specific, mixed methods are employed in the research, through qualitative methods (semi-structure interview) and quantitative method (survey), with 505 participants involving from November 2019 to February 2020. Based on literature review and qualitative analysis, a framework of 8 factors is proposed. Through quantitative analysis of survey questionnaire’s results, the research continues indicating a total of 7 factors that directly have influence on students’ decisions in taking part in exchange programs. Furthermore, the research provides several suggestions and objectives for individuals and organizations, which get involved in those exchange programs namely students, universities and educational institutions. Ultimately, the research is up for making a contribution to enhancing the effectiveness of exchange programs in Vietnam with a purpose that more Vietnamese students regardless of their backgrounds, can potentially have enough necessary qualities and satisfying the necessary conditions to carry on their studying abroad. Keywords: Education, International exchange, Intention to participate, Ho Chi Minh City, Alumnus

Abstract Background: T-DXd is a HER2-targeting antibody-drug conjugate approved for the treatment of pts with advanced HER2+ mBC based on the DESTINY-Breast01 study (NCT03248492). DESTINY-Breast03 (NCT03529110) isa randomized, multicenter, open-label, phase 3 study assessing the efficacy and safety of T-DXd vs. T-DM1 in pts with HER2+ mBC previously treated with trastuzumab and taxane. In the primary analysis, T-DXd demonstrated a clinically meaningful and statistically significant improvement in PFS vs. T-DM1 (Corteset al, ESMO 2021). In this exploratory analysis, we provide additional efficacy and safety data in subgroups, including in pts with brain metastases (BMs). Methods: Pts were randomly assigned 1:1 to receive 5.4 mg/kg T-DXd or 3.6 mg/kg T-DM1 Q3W. Pts with clinically stable BMs were eligible. Lesions were measured per modified Response Evaluation Criteria in Solid Tumors version 1.1. The primary endpoint was progression-free survival (PFS) determined by blinded independent central review (BICR). PFS and overall response rate (ORR) were analyzed for subgroups.Sites of progression and post-end-of-study therapies were also investigated. Results: At data cutoff (May 21, 2021), 524 pts were randomly assigned to T-DXd (n=261) orT-DM1 (n=263). T-DXd demonstrated superior PFS by BICR vs. T-DM1 (HR, 0.28 [95%CI, 0.22-0.37]; P=7.8 x 10-22); median (m) PFS by BICR was not reached (95% CI, 18.5-NE) for T-DXd compared with 6.8 mo (95% CI, 5.6-8.2) forT-DM1. For pts with stable BMs at baseline (n=82), mPFS was 15.0 mo (95% CI,12.5-22.2) for T-DXd vs. 3.0 mo (95% CI, 2.8-5.8) for T-DM1 (HR, 0.25 [95% CI,0.31-0.45)]. Overall, confirmed ORR for T-DXd was 79.7% vs. 34.2% for T-DM1.For patients with stable BMs at baseline, ORR was 67.4% for T-DXd vs. 20.5% forT-DM1. Consistent PFS and ORR benefit was also observed across other subgroups(Table 1). At data cutoff, 84 (32.2%) pts treated with T-DXd had progressive disease (PD) versus 155 (58.9%) with T-DM1. In pts with stable BMs in the T-DXd arm, 48.8% of pts (21/43) had PD. In pts with stable BMs in the T-DM1 arm, 69.2%of pts (27/39) had PD. Data on sites of progression will be presented. Further analyses are underway and will be presented. Overall, the safety profile of T-DXd was manageable and comparable with its known safety profile. Adjudicated drug-related interstitial lung disease/pneumonitis was reported in 27 (10.5%) pts treated with T-DXd and 5 (1.9%) pts treated with T-DM1 overall, with no grade 4 or 5 events. Additional new safety data will be presented. Conclusion: DESTINY-Breast03,the first-reported randomized phase 3 trial comparing T-DXd to standard of care, met the primary endpoint with T-DXd demonstrating superior PFS vs. T-DM1and T-DXd had a manageable safety profile. In this exploratory analysis, consistent PFS and ORR benefit with T-DXd vs. T-DM1 was observed across subgroups in pts with HER2+ mBC previously treated with trastuzumab and taxane, including in pts with BMs. Table 1.Subgroup Analyses forPFS and ORR of T-DXd versus T-DM1PFS by BICR HR (95% CI)Absolute ORR Difference (T-DXd-T-DM1) (95% CI)All patients (N=524)0.28 (0.22-0.37)45.5 (37.6-53.4)Hormone receptorPositive (n=272)0.32 (0.22-0.46)47.3 (36.1-58.4)Negative (n=248)0.30 (0.20-0.44)43.2 (31.5-55.0)Prior pertuzumabYes (n=320)0.31 (0.22-0.43)46.7 (36.5-56.9)No (n=204)0.30 (0.19-0.47)43.6 (30.5-56.7)Prior lines of therapya0-1 (n=258)0.33 (0.23-0.48)39.3 (27.3-51.2)≥2 (n=266)0.28 (0.19-0.41)51.6 (40.9-62.4)Visceral disease Yes (n=384)0.28 (0.21-0.38)48.3 (39.1-57.6)No (n=140)0.32 (0.17-0.58)39.1 (23.6-54.6)Brain metastases at baseline Yes (n=82)0.25 (0.13-0.45)46.9 (25.6-68.3)No (n=442)0.30 (0.22-0.40)45.5 (36.9-54.1) Citation Format: Sara Hurvitz, Sung-Bae Kim, Wei-Pang Chung, Seock-Ah Im, Yeon Hee Park, Roberto Hegg, Min-Hwan Kim, Ling-Ming Tseng, Vanessa Petry, Chi-Feng Chung, Hiroji Iwata, Erika Hamilton, Giuseppe Curigliano, Binghe Xu, Caleb Lee, Yali Liu, Jillian Cathcart, Emarjola Bako, Sunil Verma, Javier Cortés. Trastuzumab deruxtecan (T-DXd; DS-8201a) vs. trastuzumab emtansine (T-DM1) in patients (pts) with HER2+ metastatic breast cancer (mBC): subgroup analyses from the randomized phase 3 study DESTINY-Breast03 [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the 2021 San Antonio Breast Cancer Symposium; 2021 Dec 7-10; San Antonio, TX. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(4 Suppl):Abstract nr GS3-01.

The rising demand for clean energy and environmental sustainability has led to the growing interest in redox-active organic-carbon composite electrodes for high power and long-lasting energy storage, especially for electrochemical capacitors (EC)[1]. Nitrogen containing organic redox active materials such as the conducting polymer polyluminol chemically polymerized (CpLum) on multiwalled carbon nanotubes (CNT) showed increased capacitive charge storage properties in the composite (CpLum-CNT)[2]. With merely a few nm CpLum, the composite electrodes exhibited reversible faradaic redox reactions and stored c.a. 3x higher volumetric charge than that of bare CNT. Predictions using DFT showed π interactions between the polymers and the CNT substrate. These interactions are thought to have stabilized the composite and contributed to the strong electrochemical performance. In addition to CNT substrates, activated carbons (ACs) offer high specific surface areas, diverse pore size distributions and native surface functionalities owing to their sources. Biomass-derived ACs can serve as low cost, sustainable alternative substrates from feedstocks as pinecone and waste tea [3]–[6]. In this work, we investigate the effects of different surface chemistry, porosity and graphitization on CNT and porous activated carbon surfaces towards the redox activity of the CpLum-carbon composite. The surface functionalities of interest include hydroxyl and carboxyl groups owing to their known contributions toward surface wettability and pseudocapacitance while being present on naturally derived ACs. Varying porosity and graphitization also offer insight into the effects of differing specific surface areas, pore sizes, wettability, and conductivity on the CpLum-carbon composites. Figure 1 a. shows a schematic of the groups of interest and graphitization to investigate the surface interaction of luminol on CNT and Figure 1 b. shows the redox active behavior of CpLum-CNT. The insights from these studies will be used to engineer the surface of carbons such as CNTs and ACs to improve the interfacial properties for redox active materials. References [1] J. N’Diaye, R. Bagchi, J. Y. Howe, and K. Lian, “Redox Active Organic-Carbon Composites for Capacitive Electrodes: A Review,” Sustainable Chemistry, vol. 2, no. 3, pp. 407–440, 2021, doi: 10.3390/suschem2030024. [2] J. N’Diaye, J. Hyun Chang, and K. Lian, “The Capacitive Behavior of Polyluminol on Carbon Nanotubes Electrodes,” ChemElectroChem, vol. 6, no. 21, pp. 5454–5461, Oct. 2019, doi: 10.1002/celc.201901473. [3] M. Genovese and K. Lian, “Polyoxometalate modified pine cone biochar carbon for supercapacitor electrodes,” Journal of Materials Chemistry A, vol. 5, no. 8, pp. 3939–3947, 2017, doi: 10.1039/c6ta10382k. [4] M. Y. Bhat, N. Yadav, and S. A. Hashmi, “Pinecone-derived porous activated carbon for high performance all-solid-state electrical double layer capacitors fabricated with flexible gel polymer electrolytes,” Electrochimica Acta, vol. 304, pp. 94–108, 2019, doi: 10.1016/j.electacta.2019.02.092. [5] H. Eom, J. Kim, I. Nam, and S. Bae, “Recycling Black Tea Waste Biomass as Activated Porous Carbon for Long Life Cycle Supercapacitor Electrodes,” Materials, vol. 14, no. 21, p. 6592, Nov. 2021, doi: 10.3390/ma14216592. [6] Z. Zhu and Z. Xu, “The rational design of biomass-derived carbon materials towards next-generation energy storage: A review,” Renewable and Sustainable Energy Reviews, vol. 134, no. September, p. 110308, 2020, doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2020.110308. Figure 1

Li anodes represent a theoretical 10-fold upgrade over the capacity of graphite at comparable potential, and as such are key anode candidates for next-generation high energy density (> 1000 Wh/L) batteries. However, Li still falls below the 99.95-99.97% CE required for long-life cycling(1) and displays rate capability an order-of-magnitude lower than necessary for fast-charging (>2 C).(2) Interestingly, intrinsic Li0/Li+ redox has been reported to be more facile (j 0 > 10 mA/cm2)(3) than graphite intercalation (j 0 = 1-3 mA/cm2)(4). In spite of this, the chemical exchange of Li+ through the native solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) on Li is typically slow (0.5-3 mA/cm2),(5) and as such it can bottleneck Li+/Li0 redox(3) and increase charge-transfer resistance.(6) The SEI thus manifests itself by substantially decreasing the exchange current j 0 measured on Li down from its intrinsic kinetic value.(7) While multiple recent studies see j 0 as a relevant property in determining Li reversibility,(1) measuring j 0 in the presence of an SEI is not straightforward. Consequently, current literature presents widely varying numerical values of j 0 in the presence of an SEI, making it challenging to discern the relationship between j 0 and CE. To bridge this gap, Li+ exchange at the Li anode is here systematically quantified using cyclic voltammetry (CV) at slow scan rates and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), both of which allow an SEI to develop natively. To avoid ambiguity with the intrinsic Li0/Li+ redox exchange current j 0, exchange rates are here interpreted in the framework of a “pseudo”-exchange current, j 0 p, that represents the total rate of Li+ exchange on the electrode. j 0 p was measured across a selection of historically-relevant and modern electrolytes, spanning low (78.0%) to high (99.3%) CE. In both methodologies, a strong dependence of j 0 p on electrolyte chemistry was identified. These differences reflect a strong correlation between CE and j 0 p, with electrolytes that display higher j 0 p typically also displaying higher CE. Upon cycling, a dynamic behavior of Li+ exchange on both Cu and Li were observed, with j 0 p typically increasing through cycling, attributed to morphological changes induced by non-uniform plating/stripping inherent to Li electrochemistry.(8) We will discuss the implications of this dynamic behavior on both the formation cycle on Cu, as well as how j 0 p changes report on SEI evolution during cycling. Finally, it was found that cycling Li with current densities j beyond j 0 p leads to substantial capacity loss and low CE, whereas electrolytes that can sustain high j 0 p are insensitive to j. Altogether, our results indicate that Li+ exchange plays a dominant role in determining the rate capability and CE of Li anodes, with high-j 0 p electrolytes displaying higher CE and better rate capability than their low-j 0 p counterparts. G. M. Hobold, J. Lopez, R. Guo, N. Minafra, A. Banerjee, Y. Shirley Meng, Y. Shao-Horn and B. M. Gallant, Nature Energy, 6, 951 (2021). P. Albertus, S. Babinec, S. Litzelman and A. Newman, Nature Energy, 3, 16 (2018). D. T. Boyle, X. Kong, A. Pei, P. E. Rudnicki, F. Shi, W. Huang, Z. Bao, J. Qin and Y. Cui, ACS Energy Letters, 5, 701 (2020). Y.-C. Chang, J.-H. Jong and G. T.-K. Fey, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 147, 2033 (2000). A. B. Gunnarsdóttir, S. Vema, S. Menkin, L. E. Marbella and C. P. Grey, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 8, 14975 (2020). A. Zaban, E. Zinigrad and D. Aurbach, The Journal of Physical Chemistry, 100, 3089 (1996). J. N. Butler, D. R. Cogley and J. C. Synnott, Journal of Physical Chemistry, 73, 4026 (1969). J. Z. Lee, T. A. Wynn, M. A. Schroeder, J. Alvarado, X. Wang, K. Xu and Y. S. Meng, ACS Energy Letters, 4, 489 (2019).

