Academic literature on the topic 'Chiara (1920-2008)'

AbstractChiara Lubich (1920-2008) is well known as founder of the Focolare Movement with its large ecumenical commitment, but not so much in her mystical experience and writings, not yet published in full. In her experience of faith, especially in the mystical period called Paradise ’49, lies the spiritual ground of her engagement in worldwide dialogue. ‘Unity’ (John 17,21) and ‘Jesus Forsaken’ (as a speci!c understanding of redemption) are the two sides of a spiritual life based on the Word of God.

Chiara Lubich (1920-2008) é uma das figuras femininas mais marcantes do século XX italiano, mas a sua influência não ficou pelas fronteiras italianas, já que o seu carisma (a unidade) se abriu ao mundo. Ao Movimento dos Focolares que fundou, aderiram pessoas de praticamente todos os países hoje existentes, conferindo-lhe um cunho internacional, multicultural e multilingue. Com particular relevância para a Linguística, em especial a Linguística Comparada e a Linguística Românica, a sua intervenção realizou-se essencialmente através da palavra, comunicada oralmente e por escrito em italiano, com traduções em muitíssimas línguas. Procura-se, através de alguns dos seus textos escritos, compreender as imagens linguísticas (construídas com os recursos estilísticos comparações e metáforas) que foi apresentando para explicar a sua mensagem (o carisma) de modo simples a qualquer pessoa. Realça-se, aqui, sobretudo, as imagens que usou para explicitar o conceito de “unidade” e chega-se à conclusão que o singular “unidade” é apresentado como um plural. Designou-se este recurso pedagógico-linguístico de Chiara Lubich por “composição unitária”, revelando-se como uma pluralidade do singular.

The life and spirituality of Chiara Lubich (1920–2008), the founder of the Focolare Movement, is marked by a particular mystical experience in the years 1949 and 1950, which found expression in a text entitled Paradise ‘49. In this mystical imprint—according to the thesis of the following paper—the explanation can be found for the fact that Lubich, starting from a traditionally Catholic milieu, followed a path that brought her into dialogue with representatives of all world religions. In particular, phrases with “to live” and “to be” are examined, which point to an existential understanding of religious truth. Dialogue does not mean relativizing one’s own truth, but leads to a deeper understanding.

One of the spectacular changes in the Catholic Church in the 1960s was her positive judgement on the other religions, as transmitted by the texts of the second Vatican Council (1962–1965). A sociologist is by profession interested in the diverse processes of cultural changes, and the birth of Catholic interreligious dialogue is therefore a very good case to study. For Catholics involved in interreligious dialogue, we can observe ideal-typically two attitudes at work that hinder a true dialogue between different religions: one is named ‘religious imperialism’ and the other is the contrary attitude, ‘religious indifferentism’. The present article studies how, in a crucial moment for the Catholic understanding of interreligious dialogue (around the year 2000), the mystical insights of Chiara Lubich (1920–2008), foundress of the Focolare Movement, alongside the theology of Piero Coda have made an interesting contribution to sustaining the process of change towards an always more convincing engagement in interreligious dialogue. In the context of the controversy on ‘Dominus Jesus’ (August 2000), they found a way to navigate between religious imperialism and religious indifferentism.

