Academic literature on the topic 'Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen'

Kañawa (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) is an Andean crop harvested in Bolivia and Perú. Because of the characteristics and properties of kañawa seed, its flour can be used to replace partially wheat flour in pasta to increase its nutritional value. The objective of this study was to investigate the production of fiber- and protein-enriched pasta made with wheat and kañawa blends. The effect of the substitution level of wheat by kañawa flour on pasta quality was evaluated taking into account the influence of kañawa composition on starch behavior and gluten network formation. Proximal composition, thermal behavior, and pasting properties of kañawa and wheat flours were determined. Pasta was made from wheat flour (control) replacing 10, 20, and 30% of wheat by kañawa flour from L1 and L2 ecotypes. Water absorption and cooking loss were increased showing the deleterious effect of kañawa flour on pasta quality, but the L1 ecotype showed better performance in cooking properties. Kañawa pasta firmness and chewiness decreased with the kañawa content increase; however, the L1 ecotype did not modify the firmness when 10 and 20% were included in pasta. Both kañawa flours improved the nutritional quality of pasta, increasing the dietary fiber content and protein quality.

Plant morphology determines the access to soil resources, a feature crucial for early growth in annual species. Plant growth and root traits in little-known species of Andean chenopods were compared with the hypothesis that plants from low-resource habitats show traits that enhance resource capture. Three cultivated Chenopodium populations (two populations of the tetraploid Chenopodium quinoa Willd., one population of the diploid Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) and one population of their wild tetraploid relative Chenopodium hircinum Schrad. were grown in pots under nonlimiting conditions over nine weeks of early vegetative growth. All populations followed the same sequence of biomass allocation and showed similar maximal values of shoot and root relative growth rates (RGR). Population differences in plant biomass, net assimilation rate, total root length, and specific root length were associated with seed mass ranking and species ploidy level. Chenopodium quinoa produced less branched stems and maintained high root RGR for a longer time than the other two species, and the C. quinoa population from low-resource habitat showed a faster main root growth. These results show that C. pallidicaule developed a plant growth syndrome adapted to cold, high-altitude habitats, while C. quinoa from low-resource habitats showed an improved capacity to explore soil at depth in early growth stages.

Este estudio muestra un método sencillo para evaluar la difusividad térmica (α) en granos andinos de quinua (Chenopodium quinoa Willd) y cañihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen). Además, se estudió el efecto de la temperatura de 25 a 35°C y humedad en base húmeda de 10 a 20% sobre el comportamiento de esta propiedad. El método empleado para determinar la difusividad fue el propuesto por Gupta, el cual hace uso de las curvas de penetración de calor en un equipo especialmente armado para este fin. Los resultados obtenidos indican que los valores varían entre 7,5 y 8,9 x 10-8 m2.s-1. La evaluación de los datos indica que existe una fuerte influencia del tipo de grano, la humedad y la temperatura en esta propiedad térmica. Adicionalmente, se usó la metodológica de superficie de respuesta para encontrar un modelo empírico para representar la difusividad térmica en función del contenido de humedad y temperatura.

Existen diversos cereales andinos, como la quinoa (<em>Chenopodium quinoa</em>) y el amaranto (<em>Amaranthus spp.</em>), que en la actualidad están siendo revalorizados por su elevado valor nutritivo, representando también la Kañiwa (<em>Chenopodium pallidicaule</em><em> Aellen),</em> una nueva alternativa alimentaria debido a su riqueza en nutrientes<em>. </em>El objetivo de esta investigación es analizar el contenido en macro y micronutrientes en la Kañiwa, a los fines de su utilización como alimento funcional. Para ello se determinó el contenido en macro y micronutrientes según normas AOAC-IRAM. Resultados: Es rica en proteínas, hierro, fósforo, calcio, zinc, tiamina, niacina, riboflavina, ácido ascórbico, ácido oleico, ácido linoleico, ácido linolénico y no contiene grasas trans. Conclusiones: Contribuiría a mejorar el hambre oculta, a prevenir el desarrollo de la deficiencia de hierro, a optimizar el funcionamiento del sistema inmunológico y a evitar el desarrollo de enfermedades cardiovasculares por su contenido en grasas saludables