Ni-rich layered oxides (LiNixCoyMnzO2, x≥0.8, x+y+z=1) would fulfil the energy density requirements of the automobile industry since they offer outstanding capacities at relatively high mean voltages and sufficient power densities1-3. However, the materials still show significant capacity and voltage fade which requires substantial research. Recently we have shown that the electronic structure is the key to understand the performance but also the failure of the materials1. Thus, we intend to modify the electronic structure using anionic dopants such as Boron. Thus, homogenous B-substituted NCM811s (BNCM811_x%, x% means the x at. % of Boron) are synthesized and the materials reveal a significant change in the electronic structure as evident from x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and near edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy (NEXAFS). Interestingly, a shift of the so called H2-H3 peak4 to higher potentials was observed by Boron substitution and BNCM811s_2% shows relative higher initial discharge capacity (Figure 1A.) at a slightly higher mean voltage, but a lower cycling stability compared to NCM811 (Figure 1B.). The H2-H3 differential capacity peak (Figure 1C) might also include oxygen release5, which is one of the main reasons restricting the cycling stability. Near edge x-ray absorption spectroscopy (NEXAFS) shows that the H2-H3 peak corresponds to a reaction from Ni3+ to Ni2+ (upon charge) and Ni2+ to Ni3+ (upon discharge) which suggest a reaction like NiO2 ⥂ NiO + ½ O2 as the underlying process. At the same time, an Oxygen K peak at 531 eV appears in the NEXAFS spectra, which was assigned to O-O formation in the host structure of Li-rich materials6, 7. Note that the electronic structure of the materials was determined in 5 mAh/g steps over the H2-H3 peak and due to the high resolution, this process became visible for the first time. The findings suggest that dimer formation is not only a phenomenon of Li-rich materials but can also be found in Ni-rich layered oxides at high states of charge. The origin of dimer formation and oxygen release can be traced back to the electronic configuration of Ni. Charge transfer multiplet calculations reveal, that Ni2+ reacts to covalent Ni3+ upon charge (and vice versa upon discharge)1. Ni3+ has a 3d7 electronic state, whose low spin configuration is more preferred than its high spin configuration. Thus, Ni3+ is more prone to Jahn-Teller (JT) distortions and tends to form covalent bonds. Consequently, the electrons are more bound to the individual sites making a further oxidation of the transition metal almost impossible. In conclusion, Boron substitution helps us to understand the function and failure of layered oxides in Li-ion batteries on an atomistic scale and the findings can be used as a design guide for future materials. K. Kleiner, C. A. Murray, C. Grosu, B. Ying, M. Winter, P. Nagel, S. Schuppler and M. Merz, Journal of The Electrochemical Society, 2021. J. Zhao, W. Zhang, A. Huq, S. T. Misture, B. Zhang, S. Guo, L. Wu, Y. Zhu, Z. Chen and K. Amine, Advanced Energy Materials, 2017, 7, 1601266. S.-J. Yoon, K.-J. Park, B.-B. Lim, C. S. Yoon and Y.-K. Sun, Journal of the Electrochemical Society, 2014, 162, A3059. S. Jamil, G. Wang, L. Yang, X. Xie, S. Cao, H. Liu, B. Chang and X. Wang, Journal of Materials Chemistry A, 2020, 8, 21306-21316. K. Märker, P. J. Reeves, C. Xu, K. J. Griffith and C. P. Grey, Chemistry of Materials, 2019, 31, 2545-2554. E. Hu, X. Yu, R. Lin, X. Bi, J. Lu, S. Bak, K.-W. Nam, H. L. Xin, C. Jaye and D. A. Fischer, Nature Energy, 2018, 3, 690-698. K. Kleiner, B. Strehle, A. R. Baker, S. J. Day, C. C. Tang, I. Buchberger, F.-F. Chesneau, H. A. Gasteiger and M. Piana, Chemistry of Materials, 2018, 30, 3656-3667. Figure 1

Incorporating intermittent renewable energy sources into the power grid will require large amounts of grid-scale energy storage. Electrochemical batteries are a versatile and scalable energy storage option and, hence, Li-ion batteries have been widely adopted to store excess wind and solar energy [1]. Li-ion batteries, however, have a relatively low energy density and serious safety concerns. An alternative electrochemical battery option lies with zinc-air batteries. This technology uses lower cost materials and is overall much safer. Furthermore, zinc-air batteries have a much larger theoretical energy density than Li-ion batteries [2]. The major impediment to wide-scale adoption of zinc-air batteries is the low energy efficiency because of the poor reaction kinetics at the air electrode. Both the charge and discharge reactions at the air electrode are sluggish and require the use of catalysts to obtain practicable performance. However, many catalysts active towards the charge reaction are not active towards the discharge reaction, and vice versa. The development of a catalyst active towards both the charge and discharge reactions, known as a bifunctional catalyst, is therefore a high priority [3]. Furthermore, catalysts employed in zinc-air batteries often show instability, with performance degradation evident after a few cycles. Ultimately, a highly stable bifunctional zinc-air battery catalyst is of the utmost importance. The aim of this work is to develop highly stable bifunctional catalysts for zinc-air batteries using atomic layer deposition (ALD). With ALD, extremely conformal catalyst coatings can be deposited directly on the air electrode of a zinc-air battery. The self-limiting surface reactions of ALD ensure that electrode porosity is maintained while maximizing the total coating surface area [4]. Since ALD operates in the gas phase, catalytic coatings can be deposited deep within the pores of the air electrode. This will help maintain the three-phase boundary necessary for the discharge reaction and ultimately improve the stability of a zinc-air battery [5]. To create a bifunctional catalyst, two ALD processes, one for manganese oxide and another for iron oxide, is combined into one ALD supercycle, depositing a mixed manganese-iron oxide. Since manganese oxide is a well-established discharge catalyst [6], and iron oxide demonstrates activity towards the charge reaction [7], this mixed manganese-iron oxide exhibits bifunctional activity in a zinc-air battery. An optimized supercycle process will be discussed and full-cell battery test results showcased. Specifically, the bifunctional efficiency of a zinc-air battery can be improved by more than 10% by using the mixed manganese-iron oxide catalyst. In addition, the high stability of the manganese-iron oxide catalyst is demonstrated, where bifunctional efficiency can be maintained at over 95% of the initial value over 200 cycles. Materials characterization of the mixed manganese-iron oxide, deposited through ALD, is also included. [1] L. Trahey, F. R. Brushett, N. P. Balsara, G. Ceder, L. Cheng, Y. M. Chiang, N. T. Hahn, B. J. Ingram, S. D. Minteer, J. S. Moore, K. T. Mueller, L. F. Nazar, K. A. Persson, D. J. Siegel, K. Xu, K. R. Zavadil, V. Srinivasan, and G. W. Crabtree, “Energy Storage Emerging: A Perspective from the Joint Center for Energy Storage Research,” Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A., vol. 117, no. 23, pp. 12550–12557, 2020. [2] J. Fu, R. Liang, G. Liu, A. Yu, Z. Bai, L. Yang, and Z. Chen, “Recent Progress in Electrically Rechargeable Zinc – Air Batteries,” Adv. Mater., vol. 31, no. 31, p. 1805230, 2019. [3] E. Davari and D. G. Ivey, “Bifunctional electrocatalysts for Zn – air batteries,” Sustain. Energy Fuels, vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 39–67, 2018. [4] C. Detavernier, J. Dendooven, S. Pulinthanathu Sree, K. F. Ludwig, and J. A. Martens, “Tailoring nanoporous materials by atomic layer deposition,” Chem. Soc. Rev., vol. 40, no. 11, pp. 5242–5253, 2011. [5] M. P. Clark, M. Xiong, K. Cadien, and D. G. Ivey, “High Performance Oxygen Reduction/Evolution Electrodes for Zinc − Air Batteries Prepared by Atomic Layer Deposition of MnOx,” ACS Appl. Energy Mater., vol. 3, no. 1, pp. 603–313, 2020. [6] M. P. Clark, T. Muneshwar, M. Xiong, K. Cadien, and D. G. Ivey, “Saturation Behavior of Atomic Layer Deposition MnOx from Bis(Ethylcyclopentadienyl) Manganese and Water: Saturation Effect on Coverage of Porous Oxygen Reduction Electrodes for Metal-Air Batteries,” ACS Appl. Nano Mater., vol. 2, no. 1, pp. 267–277, 2019. [7] M. Labbe, M. P. Clark, Z. Abedi, A. He, K. Cadien, and D. G. Ivey, “Atomic layer deposition of iron oxide on a porous carbon substrate via ethylferrocene and an oxygen plasma,” Surf. Coatings Technol., vol. 421, p. 127390, 2021.

