Journal articles: 'Chiang Rai (Thailand : Province)'

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Sikkhajan, Yotsanon, and Wandee Sirichokchatchawan. "Factors associated with patient delay among tuberculosis patients in border hospitals, Chiang Rai province, Thailand." Journal of Health Research 34, no. 3 (December 13, 2019): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhr-04-2019-0063.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine the factors associated with patient delay among tuberculosis patients in border hospitals, Chiang Rai province, Thailand. Design/methodology/approach A cross-sectional study was conducted in the four biggest border hospitals in Chiang Rai province, Thailand during May to July 2018 among 103 identified TB cases. Data were collected by a face-to-face interview with structured questionnaire on patients’ general characteristics, HIV status and patient delay status. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the patients’ general characteristics, HIV and patient delay status. The association among variables and patient delay was analyzed by χ2-test. The variables with p-value<0.20 obtained in bivariate analysis were further analyzed by binary logistic regression and considered significant with p-value<0.05. Findings All patients enrolled, most were reported with patient delay (65.0 percent). Bivariate analysis demonstrated that level of education, nationality and HIV status were associated factors for patient delay. Among these factors, binary logistic regression revealed that HIV negative TB patients were increased 6.806-fold odds of being patient delay (OR = 6.806; 95% CI: 1.174–39.462), while non-Thai TB patients were also increased 2.824-fold odds of being patient delay (OR = 2.824; 95% CI: 1.041–7.660). Originality/value Patient delay among TB patients in Chiang Rai province was high. This study further supports the requirement on promoting of TB knowledge and awareness emphasized on non-Thai population and general public along the border areas of Chiang Rai province.

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Duangjan, Kritsana, Konrad Wołowski, and Yuwadee Peerapornpisal. "New records of Phacus and Monomorphina taxa (Euglenophyta) for Thailand." Polish Botanical Journal 59, no. 2 (December 1, 2014): 235–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/pbj-2014-0039.

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Abstract The diversity of Phacus and Monomorphina (Euglenophyta) from northern Thailand was studied in various water bodies of Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Lamphun, Lampang and Phayao provinces. This paper presents 25 taxa of Phacus and 1 Monomorphina new for Thailand, including 3 Phacus taxa new for Southeast Asia. Several varieties and forms were recognized. All are briefly described, with original illustrations.

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Araújo Lima dos Santos, Maiara, Nadja Santos Vitória, Rafael José Vilela de Oliveira, and José Luiz Bezerra. "Diatrypella heveae Senwanna, Phookamsak & K.D. Hyde (Diatrypaceae, Xylariales): a new record for the Neotropics." Check List 16, no. 6 (December 21, 2020): 1703–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.15560/16.6.1703.

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During an expedition to the Raso da Catarina Ecological Station, state of Bahia, Brazil, we collected litter samples from Syagrus coronata (Mart.) Becc. containing fungal stroma. The material was morphologically identified as belonging to Diatrypella heveae Senwanna, Phookamsak & K.D. Hyde (Diatrypaceae, Xylariales); its known geographic distribution was then limited to Thailand. Diatrypella heveae was originally described on Hevea brasiliensis L. and Brahea armata S. Watson in the Chiang Rai Province, Wiang Chiang Rung District, Thailand. We report here the first occurrence of D. heveae in the Neotropics, as well as a new host, S. coronata, a palm tree endemic to the Brazilian semiarid region.

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Wisittipanich, Warisa, Khamphe Phoungthong, Chanin Srisuwannapa, Adirek Baisukhan, and Nuttachat Wisittipanit. "Performance Comparison between Particle Swarm Optimization and Differential Evolution Algorithms for Postman Delivery Routing Problem." Applied Sciences 11, no. 6 (March 17, 2021): 2703. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/app11062703.

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Generally, transportation costs account for approximately half of the total operation expenses of a logistics firm. Therefore, any effort to optimize the planning of vehicle routing would be substantially beneficial to the company. This study focuses on a postman delivery routing problem of the Chiang Rai post office, located in the Chiang Rai province of Thailand. In this study, two metaheuristic methods—particle swarm optimization (PSO) and differential evolution (DE)—were applied with particular solution representation to find delivery routings with minimum travel distances. The performances of PSO and DE were compared along with those from current practices. The results showed that PSO and DE clearly outperformed the actual routing of the current practices in all the operational days examined. Moreover, DE performances were notably superior to those of PSO.

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Kotepui, Manas, and Kwuntida Uthaisar Kotepui. "Impact of Weekly Climatic Variables on Weekly Malaria Incidence throughout Thailand: A Country-Based Six-Year Retrospective Study." Journal of Environmental and Public Health 2018 (December 4, 2018): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/8397815.

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Purpose. This study aimed to evaluate climatic data, including mean temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall, and their association with malaria incidence throughout Thailand from 2012 to 2017. The correlation of climatic parameters including temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall in each province and the weekly malaria incidence was analyzed using Spearman’s rank correlation. The results showed that the mean temperature correlated with malaria incidence (p value < 0.05) in 44 provinces in Thailand. These correlations were frequently found in the western and southern parts of Thailand. Relative humidity correlated with malaria incidence (p value < 0.05) in 35 provinces. These correlations were frequently found in the northern and northeastern parts of Thailand. Rainfall correlated with malaria incidence (p value < 0.05) in 38 provinces. These correlations were frequently found in the northern parts and some western parts of Thailand. The impacts of the mean temperature, relative humidity, and rainfall were observed frequently in specific provinces, including Chiang Mai, Chiang Rai, Trat, Kanchanaburi, Ubonratchathani, and Si Sa Ket. This is the first study to report areas where climatic data are associated with malaria incidence throughout Thailand from 2012 to 2017. These results can map out the climatic change process over time and across the country, which is the foundation for effective early warning systems for malaria, public health awareness campaigns, and the adoption of proper adaption measures that will help in malaria detection, diagnosis, and treatment.

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Smith, Natnaree, Nopparat Suthitakon, Tepprasit Gulthawatvichai, and Sombat Karnjanakit. "Creating a coffee tourism network in the north of Thailand." Local Economy: The Journal of the Local Economy Policy Unit 34, no. 7 (November 2019): 718–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0269094219893272.