Para a Linguística Interacional, a linguagem é um lugar de interação comunicativa, pela produção de sentido entre interlocutores, em uma dada situação de comunicação, constituída por um contexto histórico e ideológico. Os usuários da língua interagem enquanto sujeitos, que ocupam lugares sociais e falam e ouvem desses lugares. Para essa concepção, “A interação verbal constitui a realidade fundamental da linguagem”. Para Bakhtin, a comunicação só existe na reciprocidade do diálogo e é muito mais que a simples transmissão de mensagem, é, sobretudo, constituição de sujeitos. Constituição de sujeitos é uma das principais ações da linguagem. Considerar a língua como ação é assumir que a prática social, que chamamos linguagem, é indissociável de suas consequências éticas, sociais, econômicas e culturais. Por essa perspectiva, essa comunicação tem por objetivo observar, no texto A Ressurreição de Roma, de Lubich (1949), as consequências de seu dizer para a vida em sociedade. Chiara Lubich (1920-2008) é uma das figuras mais representativas do diálogo intercultural e interreligioso do século XX. Fundadora do Movimento dos Focolares, utilizou múltiplos meios de comunicação para difundir seus pensamentos, deixando um grande arquivo de publicações, ainda parcialmente inédito. Teoricamente, buscamos, principalmente, apoio em Bakhtin (2014) e na pragmática de Austin (1990). Metodologicamente, faremos um percurso bibliográfico. Espera-se consolidar a visão da linguagem enquanto ação e mostrar sua importância na construção de relações mais sólidas, ancoradas em um discurso, que encontre respaldo nas ações realizadas na sociedade. Palavras- chave: Linguagem, Ação, Lubich

In his Apostolic Letter Novo Millenio Ineunte, Pope John Paul II wrote that the Church must become the ‘home and school of communion’ if is to ‘be faithful to God’s plan and respond to the world’s deepest yearnings’. For this to take place, he indicated that even prior to making practical plans that ‘we need to promote a spirituality of communion’, a spirituality which ‘indicates above all the heart’s contemplation of the mystery of the Trinity dwelling in us, and whose light we must also be able to see shining on the face of the brothers and sisters around us’ (43). This paper will examine the spirituality of communion as it is proposed in the teachings of two prominent leaders within the new ecclesial movements within the Catholic Church in the 20th century, Chiara Lubich (1920–2008) and Fr Luigi Giussani (1922–2005).

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This study focuses on Chiara Lubich's thought on physical nature using phylosophical and theological key points. Italian, catholic and foundress of the Focolare Movement, Chiara s reflection is on nature starting from a Christian lifeworld in order to progressively interpret all of human and natural reality. After going through the historical roots and the basics of Chiara Lubich s spirituality, some mystical writings are presented, especially those concerning the Creation and nature. The theological depth of spirituality is, then, discussed by means of the aspects of Unity and Jesus Forsaken. The first can be understood as the unity of the Trinity, fruit of perichoresis but also as the presence of Christ in the community. The second, a particular understanding of the Cross of Christ. The relationship between these two aspects and their understanding that occur in the community through the action of the Spirit indicate that the very approach to the mystery of the paschal event is trinitarian. This is the theological source from where Lubich understands nature. The similarities between Chiara Lubich s thought and the franciscan tradition are presented. Her understanding of the Creation is expressed, then, in boaventurian style. This conception of the Trinity is experienced in a mystical form and forges a representation of the actual structure of the world. Her specific religious thought on nature is that the objects, relationships, natural events and the whole cosmos are conceived in a dynamism of the Trinity and have, thus, a Trinitarian ontology. This conception about nature is oriented to detect those connections of meaning: the trinitarian ontology as a heuristic method that evolves from the Trinitarian mystery to understand nature. Still, the religious thought of Lubich has characteristics of critical realism: scientific and religious knowledge express the Trinitarian structure of reality through their respective methods and awareness of their provisional status. Religion is also studied in its natural appearance by means of the cognitive sciences, which are interpreted within the same critical realist framework of the trinitarian ontology. Finally, a parallel is drawn between epistemic procedures of religion, as it can be seen in Lubich, and natural science reinforcing both the idea of the autonomy of religious thought and its positive epistemic status
