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Journal articles on the topic 'Chettiar'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 8 February 2022

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1

Suppiah, Ummadevi, and Sivachandralingam Sundara Raja. "The Indian Diaspora in Malaya." Indian Historical Review 44, no. 2 (December 2017): 252–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0376983617726472.

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The historiography of Malaya that deals with Indian diaspora rarely differentiates Indians on the basis of their ethnic3 origins and their relationships during the British era. The ethnic Indian populations during the British era comprised the majority Tamils, and the other groups such as the Telugus, Malayalees, Gujeratis, Chettiars, Sikhs and Indian Muslims. The ethnic groupings among those of Indian origin could be divided into three main economic classes: labour, business and civil service. This article focuses on the Chettiars as the group that comprised the business class and looks at their interactions with the other ethnic groups of Indian origin belonging to the labour class and civil service. This article demonstrates that although the Chettiar provided credit to other Indian ethnic groups, the moneylending system was one-sided, favouring only the Chettiar, who did not play a positive role in ensuring the overall socio-economic interests and welfare of working class Indians.

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2

NAIR, MALAVIKA. "Caste as self-regulatory club: evidence from a private banking system in nineteenth century India." Journal of Institutional Economics 12, no. 3 (December 28, 2015): 677–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1744137415000466.

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AbstractThe Chettiar banking system evolved and functioned in the absence of a government sponsored central bank in 19th-century India. I find that the underlying common social institution of caste was crucial for the workings of the banking system and effectively acted as a club. Exclusion was achieved by restricting membership by birth and the practice of endogamy. These mechanisms created the necessary incentives to provide meaningful rules as well as their enforcement. I describe and analyze the privately provided self-regulatory mechanisms of clearinghouses, inter-bank lending and information sharing. The Chettiar banking system thus adds to existing instances of self-regulated banking as well as points to the economic underpinnings of caste as an institution.

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3

Mohamed Dali, Azharudin. "CHETTIAR DI TANAH MELAYU PADA ABAD KE-20." SEJARAH 17, no. 17 (November 22, 2009): 153–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/sejarah.vol17no17.7.

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Suppiah, Umadevi, and Sivachandralingam Sundara Raja. "KEDUDUDKAN EKONOMI CHETTIAR DI TANAH MELAYU, 1945-1957." SEJARAH 20, no. 20 (December 20, 2012): 143–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/sejarah.vol20no20.7.

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5

Kratoska, Paul H. "Chettiar Moneylenders and Rural Credit in British Malaya." Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 86, no. 1 (2013): 61–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ras.2013.0006.

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6

Oetomo, Repelita Wahyu. "Bahan dan Teknik Pembuatan Fragmen Gelang Kaca Samudera Pasai." Berkala Arkeologi Sangkhakala 12, no. 24 (January 7, 2018): 197–209. http://dx.doi.org/10.24832/bas.v12i24.219.

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AbstractGlass bracelets from Samudera Pasai is made using simple technology with low temperature combustion level. It’s possible that glass bracelets are the goods in a mass production to be accessible by the public. During that period, glassmaking technique with better quality has been known much earlier in other parts of Nusantara. Glass bracelets are also known by the name of Chettiar.

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7

Ramalakshmi, L., and S. Arulselvan. "Spatial and communication practices of Chettiar women in their ancestral homes." Media Asia 47, no. 3-4 (October 1, 2020): 123–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/01296612.2020.1852371.

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8

Ramnath, Kalyani. "Intertwined Itineraries: Debt, Decolonization, and International Law in Post-World War II South Asia." Law and History Review 38, no. 1 (February 2020): 1–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0738248020000012.

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This Article brings a Tamil-speaking Chettiar widow and a Dutch scholar of international law - two seemingly disparate characters - together through a footnote. Set against the background of decolonizing South and Southeast Asia in the aftermath of World War Two, it follows the judgment in a little-known suit for recovery of debt, filed at a district-level civil court in Madras in British India, which escaped the attention of local legal practitioners, but made its way into an international law treatise compiled and written in Utrecht, twenty years later. Instead of using it to trace how South Asian judiciaries interpreted international law, the Article looks at why claims to international law were made by ordinary litigants like Chettiar women in everyday cases like debt settlements, and how they became “evidence” of state practice for international law. These intertwined itineraries of law, that take place against the Japanese occupation of Burma and the Dutch East Indies and the postwar reconstruction efforts in Rangoon, Madras and Batavia, show how jurisdictional claims made by ordinary litigants form an underappreciated archive for histories of international law. In talking about the creation and circulation of legal knowledges, this Article argues that this involves thinking about and writing from footnotes, postscripts and marginalia - and the lives that are intertwined in them.

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9

Suppiah, Ummadevi, and Sivachandralingam Sundara Raja. "Chettiar Capital and the Emergence of the Chinese Bourgeois in British Malaya." Kajian Malaysia 35, no. 1 (2017): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.21315/km2017.35.1.1.