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The aim of the present study is to provide directions on coffee tourism administration as well as to establish a coffee tourism network among the communities in Chiang Rai, Chiang Mai, Mae Hong Son, and Lampang provinces. A qualitative method is applied to the data collected from 45 attendees of a meeting on coffee tourism. They discussed several case studies and then visited Doi Chang Village in Chiang Rai to study their successful practice before exchanging views on how similar tourism management can be implemented in their own communities. With a problem tree constructed, they also identified major challenges regarding coffee tourism in Northern Thailand. The findings discusses the initiation of three projects: the community-based tourism by coffee farmers in Chiang Mai, the pilot study of a coffee tour program in Huay Hom Village, Mae Hong Son, and the project “Good Coffee in Lampang.” Also, the six coordinators of the coffee tourism network assist the communities in publicizing tourism information. With growing popularity of special interest tourism, it is surprising Thailand still lacks coffee tourism though it is blessed with several tourism advantages. Therefore, it is critical to explore whether Northern Thailand can flourish as a coffee tourism attraction.

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Chaiwan, Napalai, Sajeewa S. N. Maharachchikumbura, Dhanushka N. Wanasinghe, Mingkwan Doilom, Ruvishika Jayawardena, and Kevin D. Hyde. "First sexual morph record of Sarcopodium vanillae." Mycotaxon 134, no. 4 (January 13, 2020): 707–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.5248/134.707.

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Sarcopodium vanillae was isolated from a dead leaf of Dracaena in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. Combined analyses of ACT, ITS, LSU, and TUB2 sequence data obtained from the cultures derived from single spore isolates confirm that our collections represent S. vanillae. This is the first record of the sexual morph, and the first record of S. vanillae from Dracaena. A description and illustrations of both sexual and asexual stages of S. vanillae are provided.

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Sundod, Chulalak, and Passakorn Pananont. "Subsurface fault investigation in Chiang Rai province, northern Thailand by integrated geophysical surveys." Journal of Physics: Conference Series 1144 (December 2018): 012021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1742-6596/1144/1/012021.

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Auychinda, Chonlakran, Michel Sartori, and Boonsatien Boonsoong. "Vietnamellidae (Insecta, Ephemeroptera) of Thailand." ZooKeys 902 (January 13, 2020): 17–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/zookeys.902.46844.

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The genus Vietnamella Tshernova, 1972 is investigated in detail for the first time in Thailand. As a consequence, four species are recognized, namely Vietnamella maculosasp. nov., Vietnamella thani Tshernova, 1972, Vietnamella sp. B and Vietnamella sp. C. Herein, larvae and eggs of V. maculosasp. nov. are described and reported from Chiang Rai Province. The larva of Vietnamella sp. B from Tak Province is also described, but not named due to insufficient material, and the imaginal stages and eggs of V. thani Tshernova, 1972 are described and presented for the first time. Our morphological evidence is supported with COI data. The phylogeny showed that four different lineages of the genus Vietnamella occur in Thailand, one of them, viz., Vietnamella sp. C, only known from a couple of COI sequences retrieved from the Barcode of Life Data System (BOLD). Diagnoses for all known Oriental species are also presented.

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Singhla, Tawatchai, Sukolrat Boonyayatra, Veerasak Punyapornwithaya, Kimberly L. VanderWaal, Julio Alvarez, Srinand Sreevatsan, Somphorn Phornwisetsirikun, Jamnong Sankwan, Mongkol Srijun, and Scott J. Wells. "Factors Affecting Herd Status for Bovine Tuberculosis in Dairy Cattle in Northern Thailand." Veterinary Medicine International 2017 (2017): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/2964389.

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The objective of this case-control study was to identify farm-level risk factors associated with bovine tuberculosis (bTB) in dairy cows in northern Thailand. Spatial analysis was performed to identify geographical clustering of case-farms located in Chiang Mai and Chiang Rai provinces in northern Thailand. To identify management factors affecting bTB status, a matched case-control study was conducted with 20 case-farms and 38 control-farms. Case-farms were dairy farms with at least single intradermal tuberculin test- (SIT-) reactor(s) in the farms during 2011 to 2015. Control-farms were dairy farms with no SIT-reactors in the same period and located within 5 km from case-farms. Questionnaires were administered for data collection with questions based on epidemiological plausibility and characteristics of the local livestock industry. Data were analyzed using multiple logistic regressions. A significant geographic cluster was identified only in Chiang Mai province (p<0.05). The risk factor associated with presence of SIT-reactors in dairy herds located in this region was purchasing dairy cows from dealers (OR = 5.85, 95% CI = 1.66–20.58, and p=0.006). From this study, it was concluded that geographic clustering was identified for dairy farms with SIT-reactors in these provinces, and the cattle movements through cattle dealers increased the risks for SIT-reactor farm status.

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TIBPROMMA, SAOWALUCK, SAMANTHA C. KARUNARATHNA, PETER E. MORTIMER, JIANCHU XU, MINGKWAN DOILOM, and SAISAMORN LUMYONG. "Bartalinia kevinhydei (Ascomycota), a new leaf-spot causing fungus on teak (Tectona grandis) from Northern Thailand." Phytotaxa 474, no. 1 (November 27, 2020): 27–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.474.1.3.

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This paper introduces an interesting new fungus, isolated from teak (Tectona grandis) leaf-spots, collected in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. Phylogenetic analysis of combined ITS and LSU sequence data together with morphological studies confirmed that the disease was caused by a Bartalinia species, distinct from described taxa. Detailed description, photomicrographs and a phylogenetic tree are provided to showcase the taxonomic placement of the new species, B. kevinhydei. Geographical distribution of Bartalinia species is also provided. This is the first report of a Bartalinia species growing on teak, and also the first report for Bartalinia in Thailand.

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Lin, Shaun, and Carl Grundy-Warr. "Navigating Sino-Thai ‘rocky’ bilateral ties: The geopolitics of riverine trade in the Greater Mekong Subregion." Environment and Planning C: Politics and Space 38, no. 5 (August 2020): 826–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2399654420911410e.

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The revived plan to dynamite rapids and rocky islets in Chiang Rai province of Thailand as part of an Upper Mekong navigation improvement scheme allowing bigger tonnage Chinese cargo ships to pass more smoothly all the way to Luang Prabang in Laos has been folded into the wider visions of BRI. These rework and invert a geopolitical imaginary that has imperial origins in the Lower Mekong, when the French sought to navigate upstream from Indochina during 19th century explorations. Our paper examines the rock-blasting plans and shifting responses from and relations between Laos and Thailand in light of past and contemporary geopolitical narratives.

