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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Chicken breeds'

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Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 24 January 2023

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1

Zanetti, Enrico. "Genetic, phenotypic and proteomic characterisation of local chicken breeds." Thesis, Toulouse, INPT, 2009. http://www.theses.fr/2009INPT010A/document.

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Pour des espèces domestiques communes parmi lesquelles certaines variétés, populations ou races sont menacées d'extinction, le niveau de la population selon laquelle nous devons prendre des mesures est l'objet de recherches dans de nombreux pays. Plusieurs approches ont été développées et utilisées pour comprendre les différents aspects qui contribuent à la différenciation des races et pour l'étude des produits dérivés. Cette thèse se compose de trois contributions. Les objectifs de la première concerne l'étude de la variabilité génétique et l'analyse de la structure de la population dans six races locales italiennes de poulet au sein d’un projet de conservation. On a analysé vingt marqueurs microsatellites dans 337 animaux appartenant à six différentes races: Ermellinata di Rovigo, Robusta Maculata, Robusta Lionata, Pépoi, Padovana et Polverara, une ligne commerciale de poulet a été utilisé comme référence. On a détectés 120 allèles dans l'ensemble de l'échantillon, avec une valeur moyenne de 5.6 plus ou moins 2.1 allèles par locus. Quant aux races locales, l'hétérozygotie observés variaient de 0.240 à 0.413 et celle attendus variaient de 0.243 à 0.463 pour les races Pépoi et Polverara, respectivement. On a observé des écarts de l'équilibre de Hardy-Weinberg pour cinq races ainsi que pour les croisés commerciaux. Dans l'ensemble, la déficience des hétérozygotes dans la population (FIT) résultait 0.427, la valeur moyenne de FIS était de 0.097, tandis que FST était de 0.437, indiquant une forte carence des hétérozygotes due surtout à la division en races. On a utilisé les distances de Reynolds pour dessiner un arbre Neighbor-Joining unrooted, duquel la topologie a fournie des informations sur l’origine génétique de ces races et a confirmé leur histoire connue. La kinship moléculaire estimée entre race variait de 0.559 à 0.769 en mettant en évidence un haut valeur de coancestry. L'analyse de la structure a été réalisée pour mettre en évidence la présence de substructures de la population. Les clusters obtenues séparaient d’une manière nette les animaux en groupes correspondants aux différentes races, sans aucun mélange. L’exception à cette situation étaient les animaux appartenant à la race Polverara, pour laquelle on a rencontré une structure génétique plus complexe. Les résultats ont confirmé l'utilité des marqueurs moléculaires comme les microsatellites, pour la caractérisation des races locales et de monitorage de la diversité génétique dans les programmes de conservation des animaux domestiques. L'objectif de la deuxième contribution a été de décrire les caractéristiques de la carcasse et les caractères qualitatifs de la viande de trois races locales de poulet qui avait, à la maturité, un poids vif moyens, moyen léger et léger. En particulier, l'exploitation commerciale des races étudiées pourraient permettre de développer et de diversifier l'offre aux consommateurs locaux qui ont besoin de différents produits de volaille. L'expérience a impliqué 60 poulets mâles élevés dans un système de production biologique, avec un accès à un espace extérieur avec l'herbe, dans le but d'étudier les caractéristiques de la carcasse et les caractère qualitatifs de la viande de trois races Italiennes avec lente croissance (Ermellinata, Padovana et Pépoi). Les animaux ont été choisis au hasard à éclore, élevés ainsi dans les mêmes conditions et abattus à 190 jours d'âge. Les animaux ont été sectionnés pour mesurer les caractères qualitatifs de la carcasse, après on a analysé des échantillons de poitrine et de cuisse. La race Ermellinata résultait toujours plus lourde que la race Padovana et Pépoi, en ce qui concerne le poids vif, le poids de la carcasse et de la cuisse; en outre, il y avait des différences en ce qui concerne le pourcentage de protéines (Ermellinata > Pépoi et Padovana), la shear force (Padovana < Ermellinata et Pépoi) et cooking loss (Pépoi > Padovana and Ermellinata). Les valeurs de luminosité (L *), l'indice de rouge (a *) et indice de jaune (b *), qui font partie du système de la CIE, montraient une couleur plus claire de viande et plus sombre de peau pour la Padovana par rapport à d’autres races. La composition des acides gras de la poitrine était similaire entre les espèces étudiées, alors que le contenu des acides gras saturés et monoinsaturés dans la race Ermellinata a été respectivement supérieur et inférieur à celui des autres races. Enfin, l’objectif de la troisième contribution a été l’application d’une approche protéomique à l'étude et à la caractérisation des races locales de poulet. L'expriment a impliqué un total de 29 animaux masculins appartenant à des races locales Pépoi, Padovana et Ermellinata di Rovigo. On a analysé des échantillons du muscle pectoral (Pectoralis superficialis). Les fractions contenant la classe de protéines sarcoplasmiques ont été analysés en utilisant l'électrophorèse bidimensionnelle. L'analyse d'image, soutenue par l'analyse statistique, a permis de différencier les individus en groupes selon les similitudes dans l'expression des protéines. Les individus ont été répartis en clusters et en groupes correspondants à la race d’appartenance. L’analyse SAM a permis l'identification du spot plus importante, dont 10 ont été identifiés par spectrométrie de masse en mettant en preuve, bien que préliminaires, les mécanismes des processus qui régissent le processus de différenciation entre les races. Les résultats ont montré une possible utilisation de la protéomique dans le domaine des études concernant la caractérisation de race, et ainsi que dans le domaine de la traçabilité de race ou de produits dérivés, comme une alternative aux analyses génétiques effectuées à travers des marqueurs moléculaires
In common domestic species for which varieties, strains or breeds are in danger of extinction, the population levels at which action needs to be taken are object of research in many countries. Different approaches have been developed and exploited to understand the different aspects that contribute to breed differentiation and to study the typical products that originate from them. The thesis is made up of three contributes. The objectives of the first one were to determine genetic variation and to analyze population structure in six Italian local chicken breeds involved in a conservation program. Twenty microsatellite markers were investigated in 337 animals belonging to six breeds: Ermellinata di Rovigo, Robusta Maculata, Robusta Lionata, Pepoi, Padovana and Polverara; a commercial layer cross was used as reference. One-hundred-twelve alleles were detected in the overall population, with a mean number of 5.6 plus or minus 2.1 alleles per locus. For the local breeds, the observed and expected heterozigosity ranged from a minimum of 0.240 to a maximum of 0.413 and from 0.243 to 0.463 for the Pépoi and Polverara breeds, respectively. Deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium has been observed in five breeds and in the commercial cross. The overall population heterozygote deficiency FIT, resulted 0.427, the average FIS 0.097, while FST was 0.437, indicating a high heterozygote deficiency mainly due to breed subdivisions. Reynolds distances were used to draw an unrooted Neighbor-Joining tree, which topology gave information on the genetic origin of these breeds and confirmed their known history. The estimated molecular kinship within breed ranged from 0.559 to 0.769, evidencing high coancestry. Structure analysis was performed to detect the presence of population substructures. Inferred clusters corresponded to the different breeds, without presence of admixture. Exception was the Polverara, for which a more complex genetic structure was found. Obtained results confirmed the usefulness of molecular markers, as microsatellites, to characterize local breeds and to monitor genetic diversity in livestock conservation schemes. The objective of the second contribute was to describe carcass characteristics and qualitative meat traits of three local chicken breeds showing, at maturity, light, medium-light, and medium live weights. By the fact, those breeds could permit to extend and diversify consumer’s offer to fit all the local demands in typical diversified poultry products. The experiment involved 60 male chickens reared in an organic production system where housing was an indoor pen with access to a grass paddock was carried out in order to investigate carcass characteristics and qualitative meat traits of three slow-growing Italian local breeds of chicken (Ermellinata, Padovana, and Pépoi). Chicks were randomly selected at hatch, raised together under the same conditions, slaughtered at 190 days of age, dissected for carcass traits and meat was stored for subsequent analysis of breast and thigh meat quality. Ermellinata chickens were consistently heavier than Padovana and Pépoi chickens for live, carcass, thigh weight and there were differences among breeds for protein percentage (Ermellinata > Pépoi and Padovana), shear force (Padovana < Ermellinata and Pépoi), and cooking loss (Pépoi > Padovana and Ermellinata). The CIE system values of lightness (L*), redness (a*), and yellowness (b*) evidenced a distinctive darker and lighter colour of Padovana for meat and skin, respectively. Fatty acid composition of breast was similar among the studied breeds, while saturated and monounsaturated fatty acids contents of Ermellinata were higher and lower, respectively than the other breeds. Aim of the third study was to apply a proteomic approach for characterization of local chicken breeds. The experiment involved a total of 29 males of Pépoi, Padovana, and Ermellinata local chicken breeds. Samples were taken from breast muscle (Pectoralis superficialis). Sarcoplasmic protein fractions of breast muscle were analysed by bidimensional electrophoresis. Image analysis followed by statistical analysis enabled to differentiate groups of individuals on the similarities of protein expression. Individuals were distinguished into clusters and groups, corresponding to the breed of origin. SAM analysis enabled identification of the most relevant spots; 10 of these were identified by Mass Spectrometry revealing preliminary evidences on the mechanics of the breed differentiation process. Results evidenced a possible utilisation of proteomic approach in the field of breed characterization studies as an alternative to genomic analyses performed using molecular markers, both for breed and product traceability purposes
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2

