Journal articles on the topic '"Chi ha paura ... ?" Foundation'

Demonologia, culti, ritualità e miti religiosi molto spesso in territorio africano si congiungono con questioni relative alla cura. Ad oggi ancora diffusissima è la sovrapposizione tra insanità mentale e possessione diabolica, tipica della mentalità animista che conduce al gravoso problema dell’emarginazione e della contenzione del paziente psichiatrico. Il malato mentale incute paura alla comunità che ne teme il contagio, sicché il più delle volte, si affida il malato a sette religiose o a centri di preghiera, in cui i sedicenti guaritori, sciamani e santoni si fanno pagare cifre molto elevate per imprigionare all’interno di tronchi di albero o incatenare a ceppi o blocchi di cemento l’ammalato, così da neutralizzare la potenza maligna. La vita in catene rende gli ammalati storpi, talvolta li porta alla morte per malnutrizione ed incuria. In questo modo questioni relative alla salute, alla cura, incrociandosi con ritualità religiose, chiamano irrimediabilmente in causa la bioetica ed i diritti rispetto ad un problema non più posponibile. Si tratta di una barbarie che avviene nel completo disinteresse dell’OMS e delle grandi organizzazioni internazionali che conoscono l’incubo di questi “prigionieri” almeno da 30 anni, da quando il beninese Gregoire Ahongbonon, il “Basaglia nero” ha fondato in Costa d’Avorio la sua “Saint Camille de Lellis di Bouaké” e ha cominciato – letteralmente – a liberare i malati di mente dalle catene. L’analisi proposta intende precisare che, pur nel rispetto delle differenti culture, c’è un limite che non è possibile valicare: quello del rispetto dei diritti umani che è la base ed alla base di ogni discorso sul pluralismo e sull’Intercultura. ---------- In Africa, demonology, cults, rituals and religious myths are very often combined with issues related to health care. Today the overlap between insanity and demonic possession is still widely widespread. It is typical of the animist mentality that leads to the serious problem of psychiatric patient marginalization and restraint. The mentally ill arouses dread in the community that fears the contagion, so in most cases, the patient commits herself/himself to religious sects or to prayer centers, where the healers, shamans and gurus charge very high prices to imprison the patient in tree trunks or to chain up the patient to stumps or concrete blocks, in order to neutralize the evil force. Life in chains makes the sick patients lame, and sometimes leads them to death for malnutrition and neglect. In this way, issues related to health and health care, intersecting with religious rituals, involve bioethics and rights compared with a problem that cannot be postponed any further. It is a matter of barbarity that takes place in the complete disregard of WHO and of the major international organizations, aware of the nightmare experienced by these “prisoners” since at least 30 years, when Gregoire Ahongbonon from Benin, the “black Basaglia”, established in the Ivory Coast his “Saint Camille de Lellis of Bouaké” and – literally – began to release the mentally ill patients from the chains. The proposed analysis aims to clarify that, even if respecting the different cultures, there is a limit that cannot be crossed: the respect of human rights that is the basis and the foundation of every discourse on pluralism and interculture.

Chi compie reati contro i minori è visto dall'opinione pubblica come un mostro, un "orco", nel migliore dei casi un malato incurabile che non ha niente a che fare con le persone "normali". L'odio per l'orco ha conseguenze molto gravi: impedisce di prendere atto della diffusione degli abusi sessuali nei circoli della fiducia (famiglia, scuola, associazionismo, sport, ecc.) contribuendo al negazionismo dell'abuso; ostacola l'attivazione di interventi efficaci, favorisce il diniego e la minimizzazione o l'adesione passiva allo stigma nei trattamenti.

Si sta verificando negli ultimi anni un incremento dei cosiddetti “comportamenti a rischio”(taking-risk behaviors) tra gli adolescenti. Si tratta di comportamenti che sono, in modo diretto o indiretto, responsabili di danno per la salute e/o per la vita di chi li agisce e dell’aumentata incidenza di morbilità e di mortalità in un’età della vita, che è meno esposta alla malattia e alla morte. Questa aumentata incidenza di patologie secondarie a comportamenti a rischio ha interpellato ed interpella, in senso preventivo, sia gli educatori sia quanti sono responsabili della salute pubblica che hanno proposto diverse modalità di intervento: dalla cosiddetta “riduzione del rischio” alla “strategia della paura” all’educazione alla salute. Questo articolo cerca di valutare le ricadute delle diverse strategie di intervento sul comportamento degli adolescenti, al fine di individuare se gli eventuali fallimenti o successi dipendano dai contenuti dei programmi di prevenzione o dalla personalità degli educandi. Tale valutazione è preceduta dall’analisi del perchè gli adolescenti agiscono, con elevata frequenza, comportamenti a rischio: infatti, la conoscenza del “perch锂 è elemento fondamentale per stabilire il “come” (intervenire).