Este estudo versa sobre o pensamento de Chiara Lubich sobre a natureza física em chave filosófica e teológica. Católica italiana e fundadora do Movimento dos Focolares, possui uma reflexão sobre a natureza que parte do mundo da vida do cristianismo para interpretar progressivamente todas as realidades humanas e naturais. Após discorrer sobre as origens históricas e a estrutura básica de sua espiritualidade, esta dissertação apresenta alguns escritos do período místico, em especial os que têm por objeto a criação e a natureza. A profundidade teológica da espiritualidade, então, é discutida por meio dos aspectos da Unidade e Jesus abandonado. A unidade pode ser entendida tanto como presente na Trindade pela pericorese quanto com a presença de Cristo na comunidade. Jesus Abandonado se refere a uma particular compreensão da Cruz de Cristo. A relação entre estes aspectos e sua compreensão que se dá na comunidade pela ação do Espírito indicam que a própria aproximação ao mistério do evento pascal é trinitária. Essa é a fonte teológica de onde Lubich parte para entender a natureza. As semelhanças do pensamento de Lubich com o franciscanismo são apresentadas. Sua compreensão da criação se exprime, portanto, em estilo boaventuriano. Essa concepção trinitária é experimentada pela autora em chave mística e molda uma representação da estrutura real do mundo. Seu específico pensamento religioso para a natureza é que os objetos, relações, eventos naturais e o cosmo são concebidos em uma dinamicidade trinitária e possuem, com isso, uma ontologia trinitária. Essa concepção da natureza se orienta para detectar aquelas conexões de sentido: a ontologia trinitária é uma heurística que parte do mistério Trinitário para compreender a natureza. Ainda, este pensamento religioso de Lubich é realista crítico: os conhecimentos científicos e religiosos exprimem a estrutura trinitária da realidade, por meio de seus respectivos métodos e conscientes de sua provisoriedade. Distinto de outras formas cognitivas a religião também é estudada no seu aspecto natural por meio das ciências cognitivas, que são interpretadas dentro do mesmo quadro realista crítico da ontologia trinitária. Enfim, é apresentado um paralelismo entre os procedimentos epistêmicos da religião, como pode ser visto em Lubich, e das ciências naturais, reforçando tanto a idéia da autonomia do pensamento religioso quanto de seu estatuto epistêmico positivo

L'objet de cette étude est le Mouvement des Focolari. Fondé à Trente (Italie) en 1943 par Chiara Lubich, il naît de la contestation de l'Église et du monde. Le concept d'utopie nous permet d'analyser le déploiement de cette organisation religieuse au sein de l'institution ecclésiale et dans les sociétés actuelles. L'utopie religieuse des focolarins conduit à une nouvelle conception de la religiosité et à une réforme de l'Eglise. La réhabilitation des laïcs, de la virtuosité religieuse et de la sainteté à laquelle les focolarins aspiraient, sera sanctionnée par le concile Vatican II. Si la virginité apparaît comme l'instrument de la contestation, le Mouvement désirera rapidement s'adresser à tous les individus. La volonté de révolutionner les domaines social, culturel et économique entraîne la création de villes idéales et d'une utopédagogie et aboutit à la proposition d'une alternative globale qui se veut universalisable. Anticipant ou s'inscrivant dans les grandes tendances des sociétés ultramodernes (notamment l'individualisme, la différenciation des sphères sociétales et la mondialisation), les focolarins cherchent actuellement à systématiser différentes notions (telles la fraternité, l'égalité et la liberté) afin de parvenir à l'unité de l'humanité
The aim of this work is to study the Focolare Movement. Created in Trent (ltaly) by Chiara Lubich in 1943, its origins can be found in the contesting of the Church and of the world. The concept of utopia allows us to analyze the development of this religious organization within the ecclesial institution and in the current societies. The religious utopia of Focolarini is linked to a new conception of religiosity and to a reform of the Church (especially through by the rehabilitation of laymen, religious virtuosity and holiness sanctioned by the Vatican II council). If virginity appears as the instrument of contesting, the Movement has quickly decided to address ail humans. The will of revolutionizing social, cultural and economic fields leads to the creation of ideal cities and to a utopedagogia. Eventually, it ends in the proposal of an universal and global alternative. Considering the main trends of ultramodern societies (individualism, differentiation of the spheres of human activities and globalization), Focolarini are now trying to sum up different concepts (like fraternity, equality and freedom) to reach the unit y of mankind