The achievement of children's quality of life is undoubtedly linked to the development of positive habits that will continue to be practiced in future lives. This can be done by developing awareness and behavior of a balanced clean and healthy lifestyle. The purpose of this study was to determine the increase in the PHBS ability of children. Various efforts have been made so that children with intellectual disabilities can maintain their cleanliness. The efforts made by the teacher are still not maximal so that the delivery of information about PHBS must be completed by another method, namely demonstration. This research was conducted at SDLB 127710 Pematangsiantar5 with an action research method that refers to the Kurt Lewin model. Data collection techniques used purposive sampling and data analysis with the Wilcoxon test. The results showed an increase in understanding of the PHBS of children with intellectual disabilities able to learn SDLB 127710 Pematangsiantar through the demonstration method. This is evidenced by the increase in the score, where the initial assessment was obtained (59%), while in the first cycle, the average score was good (69.9%). In short, the understanding of children with intellectual disabilities being able to learn about PHBS is increased by using the demonstration method. Keywords: Intellectual Disability Children, PHBS program, Demonstration methods References Agarwal, R. (2017). Importancia de la atención primaria de salud en la sociedad. International Journal of Health Sciences, 1(1), 5–9. Aiello, A. E., Coulborn, R. M., Perez, V., & Larson, E. L. (2008). Effect of hand hygiene on infectious disease risk in the community setting: A meta-analysis. American Journal of Public Health, 98(8), 1372–1381. https://doi.org/10.2105/AJPH.2007.124610 Arip, M. pdfo., & Emilyani, D. (2018). Strategy to improve knowledge, attitude, and skill toward clean and healthy life behaviour. International Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities, 2(3), 125–135. https://doi.org/10.29332/ijssh.v2n3.222 Basheer, A., Hugerat, M., Kortam, N., & Hofstein, A. (2017). The effectiveness of teachers’ use of demonstrations for enhancing students’ understanding of and attitudes to learning the oxidation-reduction concept. Eurasia Journal of Mathematics, Science and Technology Education, 13(3), 555–570. https://doi.org/10.12973/eurasia.2017.00632a Bloomfield, S. F., Aiello, A. E., Cookson, B., O’Boyle, C., & Larson, E. L. (2007). The effectiveness of hand hygiene procedures in reducing the risks of infections in home and community settings including handwashing and alcohol-based hand sanitizers. American Journal of Infection Control, 35(10 SUPPL. 1). https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2007.07.001 Cavanaugh, L. K. (n.d.). Intellectual Disabilities (D. L. Porretta (Ed.); 6 th). 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(n.d.). Lee, R. L. T., & Lee, P. H. (2014). To evaluate the effects of a simplified hand washing improvement program in schoolchildren with mild intellectual disability: A pilot study. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 35(11), 3014–3025. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2014.07.016 Lee, R. L. T., Leung, C., Tong, W. K., Chen, H., & Lee, P. H. (2015). Comparative efficacy of a simplified handwashing program for improvement in hand hygiene and reduction of school absenteeism among children with intellectual disability. American Journal of Infection Control, 43(9), 907–912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ajic.2015.03.023 Levato, L. E., Aponte, C. A., Wilkins, J., Travis, R., Aiello, R., Zanibbi, K., Loring, W. A., Butter, E., Smith, T., & Mruzek, D. W. (2016). Use of urine alarms in toilet training children with intellectual and developmental disabilities: A review. Research in Developmental Disabilities, 53–54, 232–241. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2016.02.007 Noah Ekeyi, D. (2013). 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INTRODUCTION Solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) anodes are commonly composed of cermet materials, typically Ni-YSZ. Despite success in electrochemical performance, cermet materials suffer from sulfur poisoning, coke formation under low operating temperatures, and metal coarsening. Due to success of material design focused on the cathode such as LSCF, single-phase mixed ionic-electronic conducting (MIEC) materials have displayed promising oxidation activity [1]. The Sr-based Ruddlesden-Popper (RP) family has found recent use as a base stoichiometry in anodes where experimentalists have used both A and B-site doping and nanoparticle exsolvation strategies in order to tune activity [2,3]. In order to understand the fundamental electrochemical activity, we want to elaborate on the mechanism of H2 and CO oxidation on the promising material SrLaFeO4- 𝛿 (SLF). In the present study, we used ab initio methods to model H2 and CO oxidation on two FeO2-based models of SLF with and without B-site doping with Co and Ni. COMPUTATIONAL DETAILS All calculations presented in this work were performed using the spin-polarized DFT+U method with periodic boundary conditions as implemented in the VASP 5.4.4 code. We choose the PBE functional to describe exchange and correlation effects. Dudarev’s approach for DFT+U calculations is used with a U-J value of 4.0, 3.32, and 6.2 eV, respectively. We used the projector-augmented wave (PAW) method to represent the inner core potentials. The kinetic energy cutoff was set for all calculations to 700 eV, and integration over the Brillouin zone was performed with 3 × 3 × 1 Monkhorst-Point k-point mesh and the Gaussian smearing method with a sigma value of 0.05 eV. Slab models utilized a 15 Å vacuum layer and the bottom two layers were fixed to bulk position values. The DFT-derived parameters were employed in a microkinetic model to calculate the surface coverage of all adsorbed species for a given reaction condition. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION To begin our study, we tested all non-symmetrical conformers of SLF for the lowest relative energy on a model 2 × 2 × 1 supercell, as displayed in Figure 1a. A total of 3 structures were tested – P4/mmm, P4/nmm, and I4mm. We confirm that the lowest energy structure (I4mm) is equivalent to the experimentally reported structure. Next, we develop two 1.5 × 1.5 × 1 non-identical (001) FeO2-based slab models – so-called FeO2-LaO and FeO2-SrO (Figure 2b). The oxidation mechanism of H2 suggests oxidation begins with a dissociative adsorption step. Subsequent steps include formation of surface H2O, a surface vacancy, and a subsurface vacancy. To complete the catalytic cycle, we computed the bulk vacancy migration of SLF and assumed fast cathode kinetics for the overall cell model. At an operating voltage of 0.7 V, we predict that the highest rate occurs on the FeO2-SrO surface. We predict that H2 dissociative adsorption step is the rate-determining process based on Campbell’s degree of rate control. With the application of a single B-site dopant (Co and Ni), Co and Ni both decrease the barrier of the H2 dissociative adsorption step. Ni causes a slight decrease in energy for the formation energy of H2O. The oxidation mechanism of CO suggests oxidation begins with adsorption of the CO molecule on a reduced Fe site. The CO migrates to a neighboring Fe-O complex in order to form surface CO2. Based on degree of rate control, CO2 formation is likely the rate-determining step for both surface models. In conclusion, this is one of the first mechanism investigations on the anodic oxidation reactions of H2 and CO on RP-based oxides. We find that H2 has promising catalytic performance similar to the experimental evidence. The inclusion of B-site dopants displays that catalytic performance can be tuned with the introduction of different transition metals. Future work will examine the role of exsolved particles for RP-based oxides. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This work has been funded by the Division of Materials Research, a National Science Foundation organization under Award Number 1832809. Computing resources provided by the San Diego Supercomputer Center (SDSC) and Texas Advanced Computing Center (TACC) under XSEDE grant number TG-CTS090100 and USC High-Performance Computing clusters are gratefully acknowledged. REFERENCES L. Xu, Y. Yin, N. Wang, Z. Ma, Electrochem. Commun., 76, 51–54 (2017) N. Wu, W. Wang, Y. Zhong, G. Yang, J. Qu, Z. Shao, ChemElectroChem, 4, 2378–2384 (2017) H. Chong, H. Chen, Z. Shao, J. Shi, J. Bai, S. Li, J. Mater. Chem. A, 4, 13997–14007 (2016) FIGURE 1a: 2×2×1 supercell model of I4mm SrLaFeO4 FIGURE 1b: Slab models of (001) FeO2-LaO and FeO2-SrO Figure 1

Artikel review ini memberikan informasi tentang aplikasi polianilina (PANI) dan kompositnya sebagai sensor gas berbahaya khususnya amonia (NH3). Kajian yang dibahas pada artikel ini meliputi sifat gas NH3, material komposit, kinerja sensor, serta limit deteksi. Tinjauan sensor gas amonia berbasis polimer konduktif polianilina secara menyeluruh diambil dari referensi sepuluh tahun terakhir. Sebagai contoh, komposit polianilina dengan turunan karbon seperti reduced Graphene Oxide (rGO) dan Carbon Nanotube menunjukkan limit deteksi hingga 46 ppb dengan waktu pemulihan hanya 75 detik. Selain itu, komposit PANI dengan logam seperti Ag, Sr dan sebagainya, menunjukkan limit deteksi yang lebih besar yaitu 1 ppm, namun terdapat keunggulan dimana waktu pemulihan hanya 4 deti. Oleh sebab itu, polimer konduktif polianilina menjadi material yang sangat menjanjikan untuk mendeteksi keberadaan gas NH3. Terakhir, mekanisme penginderaan gas amonia terhadap material PANI juga dibahas pada tulisan ini. 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BackgroundBecause conventional single-cell strategies rely on dissociating tissues into suspensions that lose spatial context,1 we developed Slide-TCR-seq to sequence both whole transcriptomes and TCRs with 10µm-spatial resolution, & applied it to renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) treated with immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICI).MethodsSlide-TCR-seq combines Slide-seqV22 3—a 10µm-resolution spatial approach utilizing mRNA capture and DNA-barcoded beads—with sensitive targeted capture of TCR sequences (rhTCRseq,4 previously developed by our group), thereby enabling amplification of segments extending from upstream of CDR3 to the 3’-end of the TCR transcript (figure 1A). We tested Slide-TCR-seq first on OT-I murine spleen and then applied this methodology to 3 patients‘ pre-αPD-1 ccRCC samples5 and a post-αPD-1 metastasis to investigate the spatial, functional, and clonotypic organization of T cells in relationship to tumor using RCTD,6 spatial enrichment, and spatial expression analyses.ResultsUsing Slide-TCR-seq, we first recapitulated native spatial structure of OT-I mouse spleen (figure 1B-G). TCRα/β CDR3 sequences were detected on 37.1% of beads with Trac/Trbc2 constant sequences—comparable to other scTCRseq methods. Because the clonal and spatial context of TILs have been increasingly implicated in immunotherapy resistance, we used Slide-TCR-seq to analyze a lung ccRCC metastasis following αPD-1 therapy. We employed unsupervised clustering to delineate the tumor, intervening boundary, and lung compartments, and RCTD analyses to spatially map individual cell types; together recapitulating the architecture observed in corresponding histology (figure 2). We identified 1,132 unique clonotypes, with distinct spatial distributions spanning the tissue compartments. Eight clonotypes were significantly enriched in tumor, whereas 5 were depleted (all p<0.05) (figure 3). We then analyzed the relationships between the T cells’ clonotype, gene expression, and tumor infiltration depth among clonotypes. Using a T-cell geneset associated with poor response to ICI,7 we dichotomized T-clonotype beads by geneset expression, and found spatial segregation of this geneset’s expression both within and across clonotypes (figure 4). TCR-4—the most significantly tumor-enriched clonotype—and TCR-2 displayed high expression of the poor ICI response geneset near the tumor’s edge, but low expression deeper in the tumor compartment; indicating that there are transcriptionally distinct subpopulations of these clonotypes, which depended on the extent of their tumor infiltration.Abstract 76 Figure 1Slide-TCR-seq spatially localizes T cell receptors and transcriptome information. a. Schematic of Slide-TCR-seq, in which tissue is placed onto an in situ barcoded bead array. cDNA libraries prepared with Slide-seqV2 are split prior to fragmentation with one portion used for targeted amplification via rhTCRseq optimized for use with Slide-seq libraries. Slide-TCR-seq provides gene expression, cell type, and clonotype information in space. b. Serial sections of the OT-1 mouse spleen with hematoxylin and eosin stain show characteristic architecture of red pulp and white pulp separation. c. Spatial reconstruction of Slide-TCR-seq array for a corresponding section of OT-I mouse spleen, with RCTD immune cell type assignment. NK = natural killer. d. Gene expression gaussian-filtered heatmap for visualizing the spatial distribution of gene markers for marginal zone (Marco), red blood cells (RBCs; Gypa), and CD8 T cells (Cd8a). e and f. Comparing the spatial distribution of constant (left) and variable (right) sequences for TCRα (e) and TCRβ (f), with superimposed density plot. g. The fraction of beads that capture CDR3 variable sequences (y-axis) when constant UMIs are captured (x-axis) for TCRα (left, light blue) and TCRβ (right, dark blue), with the number of corresponding beads along the top axis. All scale bars: 500 µm.Abstract 76 Figure 2Slide-TCR-seq identifies spatial differences between T cell clonotypes in renal cell carcinoma. (a) H&E stain of a ccRCC metastasis to the lung following PD-1 blockade therapy. (b) The compartment assignment of lung (green), immune cell boundary (orange), and tumor (blue) by applying K-nearest neighbors to cell types determined by unsupervised clustering from Slide-TCR-seq of a sequential tissue section. (c) Spatial reconstruction of cell type identifies using RCTD anaysis of the Slide-TCR-seq data. (d) Spatial localization of T cell clonotypes (n=447 clonotypes, colored by clonotype) from the the Slide-TCR-seq data.Abstract 76 Figure 3Top: y-axis Significance of clonotype spatial distributions compared against all other clonotypes with at least ten beads per array from the ccRCC lung metastasis plotted against an x-axis of magnitude of tumor enrichment or depletion (data from n=3 replicate arrays, two one-tailed K-S tests). Bottom: Visualization of selected significant clonotypes, ordered by tumor enrichment, in tissue compartments for a single array (T cells within the tumor compartment are displayed as opaque, T cells within other compartments are displayed as translucent).Abstract 76 Figure 4Spatial and molecular heterogeneity in clonotype gene expression and tumor infiltration. a. The three axes — spatial localization, gene expression, and T cell clonotype — that Slide-TCR-seq can relate. b. Top: distribution of poor response to immune checkpoint inhibitor treatment (’PRI’) geneset7 expression across all clonotypes in the tumor region of the same post-PD1 inhibitor RCC lung metastasis from figures 2–3 (from a single replicate) with kernel density estimation. Yellow = clonotypes with lower than median PRI expression; purple = clonotypes with PRI expression greater than or equal to the median value. Bottom: localization of low (yellow) and high (purple) PRI geneset expression clonotypes within the tumor region (light blue) from the Slide-TCR-seq array shows their distinct spatial separation (light blue = tumor region, orange = boundary region, green = lung region). Scale bar: 500 µm. c. Smoothed histograms comparing the distance infiltrated into tumor by two-tailed K-S test comparing low (yellow) and high (purple) expression clonotypes, as dichotomized by median expression of PRI. d. Comparing distance infiltrated into tumor by two-tailed K-S test between low and high PRI expression T cells across those clonotypes with at least 20 beads (n=7 clonotypes).ConclusionsSlide-TCR-seq effectively integrates spatial transcriptomics with TCR detection at 10µm resolution, thereby relating T cells’ clonality and gene expression to their spatial organization in tumors. Our findings suggest that a clonotype’s T cells may exhibit mixed responses to ICI depending on their spatial localization. The heterogeneity among clonotypes, in both gene expression and organization, underscores the importance of studying the TCR repertoire with spatial resolution.AcknowledgementsWe are grateful to Irving A. Barrera-Lopez, Zoe N. Garcia, and Aziz Al’Khafaji for technical assistance.ReferencesGohil S, Iorgulescu JB, Braun D, Keskin D, Livak K. Applying high-dimensional single-cell technologies to the analysis of cancer immunotherapy. Nat Rev Clin Oncol 2021; 18:244–256.Stickels RR, Murray E, Kumar P, Li J, Marshall JL, Di Bella DJ, Arlotta P, Macosko EZ, Chen F. Highly sensitive spatial transcriptomics at near-cellular resolution with Slide-seqV2. Nat Biotechnol 2021 Mar;39(3):313–319.Rodriques SG, Stickels RR, Goeva A, Martin CA, Murray E, Vanderburg CR, Welch J, Chen LM, Chen F, Macosko EZ. Slide-seq: A scalable technology for measuring genome-wide expression at high spatial resolution. 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Robust decomposition of cell type mixtures in spatial transcriptomics. Nat Biotechnol 2021 Feb 18. doi: 10.1038/s41587-021-00830-w. Epub ahead of print. PMID: 33603203.Sade-Feldman M, Yizhak K, Bjorgaard SL, Ray JP, de Boer CG, Jenkins RW, Lieb DJ, Chen JH, Frederick DT, Barzily-Rokni M, Freeman SS, Reuben A, Hoover PJ, Villani AC, Ivanova E, Portell A, Lizotte PH, Aref AR, Eliane JP, Hammond MR, Vitzthum H, Blackmon SM, Li B, Gopalakrishnan V, Reddy SM, Cooper ZA, Paweletz CP, Barbie DA, Stemmer-Rachamimov A, Flaherty KT, Wargo JA, Boland GM, Sullivan RJ, Getz G, Hacohen N. Defining T Cell States Associated with Response to Checkpoint Immunotherapy in Melanoma. Cell 2018 Nov 1;175(4):998–1013Ethics ApprovalThis study was approved by MGB/DFCI/Broad institution’s Ethics Board; approval number 2019P000017.