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10

TOYOYAMA, AKI. "Visual Politics of Japanese Majolica Tiles in Colonial South Asia." Journal of Indian and Asian Studies 01, no. 02 (July 2020): 2050010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1142/s2717541320500102.

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This paper examines the political, socio-economic, and cultural aspects of Japanese decorative tiles or the so-called majolica tiles widely diffused in colonial South Asia in the early twentieth century. A tile became a popular building material in European countries by the first half of the nineteenth century, and European tiles spread over the world with the expansion of colonialism. Japan in the making of a modern nation established domestic manufacturing of tiles mainly after British models, and the industry’s rapid development was helped by the First World War (1914–1918) and the Great Kanto Earthquake (1923). The Japanese tile industry successfully entered into foreign markets, among which India was the largest and most important market that resulted in developing a variety of new Indian or Hindu designs associated with the rise of nationalism and mode of consumption. Not only within India, tiles, however, also played a crucial role in formulating cosmopolitan identities of migrant mercantile networks exemplified by the Chettiar architecture in South and Southeast Asia. However, in the late 1930s, cosmopolitanism shared by different communities in colonial urban settings became overwhelmed by nationalisms as seen in Sri Lanka where Japanese majolica tiles were differently used as a means to express religiously-regulated nationalisms in the Chettiar and Sinhalese Buddhist architecture. Thus, the analysis reveals visual politics of different religious nationalisms symbolized by Japanese majolica tiles in the interwar period that still structure the present visualscapes.

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11

Singh, Amarjit. "NUANCES OF CHETTIAR FINANCING AT BRITISH MALAYA, C. MID-1870s TO EARLY 1890s." SEJARAH 26, no. 1 (June 13, 2017): 1–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.22452/sejarah.vol26no1.1.

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12

Nasution, Salma Khoo. "The Chettiar Role in Malaysia's Economic History by Ummadevi Suppiah and Sivachandralingam Sundaram Raja." Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society 91, no. 1 (2018): 159–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/ras.2018.0009.

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13

Mukherjee, Anirban. "Transition of Credit Organizations: Caste Bankers in Colonial India." Social Science History 41, no. 2 (2017): 333–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ssh.2017.7.

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This paper looks at the evolution of business practice of indigenous banking groups in colonial India. Specifically, it studies why in the early twentieth century, the Indian banking caste Nattukottai Chettiar moved from caste-based banking to joint stock banking. The paper argues that caste-based banking had two advantages over joint stock banking—caste-based monitoring of agents and reciprocity-based informal insurance within the caste. In the early twentieth century with the improvement of communication technology and expanding global trade, the caste banking lost both the edges. This prompted some of the caste bankers to move to joint stock banking. I provide a theoretical structure explaining the transition and provide evidence from archival and secondary sources in support of my theory.

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14

McDaniel, Justin Thomas. "The Goddess of Old Money: The Chettiar Bankers of India and their Temples in Southeast Asia." Material Religion 14, no. 1 (January 2, 2018): 115–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17432200.2017.1418212.

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15

Branfoot, Crispin. "Remaking the past: Tamil sacred landscape and temple renovations." Bulletin of the School of Oriental and African Studies 76, no. 1 (January 15, 2013): 21–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0041977x12001462.

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AbstractThis article explores the repeated renovation of south Indian temples over the past millennium and the conception of the Tamil temple-city. Though the requirement for renovation is unremarkable, some “renovations” have involved the wholesale replacement of the central shrine, in theory the most sacred part of the temple. Rather than explaining such radical rebuilding as a consequence of fourteenth-century iconoclasm, temple renovation is considered in this article as an ongoing process. Several periods of architectural reconstruction from the tenth to the early twentieth centuries demonstrate the evolving relationship between building, design and sacred geography over one millennium of Tamil temple history. The conclusion explores the widespread temple “renovations” by the devout Nakarattar (Nattukottai Chettiar) community in the early twentieth century, and the consequent dismay of colonial archaeologists at the perceived destruction of South India's monumental heritage, in order to reassess the lives and meanings of Tamil sacred sites.

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16

Dharani, Rajavelu, Madasamy Balasubramonian, Thanikanti Sudhakar Babu, and Benedetto Nastasi. "Load Shifting and Peak Clipping for Reducing Energy Consumption in an Indian University Campus." Energies 14, no. 3 (January 22, 2021): 558. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/en14030558.

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This paper analyzes the intelligent use of time-varying electrical load via developing efficient energy utilization patterns using demand-side management (DSM) strategies. This approach helps distribution utilities decrease maximum demand and electrical energy billing costs. A case study of DSM implementation of electric energy utility for an educational building Alagappa Chettiar Government College of Engineering and Technology (ACGCET) campus was simulated. The new optimum energy load model was established for peak and off-peak periods from the system’s existing load profile using peak clipping and load shifting DSM techniques. The result reflects a significant reduction in maximum demand from 189 kW to 170 kW and a reduction in annual electricity billing cost from $11,340 to $10,200 (approximately 10%) in the upgraded system. This work highlights the importance of time of day (TOD) tariff structure consumers that aid reduction in their distribution system’s maximum demand and demand charges.