Nationalism: Past as Prologue began as a single volume being compiled by Ad Akande, a scholar from South Africa, who proposed it to me as co-author about two years ago. The original idea was to examine how the damaging roots of nationalism have been corroding political systems around the world, and creating dangerous obstacles for necessary international cooperation. Since I (Bruce E. Johansen) has written profusely about climate change (global warming, a.k.a. infrared forcing), I suggested a concerted effort in that direction. This is a worldwide existential threat that affects every living thing on Earth. It often compounds upon itself, so delays in reducing emissions of fossil fuels are shortening the amount of time remaining to eliminate the use of fossil fuels to preserve a livable planet. Nationalism often impedes solutions to this problem (among many others), as nations place their singular needs above the common good. Our initial proposal got around, and abstracts on many subjects arrived. Within a few weeks, we had enough good material for a 100,000-word book. The book then fattened to two moderate volumes and then to four two very hefty tomes. We tried several different titles as good submissions swelled. We also discovered that our best contributors were experts in their fields, which ranged the world. We settled on three stand-alone books:” 1/ nationalism and racial justice. Our first volume grew as the growth of Black Lives Matter following the brutal killing of George Floyd ignited protests over police brutality and other issues during 2020, following the police assassination of Floyd in Minneapolis. It is estimated that more people took part in protests of police brutality during the summer of 2020 than any other series of marches in United States history. This includes upheavals during the 1960s over racial issues and against the war in Southeast Asia (notably Vietnam). We choose a volume on racism because it is one of nationalism’s main motive forces. This volume provides a worldwide array of work on nationalism’s growth in various countries, usually by authors residing in them, or in the United States with ethnic ties to the nation being examined, often recent immigrants to the United States from them. Our roster of contributors comprises a small United Nations of insightful, well-written research and commentary from Indonesia, New Zealand, Australia, China, India, South Africa, France, Portugal, Estonia, Hungary, Russia, Poland, Kazakhstan, Georgia, and the United States. Volume 2 (this one) describes and analyzes nationalism, by country, around the world, except for the United States; and 3/material directly related to President Donald Trump, and the United States. The first volume is under consideration at the Texas A & M University Press. The other two are under contract to Nova Science Publishers (which includes social sciences). These three volumes may be used individually or as a set. Environmental material is taken up in appropriate places in each of the three books. * * * * * What became the United States of America has been strongly nationalist since the English of present-day Massachusetts and Jamestown first hit North America’s eastern shores. The country propelled itself across North America with the self-serving ideology of “manifest destiny” for four centuries before Donald Trump came along. Anyone who believes that a Trumpian affection for deportation of “illegals” is a new thing ought to take a look at immigration and deportation statistics in Adam Goodman’s The Deportation Machine: America’s Long History of Deporting Immigrants (Princeton University Press, 2020). Between 1920 and 2018, the United States deported 56.3 million people, compared with 51.7 million who were granted legal immigration status during the same dates. Nearly nine of ten deportees were Mexican (Nolan, 2020, 83). This kind of nationalism, has become an assassin of democracy as well as an impediment to solving global problems. Paul Krugman wrote in the New York Times (2019:A-25): that “In their 2018 book, How Democracies Die, the political scientists Steven Levitsky and Daniel Ziblatt documented how this process has played out in many countries, from Vladimir Putin’s Russia, to Recep Erdogan’s Turkey, to Viktor Orban’s Hungary. Add to these India’s Narendra Modi, China’s Xi Jinping, and the United States’ Donald Trump, among others. Bit by bit, the guardrails of democracy have been torn down, as institutions meant to serve the public became tools of ruling parties and self-serving ideologies, weaponized to punish and intimidate opposition parties’ opponents. On paper, these countries are still democracies; in practice, they have become one-party regimes….And it’s happening here [the United States] as we speak. If you are not worried about the future of American democracy, you aren’t paying attention” (Krugmam, 2019, A-25). We are reminded continuously that the late Carl Sagan, one of our most insightful scientific public intellectuals, had an interesting theory about highly developed civilizations. Given the number of stars and planets that must exist in the vast reaches of the universe, he said, there must be other highly developed and organized forms of life. Distance may keep us from making physical contact, but Sagan said that another reason we may never be on speaking terms with another intelligent race is (judging from our own example) could be their penchant for destroying themselves in relatively short order after reaching technological complexity. This book’s chapters, introduction, and conclusion examine the worldwide rise of partisan nationalism and the damage it has wrought on the worldwide pursuit of solutions for issues requiring worldwide scope, such scientific co-operation public health and others, mixing analysis of both. We use both