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Akber, Md Ali, and Rajendra Prasad Shrestha. "Land use change and its effect on biodiversity in Chiang Rai province of Thailand." Journal of Land Use Science 10, no. 1 (June 19, 2013): 108–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/1747423x.2013.807315.

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Sitikarn, Bussaba. "Development of ethnic tourism in poverty and drug deduction (the case study of Chiangrai Province, Thailand)." E3S Web of Conferences 284 (2021): 10005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128410005.

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Despite significant economic growth in Thailand, in northern Thailand in particular, a growing number of indigenous communities have been turning to tourism as an alternative to expanding their commercial agriculture. However, in recent years, tourism resources have begun to deteriorate both culturally and environmentally in addition to problem of poverty. Thus, a growing gap between rich and poor, inadequate attention to the special needs of ethnic minorities, gender inequities and lack of access to basic health and education are significant problems. This paper presents the ethnic minorities’ context and their demands on tourism development as well as the key players’ roles and interests effecting on ethnic tourism promotion. The paper concluded with key issues for an achievement of creative ethnic tourism promotion in Chiang Rai Province.

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Areetrakul, Prapawarin, and Anupong Wongchai. "Project Analysis of the Rubber Purchasing Center in Chiang Rai." Applied Mechanics and Materials 799-800 (October 2015): 1445–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.799-800.1445.

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The farmers growing Para rubber in Chiang Rai, northern Thailand, have faced many problems derived from depreciation from middle-men and there are insufficient places offering a reasonable price to them. The purposes are (1) to study a location for a rubber purchasing center in Chiang Rai, (2) to analyze profitability from an investment in the rubber purchasing center, and (3) to study the externality of the projects impact on the environment. This study is based on 10-year secondary data (2003-2013) derived from the Office of the Rubber Replanting Aid Fund. The result of the study found that the rubber purchasing center should be located in Tung Kor Sub-District, Chiang Rung District, Chiang Rai Province. A financial analysis illustrates that Net Present Value of the project is equal to positive 34.72 that means net profit is more than net cost or it is appropriate to invest in the project. Interest Rate of Return is equal to 26% which is higher that discount rate, therefore, this project is an interesting investment. Payback period is equal to 4.24 meaning this project will meet a breakeven point within 4 years 2 months and 27 days. Also, break-even point in quantity is equal to 1.12 which means this project needs sale volume of 1.12 million units to meet the breakeven point. The environmental impacts shows both positive and negative externality that more concern has put on water, air, and noise pollution derived from a production process of the project.

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MASE, Lindung Zalbuin, Tetsuo TOBITA, and Suched LIKITLERSUANG. "ONE-DIMENSIONAL ANALYSIS OF LIQUEFACTION POTENTIAL: A CASE STUDY IN CHIANG RAI PROVINCE, NORTHERN THAILAND." Journal of Japan Society of Civil Engineers, Ser. A1 (Structural Engineering & Earthquake Engineering (SE/EE)) 73, no. 4 (2017): I_135—I_147. http://dx.doi.org/10.2208/jscejseee.73.i_135.

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Kawada, Shin-ichiro, Shuji Kobayashi, Hideki Endo, Worawut Rerkamnuaychoke, and Sen-ichi Oda. "Karyological study on Kloss's mole Euroscaptor klossi (Insectivora, Talpidae) collected in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand." Mammal Study 31, no. 2 (December 2006): 105–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3106/1348-6160(2006)31[105:ksokme]2.0.co;2.

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Sang-ngoen, Doungtawan, Carol Hutchinson, Warapone Satheannoppakao, and Mathuros Tipayamongkholgul. "Food Consumption and Accessibility in Hill Tribe and Urban Women, Chiang Rai Province, Northern Thailand." Ecology of Food and Nutrition 58, no. 4 (April 24, 2019): 335–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03670244.2019.1600514.

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Palmer, Nicola J., and Nipon Chuamuangphan. "Governance and local participation in ecotourism: community-level ecotourism stakeholders in Chiang Rai province, Thailand." Journal of Ecotourism 17, no. 3 (July 3, 2018): 320–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14724049.2018.1502248.

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Chotinantakul, Kamonnaree, Nittaya Chansiw, and Seiji Okada. "Antimicrobial resistance of Enterococcus spp. isolated from Thai fermented pork in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand." Journal of Global Antimicrobial Resistance 12 (March 2018): 143–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jgar.2017.09.021.

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Linsuwanon, Piyada, Nutthanun Auysawasdi, Sirima Wongwairot, Surachai Leepitakrat, Wuttikon Rodkhamtook, Elizabeth Wanja, Taweesak Monkanna, et al. "Assessing scrub typhus and rickettsioses transmission risks in the Chiang Rai province of northern Thailand." Travel Medicine and Infectious Disease 42 (July 2021): 102086. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tmaid.2021.102086.

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Pichaichanarong, Tawipas. "Site Visit vs Mental Visualization on Lanna Architecture: A Study on Working Memory in Young Adult." International Journal of Creative and Arts Studies 8, no. 1 (June 28, 2021): 13–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24821/ijcas.v8i1.4926.

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The rise of modern architecture styles has strongly impacted the younger generation globally in the current century. This research is designed to study the performance of working memory on understanding Lanna architecture with young adults at a large university in northern Thailand, that of Mae Fah Luang University in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. In this study, the research focuses on studying the effectiveness of young adults’ working memory to discern Lanna architecture through site visits and mental visualization. The outcomes of this research can help improve architecture pedagogy in the future. For the methodology, questionnaires were used by collecting data from 412 university students from a university in northern Thailand. The data then were analyzed using mean, standard deviation, and p-value. This study concludes that the performance of working memory on the comprehension of Lanna architecture through site visits and mental visualization for young adults was positive. Kunjungan Situs vs Visualisasi Mental pada Arsitektur Lanna: Studi tentang Memori Kerja pada Anak Muda Abstrak Kemunculan gaya arsitektur modern memberi pengaruh kuat pada generasi muda di penjuru duina pada abad ini. Penelitian ini dirancang untuk mempelajari kinerja Memori kerja saat memahami arsitektur Lanna di kalangan anak muda pada sebuah universitas besar di Thailand utara, yaitu Universitas Mae Fah Luang di Provinsi Chiang Rai, Thailand. Dalam studi ini, penelitian berfokus pada bagaimana mempelajari efektivitas memori kerja anak muda untuk membedakan arsitektur Lanna melalui kunjungan situs dan visualisasi mental. Hasil dari penelitian ini dapat membantu meningkatkan pedagogi arsitektur di masa depan. Untuk metodologinya, kuesioner dikumpulkan dari 412 mahasiswa dari sebuah universitas di Thailand utara. Data kemudian dianalisis melalui rata-rata, standar deviasi, dan p-value. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa kinerja Memori kerja pada pemahaman arsitektur Lanna melalui kunjungan situs dan visualisasi mental pada anak muda memberi hasil yang positif.