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17

Haimi Mohd Adnan, Airil, and Indrani Arunasalam Sathasivam Pillay. "The Malay Language ‘Pantun’ of Melaka Chetti Indians in Malaysia: Malay Worldview, Lived Experiences and Hybrid Identity." International Journal of Comparative Literature and Translation Studies 8, no. 2 (April 30, 2020): 15. http://dx.doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijclts.v.8n.2p.15.

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The Melaka Chetti Indians are a small community of ‘peranakan’ (Malay meaning ‘locally born’) people in Malaysia. The Melaka Chettis are descendants of traders from the Indian subcontinent who married local women, mostly during the time of the Melaka Malay Empire from the 1400s to 1500s. The Melaka Chettis adopted the local lingua franca ‘bahasa Melayu’ or Malay as their first language together with the ‘adat’ (Malay meaning ‘customs’) of the Malay people, their traditional mannerisms and also their literary prowess. Not only did the Melaka Chettis successfully adopted the literary traditions of the Malay people, they also adapted these arts forms to become part of their own unique hybrid identities based on their worldviews and lived experiences within the Malay Peninsula or more famously known as the Golden Chersonese / Khersonese. Based on our one year plus fieldwork in ‘Kampung Chetti’ or Chetti Village in the state of Melaka, Malaysia where we carried out extensive oral history interviews and several focus group discussion sessions, in this empirical paper we share and critically analyse some traditional Malay pantuns that we collected from this community, and present them as notable contributions to the Malay literary canon.

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18

McDaniel, Justin Thomas. "Ethnicity and the galactic polity: Ideas and actualities in the history of Bangkok." Journal of Southeast Asian Studies 49, no. 1 (January 16, 2018): 129–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022463417000728.

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Edward Van Roy'sSiamese melting pot: Ethnic minorities in the making of Bangkokis a tour de force and one of the most important books on the history of Bangkok and late-modern Thai history ever to be published. It is clearly written and presented, it provides excellent maps, and brings to light little-known sources and surprising facts about the history of the most iconic neighbourhoods in the city. It exposes the histories of various Muslim, Mon, Lao, Vietnamese, Chinese, European, Indian, and other communities in late Ayutthaya and Bangkok, as well as highlights various ways of seeing Bangkok as a feudal city, a vibrant port-city, or a galactic polity. Van Roy also reveals the complexities of defining ethnicity and class in Bangkok's changing neighbourhoods. In this review article I will look closely at two issues Van Roy exposes that need some theoretical and critical interrogation: the ‘galactic polity/mandala’, and ‘ethnicity’. Then I will provide a short vignette about the Chettiar community in Bangkok and the idea of Hinduism in Bangkok history that both supports and supplements Van Roy's excellent research. I write this not to discount or criticise Van Roy's monumental achievement, but because I believe a book this important to the field deserves serious attention and engagement.

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19

Turnell, Sean, and Alison Vicary. "PARCHING THE LAND?: THE CHETTIARS IN BURMA." Australian Economic History Review 48, no. 1 (March 2008): 1–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8446.2007.00232.x.

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20

Kling, Blair B., and David West Rudner. "Caste and Capitalism in Colonial India: The Nattukottai Chettiars." American Historical Review 101, no. 5 (December 1996): 1607. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2170307.

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21

Carter, Anthony T., and David West Rudner. "Caste and Capitalism in Colonial India: The Nattukottai Chettiars." Journal of the Royal Anthropological Institute 2, no. 2 (June 1996): 393. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3034145.

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22

Hancock, Mary. "Caste and Capitalism In Colonial India- The Nattukottal Chettlars." American Ethnologist 24, no. 1 (February 1997): 255–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/ae.1997.24.1.255.2.

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23

Rajan, S., V. V. Kulkarni, and V. Chandirasekaran. "Preparation and storage stability of retort processed Chettinad chicken." Journal of Food Science and Technology 51, no. 1 (August 13, 2011): 173–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13197-011-0477-y.

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24

Yoganandan, Dr G., and G. Sivasamy. "Health and Safety Measures in Chettinad Cement Corporation Limited, Karur." Bonfring International Journal of Data Mining 5, no. 1 (February 28, 2015): 06–09. http://dx.doi.org/10.9756/bijdm.8024.

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25

Rudner, David. "Banker's Trust and the Culture of Banking among the Nattukottai Chettiars of Colonial South India." Modern Asian Studies 23, no. 3 (July 1989): 417–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0026749x00009501.