Grobbelaar, J. A. N., B. Sutherland, and NM Molalakgotla. "Egg production potentials of certain indigenous chicken breeds from South Africa." Animal Genetic Resources, 2010. http://encore.tut.ac.za/iii/cpro/DigitalItemViewPage.external?sp=1001197.

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Summary The aim of this study was to determine the egg production potentials of four different indigenous chicken breeds in South Africa: Potchefstroom Koekoek, Venda, Ovambo and Naked Neck. The White Leghorn breed was used as the control. The egg production potentials were evaluated over two consecutive production cycles of 52 weeks (used as replicates). Data were collected at the experimental farm of the Agriculture Research Council at Irene. Treatment means were separated using Fisher’s protected t-test least significant difference at the 5 percent level of significance and the percentage mortality rate by means of a row by column chi-square test. No significant differences were observed between breeds on the mean age to the production of the first egg. The White Leghorn was superior ( p ≤ 0.05) to all four of the indigenous breeds for the mean number of eggs and percentage hen-housed egg production produced per production cycle. The Potchefstroom Koekoek was also superior ( p ≤ 0.05) to the other three indigenous breeds for these parameters. There was no difference between the Ovambo and Naked Neck breeds. The percentage mortality rate for the White Leghorn (39.5 percent) was significantly ( p ≤ 0.05) different from that of the Venda, Ovambo and Potchefstroom Koekoek (22.2 percent). No differences were observed among the Potchefstroom Koekoek, Venda, Ovambo and Naked Neck (32.3 percent) or between the White Leghorn and Naked Neck with regard to the mean percentage mortality.
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3

Makhafola, Maila Bervly. "Correlations between live performance and reproductive traits of South African indigenous male chicken breeds." Thesis, [Bloemfontein?] : Central University of Technology, Free State, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/159.