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Samarakoon, Binu C., Dhanushka N. Wanasinghe, Rungtiwa Phookamsak, Jayarama Bhat, Putarak Chomnunti, Samantha C. Karunarathna, and Saisamorn Lumyong. "Stachybotrys musae sp. nov., S. microsporus, and Memnoniella levispora (Stachybotryaceae, Hypocreales) Found on Bananas in China and Thailand." Life 11, no. 4 (April 7, 2021): 323. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/life11040323.

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A study was conducted to investigate saprobic fungal niches of Stachybotryaceae (Hypocreales) associated with leaves of Musa (banana) in China and Thailand. Three hyphomycetous taxa were collected during the dry season of 2018 and 2019. After a careful phenotypic characterization (both macro- and microscopically) and a phylogenetic tree reconstruction using a concatenated sequence dataset of internal transcribed spacer (ITS), calmodulin (cmdA), RNA polymerase II second largest subunit (rpb2), β-tubulin (tub2), and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1) gene regions, we report three species of Stachybotryaceae. Stachybotrys musae is introduced as a novel taxon from Yunnan, China, while S.microsporus is reported from Chiang Rai Province in Thailand on Musa. In addition, Memnoniella levispora is also reported from China for the first time.

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SAENGPHAN, NUKUL, BHINYO PANIJPAN, SAENGCHAN SENAPIN, AUAREE SUKSOMNIT, and KORNSUNEE PHIWSAIYA. "Morphology and molecular phylogeny of Macrobrachium saengphani sp. nov. (Decapoda: Palaemonidae) from Northern Thailand." Zootaxa 4868, no. 4 (October 29, 2020): 531–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4868.4.4.

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A small wild prawn of the genus Macrobrachium, found in Chiang Rai Province, Northern Thailand has some morphological features resembling four other closely related species, M. lanchesteri, M. peguense, M. kunjuramani, and M. chainatense. However, it is distinguishable from the above species in terms of distinctive golden colored antennules; number of teeth on the rostrum; number of teeth on the cutting edges of the second pereiopod; and length of carpus relative to that of chela on the second pereiopod. Moreover, DNA analysis places it far apart on the phylogenetic tree from the related species in the genus.

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PRASERTSIN, TIPPAWAN, and YUWADEE PEERAPORNPISAL. "Distribution and isolation of microalgae for lipid production in selected freshwater reservoirs of northern Thailand." Biodiversitas Journal of Biological Diversity 19, no. 1 (January 1, 2018): 343–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.13057/biodiv/d190147.

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Prasertsin T, Peerapornpisal Y. 2018. Distribution and isolation of microalgae for lipid production in selected freshwater reservoirs of northern Thailand. Biodiversitas 19: 343-350. Nong Bau Reservoir and Chiang Saen Lake are considered important freshwater reservoirs of Chiang Rai Province located in northern Thailand. The surrounding areas of these water bodies are host to a range of human activities that influence water quality. Moreover, to date, there are have not been any studies on the water quality and the distribution of microalgae in these places. The physical and chemical parameters of the water quality and microalgae were carried out in Nong Bua Reservoir and Chiang Saen Lake during the months of May, July, and October of 2015. Microalgae were isolated in order to investigate the lipid-producing abilities. Samples collected from Nong Bua Reservoir have revealed the presence of seven divisions, 90 species of algae. Six divisions, 55 species of algae were found in Chiang Saen Lake. The trophic status of the water was evaluated from the main parameters (AARL-PC Score), and it was determined that Nong Bua Reservoir was of meso-eutrophic status and Chiang Saen Lake was of mesotrophic status. Microalgae were isolated from Nong Bua Reservoir and Chiang Saen Lake for the purposes of studying lipid content; 25 and 6 isolations were identified, respectively. The lipid content was highest in Botryococcus braunii (39.25 Â± 0.32% dry weight) followed by Ankistrodesmus sp. (26.80 Â± 0.44% dry weight) and Coelastrum microsporum (24.95 Â± 0.55% dry weight). The lowest lipid content was found in Planktolyngbya sp. (7.25 Â± 0.43% dry weight). The indigenous strains of microalgae of Nong Bau Reservoir and Chiang Saen Lakeâ€™s can be considered quite promising as model strains in terms of the production of biofuel within the country.

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Sutthachaidee, Wannee, Bavornluck Kuosuwan, and Bhuk Kiranantawat. "Pomelo export logistics process: modern factors of efficiency (the case of wiang kaen district, chiang rai province, Thailand)." E3S Web of Conferences 164 (2020): 03006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202016403006.

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The objective of this research is to study the logistics process and problems of the quality of pomelos for export in Wiang Kaen district, Chiang Rai province. Applied research methodology was used in this research. In-depth interview was conducted to collect qualitative data. Content analysis was employed to analyze data collected. From the research, it was found that Wiang Kaen Pomelo Community Enterprise for Export has the cultivation area of approximately 1,000 rai (160 ha). The logistics process of pomelos in WiangKaen district can be classified into 3 main phases which are raw materials, cultivation process and finished goods. In raw materials, the most common type of pomelo cultivated is Thongdee. In cultivation process, pomelo trees are planted from May to June. Irrigation is done through sprinklers every 10 days. Fertilizerapplication for trees aged 1-4 years is done by applying chemical fertilizer 15-15-15, 300-500 grams per tree for every 2 months, together with manure. Copper is sprayed to prevent Canker disease. In finished goods, harvesting is carried out in 3 periods. The quality of products will be graded according to weight. Top export markets of pomelos in Wiang Kaen are China, followed by the European Union countries.