In this paper, seismic activity characteristics in the East Sea area was analyzed by authors on the base of the unified earthquake catalog (1900-2017), including 131505 events with magnitude 3 ≤ Mw ≤ 8.4. The seismic intensity in the East Sea during the period 1900-2017 is characterized by the earthquake representative level Mw = 4.7. The strong earthquake activity in the East Sea area clearly shows the regularity in each stage. In the period from 1900 to 2017, the East Sea area has four periods of strong earthquake activity, each stage is nearly 30 years with particular characteristics. The distribution of the maximum earthquake quantities by years has a cyclicity in all four periods. In each stage there are 1-2 strong earthquakes with Mmax ≥ 8.0. The strong earthquakes with Mmax ≥ 7.5 have occurred by a repeatable rule of 3-5 years in all four stages. This allows the prediction of the maximum earthquake repeat cycle of Mmax ≥ 7.5 in the study area is 3-5 years. In other hand, the maximum magnitude values for the East Sea region has assessed by GEV method with several different predict periods (20, 40, 60, 80, 100 years), with predicted probability 80%. We concluded that it is possible that earthquake have Mmax = 8.7 will occur in next 100 years.ReferencesBautista C.B., Bautista M.L.P., Oike K., Wu F.T., Punongbayan R.S., 2001. A new insight on the geometry of subducting slabs in northern Luzon, Philippines. Tectonophysics, 339, 279-310.Bui Cong Que, et al., 2010. Seismic and tsunamis hazard in coastal Viet Nam. Natural Science and Technology Publishing House, 311p.Bui Van Duan, Nguyen Cong Thang, Nguyen Van Vuong, Pham Dinh Nguyen, 2013. The magnitude of the largest possible earthquake in the Muong La-Bac Yen fault zone. J. Sci. of the Earth, 35, 53-59 (in Vietnamese).Cao Dinh Trieu, Pham Nam Hung, 2008. Deep-seated fault zone presents the risk of strong earthquakes in the East and South Vietnam Sea. 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The pandemic of COVID-19 has afflicted every individual and has initiated a cascade of directly or indirectly involved events in precipitating mental health issues. The human species is a wanderer and hunter-gatherer by nature, and physical social distancing and nationwide lockdown have confined an individual to physical isolation. The present review article was conceived to address psychosocial and other issues and their aetiology related to the current pandemic of COVID-19. The elderly age group has most suffered the wrath of SARS-CoV-2, and social isolation as a preventive measure may further induce mental health issues. Animal model studies have demonstrated an inappropriate interacting endogenous neurotransmitter milieu of dopamine, serotonin, glutamate, and opioids, induced by social isolation that could probably lead to observable phenomena of deviant psychosocial behavior. Conflicting and manipulated information related to COVID-19 on social media has also been recognized as a global threat. Psychological stress during the current pandemic in frontline health care workers, migrant workers, children, and adolescents is also a serious concern. Mental health issues in the current situation could also be induced by being quarantined, uncertainty in business, jobs, economy, hampered academic activities, increased screen time on social media, and domestic violence incidences. The gravity of mental health issues associated with the pandemic of COVID-19 should be identified at the earliest. Mental health organization dedicated to current and future pandemics should be established along with Government policies addressing psychological issues to prevent and treat mental health issues need to be developed. References World Health Organization (WHO) Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19) Dashboard. 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Trong xu thế hội nhập quốc tế, đặc biệt là sự tác động sâu sắc của Công nghệ 4.0, vai trò chuyển đổi số trong các lĩnh vực là một yêu cầu tất yếu đối với mọi mặt của đời sống. Trong giới hạn của bài viết này, tác giả chỉ đề cập đến việc chuyển đổi số trong giáo dục đại học thông qua những minh chứng đang diễn ra tại trường Đại học Luật Hà Nội. Bài viết bao gồm 3 phần chính đó là: Phần 1 tác giả nêu khái quát chung về khái niệm chuyển đổi số trong giáo dục đại học, Phần 2 tác giả đề cập đến thực trạng chuyển đổi số trong việc dạy và học tại trường Đại học Luật Hà Nội, và Phần 3 tác giả nêu lên những giải pháp, khuyến nghị nâng cao hiệu quả của quá trình chuyển đổi số trong dạy-học tại trường Đại học Luật Hà Nội. Bài viết này sẽ cung cấp thông tin tham khảo thực tiễn cho các nhà quản trị trường học trong việc hoạch định chính sách phát triển của nhà trường khi thực hiện chuyển đổi số, cho giảng viên biết thêm thông tin để thay đổi chính mình bắt kịp với xu thế thời đại số, cho người học nhận thức rõ tầm quan trọng của việc tự học tập, nghiên cứu khai thác tài nguyên số, và là nguồn tham khảo hữu ích phục vụ các nghiên cứu sau này.

Nghiên cứu được thực hiện tại xã Xuân Lộc, huyện Phú Lộc, tỉnh Thừa Thiên Huế. Đây là nơi sinh sống của cộng đồng người Kinh và đồng bào dân tộc Vân Kiều. Nghiên cứu chỉ ra ba kết quả nổi bật, bao gồm: thứ nhất, có sự khác nhau về 5 nguồn vốn sinh kế giữa hai nhóm hộ, tuy nhiên có một xu hướng chung là người Kinh có điều kiện để tiếp cận với các nguồn sinh kế dễ hơn, dẫn tới sinh kế là đa dạng hơn so với người Vân Kiều; thứ hai, có một sự thay đổi lớn trong tiếp cận sinh kế hiện tại so với trước đây của cả hai nhóm hộ, đó là sản xuất nông nghiệp không còn đóng vai trò chủ đạo trong sinh kế của họ nữa mà thay vào đó là trồng rừng (cây keo) vì thu nhập cao hơn các nguồn khác. Cuối cùng, nghiên cứu chỉ ra rằng chiến lược ưu tiên nhất trong hoạt động sinh kế của cả hai nhóm là khác nhau, trong khi cộng đồng người Kinh ưu tiên trồng rừng và trồng tiêu, thì đồng bào dân tộc Vân Kiều lựa chọn trồng rừng và chăn nuôi.

Công tác đảm bảo chất lượng giáo dục ở các cơ sở đào tạo đại học đang nhận được sự quan tâm của toàn xã hội. Trong xu hướng hội nhập quốc tế, Trường Đại học Công nghiệp Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh chủ trương đánh giá chất lượng cấp cơ sở theo tiêu chuẩn AUN – QA. Bài báo này trình bày ngắn gọn về các hoạt động đảm bảo chất lượng tại trường trong thời gian vừa quan, phân tích những khó khăn và thuận lợi khi đánh giá chất lượng theo tiêu chuẩn AUN – QA. Trên cơ sở đó, bài báo cũng đề xuất một số giải pháp nhằm triển khai công tác đảm bảo chất lượng theo tiêu chuẩn AUN – QA có thể áp dụng tại trường Đại học Công nghiệp Thành phố Hồ Chí Minh. Các giải pháp cơ bản bao gồm: 1. Thành lập hội đồng đảm bảo chất lượng và tổ thư kí đảm bảo chất lượng; 2. Xây dựng cơ sở dữ liệu đảm bảo chất lượng chung của toàn trường; 3. Sử dụng các công cụ triển khai hỗ trợ việc viết báo cáo tự đánh giá; 4. Tăng cường các hoạt động sử dụng tiếng Anh trong nhà trường.

Mục tiêu: Khảo sát tỷ lệ và các yếu tố liên quan đến nhiễm khuẩn vết mổ ở bệnh nhân mổ lấy thai tại Khoa Sản, Bệnh viện Trung ương Quân đội 108. Đối tượng và phương pháp: Nghiên cứu hồi cứu trên các sản phụ được mổ lấy thai tại Khoa Sản, Bệnh viện Trung ương Quân đội 108, từ tháng 1 năm 2018 đến tháng 12 năm 2020. Kết quả: Tổng cộng 3.623 ca mổ đẻ trong 3 năm, tuổi trung bình của sản phụ: 28,5 ± 5,2 năm. Tỷ lệ nhiễm khuẩn vết mổ chung cả 3 năm là 1,9% (70/3.623). Tỷ lệ nhiễm khuẩn vết mổ trong từng năm lần lượt là 3,7%; 1,5% và 0,9%. Chủ yếu là nhiễm khuẩn vết mổ nông (94,2%). Các yếu tố liên quan đến nhiễm khuẩn vết mổ bao gồm: Thừa cân béo phì (BMI > 25), có bệnh lý mạn tính kết hợp, thời gian vỡ ối > 6 giờ và thời gian mổ lấy thai trên 60 phút. Kết luận: Tỷ lệ nhiễm khuẩn vết mổ sau mổ lấy thai tại Bệnh viện Trung ương Quân đội 108 có xu hướng giảm trong các năm gần đây, tuy nhiên cũng cần lưu ý đến một số yếu tố nguy cơ liên quan đến nhiễm khuẩn vết mổ.

Mục tiêu nghiên cứu nhằm đánh giá hiệu quả can thiệp nâng cao kiến thức và thực hành phòng chống bạo lực và xâm hại tình dục học đường bằng các ứng dụng di động thông minh tại 4 trường trung học cơ sở, Hà Nội 2020-2021. Thiết kế nghiên cứu là nghiên cứu can thiệp cộng đồng không đối chứng, hiệu qủa can thiệp được đánh giá theo mô hình trước-sau. Cỡ mẫu được tính cho cho can thiệp bao gồm 712 học sinh tại 04 trường trung học cơ sở quận Đống Đa, Thành phố Hà Nội. Kết quả nghiên cứu cho thấy hiệu quả của can thiệp đã góp phần rõ rệt vào việc gia tăng kiến thức và thực hành của học sinh phổ thông cơ sở về phòng chống bạo lực và xâm hại tình dục học đường. Điểm kiến thức về hành vi, dấu hiệu, hậu quả bạo lực đều có xu hướng gia tăng sau can thiệp. Điểm kiến thức chung của học sinh về xâm hại tình dục tăng từ 16,2 lên 19,9 điểm. Điểm trung bình về các khía cạnh của xâm hại tình dục đều tăng lên có ý nghĩa thống kê. Sau can thiệp, đã có sự cải thiện về thực hành một cách đáng kể với các hành vi tích cực như tìm kiếm sự trợ giúp, gọi đường dây nóng để hỗ trợ; trong khi cách hành vi tiêu cực như tập hợp bạn bè để trả thù, cổ vũ người thực hiện hành vi đó có xu hướng giảm xuống sau can thiệp. Sau can thiệp, thực hành về bạo lực tinh thần của học sinh tăng lên rõ rệt và các hành vi tích cực của học sinh đối với xâm hại tình dục gia tăng rõ rệt. Can thiệp phòng chống bạo lực và xâm hại tình dục học đường bằng các ứng dụng di động thông minh tỏ ra rất có hiệu quả.