RESUMENEl objetivo de este estudio ha sido diseñar y validar un instrumento para evaluar la participación de las familias en los centros educativos. El estudio se ha realizado con una muestra de 271 representantes legales de estudiantes en edad escolar de las distintas Direcciones de Área territorial de la Comunidad Autónoma de Madrid (CAM) (padres, madres y tutores). Se propuso un modelo teórico compuesto por cuatro dimensiones donde se analizó la fiabilidad, la validez de contenido y de constructo.La validez de contenido fue sustentada a través de la fundamentación teórica y la validez de expertos. Se realizó un Análisis Factorial Confirmatorio (AFC) mediante la aplicación de metodología S.E.M. (Structural Equation Modeling) para la validación del constructo del instrumento obteniendo un ajuste adecuado (CMIN/DF=2.066, CFI=0.900, RMSEA=0.063, PRATIO=0.916). Por todo ello, se puede afirmar que el instrumento reúne las características técnicas exigidas para ser considerado un recurso de evaluación válido y fiable para el estudio de la participación de las familias en los centros educativos y su aplicación en investigación y evaluación.ABSTRACT The aim of this study is to design and validate an instrument to evaluate family involvement in schools. The study was conducted with a sample of 271 legal guardians of school-age students of the different Territorial Area Directions of the Autonomous Community of Madrid (parents and custodians). We set up a theoretical model consisting of four dimensions where it the reliability, the validity of content and the construct is analyzed.The overall reliability of the instrument is very satisfactory scoring 0.928 (Cronbach's alpha) and quite acceptable giving the ratio of 0.896, Learning Support of 0.855, Participation of 0.913 and Training of 0.910. The validity of the content is supported by the theoretical foundation and the validity of experts. One Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) is performed by applying S.E.M. (Structural Equation Modeling) methodology for validation of the instrument constructed obtaining an appropriate adjustment (CMIN / DF = 2.066, CFI = 0.900, RMSEA = 0.063, PRATIO = 0.916).Therefore, we can say that the instrument gets the technical characteristics required to be considered a valid and reliable approach for the study of family involvement in schools and its application in research and evaluation assessment.

Based on WHO data (World Health Organition), around 972 million people in the world or 26.4% of people worldwide have hypertension, the figure is likely to increase to 29.2% in 2025. Of the 972 million hypertension, 333 million are in developed countries and the remaining 639 are in developing countries including Indonesia. This research aims to determine the relationship of food consumption with hypertension in the elderly at the Nursing Home in Medan Labuhan Foundation for the Budi Bakti in 2018. The research design is an analytical survey to determine the relationship between two variables with a cross sectional approach. The population in this study were patients who suffered from hypertension in the Nursing Home Foundation Medan Labuhan For Bakti Budi Bakti in 2018 totaling 64 people and a sample of 64 people and using total sampling. The test in this study is Chi-square test. The results of this study showed that 61 (95.3%) of the majority had poor food consumption, and the majority of hypertensive diseases were as heavy as 45 respondents (70.3%), bivariate statistic test results showed that there was a relationship between food consumption and hypertension with p value -Velue = 0.004. The conclusion in this study is that there is a relationship between food consumption and hypertension is p-velue = 0.004 α 0.05, so Ha is accepted. Suggestions for further researchers to be able to examine the causes and relationship of food consumption with hypertension.