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Laosuwan, Sirikanya, and Tawatchai Tanchaisawat. "Seismic Responses of Zoned Earth-Fill Dam by Instrumentation and Finite Element Simulation." Journal of Disaster Research 11, no. 6 (December 1, 2016): 1271–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.20965/jdr.2016.p1271.

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Natural disasters recently occurred in the northern region of Thailand have been increasingly becoming an important issue with emphasis on the alarm and caution for damage and frequency of disasters which may cause major losses of human lives and properties. In May 2014, six provinces in the northern region of Thailand were affected by the earthquakes (the main shock of Mw 6.1 (Moment Magnitude by USGS) and hundreds of aftershocks including the one Mw 5.9 at most) that had the epicenters at Phan District, Chiang Rai Province (19.656°N 99.670°E). This research aimed to study the distribution of seismic accelerations at Mae Ngad Somboon Chon Dam in Chiang Mai. The accelerometers were installed at 3 positions in the dam, consisting of the crest, middle and base of the dam. The collected data were compared and analyzed by the Finite Element Method. Analyses of the Linear Elastic Model, the Mohr-Coulomb Model and the Hardening Soil Model with using the acceleration actually recorded at the dam were conducted to determine an appropriate analytical model. The results indicated that the accelerations obtained from the Hardening Soil Model were more suitable for actual accelerations among others. Therefore the behavior of the Hardening Soil Model is more realistic than that of the Linear Elastic Model or the Mohr-Coulomb Model.

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Sang-ngoen, Doungtawan, Carol Hutchinson, Warapone Satheannoppakao, and Mathuros Tipayamongkholgul. "Dietary Iron Intake and Availability in Hill Tribe and Urban Women, Chiang Rai Province, Northern Thailand." Ecology of Food and Nutrition 59, no. 4 (March 4, 2020): 399–419. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03670244.2020.1737041.

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Pongpruttikul, Phoommhiphat, Nattapan Kongbuamai, and Tarittawan Chareanporn. "Socio-economics Impacts of the Forth Thai-Laos Friendship Bridge on the Local Tourism Service Suppliers in Chiang Khong District, Chiang Rai, Thailand." Journal of Business and Economics 10, no. 11 (November 22, 2019): 1105–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15341/jbe(2155-7950)/11.10.2019/008.

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This paper aims to identify and evaluate the socio-economic impacts of the Forth Thai-Laos Friendship Bridge Development on the local tourism services suppliers in Chiang Khong District, Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. However, the key 15 interviewees were chosen purposively to be representatives of the population in this study. Both descriptive and analytical data results were interpreted to attain interesting finding of the socio-economic impacts on the five sectors of local tourism service suppliers namely accommodations, food and beverages, transportation, attraction and entertainment, and destination. Interestingly, the finding has shown two main aspects, which are: 1) the number of tourists increased while the negative economic and social impact increased, 2) the structure of careers in tourism services suppliers have changed due to the friendship bridge developments and new immigration policy. The study suggested that the local tourism service suppliers should be a self-resilience to this development and create the human-made tourist destinations and activities in the community.

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Mungmonphoncharoen, Som, Tawatchai Apidechkul, and Pannipha Dokmaingam. "Factors associated with the recurrence of dengue fever in villages in Chiang Rai, Thailand." Journal of Health Research 33, no. 6 (November 11, 2019): 438–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhr-11-2018-0140.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to determine the factors associated with DF occurrence in recurrence villages in Chiang Rai, Thailand. Design/methodology/approach A case-control study was conducted between June 2017 and December 2017. A validated questionnaire was used to detect the factors associated with recurrence of DF. χ2 and logistic regression were used to detect the associations between variables at α=0.05. Findings In total, 213 cases and 436 controls were recruited into the analysis. Cases were recruited from 20 DF recurring villages, while controls were recruited from 20 non-DF recurring villages in Chiang Rai province. At community level, three variables were associated with recurrence of DF; size of the village (p=0.007), number of villagers (p=0.009), tribe (p=0.043) and distance to a hospital (p=0.003). Three variables were associated with DF at personal and family levels in multivariate model: children whose parents worked as daily employees, and government officers and traders were more likely to have DF 1.56 (95%CI=1.22–2.48) and 4.31 (95%CI=4.66–9.38) times greater than of those whose parents’ worked as agriculturists, respectively; children aged less than one year were 2.89 (95%CI=2.17–4.33) times more likely to have DF than those aged=6 and children who were under standard growth and over standard growth were more likely to have DF than those standard growth 1.61 (95%CI=1.18–2.53) and 7.33 (95%CI=4.39–10.37) times, respectively. Originality/value This is the original research article which was conducted in detecting the factors associated with recurrence of DHF in Northern Thailand.

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Sitikarn, Bussaba. "Sustainable community based tourism: impact, challenges and opportunities (the case of Huai Nam Guen Village, Chiang Rai Province, Thailand)." E3S Web of Conferences 284 (2021): 10006. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202128410006.

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This article provides a single-case research study of Huai Nam Guen village in Chiang Rai province, Thailand. Through identifying the important facilitators and possible inhibitors to CBT, this research reveals that CBT operations can conform to the principles of sustainable tourism through participative roles of the community and the different relevant stakeholders, identity creation and maintenance, exploiting the economic, socio-cultural and ecological resources, continuous learning, and taking land ownership in the systematic design of the community landscape and agricultural best practices. Clearly, to influence CBT operations towards sustainability, it is important to influence the community at the behavioural level. In this sense, this research contributes to the fragmented knowledge and publications of CBT in the context of behavioural emphasis.

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Hempattarasuwan, Nuttiga, George Christakos, and Jiaping Wu. "Changes of Wiang Nong Lom and Nong Luang Wetlands in Chiang Saen Valley (Chiang Rai Province, Thailand) During the Period 1988–2017." IEEE Journal of Selected Topics in Applied Earth Observations and Remote Sensing 12, no. 11 (November 2019): 4224–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jstars.2019.2937949.

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Hansawek, R., W. Pongsapich, and S. Vedchakanchana. "Tin-tungsten mineralized granite at Mae Chedi area, Wiang Pa Pao District, Chiang Rai Province, Northern Thailand." Bulletin of the Geological Society of Malaysia 20 (August 30, 1986): 423–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.7186/bgsm20198621.