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Thesis (M. Tech. (Agriculture)) - Central University of Technology, Free state, 2013
The objectives of the study were to find the relationship between live performance and testis traits of South African indigenous cockerels on Naked Neck, Ovambo and Potchefstroom Koekoek (Trial 1). Characterise Naked Neck, Ovambo and Potchefstroom Koekoek cockerels’ semen macroscopically and microscopically (Trial 2). To investigate the relationship between phenotypic and sperm traits of the South African indigenous cockerels Naked Neck, Ovambo and Potchefstroom Koekoek. (Trial 3). Quantification of indigenous cockerels sperm traits measured by Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA) technology and the relationship to fertility (Trial 4). The cockerels shank, comb and wattle length were recorded with a vernier calliper. A total of 198 ejaculates were collected from 33 cockerels; Ovambo (n=11), Potchefstroom Koekoek (n=11) and Naked Neck (n=11) by means of an abdominal massage technique. Following analysis, 0.25 ml undiluted semen dose from Naked Neck (NN, 11), Ovambo (OV, 11) and Potchefstroom Koekoek (PK, 11) cockerels were inseminated NN (30), OV (30) and PK (30) hens once per week for 6 weeks. Semen was analysed macroscopically and microscopically. The sperm motility rate was evaluated with the aid of the Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA) called Sperm Class Analyser (SCA) system. Breed significantly (P< 0.05) affected the body weight of Ovambo (2.5±0.4kg), Naked Neck (2.0±0.3kg) and Potchefstroom Koekoek (2.3±0.3kg) cockerels, OV was statistically heavier than NN and PK. The semen volume of Naked Neck (0.5±0.2ml) breed was significantly higher, when compared to Ovambo (0.4±0.2ml), but similar to Potchefstroom Koekoek (0.3±0.2ml) breed. The overall sperm motility rate of Ovambo (95.0±7.2%), Potchefstroom Koekoek (86.0±13.7%) Naked Neck (76.4±22.2%) group was significantly different. The normal sperm morphology in the Naked Neck (76.4±22.2%) was significantly lower when compared to Potchefstroom Koekoek (86.0±13.7%) and Ovambo (95.0±7.2%) cockerels. A positive correlation existed between body weight and semen volume for Potchefstroom Koekoek (r=0.1477) cockerels only. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between the body weight and total sperm motility for Naked Neck (r=0.3848), Ovambo (r=0.4871) and Potchefstroom Koekoek (r=0.2230) cockerels. However, a negative correlation existed between body weight and semen volume for Naked Neck (r=-0.4502) and Ovambo (r=-0.1244). There was no significant differences (P>0.05) on the shank length (SL), comb length (CL) and wattle length WL) of Naked Neck (8.4, 5.4 and 5.6 cm), Ovambo (8.3, 5.8 and 6.0 cm) and Potchefstroom Koekoek (7.7, 5.9 and 5.6). There was a positive correlation between shank length and wattle length, comb length, semen volume, sperm concentration, semen pH and live normal sperm, inversely, a negative correlation of body weight and total sperm motility was observed. Introspective a negative correlation existed between body weight and total motility. Ovambo (11.45±0.9 g) had the highest live weight of testis, it was significantly different from Naked Neck (9.2±0.8g) and Potchefstroom Koekoek (8.9±0.8 g). For average length of the testis there was a significant difference amongst all breeds, Ovambo (4.0±0.5 cm), Naked Neck (3.4±0.3 cm) and Potchefstroom Koekoek (3.7±0.4 cm). Following Al, significant differences were recorded in Potchefstroom Koekoek and produced eggs that had highest average egg weight (55.5 g), fertility (68.2 %), hatchability (78.6 %), percentage of normal chicks (80.1%) and chick weight (37.9 g) compared to Ovambo (40.4 g, 5 2.1 % , 70.2 %, 71.5 %, 32.8 g and Naked Neck (37.1 g, 50.6 %, 71.1 %, 75.8 % and 23.5 g). In order to achieve the highest level of fertility and hatched of fertile eggs, an adequate number of active males that are producing high quality semen should be maintained in the breeder house at all times. In conclusion, body weight positively affected semen volume and sperm motility rate but this was breed dependent. The Sperm of Potchefstroom Koekoek and Ovambo resulted in a better motility and morphology rate. The Sperm Class Analyser or CASA provided more precise, repeatable and objective information. Evaluation of the sperm motility rate of South African indigenous cockerels holds potential for future use in semen evaluation. Body weight of all three indigenous breeds was positively correlated with sperm concentration, semen pH, and total sperm motility. Shank and wattle length of all three indigenous breeds were positively correlated with semen volume, sperm concentration, and semen pH but not with total sperm motility. However, comb length was positively correlated with semen volume and pH, sperm concentration, and total motility. In conclusion, there is no correlation between live performance and testis traits. Though the study suggests that body weight and testicular length are good indicators of sperm production. Simple and indirect method of estimation is still needed to predict the fertility of the breeding cockerels. In order to achieve the highest level of fertility and hatch of fertile eggs, an adequate number of active males that are producing high quality semen should be maintained in the breeder house at all times. The Potchefstroom Koekoek, Ovambo and Naked Neck donated quality semen as well as in improving the fertility and hatchability traits of the indigenous chicken breeds. Chicken hatched from larger eggs had higher body weight, hatchability and fertility therefore breeders should select bigger egg sizes probably of 50-55g for breeding programmes. Consequently, the local cockerels have higher potential for use in natural mating and Al programmes since seminal traits could be a viable index for selection of breeding cockerels.
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Mbajiorgu, Christian A. "Effect of time of initiation of feeding after hatching and influence of dietary lysine and ascorbic acid supplementation on productivity and mortality of Ross 308 broiler chickens." Thesis, University of Limpopo (Turfloop Campus), 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/692.