Introduction Emerging research suggests key differences in clinical manifestations among people with hemophilia A (HA) and hemophilia B (HB) that may impact health-related quality of life (HRQoL), healthcare utilization and costs. However, HB's low prevalence hinders obtaining study cohorts large enough to be representative and avoid selection bias. This analysis of the Hematology Utilization Group Studies (HUGS) cohorts examined over a 2-year period (1) baseline pain, joint range of motion (ROM), and HRQoL (2) clinical characteristics and treatment outcomes, and (3) costs of care and service utilization among a geographically diverse sample of individuals with HB and HA. Materials and Methods HUGS part Va (enrolling HA) and HUGS part Vb (enrolling HB) are US multicenter observational studies conducted at hemophilia treatment centers (HTCs) serving patients from 15 states. HUGS Va was conducted 2005-2007; HUGS Vb 2009-2014. This analysis included 350 participants with complete medical records and ≥2 follow-up surveys: 243 with HA and 107 with HB. Children (age 2-17 years) and adults (age 18-64 years) were followed prospectively. Mean ages at baseline were 21.3 (HA) and 24.5 (HB); 70% of HA participants were severely affected, as were 46% with HB. HUGS collected data through an initial, in-person interview with participants or parents after informed consent; regularly scheduled web-, mail-, or phone-based follow-up questionnaires; and clinical chart review conducted by HTC staff. Treatment utilization and costs were annualized including direct and indirect costs. Medication cost was obtained from payment allowance limits for Medicare Part B. Costs were adjusted for inflation to reflect costs in 2019. We compared continuous variables using Wilcoxon-Mann-Whitney and Chi-square or Fisher's exact test for categorical variables. Results Quality of Life and Clinical Measures Both severe adults HA (mean±SD: 40.7±10.4) and HB (42.6±11.4) showed lower SF-12 physical composite score than the general US population (50±10). Severe HB children had mean 6 points greater physical health summary score than severe HA children. Pain and joint ROM limitation were reported less often by those with severe HB (63% and 58%, respectively), compared to those with severe HA (81% and 77% respectively). Among HB children with severe hemophilia, 12% reported pain compared to 28% with HA. Joint ROM limitation was reported in 8% of HB children, compared to 16% with HA. HB children having half the burden than HA on reported pain and joint ROM limitation. Median annualized missed work days were significant lower in the HB group (3) than HA (7), P<0.01. Adults with severe HB missed a median 4 days of work annually, compared to 7 days for those with severe HA (P=0.04). At baseline, the pediatric severe HB group had overweight/obesity double the HA group (P=0.03), but nearly 50% of both adult severe populations were overweight/obese. Treatment and Outcomes At baseline, adults with severe HB were slightly more likely to use prophylaxis than HA adults (50% versus 43%). HA children, however, were more likely than HB children (84% versus 64%) to treat prophylactically (P=0.03). Mild/moderate HA and HB cohorts rarely used prophylaxis. At follow-up, both severe and mild/moderate HA adults experienced significantly greater annualized bleeding rates than adults (P<0.01). Cost and Service Utilization The follow-up data indicated that the median number of ED visits among both severe HA and HB adults was 0, but the means were 0.1 and 0.5 respectively (P=0.04), and range was lower among the HB group (0-1) than in HA (0-8). Among adults, median annual total costs for severe HB ($135,299) were significantly lower than for severe HA ($317,961), P<0.001. Among children, median annual total costs among those with severe HB ($164,681) were lower than for those with severe HA ($236,537), P=0.04. Conclusions At baseline, the HUGS Va and Vb cohorts revealed less clinical burden among those with HB than those with HA, indicating that people with HB may experience fewer symptoms and effects from the disease. The fact that the HB cohort had lower costs and healthcare utilization over a 2-year period supports this finding. Overweight/obesity exceeded 2/3 for adults with mild/moderate HA and HB. Despite the relatively small HB sample size, analyses of HUGS cohort studies provide valuable information about people treated at HTCs in the US. Disclosures Curtis: Wyeth, now Pfizer: Consultancy; Bayer Foundation: Consultancy; CSL Behring: Consultancy; Baxalta, now part of Takeda: Consultancy; Novo Nordisk: Consultancy. Lou:Wyeth, now Pfizer: Research Funding. Tran:Pfizer: Honoraria; Bioverativ: Honoraria; Novo Nordisk: Honoraria; Bayer: Honoraria. Wu:Bayer Foundation: Research Funding; Novo Nordisk: Research Funding; Baxalta, now part of Takeda: Research Funding; CSL Behring: Research Funding; Wyeth, now Pfizer: Research Funding. Nichol:Novo Nordisk: Research Funding; CSL Behring: Research Funding; Wyeth, now Pfizer: Research Funding; Bayer Foundation: Research Funding; Baxalta, now part of Takeda: Research Funding.