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The notion of ‘banker's trust’ has a paradoxical quality, like ‘burning cold’ or ‘military intelligence.’ Common sense (another paradoxical notion) tells us that bankers have no trust. Perhaps this explains the appeal of Marxist and Weberian assumptions that capitalist economies tend to destroy pre-capitalist social formations based on trust. From the classic perspective, ‘primordial’ social ties mandate relations of trust (or something like them) in kin groups and castes only so long as the members of these groups do not operate directly—as bankers do—within a capitalist economic system.

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26

Ślączka, Anna A. "George Michell (text), Bharath Ramamrutham (photography), Guy Trebay (foreword), Mansions of Chettinad / Manoirs du Chettinad. pp. 315: illustrations. Karaikudi: Meenakshi Meyyappan and Graf Media. 2015." Cracow Indological Studies 20, no. 1 (September 30, 2018): 303–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.12797/cis.20.2018.01.12.

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27

Balachandar, G., MN Reddy, and M. Rathinasamy. "Hip Synovitis in Dengue – Diagnostic Dilemma." Journal of Case Reports 4, no. 1 (February 5, 2014): 50–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.17659/01.2014.0013.

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28

Menon, R. "Banking and Trading Castes in the Colonial Period: The Case of the Nattukotai Chettiars of Tamil Nadu." Comparative Studies of South Asia, Africa and the Middle East 5, no. 1 (March 1, 1985): 19–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1215/07323867-5-1-19.

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29

Rajkumar, V., K. Dushyanthan, and Arun K. Das. "Retort pouch processing of Chettinad style goat meat curry — a heritage meat product." Journal of Food Science and Technology 47, no. 4 (August 2010): 372–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13197-010-0062-9.

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30

Rudner, David West. "Religious Gifting and Inland Commerce in Seventeenth-Century South India." Journal of Asian Studies 46, no. 2 (May 1987): 361–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2056019.

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AbstractsMost accounts of South Indian commerce in the seventeenth century depend on European documents and focus on Indo-European trade along the Malabar and Coromandel coasts. This article makes use of indigenous documents to analyze the way a caste of itinerant salt traders, the Nakarattars, combined worship and commerce in the interior of Tamil-speaking South India. It focuses on Nakarattar activities in the seventeenth century before they had achieved power under their better-known name, Nattukottai Chettiars, and at a time when their commercial expansion was just getting under way and when the close association of this expansion with rituals of religious gifting was already apparent. The two main purposes of the article are to illuminate the ritual dimension of commercial activity in precolonial South India and to enrich current transactional models of the relationship between temples and small groups in South India by incorporating a mercantile perspective.

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31

Tan, Wee Liang. "Collectivistic norms and international entrepreneurship: a tale of two clans, the Wenzhounese from China and the Chettiars from India." International Journal of Business and Globalisation 10, no. 3 (2013): 245. http://dx.doi.org/10.1504/ijbg.2013.052986.

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32

Chetta, Alfredo. "Presenting the Board of Respiration: Alfredo Chetta." Respiration 99, no. 7 (2020): 543–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1159/000508400.

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33

Rajivkumar, Seetha, and Thirumaran Kesavaperumal. "Investigating the residents’ attitude towards the preservation of palatial houses built heritage in Chettinad region, Tamil Nadu." Journal of Community Archaeology & Heritage 5, no. 4 (October 2, 2018): 250–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/20518196.2018.1529549.

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34

Santos, Luciana Oliveira dos, Mauricio Jamami, Valéria Amorim Pires Di Lorenzo, Carlos Fernando Ronchi, Eduardo Aguilar Arca, and Bruna Varanda Pessoa. "Aplicabilidade das equações de referência para o teste de caminhada de seis minutos em adultos e idosos saudáveis de um município do estado de São Paulo." Fisioterapia e Pesquisa 20, no. 2 (June 2013): 172–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1809-29502013000200012.

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O teste de caminhada de seis minutos (TC6) tem sido considerado simples, seguro, de fácil administração, além de fornecer resultados representativos sobre atividades habituais do dia a dia. Os objetivos do estudo foram avaliar e comparar a distância percorrida no TC6 com as distâncias previstas por equações disponíveis na literatura científica em adultos e idosos saudáveis do município de São Carlos (SP), e verificar a aplicabilidade dessas equações nessa população. Foram avaliados 43 indivíduos (23 homens), dos 55 aos 78 anos, por meio da avaliação física, espirometria e do TC6. Observamos que a distância percorrida no TC6 foi significativamente (teste t-pareado: p<0,05) maior que os valores previstos pelas equações de Enright e Sherril, Masmoudi et al., Alameri, Al-Majed e Al-Howaikan e Dourado, Vidotto e Guerra, e os mesmos foram significativamente menores que os previstos por Troosters, Gosselink e Decramer, Gibbons et al., Enright et al., Camarri et al., Ben Saad et al. e Soares e Pereira. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre a distância percorrida no TC6 e os valores previstos pelas equações de Chetta et al. e Iwama et al. A maioria das equações de referências utilizadas no presente estudo subestima ou superestima os valores obtidos no TC6, exceto as propostas por Chetta et al. e Iwama et al. que se mostraram aceitáveis para a população estudada. Existe diferença entre as distâncias, mesmo quando o TC6 é realizado com uma metodologia semelhante e rigorosa padronização, assim salienta-se a necessidade de equações específicas para cada população.