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Thesis (M.Sc. (Animal Production)) --University of Limpopo, 2007
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effect of time of initiation of feeding after hatching and influence of dietary lysine and ascorbic acid supplementation on productivity, carcass characteristics and mortality of Ross 308 broiler chickens. The first experiment examined the effect of time of initiation of feeding after hatching and influence of dietary lysine supplementation during realimentation on productivity, carcass characteristics and mortality of Ross 308 broiler chickens during the winter period. Three hundred and sixty unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens with an initial weight of 30 ± 2 g per bird were assigned to twelve treatments with three replications of ten birds each in a 4 (times of initiation of feeding) x 3 (lysine supplemental levels) factorial, complete randomized design. At each time of initiation of feeding after hatching during the starter and grower stages, the diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous but with three different lysine supplementation levels. Lysine supplementation started three days after hatching. Time of initiation of feeding above 36 hours after hatching resulted in growth retardation and high mortality rate. More than 50 % of the birds died between one and three days of age when initiation of feeding after hatching was above 36 hours. However, the birds ‘caught-up’ at the latest within eight days of realimentation. This compensatory growth could be explained in terms of higher intakes. Lysine supplementation during realimentation reduced the number of days of ‘catch-up’ irrespective of time of initiation of feeding after hatching. Generally, the higher the level of lysine supplementation, the lower was the number of days of ‘catch-up’ upon realimentation. Thereafter, time of initiation of feeding after hatching and lysine supplementation had no effect (P>0.05) on live weight, feed intake, growth rate, feed conversion ratio, diet digestibility, nitrogen content of breast meat, dressing %, carcass characteristics and mortality of Ross 308 broiler chickens. The second experiment examined the effect of time of initiation of feeding after hatching and influence of dietary ascorbic acid supplementation on productivity, carcass characteristics and mortality of Ross 308 broiler chickens during the summer period. Six v hundred and seventy five unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens with an initial weight of 32 ± 2 g per bird were assigned to fifteen treatments with three replications of fifteen birds each in a 3 (times of initiation of feeding) x 5 (ascorbic acid supplemental levels) factorial, complete randomized design. Ascorbic acid supplementation started 3 days after hatching. An average of 18 % and 31 % of the birds died between one and three days of age when initiation of feeding after hatching was above 36 hours. However, the birds ‘caught-up’ within ten days of realimentation irrespective of time of initiation of feeding after hatching. This compensatory growth could be explained in terms of reduced maintenance requirement and possibly, increased efficiency of growth. Following ‘catch-up’, ascorbic acid supplementation during realimentation lowered (P<0.05) mortality rate and improved growth rates irrespective of time of initiation of feeding after hatching. Growth rate increased incrementally with increasing levels of ascorbic acid supplementation within each time of initiation of feeding after hatching. Improved growth rate in the ascorbic acid supplemented birds resulted in improved live weight in comparison with those without ascorbic acid supplementation at 21 days of age and continued until 42 days of age. Live weight increased incrementally with increasing levels of ascorbic acid supplementation within each time of initiation of feeding after hatching. Similarly, increasing ascorbic acid supplementation within each time of initiation of feeding after hatching increased dressing percentage and breast meat yield at 42 days old. However, ascorbic acid supplementation had no effect (P>0.05) on feed intake of the birds irrespective of time of initiation of feeding after hatching. In both experiments, mortality was positively and strongly correlated with time of initiation of feeding after hatching while live weight was negatively and strongly correlated with time of initiation of feeding after hatching. It is concluded that time of initiation of feeding above 36 hours after hatching is not desirable, mainly because of its effect on mortality. However, lysine supplementation in the diet of broiler chickens subjected to delayed initiation of feeding after hatching might play a key role in accelerating the rate of ‘catch-up’ growth response. vi It is also concluded that the beneficial effect of ascorbic acid supplementation could be exploited in reducing mortality rate and improving growth rates in broiler chickens subjected to delayed initiation of feeding after hatching.
the National Research Foundation
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Foster, Alison. "Identifying chicken breeds in the archaeological record : a geometric and linear morphometric approach." Thesis, University of Leicester, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/2381/42780.

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Domestic fowl remains are a small but significant element of many post-Iron Age bone assemblages, reflecting the importance of the many roles of this species, whether in augury, entertainment or different aspects of food-production. Size and shape variation in archaeological chicken bones has long been recognised as a possible indicator of different breeds or types associated with these roles, implying selection for favourable characteristics and the development of specialisation in poultry-keeping. This study investigates the potential of shape-analysis for identifying bone shape variation that may characterise particular morphotypes, helping to elucidate the processes of domestication and selection and the means and motivations behind breed development. The thesis explores the potential for geometric morphometrics to complement traditional biometrical analysis in identifying osteological differences in domestic fowl remains. By focusing on shape independent of size, GMM offers a new approach, identifying subtle variations in bone morphology which would not otherwise be detected. GMM techniques were applied to selected post-cranial bone elements from modern domestic fowl of known-breed, age and sex, revealing consistent morphological similarities and differences in some breeds. These methods were then applied to archaeological elements from Romano-British, Anglo-Saxon and Early Modern deposits, with the aim of identifying progressive breed development within this wide chronology. Analysis of linear metrical data from the same modern and archaeological material enabled comparisons to be made between the two techniques. The findings support the use of both measurement ratios and GMM methods for determining breed-related variation in selected chicken elements and suggest a strong potential for extending the research using additional bone elements and 3D imaging techniques.
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Thabo, Molekwa Julian. "Relationships between cock semen viability and the fertility of artificially inseminated South African indigenous chicken breeds." Thesis, [Bloemfontein?] : Central University of Technology, Free State, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/106.