La nascita di un figlio è il momento in cui si concretizza il più straordinario progetto d'amore e si sperimenta una condivisione di vi-ta, un'apertura al mondo. È altresì un evento "critico" perché porta la coppia ad affrontare una serie di situazioni nuove, alcune delle quali richiedono una ri-strutturazione del rapporto di coppia, delle consuete routines familiari: il piccolo sistema familiare da diadico diventa triadico (Larcan, 2016). Ma cosa succede quando alla criticità insita nella nascita di un figlio si aggiungono altri e ben più critici elementi, come una disabilità? Si susseguono nei genitori tante forti emozioni come tristezza e dolore, senso di colpa, ansia e paura, rabbia e invidia, che inizialmente sembrano sopraffare i genitori e viene richiesta loro un'enorme quan-tità di risorse per fronteggiare la situazione. Il momento dell'impatto con la diagnosi viene attraversato e percepito da ogni famiglia in maniera diversa in base alle esperienze personali di ognuno, ai valori sociali, al background culturale, ma anche in base alle modalità con cui la diagnosi viene formulata, alla disponibi-lità di adeguati supporti familiari e alle informazioni di cui si dispone. Un peso rilevante è dato infine dalla possibilità di usufruire di un adeguato sostegno sociale in termini di servizi di supporto sanitario e psicologico al bambino e alla famiglia (Cuzzocrea, Larcan, 2011). Non da molto tempo la letteratura ha iniziato a indagare su una tematica molto interessante e complessa che riguarda i fratelli "sani" di ragazzi affetti da problematiche fisiche o mentali: questo filone di ricerca si è dedicato allo studio dei cosiddetti siblings, termine che nel mondo anglosassone indica semplicemente un legame di fraternità, mentre nel panorama italiano, fa riferimento nello specifico a fratelli e sorelle di bambini con disabilità. Se per i genitori l'accudimento verso i figli è un processo naturale, che può diventare più difficoltoso per il disturbo di cui è affetto il figlio, per un fratello non è così scontato pensare di doversi fare carico della patologia e della vita del proprio caro, una volta che i genitori non ci saranno più. I fratelli degli autistici spesso si somigliano: sono silenziosi, pro-fondi, sognatori e diffidenti; per loro è difficile adeguarsi al modo di vivere, di scherzare, di comportarsi dei coetanei. Questo lavoro prende in considerazione il mondo emotivo, spesso ancora poco esplorato di chi vive come "fratello di" - per tutta la vita, analizzando le conseguenze della presenza del bambino con autismo sulla vita del fratello con sviluppo tipico.

My Life, Our Future (MLOF) Research Repository projects are made possible by the enthusiastic participation of the hemophilia community, which to date has collectively donated >9,000 blood samples, and provided associated relevant clinical data, to a central repository maintained by the American Thrombosis and Hemostasis Network (ATHN). Genotyping to determine the hemophilia-causing mutations was carried out by Bloodworks NW and the University of Washington. Donors also agreed to have their coded whole genome sequence (WGS) data made available to researchers approved by an ATHN-sponsored peer review of applications from scientists to access these data for specific projects. This remarkable collaborative effort between the patient and research communities will now allow us to address outstanding clinically relevant questions through adequately powered statistical analyses. Earlier studies of up to ~400 subjects have indicated that Black American and Hispanic American hemophilia A (HA) patients are likelier than White patients (and possibly other racial/ethnic/geographic cohorts) to develop neutralizing anti-factor VIII (FVIII) antibodies, or "inhibitors". Demographic, clinical and genotyping data for 4677 HA subjects (ATHN dataset version date 3/31/19) were analyzed to compare reported inhibitor incidences in the following cohorts: (1) Black vs. White and (2) White Hispanic vs. White non-Hispanic. The Black cohort included 4% Black Hispanic. Race and ethnicity were self-reported and inhibitor histories, titers, outcomes of immune tolerance induction, etc. were also extracted from the questionnaires. To reduce potential confounding due to different hemophilia severity and different HA-causing mutations, subgroup analyses were carried out for (mild + moderate HA) vs severe HA cohorts and for cohorts consisting of specific mutation types. Specific racial/ethnic groups, and mutation types within these groups, were also compared. Finally, the inhibitor incidences of all races/ethnicities with severe HA due to a large deletion mutation vs. severe HA due to an inversion mutation were compared. This report is a first-pass analysis, using Fisher's Exact and Chi-square tests, to analyze trends in the data. Among severe HA subjects, Blacks were likelier to develop an inhibitor than Whites (OR=1.7, CI=1.2-2.2, p<0.0001). White Hispanic subjects were also at higher risk than White non-Hispanics (OR=1.6, CI=1.3-2.1, p<0.0002). Race-associated inhibitor risks for subgroups with severe HA due to an inversion mutation were similar. Interestingly, there were no significant differences between inhibitor incidences in White Hispanic (large F8 deletion) vs. White Hispanic (F8 inversion), White-non-Hispanic (large F8 deletion) vs. White-non-Hispanic (F8 inversion), or Black (large F8 deletion) vs. Black (F8 inversion). Previous retrospective analyses have indicated large deletions are associated with increased inhibitor risk, and some have hypothesized a protective effect (immunologically) of intron-22 inversion mutations. This question was further examined by analyzing the entire cohort (all races + ethnicities). As in the smaller cohorts, there was no significant difference in inhibitor incidences for 143 subjects with a large F8 deletion mutation compared to 972 subjects with an inversion mutation. Overall, this study confirms an increased inhibitor risk for American Black and Hispanic HA patients compared to White patients. The results also argue against inversion mutations conferring lower inhibitor risk compared to other cross-reactive material-negative (i.e. precluding intact FVIII protein expression) mutations. The My Life, Our Future Research Repository is a collection of samples and data developed through a collaboration of the American Thrombosis Hemostasis Network (ATHN), Bloodworks NW and the National Hemophilia Foundation, with support from Bioverativ and under leadership of the PI, Barbara Konkle, MD. Phenotypic data were provided through the ATHNdataset, under stewardship of the ATHN. The partners acknowledge the dedicated efforts of the HTCs and their patients for contributing to this Research Repository. The content of this abstract is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not represent official views of the U.S. Department of Defense or of the My Life, Our Future program or its partners. Disclosures Pratt: Grifols, Inc: Research Funding; Bloodworks NW: Patents & Royalties: inventor on patents related to FVIII immunogenicity.