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35

Fanselow, Frank S. "Book Reviews : Caste and Capitalism in Colonial India: The Nattukottai Chettiars by David West Rudner. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994. Pp. xix + 341." South Asia Research 16, no. 2 (October 1996): 214–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/026272809601600211.

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Bakhru, Kanupriya Misra, Manas Behera, and Alka Sharma. "Entrepreneurial communities and family enterprises of India." Journal of Enterprising Communities: People and Places in the Global Economy 12, no. 1 (March 12, 2018): 32–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jec-01-2017-0003.

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Purpose This paper aims to examine the traditional business communities and family businesses of India, their emergence and sustained growth. Design/methodology/approach The authors analyze the role of business communities in family businesses of India and identify business communities that have still sustained and marked a global presence. Findings Business communities such as Marwaris have the knack for business activities and are leaders of family businesses in India today, who have sustained their past success and continue to create new histories. Other traditional business communities such as Parsis, Sindhis, Chettiars and Gujarati banias have not been able to sustain much. Possible reasons were switching to white-collar jobs, taking up diplomacy and other professions, inter caste marriages, international migration in search of business and Indian government policies. Research limitations/implications This study provides a useful source of information for academics, policy-makers and economists. Practical implications Traditional business communities populate the list of family businesses that have marked their global presence. This paper identifies various factors that are responsible for the growth and sustainability of these business communities. Social implications The study clarifies the role of business communities in domestic economic development. Originality/value The paper explored traditional business communities of India and assessed their role in family businesses of India that currently mark a global presence.

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37

V. Muruganandham and Dr. M. Ragupathi. "A Study On Labour Welfare Measures In Chettinad Cement Corporation Limited - With Special Reference To Puliyur, Karur District, Tamilnadu." Restaurant Business 118, no. 12 (December 5, 2019): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.26643/rb.v118i12.12580.

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International Labour Organisation (ILO) at its Asian regional Conference, defined labour welfare as a term which is understood to include such services, facilities and amenities as may be established in o in the vicinity of undertaking to enable the person employed in them to perform their work in healthy, and high morale.

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38

Conlon, Frank F. "Caste and Capitalism in Colonial India: The Nattukottai Chettiars. By David West Rudner. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994. xxvii, 341 pp. $50.00 (cloth); $18.00 (paper)." Journal of Asian Studies 55, no. 4 (November 1996): 1046–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/2646585.

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39

Dr. S. Saravanan, Dr S. Saravanan, DR B. Thangaraj DR. B. Thangaraj, and C. Eahambaram C. Eahambaram. "A Study on Working Capital Management of Cement Companies with Special Reference to the Associated Cement Companies Limited and Chettinad Cement Corporation." Global Journal For Research Analysis 3, no. 2 (June 15, 2012): 16–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.15373/22778160/february2014/6.

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40

MALAVATH, RAJESHWAR, and S. MANI. "Nutrients status in the surface and subsurface soils of dryland Agricultural Research Station at Chettinad in Sivaganga district of Tamil Nadu." AN ASIAN JOURNAL OF SOIL SCIENCE 9, no. 2 (December 15, 2014): 169–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.15740/has/ajss/9.2/169-175.

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41

Thirumurthi, Swetha, Priya Kanagamuthu, Rajasekaran Srinivasan, and Bhalaji Dhanasekaran. "Predominance of Bacterial Flora Causing Lower Respiratory Tract Infections Following Tracheostomy in Patients of Chettinad Hospital & Research Institute, Chennai, India." Journal of Evolution of Medical and Dental Sciences 10, no. 35 (August 30, 2021): 2964–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.14260/jemds/2021/606.