Mối quan hệ giữa Nhà nước và cá nhân, công dân là chủ đề bao phủ hầu khắp các lĩnh vực chính trị, xã hội hay pháp luật. “Lịch sử tư tưởng chính trị pháp lý là lịch sử đấu tranh giữa các quan niệm tiến bộ với các quan niệm bảo thủ, lạc hậu trong việc xác định mối quan hệ giữa nhà nước và cá nhân” (2; 198)[1]. Dù có thể được tiếp cận ở nhiều góc độ khác nhau, nhưng cơ bản nhất, mối quan hệ Nhà nước – công dân được phản ánh thông qua khái niệm “quyền công dân” (la citoyenneté – tiếng Pháp; citizenship – tiếng Anh). Quyền công dân là khái niệm gốc: từ đây sẽ nảy sinh các khái niệm nền tảng của nền chính trị như: dân chủ; nhà nước pháp quyền, công lý.v.v. Mỗi đổi thay của khái niệm quyền công dân, phản ánh những bước chuyển của xã hội ở từng thời kỳ lịch sử. Và ẩn chứa sau nội dung quyền công dân có thể nhìn thấy hướng vận động của một quốc gia hay xu hướng của thế giới. Bài viết sau đây lược dịch từ tác phẩm của học giả Jacques Chevallier (Giáo sư Đại học Pantheon – Assas, Paris 2) trong đó khái niệm quyền công dân được xem xét từ góc độ thời gian (từ nhà nước cổ xưa đến xã hội hậu hiện đại); và góc độ không gian (từ quốc gia đến quốc tế); từ lĩnh vực chính trị đến các lĩnh vực kinh tế, xã hội. [1] Khoa Luật Trường Đại học Tổng hợp Hà Nội, “Giáo trình Lý luận chung về Nhà nước và pháp luật”, Hà Nội 1993, tr. 196.

Hệ thống các trạm quan trắc và phân tích môi trường biển phía Nam Việt Nam được thiết lập từ năm 1996 và hoạt động liên tục cho đến nay. Trong đó, có 3 trạm (Nha Trang, Gành Rái và Rạch Giá) là những trạm được quan trắc liên tục theo tần suất 2 lần/năm, với chuỗi số liệu liên tục kể từ năm 1996 đến nay. Các thông số môi trường quan trắc trong nước biển ven bờ bao gồm: thông số cơ bản, muối dinh dưỡng, kim loại nặng và dầu mỡ khoáng. Số liệu quan trắc chất lượng nước biển từ năm 2013-2017 đã được thu thập, phân tích và đánh giá. Kết quả cho thấy nước biển ven bờ phía Nam Việt Nam nhìn chung còn tương đối tốt về mặt sinh thái, mặc dù hàm lượng các thông số đo đạc có biến đổi theo mùa, pha triều và vùng miền. Tuy nhiên, một vài thông số môi trường như độ đục, tổng chất rắn lơ lửng (TSS), các muối dinh dưỡng (ammonia, nitrite, nitrate) tại trạm Vũng Tàu và Rạch Giá vượt giá trị giới hạn (GTGH) được quy định trong các Quy chuẩn của Việt Nam (QCVN 10-MT:2015/BTNMT), Úc và ASEAN về chất lượng nước biển ven bờ áp dụng cho nuôi trồng thủy sản và bảo tồn thủy sinh. Ngoài ra, phân tích dữ liệu môi trường trong giai đoạn 2013-2017 cho thấy có xu thế tăng theo thời gian của giá trị độ đục, TSS và tổng dầu mỡ khoáng. Kết quả cũng đã phản ảnh được các đặc điểm môi trường từng khu vực quan trắc cũng như tác động của một số hoạt động kinh tế - xã hội đến chất lượng môi trường biển ven bờ phía Nam Việt Nam.

Trong nghiên cứu này, sử dụng số liệu quan trắc lượng mưa ngày trên các trạm khí tượng khu vực Tây Nguyên giai đoạn 1981-2010, một vài đặc điểm chế độ mưa bao gồm ngày bắt đầu mùa mưa và sự biến đổi cũng như khả năng dự báo ngày bắt đầu mùa mưa đã được khảo sát. Kết quả nhận được cho thấy: 1) Ngày bắt đầu mùa mưa ở Tây Nguyên biến thiên mạnh qua các năm. Mùa mưa bắt đầu sớm hơn ở phía nam Tây Nguyên sau đó là phía bắc và muộn nhất ở miền trung. Nhìn chung, mùa mưa ở Tây Nguyên bắt đầu vào khoảng giữa tháng 4 đến giữa tháng 5, trung bình vào khoảng 30 tháng 4 hàng năm; 2) Mùa mưa ở Tây Nguyên có xu thế đến sớm hơn 5-7 ngày/thập kỷ; 3) Ngày bắt đầu mùa mưa ở Tây Nguyên có tương quan dương cao với nhiệt độ bề mặt biển (SST) ở khu vực trung tâm Thái Bình dương xích đạo và nam Ấn Độ dương xích đạo, gió vĩ hướng mực 850hPa khu vực tây bắc và trung tâm Thái Bình dương xích đạo và với khí áp mực biển trung bình trên các khu vực tây Thái Bình dương và Ấn Độ dương, có tương quan âm với SST trên khu vực tây Thái Bình dương xích đạo, gió vĩ hướng mực 850hPa trên vùng biển Ấn Độ dương xích đạo. Ngoài ra, bằng phương pháp phân tích thành phần chính đối với các trường SST, gió vĩ hướng trên mực 850hPa và khí áp mực biển trung bình trên một số vùng được lựa chọn để xác định các nhân tố dự báo; phương trình dự báo ngày bắt đầu mùa mưa trên Tây Nguyên cũng đã được xây dựng bằng phương pháp hồi qui từng bước. Kết quả chỉ ra rằng, sai số trung bình dự báo của phương pháp là 0,2 ngày và sai số tuyệt đối là 6 ngày.

Mở đầu: Bệnh lý động mạch chi dưới nhiều tầng, nhiều vị trí đang là thách thức với các bác sĩ lâm sàng. Các phương pháp kinh điển như phẫu thuật đơn thuần hoặc can thiệp nội mạch đơn thuần trên toàn bộ các tổn thương không phải lúc nào cũng thực hiện được. Xu hướng trên thế giới hiện nay là áp dụng phối hợp phẫu thuật và can thiệp trên một bệnh nhân nhằm làm giảm độ khó của phẫu thuật/ can thiệp nội mạch, tận dụng tối đa các ưu điểm của phẫu thuật và can thiệp nội mạch, giảm chi phí y tế và giảm tác động có hại trên sức khỏe bệnh nhân. Mục tiêu: 1. Nhận xét chỉ định áp dụng phương pháp can thiệp nội mạch kết hợp với mổ mở điều trị bệnh tắc hẹp động mạch chi dưới đa tầng; 2. Đánh giá kết quả áp dụng phương pháp can thiệp nội mạch kết hợp với mổ mở trong điều trị bệnh tắc hẹp động mạch chi dưới đa tầng. Phương pháp nghiên cứu: Hồi cứu mô tả loạt bệnh nhân BLĐMCDMT, có tổn thương động mạch từ 2 tầng phối hợp trở lên trong 3 tầng động mạch thuộc một chi dưới, được điều trị tái lập lưu thông mạch máu bằng phương pháp can thiệp nội mạch kết hợp với mổ mở trong 1 thì tại khoa Phẫu thuật mạch máu bệnh viện Chợ Rẫy TPHCM từ tháng 6/2018 đến tháng 6/2019. Kết quả: 94,7% bệnh nhân là nam giới, các yếu tố nguy cơ thường gặp là tăng huyết áp (63.2%), hút thuốc lá (26.3%) và đái tháo đường (26.3%). 68.4% bệnh nhân có vết loét hoặc hoại tử đầu chi, Các tổn thương phần lớn thuộc giai đoạn TASC II C và D. 13/19 bệnh nhân có tổn thương ở cả 3 tầng nhưng không có bệnh nhân nào được tái thông tầng dưới gối. 73.7% bệnh nhân can thiệp được vô cảm bằng tê tại chỗ. 73,7% bệnh nhân được tạo hình động mạch đùi chung, 36,8% được lấy huyết khối và 10,5% được làm cầu nối đùi đùi phối hợp với can thiệp nội mạch các tổn thương phối hợp. Thời gian mổ trung bình là 193+ 34 p. Chỉ có 5,3% bệnh nhân có biến chứng chu phẫu. Kết quả can thiệp sau 6 tháng 89,6% bệnh nhân có kết quả tốt. Kết luận: Phương pháp phẫu thuật kết hợp can thiệp nội mạch ít biến chứng, đã cải thiện đáng kể các triệu chứng lâm sàng và cận lâm sàng của bệnh nhân tắc hẹp động mạch chi dưới đa tầng. Chỉ định bao gồm các trường hợp có tổn thương ĐM đùi chung, có tắc mạch cấp trên nền bệnh lý ĐM mãn tính hoặc có tổn thương ĐM chậu không thể tái lập lưu thông mạch máu - phối hợp với tổn thương tắc, hẹp các vị trí động mạch khác cùng chi thể. Phương pháp phẫu thuật được sử dụng là tạo hình động mạch đùi chung hoặc lấy huyết khối bằng ống thông Fogarty hoặc làm cầu nối đùi - đùi phối hợp với can thiệp nội mạch các tổn thương phối hợp. Đối với các tổn thương động mạch chi dưới đa tầng, tầng động mạch chủ chậu và đùi khoeo thường được ưu tiên tái thông, tầng động mạch dưới gối thường không được can thiệp tái thông thì đầu.