RESUMOA presente investigação tem como foco verificar os processos pedagógicos escolares como fortalecimento da afrocentricidade no combate ao racismo no ambiente escolar. Considerando histórias de racismo discriminação e preconceitos no ambiente escolar. Tendo como base as orientações propostas pela lei 10.639/03 e as Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para Educação das Relações Étnico Raciais de 2004. O objetivo Geral dessa pesquisa está em investigar o Projeto “O Baobá, Árvore que Representa as Raízes da Cultura Africana” realizado na a Escola Municipal Albenice Maria da Silva, Jaboatão dos Guararapes - PE. O projeto compôs o Fórum Escolar de Consciência Negra, que foi realizado na instituição de ensino no ano de 2019. Para fundamentação teórica nos aproximamos os estudos da teoria da afrocentricidade. Como metodologia a análise do conteúdo dos objetivos do projeto entendendo que estes puderam nos mostrar processos pedagógicos que se voltavam e/ou se afastavam de uma perspectiva de educação afrocentrada. Nesse estudo de caso identificamos os esforços para a sensibilização de estudantes acerca dos valores humanos e de processos pedagógicos que ultrapassem as fronteiras do racismo, da discriminação e da violência dentro e fora dos muros da escola.Afrocentricidade. Processos Pedagógicos. Baobá. ABSTRACTThe present investigation focuses on verifying school pedagogical processes such as strengthening Afrocentricity in the fight against racism in the school environment. Considering stories of racism, discrimination and prejudice in the school environment. Based on the guidelines proposed by law 10.639 / 03 and the National Curriculum Guidelines for the Education of Ethnic Racial Relations of 2004. The general objective of this research is to investigate the Project “O BAOBÁ, TREE THAT REPRESENTS THE ROOTS OF AFRICAN CULTURE” held at the Municipal School Albenice Maria da Silva, Jaboatão dos Guararapes - PE. The project was part of the SCHOOL FORUM OF COSNCIÊNCIA NEGRA, which was held at the educational institution in 2019. For theoretical foundation we approached the studies of the theory of Afrocentricity. As a methodology, the analysis of the content of the project's objectives, understanding that they could show us pedagogical processes that turned and / or moved away from an Afro-centered education perspective. In this case study, we identified efforts to raise students' awareness of human values and pedagogical processes that go beyond the boundaries of racism, discrimination and violence inside and outside the school walls.Afrocentricity. Pedagogical Processes. Baobab. RESUMENLa presente investigación tiene el objetivo de verificar los procesos pedagógicos escolares como fortalecimiento de la afrocentricidad en la lucha contra el racismo en el ámbito escolar. Considerando historias de racismo, discriminación y prejuicios en el entorno escolar. Con base en los lineamientos propuestos por la ley 10.639 / 03 y las “Diretrizes Curriculares Nacionais para Educação das Relações Étnico Raciais” de 2004. El objetivo general de esta investigación es investigar el Proyecto “O BAOBÁ, ÁRVORE QUE REPRESENTA AS RAÍZES DA CULTURA AFRICANA” realizado en la Escuela Municipal Albenice Maria da Silva, Jaboatão dos Guararapes - PE. El proyecto formó parte del “FÓRUM ESCOLAR DE CONSCIÊNCIA NEGRA”, que se realizó en la institución educativa en el año 2019. Para fundamentación teórica nos acercamos a los estudios de la teoría de la afrocentricidad. Como metodología, el análisis del contenido de los objetivos del proyecto, entendiendo que pudieron mostrarnos procesos pedagógicos que se acercaban y/o se alejaban de una perspectiva de educación afrocentrada. En este estudio de caso, identificamos esfuerzos para sensibilizar a los estudiantes sobre los valores humanos y los procesos pedagógicos que van más allá de los límites del racismo, la discriminación y la violencia dentro y fuera de las paredes de la escuela.Afrocentricidad. Procesos pedagógicos. Baobá. SOMMARIOLa presente ricerca ha l'obiettivo di verificare i processi pedagogici scolastici come rafforzamento dell'Afrocentricità nella lotta al razzismo in ambito scolastico. Considerando storie di razzismo, discriminazione e pregiudizio nell'ambiente scolastico. Sulla base delle linee guida proposte dalla legge 10.639 / 03 e delle "National Curricular Guidelines for Education for Ethnic Relationships