The study "Distance between rows and plants in two ecotypes of canihua (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) in the northern Altiplano" was conducted during the agricultural period of 1999-2000 in the community of Achaca, Tiahuanaco canton, Ingavi province, department of La Paz, Bolivia. It was at 3854 meters above sea level, 16°35' South latitude by 68°41' West longitude. Precipitation was 474.6 mm and the soil was a loose sandy texture. The genetic material was composed of the ecotypes of yellow Lasta, red Lasta, yellow Saihua, and red Saihua, from the Belén Experimental Station, part of the Faculty of Agronomy, San Andrés Higher University. With the objective to evaluate the effect of distance between rows and between plants on the agronomic behavior of two ecotypes of Canihua in the northern Altiplano, planting took place on December 20, 1999, in rows 20, 40, and 60 cm apart, at a density of 4 kg/ha, all of it under a random block design with plots sub-subdivided. The principal plot set the distance between rows, the subplot set the distance between plants, and the sub-subplot the different ecotypes. Thirty-five days after planting the plants were thinned by hand, and with the use of a cord they were located at pre-established distances of 10, 20, and 30 cm between plants. The effects of the different distances on the ecotypes gave the following results and principal conclusions: The height and stem width of canihua was directly proportional to the different distances between plants and rows, and inversely proportional to the number of plants per area. The maximum values reached for height (21.4 cm) and diameter (2.5mm) occurred with 60 cm between rows and 101,852 plants per hectare. Also, the yellow Saihua ecotype was taller than the rest of the ecotypes at 19.1 cm. As for diameter, the ecotypes presented statistically similar behavior.

Cañahua (Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen) is a poorly studied, annual subsistence crop of the high Andes of South America. Its nutritionally value (high in protein and mineral content) and ability to thrive in harsh climates (drought, extreme elevations, etc.) make it an important regional food crop throughout the Andean region. The objectives of this study were to develop genetic markers and to quantify genetic diversity within cañahua. A set of 43 wild and cultivated cañahua genotypes and two related species (C. quinoa and C. petiolare) were evaluated for polymorphism using 192 microsatellite markers derived from random genomic sequences produced by 454 pyro-sequencing of cañahua genomic DNA. In addition, another and 424 C. quinoa based microsatellite markers were evaluate as potential cross-species marker loci. A total of 48 polymorphic microsatellite marker loci were identified which detected a total of 168 alleles with an average of 3.5 alleles per marker locus and an average heterozygosity value of 0.47. A cluster analysis, based on Nei genetic distance, grouped the cultivated cañahua into a single dominant branch clearly separated from wild cañahua genotypes and the outgroup species. Within the cultivated genotypes, two dominant subclades were present that were further partitioned by AMOVA analysis into five model-based clusters. Significant correlations were found between genetic distance and morphological traits. The isolation by distance test displayed no significant correlation between geographic collection origin and genotypic data, suggesting that cañahua populations have moved extensively, presumably via ancient food exchange strategies among native peoples of the Andean region. The molecular markers reported here are a significant resource for ongoing efforts to characterize the extensive Bolivian and Peruvian cañahua germplasm banks, including the development of core germplasm collections needed to support emerging breeding programs.

Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor<br>Evalúa la actividad antioxidante del hidrolizado proteico de la harina desengrasada de las semillas de Chenopodium pallidicaule Aellen (cañihua). Se obtuvo proteínas que fueron concentrados por precipitación isoeléctrica y sometido a hidrólisis por dos enzimas proteolíticas con actividad endopeptidasas y exopeptidasas: Proteasa Bacillus lichniformis (PBL) y Proteasa Aspergillus oryzae (PAO), respectivamente. Se cuantificó la liberación de péptidos a los 90 min de hidrólisis de forma independiente y adicionalmente 150 min para enzimas de forma secuencial, la relación enzima/sutrato de 10% (v/v) y Temperatura a 50 °C para ambos casos. Las enzimas de forma independiente de PAO y PBL incrementaron la liberación de péptidos hasta 241.24 y 269.32 µmol tirosina/mL respectivamente en comparación al concentrado de proteínas sin hidrolizar. Para la adición de enzimas de manera secuencial PAO + PBL y PBL + PAO incrementaron la liberación de péptidos hasta 399.92 y 315.80 µmol tirosina/mL respectivamente. La actividad antioxidante de los hidrolizados fue evaluada por el método del radical 1,1-difenil-2-picrilhidrazil (DPPH). Esta actividad se expresó en IC50; para las muestras con mayor cantidad de péptido de PBL, PAO, PBL + PAO y PAO + PBL fueron 11.608, 10.924, 7.232, 9.168 ug/mL respectivamente y para el TROLOX fue 5.007 ug/mL. Con estos resultados se observó que los hidrolizados presentaron una buena actividad antioxidante; por lo tanto, constituyen una buena fuente para la obtención de péptidos bioactivos.<br>Tesis

Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor<br>Estudia el fraccionamiento proteico y caracterización electroforética de las proteínas de las semillas de kañihua variedades Ramis y Cupi-Sayhua, a través de la evaluación de cinco técnicas de fraccionamiento proteico según la solubilidad de Osborne considerando solventes, metodologías y tiempo de extracción, para obtener fracciones proteicas albuminas, globulinas 7S, globulinas 11S, prolaminas y glutelinas con mayores contenidos proteínicos y rendimientos porcentuales. Posteriormente, se utilizó la concentración 4% (p/v) de las fracciones proteicas de kañihua de ambas variedades, para hidrolizarlas con las enzimas Alcalasa, sistema secuencial Pepsina-pancreatina y Proteasa Ps, en las razones enzima/sustrato (E/S) 1:10, 1:30 y 1:50, se midió el grado de hidrólisis (GH) y la cinética de hidrólisis. A continuación, se determinó la inhibición del crecimiento microbiano de los hidrolizados sobre Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus y Candida albicans desde las 0 hasta 24 h mediante espectrofotometría. Luego, se seleccionaron los hidrolizados proteicos con mayor actividad antimicrobiana. Finalmente, se realizó la purificación parcial de los péptidos de estas fracciones por cromatografía de filtración en gel en dos matrices (Sephadex G-25 y G-10), y se volvió a evaluar la inhibición del crecimiento microbiano por espectrofotometría y por difusión en agar. Los resultados del fraccionamiento proteico de las semillas de kañihua variedades Ramis y Cupi-Sayhua, mostraron el mayor contenido proteico en la harina deslipidizada en comparación a la integral (P ≤ 0,05), el mayor rendimiento porcentual (P ≤ 0,05) durante 1 h de extracción secuencial de las fracciones proteicas, se obtuvo con la técnica de Rodríguez et al. (2011) para albuminas y glutelinas, y con la técnica de Barba de la Rosa et al. (2009) para globulinas y prolaminas. Se encontró en kañihua Ramis y Cupi-Sayhua las concentraciones en albuminas de 15,4 ± 0,3 y 15,8 ± 0,3%, globulinas 7S 24,1 ± 0,5 y 26,3 ± 1,0%, globulinas 11S 25,7 ± 1,0 y 26,7 ± 1,0%, prolaminas 9,6 ± 0,1 y 9,9 ± 0,5% y glutelinas 22,9 ± 0,1 y 21,5 ± 1,4%, respectivamente. El perfil electroforético mostró patrones similares en número de bandas y diferentes en concentración en ambas variedades de kañihua, siendo más intensas en kañihua Cupi-Sayhua. Los resultados de la cinética de hidrólisis con las tres enzimas mostró mayor GH en la razón (E/S) 1:10, las albuminas presentaron diferentes tiempos de hidrólisis inicial progresiva e hidrólisis constante, para Alcalasa (2 y 24 h), Pepsina-pancreatina (1 y 3 h) y Proteasa Ps (2 y 9 h). Sin embargo, en las globulinas 7S, globulinas 11S y glutelinas tuvieron similares tiempos de hidrólisis inicial progresiva e hidrólisis constante (0,5 y 9 h) para Alcalasa y Proteasa Ps, y diferentes (2 y 4 h) con Pepsina-pancreatina; los tiempos de hidrólisis con las tres proteasas presentaron diferencias (P ≤ 0,05). Además, se observó en la hidrólisis total (htotal) de las fracciones proteicas de kañihua en ambas variedades, valores de htotal entre 7,8 y 9,9%, similares a los reportados para trigo y soya. También, se obtuvo GH obtenidos con Alcalasa en albuminas que fueron variables entre 14 a 54, globulinas 7S entre 15 a 32, globulinas 11S entre 14 a 25, y glutelinas entre 12 y 30. Así mismo, los GH fueron variables con Pepsina-Pancreatina observándose en albuminas entre 22 a 67, globulinas 7S entre 7 a 29, globulinas 11S entre 17 a 31, y glutelinas entre 15 a 40. A diferencia, los GH fueron bajos con Proteasa Ps mostrándose en albuminas entre 4 a 8, globulinas 7S entre 5 a 12, globulina 11S entre 4 a 8, y glutelinas entre 4 a 15. En los resultados de inhibición del crecimiento microbiano, los hidrolizados de kañihua Ramis y Cupi-Sayhua que presentaron mayor inhibición significativa fueron los obtenidos con el sistema secuencial Pepsina-Pancreatina, seguido de los hidrolizados de Alcalasa y Proteasa Ps. Observándose mayor inhibición del crecimiento significativo sobre E. coli y S. aureus. Además, los hidrolizados proteicos de kañihua de ambas variedades que presentaron inhibición del crecimiento microbiano mayor a 45% en comparación al control (P ≤ 0,05), fueron los obtenidos por Alcalasa Glut KS 9 h (1:10) con 88,0% (GH 30%) y Glut KR 9 h (1:10) con 87,3% (GH 16%) sobre E. coli; Glob 7S KR 9 h (1:10) con 50,7% (GH 20%) contra S. aureus; Glob 11S KR 9 h (1:50) con 65% (GH 15%) sobre C. albicans. Los obtenidos por Pepsina-pancreatina Glut KS 4 h (1:10) con 88,7% (GH 40%) y Glut KR 4 h (1:10) con 87,7% (GH 37%) contra E. coli; Glob 11S KS 2 h (1:50) con 69,3% (GH 19%) sobre S. aureus y Glob 11S KR 2 h (1:10) con 68,3% (GH 23%) contra C. albicans. Los obtenidos por Proteasa Ps Alb KR 9 h (1:50) con 49,0% (GH 4%) sobre C. albicans. Finalmente, en la purificación parcial de los péptidos de kañihua se mostró incrementó significativo de la inhibición del crecimiento microbiano en comparación a los hidrolizados proteicos, tanto en la prueba espectrofotométrica como en difusión en agar, siendo el péptido Glut KS 4 h (1:10) el que presentó inhibición frente a E. coli y C. albicans por debajo de los controles gentamicina y nistatina. Además, este péptido obtenido con el sistema secuencial Pepsina-pancreatina mostró alta inhibición del crecimiento microbiano significativo (% Inh ≤ 95). Estos resultados, fueron corroborados con la prueba de difusión en agar, donde se observaron los halos de inhibición (P ≤ 0,05) en comparación a los controles.<br>Consejo Nacional de Ciencia y Tecnología (Perú). Fondo Nacional de Desarrollo Científico y Tecnológico (Fondecyt)<br>Tesis