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Daranagama, Dinushani Anupama, XINGZHONG LIU, SUNITA CHAMYUANG, MARC STADLER, and KEVIN HYDE. "A multiple gene genealogy reveals phylogenetic placement of Rhopalostroma lekae." Phytotaxa 186, no. 4 (December 2, 2014): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.11646/phytotaxa.186.4.1.

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Rhopalostroma lekae was collected on bark of wood in Chiang Rai Province, Northern Thailand and isolates from the sexual state produced a nodulosporium-like asexual state in culture. A combined multigene sequence analysis was used to infer the phylogenetic position of R. lekae and its affinities with other xylariaceous genera. Rhopalostroma is confirmed to have particularly close affinities with the genera Phylacia and Thamnomyces. Secondary metabolite proﬁling of R. lekae showed the species to produce binaphthalene tetrol (BNT) as a major metabolite and several minor undetermined metabolites. The phylogenetic placement of R. lekae was resolved using a polythetic approach. Herbarium material and living cultures representing an authentic specimen of R. lekae are deposited in publically accessible collections that can be used in future studies.

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Kritpetcharat, Onanong, Wiwat Wutichouy, Suchat Sirijaichingkul, and Panutas Kritpetcharat. "Comparison of Pap Smear Screening Results between Akha Hill Tribe and Urban Women in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand." Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention 13, no. 11 (November 30, 2012): 5501–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.7314/apjcp.2012.13.11.5501.

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Luangharn, Thatsanee, Samantha C. Karunarathna, Peter E. Mortimer, Kevin D. Hyde, Naritsada Thongklang, and Jianchu Xu. "A new record of Ganoderma tropicum (Basidiomycota, Polyporales) for Thailand and first assessment of optimum conditions for mycelia production." MycoKeys 51 (May 7, 2019): 65–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3897/mycokeys.51.33513.

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In this study a new record of Ganodermatropicum is described as from Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. The fruiting body was collected on the base of a living Dipterocarpus tree. The sample is described on the basis of morphological characteristics and phylogenetic analyses, and compared with closely related taxa. Multigene phylogenetic analyses of LSU, ITS, and RPB2 highly support the placement of the G.tropicum group with isolates from China and Taiwan (Maximum likelihood 100%, Maximum parsimony 100%, and Bayesian posterior probabilities 1.00). The optimal media, pH, and temperature for mycelial growth of the G.tropicum strain KUMCC18-0046 was also investigated and is reported as: PDA, MEA, and YPD, at pH 7–8 and 25–28 °C, respectively. This is the first report on the successful growing conditions for mycelial production, but unfortunately fruiting could not be achieved.

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Nilthong, Somrudee, Ekachai Chukeatirote, and Rungrote Nilthong. "Assessment of genetic diversity in Thai upland rice varieties using SSR markers." April 2020, no. 14(04):2020 (April 20, 2020): 597–604. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.20.14.04.p2092.

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Upland rice (Oryza sativa L.) is precious genetic resource containing some valuable alleles not common in modern germplasm. In this study, genetic diversity and population structure of 98 upland rice varieties from northern part of Thailand were examined using nine simple sequence repeat markers. Number of alleles detected by the above primers was 50 with a minimum and maximum frequency of 2 to 10 alleles per locus, respectively. The polymorphic information content (PIC) values ranged from 0.375 to 0.714 with an average of 0.605 for the primers RM164 and RM1, respectively. Dendrogram cluster analysis of the SSR data distinctly classified all genotypes into three major groups (I, II and III), which corresponded to their places of collection. Population structure divided these genotypes into two distinct subpopulations. Subpopulation 1 consisted of upland rice varieties that collected from Chiang Rai province while the majority of subpopulation 2 were collected from Phayao and Phitsanulok provinces. Analysis of molecular variance revealed 68% variance among two subpopulations and 32% variance within subpopulations, suggesting a high genetic differentiation between the two subpopulations. The huge genetic variability of upland rice in northern part of Thailand can be used to complement the gene pool of modern genotypes in rice breeding program.

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Et al., Kamontip Panyasit. "Decision Planning in Agricultural Production to Achieve a Green Economy in Mae Faek Sub-District, Chiang Mai Province, Thailand." Turkish Journal of Computer and Mathematics Education (TURCOMAT) 12, no. 6 (April 5, 2021): 2282–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.17762/turcomat.v12i6.4835.

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The research aims to study decision making using producing factors under the concept of green economy to enhance the community’s economic sustainability for 250 agricultural households who grow glutinous rice, animal feed maize and potato in an area of 2,500 Rai in Mae-Faek Mai Sub-District, Sansai District, Chiang Mai Province. The study employs the Fuzzy Analysis Hierarchical Process (FAHP) together with Multi-goal and Multi-Period Linear Programming. The results reveal that growing in-season glutinous rice alternating with potato is the most appropriate way to increase net revenue and to decrease the amount of greenhouse emission, followed by growing in-season glutinous rice alternating with animal feed maize as this helps income stability when drought occurs. In contrast, growing in-season glutinous rice alternating with off-season glutinous rice is not only affected by a lack of water resources, but also increases the amount of greenhouse gas from the growing process.

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Ribó, Ignasi, Sitthichok Samachitloed, Prapawarin Noopan, Chanakan Satrakom, and Papawarin Kotchamit. "“Kox Kwai Kauv Kox Kwai “:1 Ecopoetic Symbolisation in Pgaz K’nyau Oral Poetry." Journal of Ethnology and Folkloristics 15, no. 1 (June 1, 2021): 103–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/jef-2021-0007.

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Abstract This article* presents the transcription, translation, and annotation of an original performance of hta, a traditional form of oral poetry in Sgaw, the language of the Pgaz K’Nyau (Karen) people of northern Thailand. This performance was recorded during ethnopoetic fieldwork carried out in two villages in the province of Chiang Rai.2 The hta is then analysed to understand the operations of ecopoetic symbolisation that bring particular nonhumans into the domain of human language. This analysis reveals that a metaphorical mode of symbolisation is extensively used throughout the hta to overcome human/nonhuman allotopies by means of implicit or explicit semic transformations. This seems to indicate that a naturalistic mode of identification underlies the whole poem, a conclusion that calls into question the essentialising and mythifying portrayal of the Pgaz K’Nyau as pre-modern and animistic indigenous stewards.