historical description and analysis. This analysis concludes with a description of why we must avoid the isolating nature of nationalism that isolates people and encourages separation if we are to deal with issues of world-wide concern, and to maintain a sustainable, survivable Earth, placing the dominant political movement of our time against the Earth’s existential crises. Our contributors, all experts in their fields, each have assumed responsibility for a country, or two if they are related. This work entwines themes of worldwide concern with the political growth of nationalism because leaders with such a worldview are disinclined to co-operate internationally at a time when nations must find ways to solve common problems, such as the climate crisis. Inability to cooperate at this stage may doom everyone, eventually, to an overheated, stormy future plagued by droughts and deluges portending shortages of food and other essential commodities, meanwhile destroying large coastal urban areas because of rising sea levels. Future historians may look back at our time and wonder why as well as how our world succumbed to isolating nationalism at a time when time was so short for cooperative intervention which is crucial for survival of a sustainable earth. Pride in language and culture is salubrious to individuals’ sense of history and identity. Excess nationalism that prevents international co-operation on harmful worldwide maladies is quite another. As Pope Francis has pointed out: For all of our connectivity due to expansion of social media, ability to communicate can breed contempt as well as mutual trust. “For all our hyper-connectivity,” said Francis, “We witnessed a fragmentation that made it more difficult to resolve problems that affect us all” (Horowitz, 2020, A-12). The pope’s encyclical, titled “Brothers All,” also said: “The forces of myopic, extremist, resentful, and aggressive nationalism are on the rise.” The pope’s document also advocates support for migrants, as well as resistance to nationalist and tribal populism. Francis broadened his critique to the role of market capitalism, as well as nationalism has failed the peoples of the world when they need co-operation and solidarity in the face of the world-wide corona virus pandemic. Humankind needs to unite into “a new sense of the human family [Fratelli Tutti, “Brothers All”], that rejects war at all costs” (Pope, 2020, 6-A). Our journey takes us first to Russia, with the able eye and honed expertise of Richard D. Anderson, Jr. who teaches as UCLA and publishes on the subject of his chapter: “Putin, Russian identity, and Russia’s conduct at home and abroad.” Readers should find Dr. Anderson’s analysis fascinating because Vladimir Putin, the singular leader of Russian foreign and domestic policy these days (and perhaps for the rest of his life, given how malleable Russia’s Constitution has become) may be a short man physically, but has high ambitions. One of these involves restoring the old Russian (and Soviet) empire, which would involve re-subjugating a number of nations that broke off as the old order dissolved about 30 years ago. President (shall we say czar?) Putin also has international ambitions, notably by destabilizing the United States, where election meddling has become a specialty. The sight of Putin and U.S. president Donald Trump, two very rich men (Putin $70-$200 billion; Trump $2.5 billion), nuzzling in friendship would probably set Thomas Jefferson and Vladimir Lenin spinning in their graves. The road of history can take some unanticipated twists and turns. Consider Poland, from which we have an expert native analysis in chapter 2, Bartosz Hlebowicz, who is a Polish anthropologist and journalist. His piece is titled “Lawless and Unjust: How to Quickly Make Your Own Country a Puppet State Run by a Group of Hoodlums – the Hopeless Case of Poland (2015–2020).” When I visited Poland to teach and lecture twice between 2006 and 2008, most people seemed to be walking on air induced by freedom to conduct their own affairs to an unusual degree for a state usually squeezed between nationalists in Germany and Russia. What did the Poles then do in a couple of decades? Read Hlebowicz’ chapter and decide. It certainly isn’t soft-bellied liberalism. In Chapter 3, with Bruce E. Johansen, we visit China’s western provinces, the lands of Tibet as well as the Uighurs and other Muslims in the Xinjiang region, who would most assuredly resent being characterized as being possessed by the Chinese of the Han to the east. As a student of Native American history, I had never before thought of the Tibetans and Uighurs as Native peoples struggling against the Independence-minded peoples of a land that is called an adjunct of China on most of our maps. The random act of sitting next to a young woman on an Air India flight out of Hyderabad, bound for New Delhi taught me that the Tibetans had something to share with the Lakota, the Iroquois, and hundreds of other Native American states and nations in North America. Active resistance to Chinese rule lasted into the mid-nineteenth century, and continues today in a subversive manner, even in song, as I learned in 2018 when I acted as a foreign