This study identifies A10398G alteration of mitochondrial ND3 gene in plasma exosome of 29 non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) patients, 31 controls and 13 pairs of tumor tissue and adjacent tissue of NSCLC patients, thereby assessing the relationship between this alteration in plasma exosome and tissue as well as the pathological characteristics of NSCLC patients. Using the PCR-RFLP method, the homoplasmy and heteroplasmy of A10398G were initially identified in mitochondrial DNA from both exosomes and lung tissues. The rate of variant 10398G in plasma exosome was 62.1% in the NSCLC group and 61.3% in the control group. However, there was no statistically significant difference in A10398G between the patient and control groups. The alteration of A10398G in plasma exosome and in tissue correlated with each other (correlation coefficient 0.69; p = 0.009). However, this alteration was not related to age, gender, smoking, alcohol drinks status, tumor size, histological stage and TNM stage. 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The globe is engulfed by one of the most extensive public health crises as COVID-19 has become a leading cause of death worldwide. COVID-19 was first detected in Wuhan, China, in December 2019, causing the severe acute respiratory syndrome. This review discusses issues related to Covid-19 vaccines, such as vaccine development targets, vaccine types, efficacy, limitations and development prospects. Keywords: Covid-19, SARS-CoV-2, vaccine, spike protein. References [1] C. Wang, P. W. Horby, F. G. Hayden, G. F. Gao, A Novel Coronavirus Outbreak of Global Health Concern, The Lancet, Vol. 395, No. 10223, 2020, pp. 470-473, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30185-9.[2] T. Singhal, A Review of Coronavirus Disease-2019 (COVID-19), The Indian Journal of Pediatrics, Vol. 87, 2020, pp. 281-286, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12098-020-03263-6.[3] World Health Organization, WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard, https://covid19.who.int/, (accessed on: August 21st, 2021).[4] A. 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The MT-ATP8 gene encodes for A6L protein subunit belonging to the proton channel of the ATP synthase. MT-ATP8 gene’s mutations can affect the structure and function of the ATP synthase, which may cause diseases. In this study, alterations of MT-ATP8 gene were investigated in tumor tissues of patients with breast cancer and control blood samples using PCR combined with direct sequencing and PCR-RFLP methods, data were analyzed using bioinformatics tools and statistical methods. Sequencing results revealed 5 variants of MT-ATP8 gene on 35 breast tumor tissues and 26 blood samples of controls, of which two mutations C8414T and C8417T altered the amino acid sequence of the resulting protein. The C8417T was further screened by PCR-RFLP and was found in 0,98% (1/102) of breast tumor samples. This change lead to substitution of lecine to phenylalanine (L18F) in a highly conserved position of A6L and was predicted as probably damaging to the structure and function of the protein. Additionally, a 9 bp deletion was also observed in a non-coding region of mtDNA in 26,5% (27/102) of breast cancer patients and 27% (7/26) of controls. Thus, these results showed that C8417T variant in the conserved position of MT-ATP8 gene was rare and first identified in a group of breast cancer patients in Vietnam. 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Introdução: O padrão ouro atual para detectar o RNA de SARS-CoV-2 é por reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real de transcrição reversa (RT-rtPCR) em swabs nasofaríngeos (NPS). Por esse motivo, a demanda pelos NPS aumentou e sua escassez se tornou uma realidade em muitos países. Com isso o uso da saliva se mostra uma alternativa promissora na triagem epidemiológica além de ser de fácil coleta e não invasiva. Objetivo: realizar uma revisão sistemática da literatura para avaliar o uso da saliva como um espécime alternativo para a detecção de SARS-CoV-2. Metodologia: A pesquisa sistemática foi realizada em sete bancos de dados (PubMed, Cochrane Library, Lilacs, Scielo, Web of Science, Scopus e Google Scholar) usando a variação dos termos de pesquisa (COVID-19 OR SARS-CoV-2 OR 2019-nCoV) AND "Saliva" no ano de 2020, recuperando 5480 publicações. Resultados: Após a leitura dos títulos e resumos, 411 textos foram conduzidos para leitura integral e 30 publicações foram consideradas para avaliação qualitativa do artigo. Conclusão: A saliva se apresenta um método alternativo eficaz para a detecção de SARS-CoV-2 e diagnóstico de COVID-19.Descritores: Infecções por Coronavírus; Betacoronavirus; Saliva; Diagnóstico.ReferênciasHuang C, Wang Y, Li X, Ren L, Zhao J, Hu Y, et al. Clinical features of patients infected with 2019 novel coronavirus in Wuhan, China. Lancet. 2020;395:497-506.Wang L, Wang Y, Ye D, Liu Q. A review of the 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) based on current evidence. J Antimicrob Agents 2020;105948.Zhu N, Zhang D, Wang W, Li X, Yang B, Song J, et al. A Novel Coronavirus from Patients with Pneumonia in China, 2019. N Engl J Med 2020;382:727-733.Coronaviridae Study Group of the International Committee on Taxonomy of V. 2020. The species Severe acute respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus: classifying 2019-nCoV and naming it SARS-CoV-2. Nat Microbiol. 2020;5:536-544.Lauer SA, Grantz KH, Bi Q, Jones FK, Zheng Q, Meredith HR, et al. The incubation period of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) from publicly reported confirmed cases: estimation and application. Ann Intern Med. 2020;172:577-82.To KK, Tsang OT, Chik-Yan Yip C, Chan KH, Wu TC, Chan JMC, et al. Consistent detection of 2019 novel coronavirus in saliva. Clin Infect Dis. 2020;149:5734265.Xu R, Cui B, Duan X, Zhang P, Zhou X, Yuan Q. Saliva: potential diagnostic value and transmission of 2019-nCoV. Int J Oral Sci. 2020;12:11.Khurshid Z, Asiri FYI, Al Wadaani H. Human Saliva: Non-Invasive Fluid for Detecting Novel Coronavirus (2019-nCoV). Int J Environ Res Public Health. 2020;17.Khurshid Z, Zohaib S, Najeeb S, Zafar MS, Slowey PD, Almas K. Human Saliva Collection Devices for Proteomics: An Update. Int J Mol Sci. 2016;17.Principais itens para relatar Revisões sistemáticas e Meta-análises: A recomendação PRISMA. Epidemiol. E Serviços Saúde 2015;24:335–42.Abdul MSM, Fatima U, Khanna SS, Bhanot R, Sharma A, Srivastava AP. Oral Manifestations of Covid-19-Are they the introductory symptoms?. J Adv Dent Sci Res. 2020;8:5.Azzi L, Carcano G, Dalla Gasperina D, Sessa F, Maurino V, Baj A. Two cases of COVID-19 with positive salivary and negative pharyngeal or respiratory swabs at hospital discharge: A rising concern. Oral Dis. 2020;00:1-3.Azzi L, Carcano G, Gianfagna F, Grossi P, Dalla Gasperina D, Genoni A, et al. Saliva is a reliable tool to detect SARS-CoV-2. J Infect. 2020;81:45-50.Becker D, Sandoval E, Amin A, De Hoff P, Leonetti N, Lim YW, et al. Saliva is less sensitive than nasopharyngeal swabs for COVID-19 detection in the community setting. medRxiv. 2020;20092338.Braz-Silva PH, Pallos D, Giannecchini S, To KKW. SARS-CoV-2: What can saliva tell us?. Oral Dis. 2020;13365.Chan JFW, Yip CCY, To KKW, Tang THC, Wong SCY, Leung KH, et al. Improved molecular diagnosis of COVID-19 by the novel, highly sensitive and specific COVID-19-RdRp/Hel real-time reverse transcription-PCR assay validated in vitro and with clinical specimens. J Clin Microbiol. 2020;58:5.Chen L, Zhao J, Peng J, Li X, Deng X, Geng Z, et al. Detection of 2019-nCoV in saliva and characterization of oral symptoms in COVID-19 patients. Lancet. 2020;3556665.Cheng VC, Wong SC, Chen JH, Yip CC, Chuang VW, Tsang OT, et al. Escalating infection control response to the rapidly evolving epidemiology of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) due to SARS-CoV-2 in Hong Kong. Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol. 2020;41:493-498.Han P, Ivanovski S. Saliva—Friend and Foe in the COVID-19 Outbreak. Diagn. 2020;10:290.Iwasaki S, Fujisawa S, Nakakubo S, Kamada K, Yamashita Y, Fukumoto T, et al. Comparison of SARS-CoV-2 detection in nasopharyngeal swab and saliva. J Infect. 2020;20:30349.Krajewska J, Krajewski W, Zub K, Zatoński T. COVID-19 in otolaryngologist practice: a review of current knowledge. Eur Arch Otorhinolaryngol. 2020;1-13.Lalli MA, Chen X, Langmade SJ, Fronick CC, Sawyer CS, Burcea LC, et al. Rapid and extraction-free detection of SARS-CoV-2 from saliva with colorimetric LAMP. medRxiv. 2020;7273276.Li X, Geng M, Peng Y, Meng L, Lu S. Molecular immune pathogenesis and diagnosis of COVID-19. J Pharm Anal. 2020;10:101-108.Li H, Liu SM, Yu XH, Tang SL, Tang CK. Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19): current status and future perspective. Int J Antimicrob Agents. 2020;105951.McCormick-Baw C, Morgan K, Gaffney D, Cazares Y, Jaworski K, Byrd A, et al. Saliva as an Alternate Specimen Source for Detection of SARS-CoV-2 in Symptomatic Patients Using Cepheid Xpert Xpress SARS-CoV-2. J Clin Microbiol. 2020;01109-20.Pasomsub E, Watcharananan SP, Boonyawat K, Janchompoo P, Wongtabtim G, Suksuwan W, et al. Saliva sample as a non-invasive specimen for the diagnosis of coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19): a cross-sectional study. Clin Microbiol Infect. 2020;20302780.Sabino-Silva R, Jardim ACG, Siqueira WL. Coronavirus COVID-19 impacts to dentistry and potential salivary diagnosis. Clinical oral investigations. 2020;1-3.Sapkota D, Thapa SB, Hasséus B, Jensen JL. Saliva testing for COVID-19?. BDJ. 2020;228:658-659.Sharma S, Kumar V, Chawla A, Logani A. Rapid detection of SARS-CoV-2 in saliva: Can an endodontist take the lead in point-of-care COVID-19 testing?. Int Endod J. 2020;13317.Tang YW, Schmitz JE, Persing DH, Stratton CW. Laboratory Diagnosis of COVID-19: Current Issues and Challenges. J Clin Microbiol. 2020;58(6).Tatikonda SS, Reshu P, Hanish A, Konkati S, Madham S. A Review of Salivary Diagnostics and Its Potential Implication in Detection of Covid-19. Cureus. 2020;12(4).To KKW, Tsang OTY, Leung WS, Tam AR, Wu TC, Lung DC, et al. Temporal profiles of viral load in posterior oropharyngeal saliva samples and serum antibody responses during infection by SARS-CoV-2: an observational cohort study. Lancet Infect Dis. 2020;20:565-574.Vinayachandran D, Saravanakarthikeyan B. Salivary diagnostics in COVID-19: Future research implications. J Dent Sci. 2020;7177105.Williams E, Bond K, Zhang B, Putland M, Williamson DA. Saliva as a non-invasive specimen for detection of SARS-CoV-2. J Clin Microbiol. 2020;00776-20.Wyllie AL, Fournier J, Casanovas-Massana A, Campbell M, Tokuyama M, Vijayakumar P, et al. Saliva is more sensitive for SARS-CoV-2 detection in COVID-19 patients than nasopharyngeal swabs. Medrxiv. 2020;20067835.Yoon JG, Yoon J, Song JY, Yoon SY, Lim CS, Seong H, et al. Clinical Significance of a High SARS-CoV-2 Viral Load in the Saliva. J Korean Med Sci. 2020;35(20).Zheng S, Yu F, Fan J, Zou Q, Xie G, Yang X, et al. Saliva as a Diagnostic Specimen for SARS-CoV-2 by a PCR-Based Assay: A Diagnostic Validity Study. Lancet. 2020;3543605.Zhong F, Liang Y, Xu J, Chu M, Tang G, Hu F, et al. Continuously High Detection Sensitivity of Saliva, Viral Shedding in Salivary Glands and High Viral Load in Patients with COVID-19. Lancet. 2020;3576869.