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Pintakham, Kanjanar, and Wattasit Siriwong. "Effectiveness of the multidimensional ergonomic intervention model to reduce musculoskeletal discomfort among street sweepers in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand." Risk Management and Healthcare Policy Volume 9 (December 2016): 275–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.2147/rmhp.s110864.

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김홍길. "Study on Distribution and Characteristics of Coffee Production Areas in the Northern Thailand Areas - Based on Chiang Rai Province -." Journal of the Association of Korean Photo-Geographers 28, no. 3 (September 2018): 131–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.35149/jakpg.2018.28.3.010.

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Saetang, Kasemsak. "Focal Mechanisms of Mw 6.3 Aftershocks from Waveform Inversions, Phayao Fault Zone, Northern Thailand." International Journal of Geophysics 2017 (2017): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2017/9059825.

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The focal mechanisms of Mw 6.3 aftershocks, Chiang Rai Province, Northern Thailand, were determined by using a multistation waveform inversion. Three aftershocks were selected and their waveforms were inverted for moment tensor calculation. Waveform inversions were derived from three broadband stations with three components and epicentral distances less than 250 km after all seismic stations were considered. The deviatoric moment tensor inversion was used for focal mechanism calculations. Band-pass filtering in the range of 0.03–0.15 Hz was selected for reducing low- and high-frequency noise. Source positions were created by using a single-source inversion and a grid-search method computed to optimize the waveform match. The results showed stable moment tensors and fault geometries with the southwest azimuth in the northern part of the Payao Fault Zone (PFZ) with depths shallower than 10 km. Left-lateral strike-slip with a reverse component was detected. The tectonics of the PFZ is constrained by fault-plane solutions of earthquakes. WSW directional strikes are observed in the northern part of the PFZ.

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Wongpornchai, Pisanu, and Chanida Suwanprasit. "Thermal Anomalies Detection Using Comparative Method for Small Earthquake." MATEC Web of Conferences 186 (2018): 01008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/matecconf/201818601008.

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Thermal anomaly is one of the earthquake precursor in the earthquake preparatory phase. Remote sensing in thermal region has been employed based on the concept of stress accumulation in the active plate tectonics region, which may be transformed as temperature variation prior to earthquake. MODIS Land Surface Temperature has been commonly used to locate the thermal anomalies before the earthquake. Recently researches have been focusing on moderate or large magnitude earthquake events. In Thailand, small earthquake can severely damage the unprepared area. This study, the daily day- and nighttime data of MODIS MOD11A1 product for 30 days before and 15 days after the earthquake on April 22, 2007, in Wiang Pa Pao District, Chiang Rai Province, Thailand, were processed and analysed to locate possibility of thermal anomalies. Thermal anomalies before and after the earthquakes were detected using the comparative method. The result found that the thermal anomaly temperature could be high up to 4.1 - 10.9 C which occurred in 21 - 22 days prior to the earthquake. Therefore, it may conclude that small earthquake can also release energy as the detectable thermal anomaly. However, more study about the relationship between thermal precursor and earthquake is needed to continue.

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Kilmarx, Peter H., Somsak Supawitkul, Mayuree Wankrairoj, Wat Uthaivoravit, Khanchit Limpakarnjanarat, Supachai Saisorn, and Timothy D. Mastro. "Explosive spread and effective control of human immunodeficiency virus in northernmost Thailand: the epidemic in Chiang Rai province, 1988–99." AIDS 14, no. 17 (December 2000): 2731–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00002030-200012010-00013.

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Suntaranont, Benya, Somrawee Aramkul, Manop Kaewmoracharoen, and Paskorn Champrasert. "Water Irrigation Decision Support System for Practical Weir Adjustment Using Artificial Intelligence and Machine Learning Techniques." Sustainability 12, no. 5 (February 27, 2020): 1763. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/su12051763.

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This research proposes a decision support system for weir sluice gate level adjusting. The proposed system, named AWARD (Appropriate Weir Adjustment with Water Requirement Deliberation), is composed of three modules, which are (1) water level prediction, (2) sluice gates setting period estimation, and (3) sluice gates level adjusting calculation. The AWARD system applies an artificial neural network technique for water level prediction, a fuzzy logic control algorithm for sluice gate setting period estimation, and hydraulics equations for sluice gate level adjusting. The water requirements and supplies are deducted from the field-survey and telemetry stations in Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. The results show that the proposed system can accurately estimate the water volume. Water level prediction shows high accuracy. The standard error of prediction (SEP) is 2.58 cm and the mean absolute percentage error (MAPE) is 7.38%. The sluice gate setting period is practically adjusted. The sluice gate level is adjusted according to the water requirement.

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Mankhemthong, Niti, Christopher K. Morley, and Weerapan Srichan. "Structure of the Mae On Depression, Chiang Mai province, based on gravity modelling and geological field observation: Implications for tectonic evolution of the Chiang Mai – Chiang Rai Suture Zone, Northern Thailand." Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 190 (April 2020): 104186. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jseaes.2019.104186.

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Hongsibsong, Surat, Tippawan Prapamontol, Ting Xu, Bruce D. Hammock, Hong Wang, Zi-Jian Chen, and Zhen-Lin Xu. "Monitoring of the Organophosphate Pesticide Chlorpyrifos in Vegetable Samples from Local Markets in Northern Thailand by Developed Immunoassay." International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 17, no. 13 (June 30, 2020): 4723. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17134723.

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Chlorpyrifos is an organophosphate pesticide that is wildly used among farmers for crop protection. However, there are concerns regarding its contamination in the environment and food chain. In the present study, an in-house indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) specific for detecting chlorpyrifos is developed and validated against gas chromatography–flame photometric detection (GC-FPD) as the conventional method. The developed ic-ELISA was used for detecting chlorpyrifos residue in vegetable samples. The developed ic-ELISA showed good sensitivity to chlorpyrifos at an IC50 of 0.80 µg/kg, with low cross-reactivity to other organophosphate pesticides. The 160 samples were collected from local markets located in the Chiang Rai, Chiang Mai, and Nan provinces in northern Thailand. The positive rate of chlorpyrifos residues in the vegetable samples was 33.8%, with the highest levels found in cucumbers, coriander, and morning glory, at 275, 145, and 35.3 µg/kg, respectively. The highest median levels of chlorpyrifos found in the detected samples were Chinese cabbage (332 μg/kg), cucumber (146.3 μg/kg) and Chinese Kale (26.95 μg/kg). The developed ic-ELISA is suitable for the rapid quantitation of chlorpyrifos residues.