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BACKGROUND The term tracheostomy refers to forming an opening in the trachea.1,2 Its advantages include easy and direct access to lower respiratory tract, reduced risk of aspiration, faster weaning from ventilation support and improved physical and psychological comfort. But a common problem in tracheostomised patients is increased risk of colonisation of lower respiratory tract by exogenous bacteria because of direct exposure.1,3 This study was done to recognise pathogens in tracheal secretions collected from tracheostomised patients and their antibiotic sensitivity to treat them with appropriate antibiotics. METHODS This prospective study was done in 138 tracheostomised patients from October 2020 to March 2021 in intensive care unit (ICU) of Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute. Under sterile aseptic precautions, Day 0 and Day 7 cultures posttracheostomy was obtained and their antibiotic sensitivity was studied. Data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 19) and presented in proportion, mean and standard deviation (Descriptive statistics). RESULTS In this study, of the 56 cases who had growth in their culture and sensitivity reports on day 0, the most common organism was Pseudomonas aeruginosa (33.9 %) sensitive to imipenem (94.7 %) followed by klebsiella (25 %) sensitive to teicoplanin, vancomycin, amikacin, cefoperazone/tazobactam, linezolid and piperacillin/tazobactam. On day 7, the growth of organisms isolated in tracheal culture got reduced from 56 cases to 16 cases. The prevalence of Pseudomonas reduced to 18.8 % in day 7 whereas Klebsiella pneumonia and Acinetobacter remained almost same from day 0 to day 7. CONCLUSIONS This study concludes the predominant pathogen as Pseudomonas aeruginosa with sensitivity to imipenem followed by Klebsiella with sensitivity to teicoplanin, vancomycin, amikacin, cefoperazone/tazobactam, linezolid and piperacillin/tazobactam on day 0 with reduction in the number of organisms on day 7 due to the fact that all our patients were admitted in ICU several days prior to tracheostomy and were started on antibiotics soon after admission as per choice of the treating physician. Hence, a clear understanding of bacterial colonisation post tracheostomy and its change in course is essential for timely intervention with empirical antibiotics for reducing the incidence of lower respiratory tract infections after tracheostomy in future. KEY WORDS Tracheostomy, Lower Respiratory Tract Infections, Pseudomonas Aeruginosa, Empirical Antibiotics.

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Rajakumar, Shery Angel, Sindhura Myneni, and Kamala Roshini M. "Rising trends of caesarean section in modern obstetrics: analysis by Robson classification." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 9, no. 11 (October 27, 2020): 4468. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20204794.

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Background: Rising caesarean section (CS) rates are a major public health concern worldwide. The main objective of our study was to analyse the CS rates according to Robson ten group classification system (TGCS).Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted in the department of obstetrics and gynaecology at Chettinad hospital and research institute, during a period of 5 years from May 2015 to April 2020. All the women who delivered by CS were included in the study. The data regarding parity, gestational age, onset of labour, number of foetuses and presentation was collected and classified according to Robson TGCS and analysed.Results: A total of 4199 women delivered during the study period. Out of 4199 women 2149 (51.18%) underwent CS. All the women who underwent caesarean section were classified according to Robson TGCS. Group 5 contributed the most (40.81%). Group 2 had the second highest contribution of 33.36%. Group 1 had 6.24%, group 3 and 4 contributed for 1.16% and 4.65% respectively. Group 6 and 7 had 2.84% and 1.68% respectively. Group 8 had 2.28%, group 9 had 0.23% and group 10 constituted 6.75%.Conclusion: As contribution of repeat CS is high among the overall CS rate it is important to reduce the primary CS rates. More analytical studies need to be done based on Robson TGCS to evaluate the indication of CS within each group.

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Ranjitha, S. Divya, Kavitha Karthikeyan, and Amrita Priscilla Nalini. "A retrospective study on surgical management of ovarian tumours in a teritary care semiurban hospital." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 10 (September 23, 2017): 4429. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20174418.

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Background: The prevalance of ovarian tumors is around 1-3%. The accurate diagnosis and appropriate management of ovarian tumors is a real challenge to gynaecologists. The aim of the study was to analyse the risk factors, clinical presentation, surgical procedure and histopathological report in patients with surgically managed ovarian tumours.Methods: We conducted a retrospective study by collecting the data of patients operated in the department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, Kelambakkam. A total of 118 case records were studied.Results: 20.3% were nulliparous. 79.7% were multiparous. 10.2% were <20 years, 47.2% were 20-40 years, 39.2% were 40-60 years, 3.4% were >60 years. 72.9% were premenopausal. 27.1% were postmenopausal. 25.4% presented with acute abdominal pain, 11.9% with mass abdomen, 30.5% with chronic pain abdomen and 32.2% were incidentally diagnosed. 20.4% underwent ovarian cystectomy, 18.6% ovariotomy, 30.5% salpingoophorectomy and 30.5% total abdominal hystrectomy with bilateral salpingoophorectomy. Most common histopathology report was simple cyst in 44.%. 31.3% had serous cystadenoma, 9.3% had mucinous cystadenoma, 9.3% had teratoma, 2.5% had brenner tumour, 1.7% borderline tumours and 1.7% malignancy (Serous cystadenocarcinoma).Conclusions: Elective surgical management of ovarian tumours is better option for reducing emergency laparotomies for torsion and rupture and also for obtaining a conclusive histopathological diagnosis in suspicious cases. The choice between laparoscopy and laparotomy should made after making appropriate preoperative evaluation.