adjudicator on a Ph.D. dissertation by a Tibetan student at the University of Madras (in what is now in a city called Chennai), in southwestern India on resistance in song during Tibet’s recent history. Tibet is one of very few places on Earth where a young dissident can get shot to death for singing a song that troubles China’s Quest for Lebensraum. The situation in Xinjiang region, where close to a million Muslims have been interned in “reeducation” camps surrounded with brick walls and barbed wire. They sing, too. Come with us and hear the music. Back to Europe now, in Chapter 4, to Portugal and Spain, we find a break in the general pattern of nationalism. Portugal has been more progressive governmentally than most. Spain varies from a liberal majority to military coups, a pattern which has been exported to Latin America. A situation such as this can make use of the term “populism” problematic, because general usage in our time usually ties the word into a right-wing connotative straightjacket. “Populism” can be used to describe progressive (left-wing) insurgencies as well. José Pinto, who is native to Portugal and also researches and writes in Spanish as well as English, in “Populism in Portugal and Spain: a Real Neighbourhood?” provides insight into these historical paradoxes. Hungary shares some historical inclinations with Poland (above). Both emerged from Soviet dominance in an air of developing freedom and multicultural diversity after the Berlin Wall fell and the Soviet Union collapsed. Then, gradually at first, right wing-forces began to tighten up, stripping structures supporting popular freedom, from the courts, mass media, and other institutions. In Chapter 5, Bernard Tamas, in “From Youth Movement to Right-Liberal Wing Authoritarianism: The Rise of Fidesz and the Decline of Hungarian Democracy” puts the renewed growth of political and social repression into a context of worldwide nationalism. Tamas, an associate professor of political science at Valdosta State University, has been a postdoctoral fellow at Harvard University and a Fulbright scholar at the Central European University in Budapest, Hungary. His books include From Dissident to Party Politics: The Struggle for Democracy in Post-Communist Hungary (2007). Bear in mind that not everyone shares Orbán’s vision of what will make this nation great, again. On graffiti-covered walls in Budapest, Runes (traditional Hungarian script) has been found that read “Orbán is a motherfucker” (Mikanowski, 2019, 58). Also in Europe, in Chapter 6, Professor Ronan Le Coadic, of the University of Rennes, Rennes, France, in “Is There a Revival of French Nationalism?” Stating this title in the form of a question is quite appropriate because France’s nationalistic shift has built and ebbed several times during the last few decades. For a time after 2000, it came close to assuming the role of a substantial minority, only to ebb after that. In 2017, the candidate of the National Front reached the second round of the French presidential election. This was the second time this nationalist party reached the second round of the presidential election in the history of the Fifth Republic. In 2002, however, Jean-Marie Le Pen had only obtained 17.79% of the votes, while fifteen years later his daughter, Marine Le Pen, almost doubled her father's record, reaching 33.90% of the votes cast. Moreover, in the 2019 European elections, re-named Rassemblement National obtained the largest number of votes of all French political formations and can therefore boast of being "the leading party in France.” The brutality of oppressive nationalism may be expressed in personal relationships, such as child abuse. While Indonesia and Aotearoa [the Maoris’ name for New Zealand] hold very different ranks in the United Nations Human Development Programme assessments, where Indonesia is classified as a medium development country and Aotearoa New Zealand as a very high development country. In Chapter 7, “Domestic Violence Against Women in Indonesia and Aotearoa New Zealand: Making Sense of Differences and Similarities” co-authors, in Chapter 8, Mandy Morgan and Dr. Elli N. Hayati, from New Zealand and Indonesia respectively, found that despite their socio-economic differences, one in three women in each country experience physical or sexual intimate partner violence over their lifetime. In this chapter ther authors aim to deepen understandings of domestic violence through discussion of the socio-economic and demographic characteristics of theit countries to address domestic violence alongside studies of women’s attitudes to gender norms and experiences of intimate partner violence. One of the most surprising and upsetting scholarly journeys that a North American student may take involves Adolf Hitler’s comments on oppression of American Indians and Blacks as he imagined the construction of the Nazi state, a genesis of nationalism that is all but unknown in the United States of America, traced in this volume (Chapter 8) by co-editor Johansen. Beginning in Mein Kampf, during the 1920s, Hitler explicitly used the westward expansion of the United States across North America as a model and justification for Nazi conquest