Introdução: A hipersensibilidade dentinária representa uma dor aguda e de curta duração em resposta à um estímulo. Ao longo do tempo, vários tratamentos para a hipersensibilidade dentinária têm surgido, entre eles, destaca-se o uso do laser. Objetivo: Realizar uma revisão da literatura acerca dos estudos que abordem o uso dos lasers sejam eles de alta ou de baixa potência, destacando sua eficácia clínica no tratamento da hipersensibilidade dentinária. Materiais e método: Realizou-se uma revisão bibliográfica de estudos disponíveis na literatura publicados nos últimos 10 anos (2008- 2018), por meio da busca bibliográfica nas bases de dados eletrônicos utilizando os seguintes descritores: Lasers, hipersensibilidade dentinária e dor dentinária. Resultados: Podem ser utilizados tanto o laser de alta quanto o laser de baixa potência, de forma que cada um atua por um mecanismo diferente no tratamento da hipersensibilidade dentinária. Conclusão: Apesar de existir uma grande variabilidade nos protocolos e dosagens utilizados, de uma forma geral, os lasers mostram-se eficazes no tratamento da hipersensibilidade dentinária.Descritores: Lasers; Sensibilidade da Dentina; Terapêutica.ReferênciasMoraschini V, Costa LS, Santos GO. Effectiveness for dentin hypersensitivity treatment of non-carious cervical lesions: a meta-analysis. Clin Oral Investig. 2018;22(2):617-31.Hashim NT, Gasmalla BG, Sabahelkheir AH, Awooda AM. Effect of the clinical application of the diode laser (810 nm) in the treatment of dentine hypersensitivity. BMC Res Notes. 2014;7:31.Canali GD, Rached RN, Mazur RF, Souza EM. Effect of erosion/abrasion challenge on the dentin tubule occlusion using different desensitizing agents. Braz Dent J. 2017;28(2):216-24.Davari AR, Ataei E, Assarzadeh H. Dentin hypersensitivity: etiology, diagnosis and treatment; a literature review. J Dent (Shiraz). 2013;14(3):136-45.Matias NMA, Lesão JC, Filho PFM, Silva CHV. Hipersensibilidade dentinária: uma revisão de literatura. Odontol. Clín.-Cient. 2010; 9(3): 205-208.Asnaashari M, Moeini M. Effectiveness of lasers in the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity. J Lasers Med Sci. 2013;4(1):1-7.Silva EL, Januário MVS, Vasconcelos MG, Vasconcelos RG. O uso do laser como alternativa clínica na dentística. Odontol. Clín.-Cient. 2018; 17(2):79-84.Dantas EM, Dantas PMC, Nóbrega FJO, Vasconcelos RG, Aguiar Júnior JN, Queiroz LMG. Tratamento da hipersensibilidade dentinária cervical com laser de baixa potência – revisão de literatura. Odontol. Clín-Cient. 2013;12(1):7-11.Costa LM, Cury MS, Oliveria MAHM, Nogueira RD, Geraldo-Martins VR. A utilização da laserterapia para o tratamento da hipersensibilidade dentinária: revisão da literatura. J Health Sci. 2016;18(3):210-16.Belal MH, Yassin A. A comparative evaluation of CO2 and erbium-doped yttrium aluminium garnet laser therapy in the management of dentin hypersensitivity and assessment of mineral contente. J Periodontal Implant Sci. 2014;44(5):227-34.Ozlem K, Esad GM, Ayse A, Aslihan U. Efficiency of lasers and a desensitizer agent on dentin hypersensitivity treatment: a clinical study. Niger J Clin Pract. 2018;21(2):225-30.Tabibzadeh Z, Fekrazad R, Esmaeelnejad A, Shadkar MM, Sadrabad ZK, Ghojazadeh M. Effect of combined application of high- and low-intensity lasers on dentin hypersensitivity: A randomized clinical trial. J Dent Res Dent Clin Dent Prospects. 2018;12(1):49-55.Han SY, Kim JS, Kim YS, Kwon HK, Kim BL. Effect of a new combined therapy with nano-carbonate apatite and co2 laser on dentin hypersensitivity in an in situ model. Photomed Laser Surg. 2014;32(7):394-400.Lopes AO, Eduardo CP, Aranha ACC. Clinical evaluation of low-power laser and a desensitizing agente on dentin hypersensivity. Lasers Med Sci. 2013;30(2):823-29.Lopes AO, de Paula Eduardo C, Aranha ACC. Evaluation of diferente treatment protocols for dentin hypersensivity: na 18-month randomized clinical trial. Lasers Med Sci. 2017;32(5):1023-30.Lopes AO, Aranha. Comparative Evaluation of the Effects of Nd:YAG laser and a desensitizer agent on the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity: a clinical study. Photomed Laser Surg. 2013; 31(3):132-38.Aranha ACC, Eduardo Cde P. Effects of Er:YAG and Er,Cr:YSGG lasers on dentine hypersensitivity. Short-term clinical evaluation. Lasers Med Sci. 2012;27(4):813-18.Yu CH, Chang YC. Clinical efficacy of the Er:YAG laser treatment on hypersensitive dentin. J Formos Med Assoc. 2014; 113(6):388-91.Ribeiro JPF, Aranha ACC, Real RC, Eduardo CP. Avaliação dos efeitos do laser de Nd:YAG no tratamento da hipersensibilidade dentinária: estudo preliminar. Revista Saúde. 2011;5(4):14-26.Liu Y, Gao J, Gao Y, Xu S, Zhan X, Wu B. In vitro study of dentin hypersensitivity treated by 980-nm diode laser. J Lasers Med Sci. 2013;4(3):111-19.Namour A, Nammour S, Peremans A, Heysselaer D, De Moor RJG. Treatment of dentinal hypersensitivity by means of Nd:YAP laser: a preliminary in vitro study. Sci World J. 2014; 1: 323604.Dantas EM, Amorim FKO, Nóbrega FJO, Dantas PMC, Vasconcelos RG, Queiroz LMG. Clinical efficacy of fluoride varnish and low-level laser radiation in treating dentin hypersensitivity. Braz Dent J. 2016;27(1):79-82. Bal MV, Keskiner I, Sezer U, Açikel C, Saygun I. Comparison of low level laser and arginine-calcium carbonate alone or combination in the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity: a randomized split-mouth clinical study. Photomed Laser Surg. 2015;33(4):200-5.Suri I, Singh P, Shakir QJ, Shetty A, Bapat R, Thakur R. A comparative evaluation to assess the efficacy of 5% sodium fluoride varnish and diode laser and their combined application in the treatment of dentin hypersensitivity. J Indian Soc Periodontol. 2016;20(3):307-14.Femiano F, Femiano R, Lanza A, Lanza M, Perillo L. Effectiveness on oral pain of 808 nm doide laser used prior to composite restoration for symptomatic non-caroius cervical lesions unresponsive to desensitizing agentes. Lasers Med Sci. 2017;32(1):67-71.Ko Y, Park J, Kim C, Baek SH, Kook YA. Treatment of dentin hypersensitivity with a low-level laser-emitting toothbrush: double-blind randomised clinical trial of efficacy and safety. J Oral Rehabil. 2014;41(7):523-31.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a novel coronavirus , is causing a serious worldwide COVID-19 pandemic. The emergence of strains with rapid spread and unpredictable changes is the cause of the increase in morbidity and mortality rates. A number of drugs as well as vaccines are currently being used to relieve symptoms, prevent and treat the disease caused by this virus. However, the number of approved drugs is still very limited due to their effectiveness and side effects. In such a situation, medicinal plants and bioactive compounds are considered a highly valuable source in the development of new antiviral drugs against SARS-CoV-2. This review summarizes medicinal plants and bioactive compounds that have been shown to act on molecular targets involved in the infection and replication of SARS-CoV-2. Keywords: Medicinal plants, bioactive compounds, antivirus, SARS-CoV-2, COVID-19 References [1] R. Lu, X. Zhao, J. Li, P. Niu, B. Yang, H. Wu et al., Genomic Characterisation and Epidemiology of 2019, Novel Coronavirus: Implications for Virus Origins and Receptor Binding, The Lancet, Vol. 395, 2020, pp. 565-574, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30251-8.[2] World Health Organization, WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard, https://covid19.who.int, 2021 (accessed on: August 27, 2021).[3] H. Wang, P. Yang, K. Liu, F. Guo, Y. Zhang et al., SARS Coronavirus Entry into Host Cells Through a Novel Clathrin- and Caveolae-Independent Endocytic Pathway, Cell Research, Vol. 18, No. 2, 2008, pp. 290-301, https://doi.org/10.1038/cr.2008.15.[4] A. Zumla, J. F. W. Chan, E. I. Azhar, D. S. C. Hui, K. Y. Yuen., Coronaviruses-Drug Discovery and Therapeutic Options, Nature Reviews Drug Discovery, Vol. 15, 2016, pp. 327-347, https://doi.org/10.1038/nrd.2015.37.[5] A. Prasansuklab, A. Theerasri, P. Rangsinth, C. Sillapachaiyaporn, S. Chuchawankul, T. Tencomnao, Anti-COVID-19 Drug Candidates: A Review on Potential Biological Activities of Natural Products in the Management of New Coronavirus Infection, Journal of Traditional and Complementary Medicine, Vol. 11, 2021, pp. 144-157, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jtcme.2020.12.001.[6] R. E. Ferner, J. K. Aronson, Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine in Covid-19, BMJ, Vol. 369, 2020, https://doi.org/10.1136/bmj.m1432[7] J. Remali, W. M. Aizat, A Review on Plant Bioactive Compounds and Their Modes of Action Against Coronavirus Infection, Frontiers in Pharmacology, Vol. 11, 2021, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.589044.[8] Y. Chen, Q. Liu, D. Guo, Emerging Coronaviruses: Genome Structure, Replication, and Pathogenesis, Medical Virology, Vol. 92, 2020, pp. 418‐423. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.25681.[9] B. Benarba, A. Pandiella, Medicinal Plants as Sources of Active Molecules Against COVID-19, Frontiers in Pharmacology, Vol. 11, 2020, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2020.01189.[10] N. T. Chien, P. V. Trung, N. N. Hanh, Isolation Tribulosin, a Spirostanol Saponin from Tribulus terrestris L, Can Tho University Journal of Science, Vol. 10, 2008, pp. 67-71 (in Vietnamese).[11] V. Q. Thang Study on Extracting Active Ingredient Protodioscin from Tribulus terrestris L.: Doctoral dissertation, VNU University of Science, 2018 (in Vietnamese).[12] Y. H. Song, D. W. Kim, M. J. C. Long, H. J. Yuk, Y. Wang, N. Zhuang et al., Papain-Like Protease (Plpro) Inhibitory Effects of Cinnamic Amides from Tribulus terrestris Fruits, Biological and Pharmaceutical Bulletin, Vol. 37, No. 6, 2014, pp. 1021-1028, https://doi.org/10.1248/bpb.b14-00026.[13] D. Dermawan, B. A. Prabowo, C. A. Rakhmadina, In Silico Study of Medicinal Plants with Cyclodextrin Inclusion Complex as The Potential Inhibitors Against SARS-Cov-2 Main Protease (Mpro) and Spike (S) Receptor, Informatics in Medicine Unlocked, Vol. 25, 2021, pp. 1-18, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.imu.2021.100645.[14] R. Dang, S. Gezici, Immunomodulatory Effects of Medicinal Plants and Natural Phytochemicals in Combating Covid-19, The 6th International Mediterranean Symposium on Medicinal and Aromatic Plants (MESMAP-6), Izmir, Selcuk (Ephesus), Turkey, 2020, pp. 12-13.[15] G. Jiangning, W. Xinchu, W. Hou, L. Qinghua, B. Kaishun, Antioxidants from a Chinese Medicinal Herb–Psoralea corylifolia L., Food Chemistry, Vol. 9, No. 2, 2005, pp. 287-292, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.foodchem.2004.04.029.[16] B. Ruan, L. Y. Kong, Y. Takaya, M. Niwa, Studies on The Chemical Constituents of Psoralea corylifolia L., Journal of Asian Natural Products Research, Vol. 9, No. 1, 2007, pp. 41-44, https://doi.org/10.1080/10286020500289618.[17] D. T. Loi, Vietnamese Medicinal Plants and Herbs, Medical Publishing House, Hanoi, 2013 (in Vietnamese).[18] S. Mazraedoost, G. Behbudi, S. M. Mousavi, S. A. Hashemi, Covid-19 Treatment by Plant Compounds, Advances in Applied NanoBio-Technologies, Vol. 2, No. 1, 2021, pp. 23-33, https://doi.org/10.47277/AANBT/2(1)33.[19] B. A. Origbemisoye, S. O. Bamidele, Immunomodulatory Foods and Functional Plants for COVID-19 Prevention: A Review, Asian Journal of Medical Principles and Clinical Practice, 2020, pp. 15-26, https://journalajmpcp.com/index.php/AJMPCP/article/view/30124[20] A. Mandal, A. K. Jha, B. Hazra, Plant Products as Inhibitors of Coronavirus 3CL Protease, Frontiers in Pharmacology, Vol. 12, 2021, pp. 1-16, https://doi.org/10.3389/fphar.2021.583387[21] N. H. Tung, V. D. Loi, B. T. Tung, L.Q. Hung, H. B. Tien et al., Triterpenen Ursan Frame Isolated from the Roots of Salvia Miltiorrhiza Bunge Growing in Vietnam, VNU Journal of Science: Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 32, No. 2, 2016, pp. 58-62, https://js.vnu.edu.vn/MPS/article/view/3583 (in Vietnamese).[22] J. Y. Park, J. H. Kim, Y. M. Kim, H. J. Jeong, D. W. Kim, K. H. Park et al., Tanshinones as Selective and Slow-Binding Inhibitors for SARS-CoV Cysteine Proteases. Bioorganic and Medicinal Chemistry, Vol. 20, No. 19, 2012, pp. 5928-5935, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.bmc.2012.07.038.[23] F. Hamdani, N. Houari, Phytotherapy of Covid-19. A Study Based on a Survey in North Algeria, Phytotherapy, Vol. 18, No. 5, 2020, pp. 248-254, https://doi.org/10.3166/phyto-2020-0241.[24] P. T. L. Huong, N. T. Dinh, Chemical Composition And Antibacterial Activity of The Essential Oil From The Leaves of Regrowth Eucalyptus Collected from Viet Tri City, Phu Tho Province, Vietnam Journal of Science, Technology and Engineering, Vol. 18, No. 1, 2020, pp. 54-61 (in Vietnamese).[25] M. Asif, M. Saleem, M. Saadullah, H. S. Yaseen, R. Al Zarzour, COVID-19 and Therapy with Essential Oils Having Antiviral, Anti-Inflammatory, and Immunomodulatory Properties, Inflammopharmacology, Vol. 28, 2020, pp. 1153-1161, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10787-020-00744-0.[26] I. Jahan, O. Ahmet, Potentials of Plant-Based Substance to Inhabit and Probable Cure for The COVID-19, Turkish Journal of Biology, Vol. 44, No. SI-1, 2020, pp. 228-241, https://doi.org/10.3906/biy-2005-114.[27] A. D. Sharma, I. Kaur, Eucalyptus Essential Oil Bioactive Molecules from Against SARS-Cov-2 Spike Protein: Insights from Computational Studies, Res Sq., 2021, pp. 1-6, https://doi.org/10.21203/ rs.3.rs-140069/v1. [28] K. Rajagopal, P. Varakumar, A. Baliwada, G. Byran, Activity of Phytochemical Constituents of Curcuma Longa (Turmeric) and Andrographis Paniculata Against Coronavirus (COVID-19): An in Silico Approach, Future Journal of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Vol. 6, No. 1, 2020, pp. 1-10, https://doi.org/10.1186/s43094-020-00126-x[29] J. Lan, J. Ge, J. Yu, S. Shan, H. Zhou, S. Fan et al., Structure of The SARS-CoV-2 Spike Receptor-Binding Domain Bound to The ACE2 Receptor, Nature, Vol. 581, No. 7807, 2020, pp. 215-220, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-020-2180-5.[30] M. Letko, A. Marzi, V. Munster, Functional Assessment of Cell Entry and Receptor Usage for SARS-Cov-2 and Other Lineage B Betacoronaviruses, Nature Microbiology, Vol. 5, No. 4, 2020, pp. 562-569, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41564-020-0688-y.[31] C. Yi, X. Sun, J. Ye, L. Ding, M. Liu, Z. Yang et al., Key Residues of The Receptor Binding Motif in The Spike Protein of SARS-Cov-2 That Interact with ACE2 and Neutralizing Antibodies, Cellular and Molecular Immunology, Vol. 17, No. 6, 2020, pp. 621-630, https://doi.org/10.1038/s41423-020-0458-z.