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Upadhya, Carol. "Book reviews and notices : DAVID WEST RUDNER, Caste and capitalism in colonial India: The Nattukouai Chettiars. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994. xviii + 341 pp. Maps, plates, tables, notes, refs., gloss., index." Contributions to Indian Sociology 31, no. 1 (May 1997): 147–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/006996679703100117.

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R., Sailatha, Famida A. M., Vinoth Gnana Chellaiyan D., Vijayalakshmi K., Sathiya S., and Renuka S. "Mifepristone: an alternate to dinoprostone in induction of labour." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 6, no. 5 (April 27, 2017): 1880. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20171941.

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Background: To assess and compare the efficacy, safety and fetomaternal outcome of mifepristone versus dinoprostone in priming the cervix and in inducing labour in pregnant women at term.Methods: This is a prospective comparative study done in Chettinad health and research institute, over a period of one year from October 2015 to October 2016. 50 pregnant women (Group 1) in 3rd trimester with unfavorable cervix were given 200mcg of mifepristone orally. If labour did not start or if the Bishop score remained poor at the end of 24hrs, induction was continued with 0.5mg of dinoprostone gel at a maximum of 3 gels at 6th hourly interval. Another 50 pregnant women (Group2) in 3rd trimester underwent induction according to the routine dinoprostone gel regimen of maximum 3 gels at intervals of 6hrs.Results: Improvement in Bishop score was significant with mifepristone by the end of 24hrs.But, in comparison, there was statistically significant improvement in Bishop score in favour of dinoprostone (Mean 4.7) than mifepristone (Mean 4.0). Also, the induction delivery interval was significantly less (Mean 11.5 hrs) with dinoprostone than mifepristone (Mean 20.3 hrs). Number of cases undergoing LSCS for failed induction was less in mifepristone group (4%). The rate of vaginal delivery, Caesarean sections, instrumental delivery and overall fetal outcome was comparable in both groups.Conclusions: Mifepristone is a safe, effective and suitable alternate agent for cervical ripening and initiation of labour when given 24 h before onset of labour.

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Ethirajan Nandagopal, Sumithra M, and Meenakshi N. "Comparison of Prevalence and Risk Factors in COPD Patients With and Without History of Smoking." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, no. 4 (December 21, 2020): 7841–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11i4.4625.

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A prospective cross-sectional study to compare the prevalence and risk factors in chronic pulmonary obstructive disease (COPD) patient with and without a history of smoking. This was an observational study conducted in the department of respiratory medicine, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Kancheepuram. A total of 206 patients with COPD, diagnosed as per GOLD criteria were enrolled in the study. Out of 206 COPD patients, 164 (79.61%) were men, and 42 (20.4%) were women and their mean age was 62.88 (± 9.53). The prevalence of COPD patients in smokers/ex-smokers were 125 (60.7%) and 81 (39.3%) in never smokers. There were 75 patients (92.59%) in the never smoker cohort and 72 patients (57.6%) in the ex-smoker/smoker cohort found to have at least one non-smoking risk factor for COPD. Biomass Exposure (39.50%), Passive Smoking (22.22%, P=), Co-existing Asthma (22.22%) were the non-smoking risk factors which were found to be present significantly higher in never smokers than smokers/ex-smokers, and the difference was statistically significant (<0.05). A higher proportion of severe patients were in smokers/ex-smokers than non- smokers (41.6% vs 27. 1%). Patients with moderate disease in both groups were found to be of equal proportion (12% vs 11. 11%). The results of the study reiterate that a significant proportion of COPD patients were never smokers and prevalence of non-smoking risk factors were more common in that population.

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W. B., Anu Bhargavi, Sailatha R., and Anuradha C. R. "Changing trends of causative factors in antenatal mothers with bad obstetric history: a retrospective study." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 10, no. 9 (August 26, 2021): 3371. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20213452.

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Background: The death of an infant, in utero or after birth has been a devastating experience for parents and clinicians alike. Various efforts are being made to make an accurate diagnosis of such pregnancy losses at the earliest to prevent the emotional and physical stress that the woman undergoes. This study aims to assess the changing trends in risk factors and outcome of pregnancies in cases of bad obstetric history (BOH) and to identify the newly emerging maternal and fetal factors contributing to incidence of pregnancy loss.Methods: This study is a retrospective analysis of antenatal women with BOH attending the obstetrics and gynecology OPD at Chettinad hospital. The study was conducted during a time period of 1 year (May 2019 to May 2020).Results: The medical complications and underlying causes for BOH were analysed among the study group. Out of 41 women, 6 were diagnosed to have gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM), 8 were found to be hypertensive and 1 APLA positive. Neonatal mortality was encountered in 2 cases, attributing to Inborn error of metabolism. However, the cause for BOH remained unexplained in 3 individuals.Conclusions: A full work-up can be initiated after two consecutive losses to identify and treat the various causes responsible for BOH. Lot of further studies and research are being conducted to unravel the mystery in these cases. Despite these efforts, the male factors contributing to recurrent pregnancy loss have remained largely unexplored.