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Thesis (M. Tech.) -- Central University of Technology, Free State, 2007
Four different South African indigenous (Naked Neck (NN), Ovambo (OVB), Venda (VD) and Potchefstroom Koekoek (PK) chicken breeds were used in this study. From each of the four breeds of chicken, 40 hens and 8 cocks were selected randomly. Two groups each of sixteen cocks were subsequently formed: high performing (HP) and low performing (LP) groups to determine the relationships between cock semen viability and the fertility of artificially inseminated South African indigenous layer breeds. Semen was collected following five minutes of sexual massage (5SM) and evaluated for semen volume (ml), sperm motility (%), live sperm (%) and total sperm (x109/ml). Semen from each cock was then used to inseminate five hens per breed, in each treatment. Each hen was inseminated twice a week throughout the duration of the trial. During the experimental period, each hen was inseminated with 0.05 ml diluted semen. The artificially inseminated hens were examined for average egg weight (g), fertility (%), hatchability of set eggs (%), live chicks (%), normal chicks (%) and chick weight (g). A total of 1600 eggs, i.e. 400 eggs from each breed were collected in three batches following artificial insemination from individually caged hens and were hatched to compare hatching parameters among breeds. The hatchability traits of hens of the four breeds (NN, OVB, PK and VD) were compared. Hatching egg weight had significant (P < 0.05) difference among the four breeds. The results of this study indicate that semen viability exemplified by ejaculate volume, sperm motility; live sperm and total sperm per ejaculate were significantly (P < 0.01) superior in the HP cocks compared to the LP cocks. Hens inseminated with semen from the HP cocks in each experimental group resulted in higher egg weight (g), fertility (%), hatchability of set eggs (%), live chicks (%), normal chicks (%) and chick weight (g). Significant positive relationships existed between semen volume and sperm motility (P < 0.05), semen volume and live sperm cells (P < 0.01), semen volume and total sperm (P < 0.01) in NN, OVB and VD, with negative correlations in PK. Some positive correlations were found between sperm motility and live spermatozoa (P < 0.01), sperm motility and total sperm (P < 0.01), live sperm and total sperm (P< 0.01) in NN, OVB, PK and VND. Fertility was the highest in the HP group. Fertility was also the highest in PK, intermediate and similar in OVB and NN and lowest in VD (P<0.05). Breed had a significant effect on hatchability of fertile eggs (P<0.05). Hatchability of total eggs set was highest in PK and NN, intermediate in OVB and lowest in VD (P<0.05). Breed had a significant effect on live, normal chicks and chick weight (P<0.05). Live chick was the highest in NN, whereas at day-old, normal chick and chick weight at hatching were the highest (23.50 ± 0.11) (P<0.05) in PK (98.14 ± 0.67 vs. 37.90 ± 0.28 g), intermediate and similar in NN (87.90 ± 0.63 vs. 23.50 ± 0.11) and OVB (87.75 ± 0.45 vs. 32.81 ± 0.49 g) and the lowest but with an acceptable value in VD (76.85 ± 0.46 vs. 26.90 ± 0.36 g). There were some correlations among different hatchability traits depending on breed. The correlations were more profound among PK. It was clear that chick weight as percent of egg weight was not just a function of egg weight, and that genotype also played an important role favouring the heavier breeds. The results obtained in this study on the relationships between cock semen viability and the fertility of artificially inseminated South African indigenous layer breeds elucidate that the use of high performing (HP) cocks following five minutes of sexual massage, prior to semen collection and artificial insemination of layers is a practical method for optimising sperm viability and subsequent fertility of hens. The results of this study suggest that the Potchefstroom Koekoek (PK) cocks and hens are superior to the Naked Necks (NN), Ovambo (OVB) and Venda (VD). The Ovambo and Naked Neck cocks ranked second in donating quality semen as well as in improving the fertility and hatchability traits of the indigenous chicken breeds. Thus selection of high performing cocks through five minutes sexual massage prior to semen collection and use is recommended for poultry AI breeding programmes.
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Cid, Joana Filipa Santos. "Características físicas e químicas de ovos produzidos por galinhas de raças portuguesas." Master's thesis, Universidade de Lisboa, Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10400.5/14030.

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Dissertação de Mestrado em Engenharia Zootécnica/Produção Animal
Este estudo teve como objetivo analisar a variabilidade das características físicas e químicas dos ovos das raças autóctones de galináceos e compará-las com os ovos de uma estirpe comercial. Foram utilizados 286 ovos das quatro raças autóctones e da estirpe Tetra, provenientes de 15 explorações diferentes, os quais foram analisados entre os 8 e os 15 dias após ovoposição. Todos os ovos analisados após os oito dias foram refrigerados. Analisaram-se diversos parâmetros físicos dos ovos e dos seus componentes, tais como pesos, pH, unidades Haugh, cor da gema e cor da casca, shape index, yolk index, altura da câmara de ar, viscosidade da clara e presença de manchas de carne, de sangue e de fendas na casca. Procedeu-se também à análise de características químicas: conteúdo proteico da clara, a composição de ácidos gordos da gema e a composição de minerais na gema e na clara. Pelos resultados obtidos, verificou-se que os ovos da raça Branca são mais pesados, com maior área superficial, casca com um tom de castanho mais claro e menor valor de unidades Haugh em relação aos ovos das restantes raças autóctones. A estirpe Tetra produz ovos com maior peso, maior área superficial e menor valor de unidades Haugh do que as raças Amarela, Pedrês Portuguesa e Preta Lusitânica. A estirpe Tetra produz ovos mais arredondados que o ideal, com casca mais castanha e gema mais alaranjada do que as quatro raças autóctones.
ABSTRACT - Physical and chemical characteristics of eggs from Portuguese indigenous chicken breeds - This study aimed to characterize the variability among Portuguese indigenous breeds of hens and to compare them with a commercial hybrid hens (Tetra), regarding their egg quality, through analysis of their physical and chemical characteristics. A total of 286 eggs from the four native breeds and from the commercial hybrid hen were obtained from 15 different farms, and analysed 8 to 15 days after oviposition. All eggs analysed 8 days after oviposition were refrigerated. Various physical parameters of the eggs were analysed, such as weight, pH, Haugh units, shell and yolk colour, shape index, yolk index, air cell height, viscosity, blood and meat spots and shell cracks. The chemical characteristics analysed were albumen protein, yolk fatty acid profile and the composition of minerals in the yolk and albumen. The results indicated that Branca’s eggs have larger weight and surface area, a lighter eggshell and a lower value of Haugh units than the eggs of the other Portuguese indigenous breeds. The commercial hybrid hen produces eggs with larger weight and surface area and lower value of Haugh units in relation to the Portuguese autochthonous chickens, such as Amarela, Pedrês Portuguesa and Preta Lusitânica. The commercial hybrid hen produces more rounded eggs than the ideal, with a brownish eggshell and a more orange yolk than the four Portuguese autochthonous breeds.
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Gholami, Mahmood Verfasser], Henner [Akademischer Betreuer] [Simianer, Steffen [Akademischer Betreuer] Weigend, and Christoph [Akademischer Betreuer] Knorr. "Selection signature detection in a diverse set of chicken breeds / Mahmood Gholami. Gutachter: Steffen Weigend ; Christoph Knorr. Betreuer: Henner Simianer." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2015. http://d-nb.info/106588253X/34.