Raciais" del 2004. L'obiettivo generale di questa ricerca è indagare il Progetto "O BAOBÁ, ÁRVORE CHE RAPPRESENTA COME RAÍZES DA CULTURA AFRICANA ”Presso la scuola municipale di Albenice Maria da Silva, Jaboatão dos Guararapes - PE. Il progetto faceva parte del “FORUM ESCOLAR DE CONSCIÊNCIA NEGRA”, che si è tenuto presso l'istituto scolastico nel 2019. Per giustificazione teorica ci avviciniamo agli studi della teoria dell'afrocentricità. Come metodologia, l'analisi del contenuto degli obiettivi del progetto, comprendendo che potevano mostrarci processi pedagogici che si stavano avvicinando e / o allontanandosi da una prospettiva educativa afro-centrata. In questo caso di studio, identifichiamo gli sforzi per sensibilizzare gli studenti ai valori umani e ai processi pedagogici che vanno oltre i confini del razzismo, della discriminazione e della violenza dentro e fuori le mura della scuola.Afrocentricità. Processi pedagogici. Baoba.

Corn is the most important cereal crop in China, with over 34.94 million ha being cultivated in the country annually. However, fungal diseases are a major limiting factor in corn production. In August 2012, 20 ha of corn fields in Anhui Province were found to be heavily infected by fungi. The margin of the lesion was achlorotic, and the middle was yellowish white or off-white, which was similar to the corn Curvalaria leaf spot. The oval lesions were approximately 5 to 7 mm. Lesion tissue was removed from the border between symptomatic and healthy tissue. The surface was sterilized in 75% ethanol for 30 s and 0.1% HgCl2 for 1 min, after which the sample was washed three times in sterile distilled water. The isolate was purified and subcultured on potato dextrose agar (PDA) at 25 ± 2°C. The initial color of the colony was light brown, turning dark brown after being cultured for 7 days. The conidia were boat-shaped or inverted pear-shaped and were clearly bent to one side. The cells of both ends were slightly lighter and respectively ranged from 34.5 to 44.0 μm and 12.0 to 21.0 μm away from the base, with the second cell as the widest. The majority conidia had three or four false septates; isolates produced light brown to medium brown conidiophore, scattered or clustered, often branching, and exhibited bending. These morphological characteristics matched with the description of Bipolaris papendorfii reported by Zhang (3). A pathogenicity test was conducted with the two isolates on each of the 36 corns by spraying 2 ml spore suspension (106 conidia/ml). For the control treatment, 36 corns were inoculated with an equal volume of sterilized water. Inoculated plants were placed in a greenhouse from 29 to 33°C and 95% relative humidity. The typical 5 to 7 mm oval lesions were observed 7 days after inoculation, except on the control samples. Three replications of 36 corns were used for each treatment. The isolate was consistently 100% reisolated from the diseased tissue according to Koch's postulate. The isolate was found to be morphologically similar to B. papendorfii. Preliminary morphological identification of the fungus was confirmed by PCR assay using genomic DNA extracted from the mycelium of a 7-day-old culture on PDA at 25 ± 2°C. A 550-bp amplified region of the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of rDNA was generated using ITS1 (5′-TCCGTAGGTGAACCTGCGG-3′) and ITS4 (5′-TCCTCCGCTTATTGATATGC-3′) universal primers (1). The ITS region (GenBank Accession No. KC592365) was then sequenced by Sangon Biotech (Shanghai, China), and displayed 99% nucleotide similarity with the rDNA-ITS of B. papendorfii (JQ753972.1) separately after BLASTn research in GenBank. Based on the symptoms, fungal morphology, ITS sequence, and pathogenicity testing, this fungus was identified as B. papendorfii. The pathogen could reportedly infect tobacco and cotton (2). To our knowledge, this is the first study to report that B. papendorfii can infect corn in China. This report will establish a foundation for the further study of B. papendorfii to address the disease effectively. Further studies will be conducted to determine the incidence of the disease and the severity of damage caused by B. papendorfii as well as determine a possible mode for controlling the spread of the disease. References: (1) Y. J. Cao et al. Chin. J. Trop. Crops 31:1098, 2010. (2) H. Deng et al. Mycosystema 21:327, 2002. (3) T. Y. Zhang. Chin. Fungi Chi. 30:21, 2010.