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Rajakumar, Shery Angel, Sindhura Myneni, and Ajay Nickson Samuel. "Maternal and neonatal outcome in premature rupture of membranes: a retrospective study." International Journal of Reproduction, Contraception, Obstetrics and Gynecology 10, no. 3 (February 24, 2021): 1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/2320-1770.ijrcog20210732.

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Background: Premature rupture of membranes (PROM) is one of the most challenging and controversial obstetric dilemma which occur even in low risk pregnancies. This study was done to analyse the maternal and neonatal outcomes in PROM cases.Methods: This was a retrospective study conducted in the department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology at Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute, during a period of 3 years from August 2017 to August 2020. All the women who admitted with PROM were included in the study. The data regarding parity, gestational age, number of fetuses, presentation, duration of PROM, PROM to delivery interval, mode of delivery, weight of the baby, NICU admission was collected from the hospital records and analysed.Results: A total of 115 cases of PROM were recorded. High incidence is found in the age group of 20-30 years. Among them 73.04% were admitted at term. 71.3% were primigravida. 58.26% of them delivered vaginally where as 41.74% delivered by LSCS. Majority of them admitted within 6 hours of PROM. Majority of them delivered within 12 hours of PROM. High APGAR scores in majority of the cases. Most of the babies had birth weight >2.5 kg. 16 babies were admitted in NICU. There was no maternal mortality in our study though we had one neonatal mortality.Conclusions: Careful identification of present or impending complications and individualizing the management based on gestational age and presence of complications holds good in optimising fetomaternal outcome in PROM.

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Ethirajan Nandagopal, Sumithra M, and Meenakshi N. "Comparison of Prevalence and Risk Factors in COPD Patients With and Without History of Smoking." International Journal of Research in Pharmaceutical Sciences 11, SPL4 (December 21, 2020): 1172–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.26452/ijrps.v11ispl4.4260.

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A prospective cross-sectional study to compare the prevalence and risk factors in chronic pulmonary obstructive disease (COPD) patient with and without a history of smoking. This was an observational study conducted in the department of respiratory medicine, Chettinad Hospital and Research Institute (CHRI), Kancheepuram. A total of 206 patients with COPD, diagnosed as per GOLD criteria were enrolled in the study. Out of 206 COPD patients, 164 (79.61%) were men, and 42 (20.4%) were women and their mean age was 62.88 (± 9.53). The prevalence of COPD patients in smokers/ex-smokers were 125 (60.7%) and 81 (39.3%) in never smokers. There were 75 patients (92.59%) in the never smoker cohort and 72 patients (57.6%) in the ex-smoker/smoker cohort found to have at least one non-smoking risk factor for COPD. Biomass Exposure (39.50%), Passive Smoking (22.22%, P=), Co-existing Asthma (22.22%) were the non-smoking risk factors which were found to be present significantly higher in never smokers than smokers/ex-smokers, and the difference was statistically significant (<0.05). A higher proportion of severe patients were in smokers/ex-smokers than non- smokers (41.6% vs 27. 1%). Patients with moderate disease in both groups were found to be of equal proportion (12% vs 11. 11%). The results of the study reiterate that a significant proportion of COPD patients were never smokers and prevalence of non-smoking risk factors were more common in that population.

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C., Ramya Shree, Prabakaran S., Rajasekaran S., Priya K., and Namasivaya Navin R. B. "A cross sectional study on the bacteriologic pattern of chronic otitis media and its antibiotic sensitivity." International Journal of Otorhinolaryngology and Head and Neck Surgery 6, no. 10 (September 23, 2020): 1768. http://dx.doi.org/10.18203/issn.2454-5929.ijohns20203989.

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<p><strong>Background:</strong> Chronic otitis media is the commonest middle ear and mastoid cavity disease, which has the tendency of causing morbidity to the patients ranging from deafness to intracranial complications. Hence this study was done to identify the local bacteriological pattern and its antibiotic sensitivity for treating them with appropriate antibiotic therapy.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>This cross-sectional study was done retrospectively with reports of culture and sensitivity of chronic otitis media from microbiology department. The sample was sent from the department of otorhinolaryngology in Chettinad hospital and research institute, Chennai, during the period from January 2018 to January 2020.<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Results: </strong>On assessing about 188 reports, 17 patients had no growth of organism. The commonest organism isolated was <em>Pseudomonas</em> species (33.0%) which was sensitive to imipenem (96.8%), followed by <em>Staphylococcus</em> (28.7%) which was sensitive to linezolid and teicoplanin (98.1%).<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Conclusions: </strong>The study concludes imipenem for <em>Pseudomonas</em> species and linezolid/teicoplanin for <em>Staphylococcus</em>. The appropriate and adequate antibiotic therapy is always recommended for chronic otitis media to avoid complications.<strong></strong></p>

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