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Malomane, Dorcus Kholofelo [Verfasser], Henner [Akademischer Betreuer] Simianer, Steffen [Gutachter] Weigend, and Armin [Gutachter] Schmitt. "Retrieving patterns of genetic diversity in a global set of chicken breeds / Dorcus Kholofelo Malomane ; Gutachter: Steffen Weigend, Armin Schmitt ; Betreuer: Henner Simianer." Göttingen : Niedersächsische Staats- und Universitätsbibliothek Göttingen, 2020. http://d-nb.info/1204255989/34.

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Hanyani, Charles Tawanda. "Effect of full and semi-scavenging rearing systems on crop contents and the quality of meat from village chickens during spring season of Eastern Cape, South Africa." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/440.

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The objective of this study was to compare the nutrient status of full scavenging and semi-scavenging village chicken production systems. The semi-scavenging chickens were given broiler finisher mash between 14-24 weeks of age, whilst the full scavenging relied on natural foraging. The study also sought to compare the quality of meat from chickens from the two systems. After slaughtering the chickens, the crop contents were physically separated and analysed for chemical composition. Meat pH and colour were measured on the breast muscle of individual carcasses and a consumer sensory evaluation was also done on the breast muscle. The mean crop content weights per day were significantly higher in full scavenging chickens (±16.7g/day biomass) than in semi-scavenging chickens (±9.14g/day). Dry matter, calcium, and phosphorus levels were higher in the crop contents of the full than in the semi-scavenging chickens but crude protein, crude fibre and metabolisable energy were higher in the latter system. Semi-scavenging (1.3 ± 0.05kg) carcasses were heavier (P<0.05) than full scavenging ones (1.0 ± 0.06kg). The ultimate pH (24h) (pHu) of meat from full scavenging chickens (6.0 ± 0.03) was higher (P<0.05) than that of meat from the semi-scavenging chickens (5.7 ± 0.04). Meat from the full scavenging chickens had higher L* values (60 ± 1.2) than meat from the semi-scavenging chickens (47 ± 0.8). The a* value of meat of full scavenging chickens was significantly (P<0.05) less (4 ± 0.4) than that of meat from semi-scavenging chickens (15 ± 1.3). There was a significant positive (0.60) correlation between pHu and L* of meat from village chickens across rearing systems. The semi-scavenging system meat had better sensory attributes than the meat from the full scavenging system. Female consumers scored the typical flavour of village chicken meat across rearing systems higher (P< 0.05) than male consumers. The Shona consumers scored the meat higher (P< 0.05) than the Xhosa, Zulu, Ndebele and other tribes for initial juiciness, first bite impression and muscle fibre and tenderness of the chicken across rearing systems. Consumers scored of the meat from the semi-scavenging system higher (P<0.05) on initial juiciness (4.3 ± 0.20), first bite impression (4.2 ± 0.197), muscle fibre tenderness (4.5 ± 0.217) than meat from the full scavenging chickens. There were positive correlations (0.46) between aroma intensity and overall flavour intensity across both rearing systems. The semi-scavenging system produced better carcass characteristics, lighter (L*) meat and more consumer acceptable meat than full scavenging chickens. Therefore the full scavenging rearing system had better nutrient composition in its scavenging feed resource base, although the semi-scavenging systems produced chickens with better carcass, meat pH, colour and sensory characteristics than the full scavenging chickens.
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Karlsson, Louise. "The Rowan Ranger Chicken Breed - a Suitable Alternative for the Organic Chicken Meat Industry." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2016. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-129085.

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The only available broiler strain to use in organic chicken meat production, until recently, has been conventional fast growing broiler hybrids. The Rowan Ranger is a broiler strain that has a naturally slower growth rate which makes this strain suitable for organic farming, meeting the demands of KRAV without being subjected to a feed restriction. One of the farms in Sweden using Rowan Ranger in their organic production is Bosarp farm in Skåne County where they produce KRAV certified chickens and where the animals used in this study were raised. This study compared differences between a naturally slow growing strain of chicken to a fast growing strain to see whether there were differences in behaviour between the two, if one of the strains was more susceptive to stress than the other and whether they differed in outdoor use and activity level. Regardless of strain, chickens used the outdoor perimeter the same, although the Rowan Rangers did not range as far from the chicken house as Ross 308. Even so, they seem to be more suitable in an organic setting than Ross 308 due to the fact that they seem less hungry and more content, this based on the fact that they perform less feeding behaviour and spend more time laying down. Also, they grow nicely to slaughter weight with a good diet quality whereas Ross 308 need to be qualitative feed restricted to do the same, giving the Rowan Rangers better welfare.
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Fontana, Eddy Alejandro. "Effects of various male feeding regimens on reproduction in broiler breeders." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/43750.