[32] N. T. Thom, Study on The Composition and Biological Activities of Flavonoids from The Roots of Scutellaria baicalensis: Doctoral Dissertation, Hanoi University of Science and Technology, 2018 (in Vietnamese).[33] Y. J. Tang, F. W. Zhou, Z. Q. Luo, X. Z. Li, H. M. Yan, M. J. 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Tribolium castaneum is a major pest in wheat flour but can attack other processed foodstuffs. Control of these pests can be done in various ways, one of them by biological control using entomopathogenic fungus Beauveria bassiana. This study aims to determine the infectivity of B. bassiana entomopathogenic fungus against T. castaneum populations in the laboratory. The experiment was completed with random preparations, each preparation was repeated three times. Imago T. castaneum was sprayed with a conidia suspension of B. bassiana at a density of 106 and 107 conidia/mL on three different storage media namely PDA, rice, and corn media. Mortality was calculated based on the percentage of imago that died of B. bassiana fungi. One week observation showed the mortality of T. castaneum after the application of B. bassiana fungus was 55.33% with 107 conidia/mL in corn media. The highest spore density was found in rice media with an average of 10.53 x 106 conidia/mL. Meanwhile, the value of the results showed LC50 of 2.11 x 107 conidia/mL and the fastest LT50 in corn media was 5.31 days. Key Words : Beauveria bassiana, Biological control, Entomopathogenic, Tribolium castaneum Introduction The main problem with storage warehouses is attack by warehouse pests. Loss of grain products as result of werehouse pest attack reaches 5 to 10% (Syafique et al., 2006). Warehouse pests are included in opportunistic insects, which can quickly use available resources, so they can grow and develop their population quickly, but when resources are no longer supportive these pests will turn to look for new resources or die (Harahap, 2012). One of the most found in food storage in warehouses is Tribolium castaneum. T. castaneum or red flour beetle (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) is a secondary pest that is cosmopolitan and includes an external feeder. Until now, pest control of T. castaneum is still very dependent on synthetic pesticides, because this method is easy in application and quickly reduces the pest population. Also, there have not been found other alternatives that are quite effective. The application of insecticides is usually intensive once a week or 2-3 times a week (Trizelia, 2005). One way to control the T. castaneum is environmente friendly natural enemies consisting of entomopathogens. Control of insect pests with pathogens is a process of utilizing pathogens both already in the local ecosystem and by entering pathogens into the ecosystem from the outside through inoculation and inundation techniques. One type of insect pathogen that is widely found in nature and can be used to control insects is the fungus; Beauveria bassiana. The utilization of B. bassiana for pest control of T. castaneum has not been widely supported. The results of preliminary studies that have been carried out indicate that B. bassiana isolated from corn as animal feed can infect Imago and larvae from T. castaneum (Sepe et al., 2019). In other insect pests such as Crocidolomia pavonana (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), infection of B. bassiana besides causing the death of imago and larvae, also affect thirs activity of feeding and oviposition (Trizelia 2005; Noma and Strickler (2000). Efforts to increase B. Bassiana success as agens of biocontrol T. castaneum in the field require high virulence strains, quick killing pest, and able to survive in the warehouse. The three factors refer to a reference to a controlling agent as well. Materials and Methods Preparation of B. bassiana: Fungi isolated from the collection of Plant Diseases Laboratory, Department of Plant Protection, Hasanuddin University, Indonesia. In order to increase its virulence, B. bassiana fungus were reintroduced to insect bodies to complete the infective phase. The host insect used was T. castaneum. Suspension of B. bassiana isolate was sprayed on T. castaneum and allowed to grow mycelium. The mycelia are then isolated on PDA media. Purified isolates on PDA media were propagated on rice and corn media for use in this study. Testing the growth and production response of B. bassiana conidia on the media Isolate on Rice Media: The rice used as an alternative medium was washed clean. The rice was next poured into boiling water and allowed to stand for an hour. The filtered rice was then dried on a sterile gauze-coated platic tray (50 grams) of rice were put into HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) bag to sterilize using autoclave for 35 minutes at 121 °C. After cold rice B. bassiana fungus suspension was induced on rice media in laminar airflow by spraying. Then The rice media was stored in the laboratory at room temperature for 21 days for optimal (Sutadji, 2016). Inoculation of Isolates on Corn Media: Corn media was white corn that has been cleaned and soaked for 12 hours. The corn (50 grams) of soaked corn was washed again and put in an HDPE (High Density Polyethylene) bag and then sterilized with an autoclave at 121 °C for 1 hour. The next step was according to the rice media treatment method (Sutadji, 2016). Application of B. bassiana conidia suspension to T. Castaneum : The application was performed by spraying a suspension of B. bassiana on the body of T. castaneum as much as 3ml/15 imago. Then, T. castaneum was fed 5 grams/unit of corn. Each container contains 15 imago. The percentage mortality of T. castaneum: Warehouse pest mortality was seen every 24 hours with the total number of warehouse pests that die in each unit for 7 days of observation, then calculated with the formula on contributions: Percent of mortality (%) = Total T. castaneum mortality X 100% Total T. castaneum tested Statistic analysis: Statistical analysis was Analysis of Variance and the experimental design used was Completely Randomized Design, followed by Duncan's test of the parameters analyzed at a 5% level. Each treatment was carried out in 3 replications. Statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS 16.0 program. Results and Discussion The density of B. bassiana spores in various culture media: The results showed that the media opposed the number of conidia formed (Table 1). The highest number of B. bassiana conidia was obtained in rice media, which was 12.53 x 106 per average media. However, the number of conidia in rice media did not correlate with virulence rate when viewed from the number of T. castaneum that died below 50% (Table 2). Table 1. The density of B. bassiana spores on various culture media/100 gram media Replicate The density of B. bassiana spores on various culture media/100 gram media PDA Rice Corn 1 4,.2 x 10⁶ 13.5 x 10⁶ 9.35 x 10⁶ 2 5.5 x 10⁶ 14.75 x 10⁶ 14.6 x 10⁶ 3 5.3 x 10⁶ 9.35 x 10⁶ 6.1 x 10⁶ Average 5 x 10⁶ a 12.53 x 10⁶ b 10.02 x 10⁶ ab Numbers followed by the same letter (a) in the same column mean significantly different comparison variety-based Duncan's test, α = 0,05. Data analysis showed that there were significant differences in conidial density in three media treatments namely rice media (12.53 x 106) statistically different from PDA media (5 x 106). The variation in the germination of each isolate was considered to have differences between each isolate. According to Prasad and Pal (2014), growth and conidia production in entomopathogenic fungi was highly dependent on media composition. The amount of conidia produced in alternative media was quite large and capable of tolerance to temperature, but the level of virulence decreases compared to natural media. Updates relating to the presence or absence of nutrient concentrations outside the conidia relating to the surface characteristics of the host species of the isolate were obtained. Pathogenic isolates in homopterans will germinate better in media that require emissions while pathogenic isolates in coleopterans will germinate in conditions of glucose deficiency (Trizelia, 2005). Mortality of T. Castaneum: The results of the pathogenicity test of B. bassiana against T. castaneum showed that the total density of conidia used in this study affected the mortality rate of T. castaneum. Statistical analysis showed that there was a significant difference between T. castaneum applying B. bassiana conidia suspension based on differences in media treatment. About 55.56% T. castaneum died on corn media with conidia density 106 differing significantly from other conidia densities in the treatment of PDAs and rice media (Table 2). Table 2. The Percentage mortality of T. castaneum (%) against B. bassiana for 7 days of monitoring (15 insects/unit) Treatment Media Conidia density Percentage of mortality (%) Control 2.22a PDA 10⁶ 33.33ab 10⁷ 44.44bc Rice 10⁶ 46.67 bc 10⁷ 44.44bc Corn 10⁶ 55.56 c 10⁷ 53.33 bc Numbers followed by the same letter (a) in the same column mean significantly different comparison variety-based Duncan's test, α = 0,05. The results of the analysis of variance in the warehouse pest population showed the application of B. bassiana in corn media with 106 conidia/ml spore densities showed a real difference in Duncan's test of 5% level, (Table 2). The application of B. bassiana in corn media with a density of 106 conidia/ml results from the death of warehouse pest participation around 55.56%. This relates to the management of B. bassiana having the ability to control warehouse pest relationships. Tanada & Rich (1993) stated that virulent lethal isolates kill insects in a short time and non-virulent isolates require a long time to cause chronic infection. According to Scholte et al. (2004), the process of entomopathogenic fungus attack causes the host to die as follows: contact conidia on the integument is followed then stored and germinated and carried out using a sprout tube (appressorium), after entering into the haemocoel, the fungus forms a blastospora that circulates in the hemolymph and forms secondary hyphae to attack other tissues such as the nervous system, trachea, and digestive tract. The occurrence of nutritional deficiencies, toxins produced by fungi, and changes in damage to the body will cause paralysis and death in insects. According to research results Fuquet et al. (2004), Valendra et al. (2011), and Xu et al. (2008), the toxicity of the B. bassiana fungus are determined by the ability of the toxin contained in the movement of insects. The magnitude of trial mortality is indeed a benchmark and fungus isolates that can cause death with mortality reaching 80% are classified as very toxic. Meanwhile, Chong-Rodriguez et al. (2011) discuss the toxicity of B. bassiana fungus closely related to the type of growing media, growing media containing protein and carbohydrates containing sweet corn produce blastopora which is more toxic than B. bassiana fungus grown on media containing only protein (peptone). The rate mortality of T. Castaneum: Virulence of B. bassiana is part of the T. castaneum imago that dies up to seven days after application. The results showed that the mortality of T. castaneum had begun to be seen 24 hours after application, but the highest was seen on PDA media with a spore density of 107 which was 11.11% on the 1st day seen. Whereas on the 7th-days view of T. castaneum mortality was highest seen in maize media at 55.56% at conidia density 106 (Figure 1). Figure 1. The rate mortality of T. castaneum for seven days of observation The results of this study indicate that the virulence of isolates varies greatly depending on isolates, host insects, and local ecological conditions. According to Utami et al (2014), the cause of death due to B. bassiana as a bioinsecticide takes several days after it is applied. Bioinsecticides and target insects have specific biological relationships that are highly protected by the nature of the inoculum that enters the larvae 's body which contains bioinsecticides (Pracaya, 2008). Konnstantopoulou and Mazomenos (2004), Wang et al. (2005), Prasad and Veerwal (2010), Prayogo (2013) reported that the fungus B. bassiana produces toxic compounds that are toxic to insect nerves that cause nervous system disturbance and death in insects. Reports from several researchers indicate that entomopathogenic fungi belonging to the Hyphomycetes group can produce toxin compounds in the form of brassinolide, bassiacridin, oosperin, and cyclosporine which can kill various insect stages (Tikhonov et al., 2002; Mukhtar & Pervaz, 2003; Vega et al., 2008). Judging from the various advantages of these fungi, B. bassiana has the opportunity as an alternative for biological control agents T. castaneum and as an alternative to chemical insecticides. The determination of LD50 and LC50: The results of the B. bassiana fungus probit analysis conducted at 7 days after application, obtained LC50 of 2.11 x 107 conidia/mL. That is the density of B. bassiana conidia needed to cause 50% mortality of T.castaneum insects is 2.11 x 107 conidia/mL (Table 3). Table 3 LC50 and LT50 values of B. bassiana fungi against T. castaneum. Probit Analysis Types of media PDA Rice Corn PDA Rice Corn 95% confidence limits for days 95% confidence limits for (days)a LC50 2.11 x 107 0.324 x 107 LT50 106 10.18 6.05 5.31 1.008 0.782 0.725 LT50 107 7.86 6.39 5.44 0.896 0.806 0.736 LT50 value of B. bassiana obtained from three types of media at a density of 106 conidia/mL shows that the corn medium has a faster lethal LT50 of 5.31 days. Whereas on rice and PDA media they were 6.05 and 10.18 days, respectively. When compared between the density of 106 and 107 conidia/mL shows that the density of 106 conidia/mL is faster to kill T. castaneum imago both on corn and rice media. That is, at a density of 106 conidia/mL 50% of the T.casteneum imago population died within 5.31 days due to being infected by B. bassiana. Anshori (2017) reports that the probit analysis of LT50 B. bassiana values at a density of 109 conidia/mL is 4.67. That is, at a density of 109 conidia/mL 50% of the test risk population within 4.67 days of being infected by B. bassiana. Summary B. bassiana fungal spore density on rice media was 12.53 x 106 culture media/100 grams of media. Application of B. bassiana fungal suspension resulted in a mortality of T. castaneum at 53.56%. The mortality rate differed statistically significantly. The amount of conidia/mL needed to deactivate 50 % of T. castaneum was relatively low at 2.11 x 107 conida/mL. Whereas the time it takes about 5.44 days