This study occurred during July, August, and September in the Small Animals Investigation and Production Center (CIPAM), dependent of the Faculty of Agricultural, Livestock, and Veterinary Sciences of the Technical University of Oruro, of the Central Highland of Bolivia. In order to satisfy guinea pig nutrition requirements, which are 2800.00 kcal/kg of energy, 18.00% protein, 10.00% fiber, 1.00% calcium, and 0.60% phosphorus, the following ingredients were used in feed: 11.30% yellow corn, 30.00% milled wheat [Bromus catharticus], 14.00% soy cake, 32.00% wheat bran, 9.00% alfalfa flour, 1.80% bone flour, 1.00% conchilla, 0.50% common salt, and 0.40% methionine. The effect that vitamin C deficiency causes is scurvy, with 100% mortality of guinea pigs at 28 days without green forage. This investigation was made with supplementation of canahua, wheat, and soybean sprouts in the growth stage with the object of replacing green forage in winter by presenting vitamin C. Canihua sprouts at 8 days gave a maximum of 6.28mg of vitamin C /100g of sample, and wheat sprouts at 8 days gave a maximum of 16.09mg of vitamin C/100g of sample. Soybean sprouts at 13 days reached 21.41mg of vitamin C /100g of sample, which continued to increase, but one should be warned that maintaining sprouts of this species is expensive. Rations consisted of 90.00g of sprouts plus 72.00g of feed per guinea pig, with the oral administration of 12.98mg of vitamin C in water solution per guinea pig used in the area. The reason is the improvement in guinea pig meat production with high protein content (20.30%), compared to cattle (17.50%) and sheep (14.50%), and the lower cholesterol of guinea pig (7.80%) compared to cattle (21.80%) and sheep (37.80%), and at a lower cost, with organic sprouts of high nutritional value. The canahua-soybean sprout treatment with 45% dry matter, 5.73% ash, 7.03% ether extract, 25.50% protein, 6.85% raw fiber, and 51.58% free nitrogen extract at 64 days of winter growth showed a live weight gain of 437.73g in relation to pure feed of 66.05% dry matter, 7.33% ash, 2.83% ether abstract, 19.51% raw protein, 7.52% raw fiber, and 56.46% free nitrogen extract with 359.23g. The difference is 78.50g, which is significant at 0.05 with a t-test. The result indicates that the canahua-soybean interaction is the best for live weight gain at 64 days of growth with respect to normal feed, for which the null hypothesis is rejected and the alternative hypothesis accepted. The live weight gain by sex in guinea pigs at 48 and 64 days of growth was highly significant, in females from 206.67g (4.3g/day) to 303.29g (4.74g/day) and in males from 262.27g (5.46g/day) to 392.27g (6.13g/day), with differences between males and females of 55.6 and 89g. These results show that male guinea pigs generally gain more weight than females during growth, which could be commercialized in the opportune moment. The food conversion between sexes fed with the different sprouts at 64 days of growth was 9.55 in females and 7.62 in males, a difference of 1.90. Also, the sex-soybean interaction in females with soybean was 10.31 and in males with soybean 6.79, a difference of 3.52, which is significant at 0.01. Similarly, the food conversion at 64 days of treatment by canahua sprouts and a feed with 41.34% dry matter, 5.69% ash, 3.47% ether extract, 20.58% raw protein, 8.04% raw fiber, and 56.25% free nitrogen extract is 7.90. In relation to just the feed it is 9.20, with a difference of 1.30. In a t-test this is significant at 0.05. These results show that male guinea pigs eat less food and grow more than females under the same conditions. The lowest production cost was obtained with canahua-feed interaction, in females Bs4.0/guinea pig (US$0.501) and in males Bs3.9/guinea pig (US$0.488). Canahua-soybean interaction yielded Bs5.50/guinea pig (US$0.689) for females and Bs5.50/guinea pig (US$0.689) for males. Normal feed yielded Bs4.20/guinea pig (US$0.526) for females and Bs5.40/guinea pig (US$0.676) for males. (US$1 = Bs7.98). Also, there was a percentage variation for the canahua-soybean-feed interaction in females of 5.00% lower than just feed and in males 27.80% lower than just feed. These results show that it is best to use canahua sprouts plus feed because this gives the lowest costs of feeding growing guinea pigs in winter.

Thesis (Ing. Agrónomo)--Facultad de Ciencias Agrícolas Pecuarias y Veterinarias, Universidad Técnica de Oruro.<br>Reproduced from copy at BYU's Benson Institute. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 121-123).