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A study was conducted using commercial broiler breeders with the males fed a diet containing, either 120/0 or 140/0 protein and body weight maintained at either 900/0 or 1000/0 of that recommended by the primary breeder (fed separately), or allowed to eat from the female feeders (controls). Female feeders in the separately fed pens were equipped with especially designed grills, which denied access to the males. The male feeder in these pens was elevated so that females were denied access.

Males fed separately (body weight 90% or 1000/0, and dietary protein 120/0 or 140/0) had a significantly higher percentage fertility (4.20/0) than males allowed to eat with the females. No differences in percentage fertility were found among the four separately fed groups. No differences were noted in percentage hatch of fertile eggs among any of the treatment groups.

Males eating from the female feeders had significantly heavier body weights and testes weights at 65 weeks of age than breeder males in the separately fed, groups. Mean body weights were 3819g and 4773g at 35 weeks of age, and 4192g and 5443g at 65 weeks of age for males eating separately and eating with the females, respectively. Furthermore, males in the control group had significantly larger breast angle measurements when compared with the separately fed males. No differences were observed in foot scores and semen concentration among males in the various treatment groups.


Master of Science
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Calais, Andreas. "Poor welfare or future investment? Different growth pattern of broiler breeders." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, Biologi, 2015. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-118552.

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The parental stock of meat type chickens (broiler breeders) are commonly feed restricted to decrease their rapid growth and the issues associated with it. Among these birds, chronic hunger and stress are the most prominent welfare concerns and mass heterogeneity within flocks a major management challenge. The present study compared small and large broiler breeders of the same age within a flock, with the hypothesis that small birds would show signs of poorer welfare indicated by higher corticosterone concentration and heterophil/lymphocyte ratio as a consequence of higher experienced feed restriction due to competition. It also aimed to characterize morphometric differences between small and large birds within flocks as well as between birds on different feeding regimens; skip-a-day vs. every-day-fed. Heterophil/lymphocyte ratio at 4 weeks was significantly higher in large birds compared to small birds, but corticosterone concentration did not differ. Relative mass of the upper gastrointestinal tract, pancreas and liver of small birds at 4 weeks of age were significantly larger, while relative muscle and gizzard fat mass were significantly lower compared to large birds. 12 weeks old skip-a-day fed birds largely followed the pattern of 4 weeks old small birds. In the present study, no clear signs of poorer welfare in small broiler breeders could be seen and the morphometric differences might suggest different ways to cope with feed competition. A larger gastrointestinal tract might indicate long-term investments and maybe that smaller broiler breeders, and skip-a-day fed birds, are better habituated to feed restriction.
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Minh, Do Viet. "Effect of supplementation, breed, season and location on feed intake and performance of scavenging chickens in Vietnam /." Uppsala : Dept. of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. http://epsilon.slu.se/2005101.pdf.

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Ferreira, Petrus Stephanus. "A management model for service excellence and organisational performance in the breeder/broiler chicken industry." Thesis, Bloemfontein : Central University of Technology, Free State, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/98.

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Thesis (D. Tech)--Central University of Technology, Free State, 2008
The global, one-world economy has arrived and South Africa is part of it. Business needs to understand the challenge of global competitiveness. This study reflected the prominence of managing diversity in establishing service excellence and performance management for professionals in the mediumsize chicken breeder/broiler industry in South Africa, following the increased importance of the breeder/broiler industry in providing an affordable nutriment/commodity to the poor and needy South African population. The ongoing variables in the political, social, cultural and technology domains in South Africa also affect the chicken breeder/broiler industry. It necessitates the scientific evaluation of the effect of the external political and socio-political environment; internal training and development, leadership styles, literacy levels, employment equity, resistance to change, reverse discrimination and cultural diversity on service excellence and performance. Country Bird (Pty) Ltd., a significant role-player in the food production industry, was thus selected as the object of this study. The role of management and the workers was examined to determine the level of impact in attaining service excellence and organisational performance. Attention was also focused on the development of a service excellence and organisational performance management model that can be used in the chicken breeder/broiler industry to improve organisational performance and sustainable profits.
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Gilbert, André. "The value of dietary fats for improving reproductive performance of broiler breeder chickens /." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59945.

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The effects of dietary fat on the reproductive performance of broiler breeder chickens have been studied. Individually caged broiler breeders were fed diets with or without added fat during 19-wk reproductive period. In Experiment 1, only the females were subjected to dietary treatments: control (no added fat), 3% animal-vegetable fat blend (A-V fat, 3% corn oil (CO)), while the males received a non-added fat diet. In Experiment 2, only the males were fed diets containing 0 or 3% of either A-V fat or CO while the females were provided a non-added-fat diet.
In Experiment 1, added dietary fat produced significantly higher fertility and early embryonic livability. In Experiment 2, inclusion of 3% CO in the males' diets significantly increased late embryo livability and total embryo survival resulting in a significantly higher hatchability. There were no differences in semen characteristics among dietary treatments. These data indicate that the contribution of the male is not restricted to the fertilization of eggs but is also related to embryonic livability. The addition of fat significantly affected the fatty acid composition of the phospholipid fraction of the spermatozoa cells.
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Hopkinson, W. I. "Studies into the causes of a sudden death syndrome (S.D.S.) of broiler breeder chickens." Thesis, Hopkinson, W.I. (1989) Studies into the causes of a sudden death syndrome (S.D.S.) of broiler breeder chickens. PhD thesis, Murdoch University, 1989. https://researchrepository.murdoch.edu.au/id/eprint/53653/.