L’Autrice ripercorre, in questo articolo, le problematiche più rilevanti che emergono dalla riflessione sulla morte, attraverso l’analisi del lavoro di Marie De Hennezel. Chi si prende cura del malato terminale si trova spesso coinvolto in dilemmi morali e combattuto tra doveri apparentemente contrastanti: quello di difendere la vita fisica e alleviare le sofferenze da una parte, e di salvaguardare la dignità del morire dall’altra. In questo contesto, superare la “tentazione dell’eutanasia” significa riscoprire la dimensione della cura e dall’accompagnamento al morente, in senso olistico. La cura del malato nella sua totalità - e non della sola malattia e dei sintomi - è, infatti, un farsi carico del paziente, secondo un approccio olistico che è alla base della buona medicina: un “prendersi cura” che non ha fine, neanche quando la cura della malattia non è più possibile. Assumere la prospettiva di cura e sottrarre il malato terminale all’isolamento significa superare la paura della morte e del dolore in genere, ripensando la nostra relazione con il malato terminale a partire da “un’etica della cura” più che da “un’etica della guarigione”. Il presupposto fondamentale resta il riconoscimento prioritario della sacralità della vita umana, del primato della persona sulla società e del dovere di quest’ultima di rispettare la vita, specie quella sofferente ed indifesa, e l’alternativa principale quella della compassione e della condivisione, unitamente ad una solida formazione culturale e clinica, specie nell’ambito delle cure palliative. ---------- In this article, the Author runs through the most relevant issues rising from the reflection on death, through the work of Marie De Hennezel. Whoever takes care of a patient with a terminal illness is often founded to be in a moral dilemma which involves opposing duties. On the one hand, the duty of protecting a physical life and alleviating sufferance; on the other hand, the duty of safeguarding the dignity of a dying patient. In this context, overcoming the “temptation of euthanasia” means rediscovering the dimension of caring and of accompanying the dying patient, in a holistic dimension. Taking care of the patient as a whole - and not just of the illness and its symptoms - in fact involves making oneself responsible for him, following a holistic approach which is at the basis of good medical practice: a caring that does not have an end, even when finding a solution to the illness is not more possible. Using a caring perspective and removing the terminal ill patient from isolation means overcoming the fear of death and suffering in general, reconsidering our relationship with the dying patient starting from adopting “an ethic of caring” rather than “an ethic of curing”. The fundamental supposition remains the paramount understanding of the inviolability of human life, of the primacy of the person on society, and of the duty of the latter to respect life, especially that which is suffering and vulnerable; the main alternative is an approach based on compassion and sharing, together with a solid cultural and clinical training, especially in the sphere of palliative care.

<p><strong>RESUMEN.</strong></p><p> </p><p>Hace más de dos décadas ha iniciado la polémica en torno a la identificación de la mejor forma de gobierno en América Latina y sus consecuencias para la estabilidad democrática. Esto ha ocasionado que diversos y varios académicos hayan identificado los argumentos que se recogen en la primera parte de este artículo, para considerar más o menos óptimo el régimen presidencial. En la segunda parte, se sintetizan los fundamentos e interpretaciones que se han sostenido alrededor de los fenómenos que acontecen en el presidencialismo, como las caídas presidenciales y el multipartidismo extremo. Para finalizar el artículo, se condensan las principales posturas que han dado respuesta al perpetuo debate de “parlamentarismo versus presidencialismo”.</p><p> </p><p><strong>Palabras clave:</strong> presidencialismo, consolidación democrática, caídas presidenciales, multipartidismo extremo, América Latina.</p><p> </p><p><strong>BRIEF</strong><strong> APPROACH TO PRESIDENTIALISM: LIGHTS AND SHADOWS IN LATIN AMERICAN CONTEXT.</strong></p><p> </p><p><strong>ABSTRACT.</strong></p><p> </p><p>More than two decades ago started the controversy about the identification of the best way of government in Latin America and its consequences for democratic stability. This caused that different and several academicians had identified the arguments collected in the first part of this article, in order to consider the presidential regime as more or less ideal. In the second part, we summarize the foundations and interpretations maintained around presidentialism’s phenomena as presidential interruptions and extreme multipartidism. To finish the article we condense the main stances that have given an answer to the perpetual debate “Parliamentarism vs. Presidentialism”.</p><p> </p><p><strong><em>Key words</em></strong>: presidentialism, democratic consolidation, presidential interruptions, extreme multipartidism, Latin America</p><p> </p><p><strong>BREVE ABORDAGEM</strong><strong> AO PRESIDENCIALISMO: LUZES E SOMBRAS NO CONTEXTO LATINO-AMERICANO</strong></p><p><br /> <strong>RESUMO.</strong><br /> <br /> Mais de duas décadas atrás, começou a polêmica sobre a identificação da melhor forma de governo na América Latina e suas conseqüências para a estabilidade democrática. Isto levou a vários e vários estudiosos têm identificado os argumentos expostos na primeira parte deste artigo, considerar mais ou menos ideal do regime presidencial. Na segunda parte, vamos resumir os fundamentos e interpretações que têm sido realizadas em torno dos fenômenos que ocorrem no presidencialismo, como cai um presidencial multipartidária e fim. Para terminar o artigo, condensar as principais posições que responderam ao debate perpétuo "parlamentarismo contra o presidencialismo".</p><br /> Palavras-chave: presidencial de consolidação, democrática, cai presidencial multipartidária fim, a América Latina.