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Laor, Pussadee, Yanasinee Suma, Vivat Keawdounglek, Anuttara Hongtong, Tawatchai Apidechkul, and Nittaya Pasukphun. "Knowledge, attitude and practice of municipal solid waste management among highland residents in Northern Thailand." Journal of Health Research 32, no. 2 (March 12, 2018): 123–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhr-01-2018-013.

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Purpose Chiang Rai is the northernmost province of Thailand. Municipal solid wastes (MSWs) was generated 430,828.2 ton/y in this area; however, only 24 percent of waste was properly disposed, and 43 percent of waste was properly managed. The purpose of this paper is to explore knowledge, attitudes and practices (KAP) of highland residents in order to provide a basis for the development of waste management in the study area. Design/methodology/approach A cross-sectional study was conducted in Mae Fah Luang district, Thailand, from November 2016 to January 2017. A random sample of 451 respondents constituted the study population. Data were gathered using a structured questionnaire. Pearson Correlation and χ2 were applied to identify the association among variables. Findings Overall, 73 percent of respondents had high level of knowledge; 85 percent of respondents showed neutral attitude; and 59 percent of respondents performed moderate practice on MSW management. The results highlighted that age and education levels were statistically significant associated with KAP levels on MSW management at (p=0.05). Originality/value The respondents who have good knowledge also have a good level of practice; and those who have good attitude also have a good level of practice. Socio-demographic factors and suitable way to promote an effective MSW management should be considered.

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Trongsakul, Supaporn, Thapakorn Ruanjai, Wilawan Chaiut, Ratipark Tamornpark, and Tawatchai Apidechkul. "Prevalence of cognitive impairment among hill-tribe older people in the Northern part of Thailand." Journal of Health Research 32, no. 6 (November 12, 2018): 478–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jhr-11-2018-088.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to investigate the prevalence and factors related to cognitive impairment among hill-tribe older people in Chiang Rai province, Thailand. Design/methodology/approach A cross-sectional study was carried out amongst 459 hill-tribe older people aged 60 years and above. A Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) Thai 2002 version was used for cognitive screening. A questionnaire and medical records were used for demographic and clinical data collection while descriptive statistics were used to analyze characteristic data. Potential factors related to cognitive impairment were analyzed by using univariate logistic regression analysis. Findings The prevalence of cognitive impairment amongst the participants was 49.89 percent (95% CI 45.32%, 53.47 percent). Factors related to cognitive decline included no occupation (OR=1.49, 95% CI 1.10–2.03, p<0.04) and a history of amphetamine use (OR=1.57, 95% CI 1.09–2.33, p<0.04). Originality/value Cognitive decline should be a cause for concern amongst Thai hill-tribe older people, especially amongst those in the group with a history of amphetamine use. However, Thai health care professionals need to be aware of the potential cultural bias in the MMSE Thai 2002 version as a cognition test targeted at the hill-tribe population as the questionnaire may not provide a true reflection of their cultural experience and background.

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Sriwongpan, Pamornsri, Supalert Nedsuwan, Jidapa Manomat, Sakarn Charoensakulchai, Kittiphat Lacharojana, Jamnong Sankwan, Natheeporn Kobpungton, et al. "Prevalence and associated risk factors of Leishmania infection among immunocompetent hosts, a community-based study in Chiang Rai, Thailand." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 7 (July 12, 2021): e0009545. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009545.

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Background Leishmaniasis is an emerging infectious disease reported in the north and south of Thailand of which patients with HIV/AIDS are a high risk group for acquiring the infection. A lack of information regarding prevalence, and the risk association of Leishmania infection among asymptomatic immunocompetent hosts needs further investigation. Information on potential vectors and animal reservoirs in the affected areas is also important to control disease transmission. Methods An outbreak investigation and a cross-sectional study were conducted following one index case of cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) caused by L. martiniquensis in an immunocompetent male patient reported in August 2015, Chiang Rai Province, Thailand. From September to November 2015, a total of 392 participants at two study areas who were related to the index case, 130 students at a semi-boarding vocational school and 262 hill tribe villagers in the patient’s hometown, were recruited in this study. The nested internal transcribed spacer 1-PCR (ITS1-PCR) was performed to detect Leishmania DNA in buffy coat, and nucleotide sequencing was used to identify species. Antibody screening in plasma was performed using the Direct Agglutination Test (DAT), and associated risk factors were analyzed using a standardized questionnaire. Captured sandflies within the study areas were identified and detected for Leishmania DNA using nested ITS1-PCR. Moreover, the animal reservoirs in the study areas were also explored for Leishmania infection. Results Of 392 participants, 28 (7.1%) were positive for Leishmania infection of which 1 (4.8%) was L. martiniquensis, 12 (57.1%) were L. orientalis and 8 (38.1%) were Leishmania spp. Of 28, 15 (53.6%) were DAT positive. None showed any symptoms of CL or visceral leishmaniasis. Risk factors were associated with being female (adjusted odds ratio, AOR 2.52, 95%CI 1.01–6.26), increasing age (AOR 1.05, 95%CI 1.02–1.08), having an animal enclosure in a housing area (AOR 3.04, 95%CI 1.13–8.22), being exposed to termite mounds (AOR 3.74, 95%CI 1.11–12.58) and having domestic animals in a housing area (AOR 7.11, 95%CI 2.08–24.37). At the semi-boarding vocational school, six Sergentomyia gemmea samples were PCR positive for DNA of L. orientalis and one S. gemmea was PCR positive for DNA of L. donovani/L. infantum. Additionally, one Phlebotomus stantoni was PCR positive for DNA of L. martiniquensis, and one black rat (Rattus rattus) was PCR positive for DNA of L. martiniquensis. Conclusion This information could be useful for monitoring Leishmania infection among immunocompetent hosts in affected areas and also setting up strategies for prevention and control. A follow-up study of asymptomatic individuals with seropositive results as well as those with positive PCR results is recommended.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Chiang Rai (Thailand : Province)'

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