and anticipated colonization by Germans of what the Nazis called the “wild East” – the Slavic nations of Poland, the Baltic states, Ukraine, and Russia, most of which were under control of the Soviet Union. The Volga River (in Russia) was styled by Hitler as the Germans’ Mississippi, and covered wagons were readied for the German “manifest destiny” of imprisoning, eradicating, and replacing peoples the Nazis deemed inferior, all with direct references to events in North America during the previous century. At the same time, with no sense of contradiction, the Nazis partook of a long-standing German romanticism of Native Americans. One of Goebbels’ less propitious schemes was to confer honorary Aryan status on Native American tribes, in the hope that they would rise up against their oppressors. U.S. racial attitudes were “evidence [to the Nazis] that America was evolving in the right direction, despite its specious rhetoric about equality.” Ming Xie, originally from Beijing, in the People’s Republic of China, in Chapter 9, “News Coverage and Public Perceptions of the Social Credit System in China,” writes that The State Council of China in 2014 announced “that a nationwide social credit system would be established” in China. “Under this system, individuals, private companies, social organizations, and governmental agencies are assigned a score which will be calculated based on their trustworthiness and daily actions such as transaction history, professional conduct, obedience to law, corruption, tax evasion, and academic plagiarism.” The “nationalism” in this case is that of the state over the individual. China has 1.4 billion people; this system takes their measure for the purpose of state control. Once fully operational, control will be more subtle. People who are subject to it, through modern technology (most often smart phones) will prompt many people to self-censor. Orwell, modernized, might write: “Your smart phone is watching you.” Ming Xie holds two Ph.Ds, one in Public Administration from University of Nebraska at Omaha and another in Cultural Anthropology from the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences, Beijing, where she also worked for more than 10 years at a national think tank in the same institution. While there she summarized news from non-Chinese sources for senior members of the Chinese Communist Party. Ming is presently an assistant professor at the Department of Political Science and Criminal Justice, West Texas A&M University. In Chapter 10, analyzing native peoples and nationhood, Barbara Alice Mann, Professor of Honours at the University of Toledo, in “Divide, et Impera: The Self-Genocide Game” details ways in which European-American invaders deprive the conquered of their sense of nationhood as part of a subjugation system that amounts to genocide, rubbing out their languages and cultures -- and ultimately forcing the native peoples to assimilate on their own, for survival in a culture that is foreign to them. Mann is one of Native American Studies’ most acute critics of conquests’ contradictions, and an author who retrieves Native history with a powerful sense of voice and purpose, having authored roughly a dozen books and numerous book chapters, among many other works, who has traveled around the world lecturing and publishing on many subjects. Nalanda Roy and S. Mae Pedron in Chapter 11, “Understanding the Face of Humanity: The Rohingya Genocide.” describe one of the largest forced migrations in the history of the human race, the removal of 700,000 to 800,000 Muslims from Buddhist Myanmar to Bangladesh, which itself is already one of the most crowded and impoverished nations on Earth. With about 150 million people packed into an area the size of Nebraska and Iowa (population less than a tenth that of Bangladesh, a country that is losing land steadily to rising sea levels and erosion of the Ganges river delta. The Rohingyas’ refugee camp has been squeezed onto a gigantic, eroding, muddy slope that contains nearly no vegetation. However, Bangladesh is majority Muslim, so while the Rohingya may starve, they won’t be shot to death by marauding armies. Both authors of this exquisite (and excruciating) account teach at Georgia Southern University in Savannah, Georgia, Roy as an associate professor of International Studies and Asian politics, and Pedron as a graduate student; Roy originally hails from very eastern India, close to both Myanmar and Bangladesh, so he has special insight into the context of one of the most brutal genocides of our time, or any other. This is our case describing the problems that nationalism has and will pose for the sustainability of the Earth as our little blue-and-green orb becomes more crowded over time. The old ways, in which national arguments often end in devastating wars, are obsolete, given that the Earth and all the people, plants, and other animals that it sustains are faced with the existential threat of a climate crisis that within two centuries, more or less, will flood large parts of coastal cities, and endanger many species of plants and animals. To survive, we must listen to the Earth, and observe her travails, because they are increasingly our own.