Per Cure Palliative si intende l’insieme degli interventi terapeutici, diagnostici e assistenziali rivolti sia alla persona malata, sia al suo nucleo familiare, finalizzati alla cura attiva e totale dei pazienti la cui malattia di base, caratterizzata da un’inarrestabile evoluzione e da una prognosi infausta, non risponde più a trattamenti specifici. La Legge n. 38 del 15 marzo 2010 tutela il diritto del cittadino ad accedere alle Cure Palliative e alla terapia del dolore nel nostro Paese. Come specificato nell’art.1 della Legge 38/2010 è tutelato e garantito, in particolare, il diritto all’accesso alle Cure Palliative e alla terapia del dolore da parte del malato, al fine di assicurare il rispetto della dignità e dell’autonomia della persona umana, il bisogno di salute, l’equità nell’accesso all’assistenza, la qualità delle cure e la loro appropriatezza. L’approccio delle Cure Palliative è finalizzato non solo al controllo dei sintomi, ma soprattutto alla difesa e al recupero della migliore qualità di vita possibile attuando interventi mirati a coinvolgere anche la sfera psicologica, sociale e spirituale. La natura stessa di tale disciplina impone che l’attenzione venga rivolta alla persona nella sua totalità più che alla sola malattia. In tale contesto si inserisce il bisogno di significato, inteso come ricerca del senso della propria vita, che è universale e che, nella condizione di malattia cronica evolutiva assume un’importanza peculiare, andando di pari passo con la ricerca del senso della sofferenza. La ricerca di significato nella maggior parte dei casi non viene tracciata nella comune pratica clinica. La Logoterapia, fondata da Viktor Frankl, è un orientamento psicoterapeutico volto ad aiutare l’uomo a ritrovare il senso della vita. Obiettivo della logoterapia e del logocounseling è quello di cercare di ridare una speranza di vita, un motivo di vita a chi a causa di un evento critico ha paura di aver perso la propria identità. Il nostro contributo si propone di esaminare alcuni aspetti della ricerca di significato, in particolare: la “neurochimica” del significato come aspetto della psico-neuro-endocrino-immunologia, le conversazioni di fine vita come strumento di accesso alla logoterapia, il sofferto percorso di ricerca di significato affrontato nel Libro di Giobbe. ---------- Palliative Care are all therapeutic interventions, diagnostic and care services, aimed at both the sick person and to the family, for the active and total treatment of patients whose underlying disease, characterized by a relentless progress and a poor prognosis, does not respond to specific treatments. The Law n. 38 of 15 March 2010 protects the right of Italian citizens to have access to Palliative Care and pain management. As specified in Article 1 of Law 38/2010 it is protected and guaranteed, in particular, access to Palliative Care and pain therapy for the patient, in order to ensure the respect of human dignity and the autonomy of the human person, the need for health, equity in access to care, the quality of care and their appropriateness. The approach of Palliative Care is aimed not only at controlling the symptoms, but also the defense and recovery of the best possible quality of life by implementing targeted interventions which involve also the psychological, social and spiritual dimension of life. The nature of this discipline requires that the attention must be paid to the person rather than the disease itself. In this contest, there is the need for meaning, understood as a search for meaning of life, which is universal and that, in the condition of rapid evolution illnesses assumes a special importance including the search for the meaning of suffering. Despite its importance, the search for meaning in most cases is not examined in common clinical practice. Logotherapy, founded by Viktor Frankl, is a psychotherapeutic approach aimed at helping man to rediscover the meaning of life. The aim of logotherapy and logocounseling is to try to restore hope of life to those who are afraid of losing their identity because of a critical event. The purpose of our contribution is to examine some aspects of the search for meaning, in particular: the “neurochemistry” of meaning as an aspect of psycho-neuro-endocrino-immunology, the end of life conversations as means of access to logotherapy, the suffered search for meaning addressed in the Book of Job.

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