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The sudden death syndrome (S.D.S.) emerged as a disease of broiler breeders in the late Seventies and developed into a condition of economic significance in Australia in the early Eighties. Mortalities up to 30% occurred in flocks at the commencement of lay. Visceral congestion was the only post mortem change of note in birds which died suddenly without premonitory signs, however myopathy was seen histologically in recumbent birds which were also present in affected flocks. Low plasma potassium and phosphorus levels were detected in birds in affected flocks, and a severe outbreak of the condition was terminated following potassium supplementation of the water. Blood samples were collected throughout the life of a broiler breeder flock, and it was found that plasma potassium levels were at their lowest levels at 24 to 26 weeks of age, the age of peak mortality rate due to the S.D.S. A basal ration compounded from vegetable protein sources was developed which, when fed to point of lay broiler breeders, resulted in deaths due to the S.D.S. Low plasma potassium levels were recorded in birds fed this ration. The basal S.D.S. inducing ration was supplemented with potassium and phosphorus in one trial, and protein, potassium and phosphorus in another. The higher protein levels did not reduce the incidence of the S.D.S. and may in fact have exacerbated the problem. Supplementation with both potassium and phosphorus was necessary to prevent the disease. It was concluded that a minimum of 0.63% total phosphorus (0.49% available phosphorus) and 0.49% potassium were required in the basal ration to prevent the S.D.S. A linear binomial model was developed based on the data from these two trials and this proved to be able to predict well the death rates due to the S.D.S. with respect to dietary potassium and phosphorus levels. The influence of medullary bone formation on plasma potassium levels was examined. Medullary bone is produced in sexually maturing pullets in response to increased blood levels of oestrogen and testosterone. Oestrogen and oestrogen plus testosterone, administered parenterally to point of lay pullets, led to significant depression in plasma potassium levels, but only those with the combined oestrogen/testosterone treatment produced substantial medullary bone (traces only were present in the oestrogen treated birds). Consequently, the medullary bone formation was not responsible for the drop in plasma potassium levels. The depression in plasma potassium levels was found to be in response to oestrogen administration, partly due to dilution of the plasma with fat and partly due to some other unknown effect. The feeding of purified rations deficient in potassium but complete in other respects, confirmed that adult broiler breeders established in lay have a very low (0.12%) potassium requirement to prevent deaths in short term trials. Point of lay pullets also had a similarly low requirement to prevent mortalities, however they appeared to need more dietary potassium to maintain plasma potassium levels similar to those found in birds fed the diets higher in potassium. A trial in which rations with two levels of phosphorus and four levels of potassium were fed in a factorial arrangement demonstrated that plasma potassium levels were related to dietary potassium (P < .05) and dietary phosphorus (P < .06). Mortalities due to potassium deficiency were greater in birds fed rations with lower phosphorus (P < .05). Comparison of tissue potassium levels between cases of the S.D.S. and frank potassium deficiency are drawn. In the S.D.S, birds die as a result of hypokalaemia and have post mortem signs and heart to body weight ratios indistinguishable from those dying from frank potassium deficiency. It was concluded that the S.D.S. is a disease entity in its own right and is a metabolic disorder rather than a simple potassium deficiency. The hypokalaemia is contributed to by a number of factors. These include dietary levels of potassium, dietary levels of phosphorus, physiological changes taking place in the bird at the time of sexual development and elevated ambient temperatures. The additive effect of these separate entities acting in concert depresses plasma potassium levels below a point compatible with life.
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Fisher, Tatijana. "SPECIALTY POULTRY PRODUCTION: IMPACT OF GENOTYPE, FEED STRATEGIES, ALTERNATIVE FEEDSTUFFS, AND DIETARY ENZYMES ON THE GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND CARCASS CHARACTERISTICS OF HERITAGE BREED CHICKENS." UKnowledge, 2016. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/animalsci_etds/66.

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There is a growing market for specialty poultry production using alternative genotypes and management systems. However, producers interested in specialty poultry production face several challenges. One challenge is that little published data exists regarding the growth and production parameters for alternative genotypes like slow-growing meat strains and heritage breeds. To address this challenge, research at the University of Kentucky examined the effect of feed strategies, alternative feedstuffs, and dietary enzymes on the growth and performance of heritage breeds of chicken used for either egg- or meat-production. The first trial documented the growth and nutrient intake of pullets from three heritage breeds (Rhode Island Red, Barred Plymouth Rock, and Black Australorp) and three egg-laying strains (Red Star, Black Star, and ISA Brown) on a self-selection feeding program through nineteen weeks of age. The second trial documented the growth and nutrient intake of males from those same three heritage breeds, a slow-growing meat-type strain (Red Ranger), and males and females from a fast-growing meat-type strain (Cornish Cross). Birds used a self-selection feeding program and were grown to a common weight of 2300 grams. Carcass characteristics of these birds were evaluated in the third trial. The fourth trial evaluated the partial replacement of corn and soybean meal with alternative feedstuffs (field peas, buckwheat, and flax seed) and dietary enzymes on the performance of straight-run commercial broilers and two alternative breeds of chickens: males from a Black Sex-Link cross and straight-run Rhode Island Reds. The fifth trial examined the use of sorghum and field peas to completely replace corn and soybean meal in formulated diets for two heritage breeds (Rhode Island Red and Barred Plymouth Rock). Results of these trials showed that heritage breed pullets had similar growth parameters and nutrient intake as commercial egg-laying strains. Heritage breed cockerels grew significantly slower and exhibited poorer feed efficiency than meat-type birds, but seemed to tolerate low nutrient density diets better. Overall, the findings of these studies could help producers interested in raising slow-growing meat-type chickens and heritage breeds create accurate business plans and determine if they can profitably produce meat and/or eggs for niche markets.
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Liu, Han-Ken. "Effects of feed restriction and duration of the reproduction period on reproduction hormones and follicular development in broiler breeder hens." Connect to this title online, 2004. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc%5Fnum=osu1092249440.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--Ohio State University, 2004.
Title from first page of PDF file. Document formatted into pages; contains xvii, 275 p.; also includes graphics (some col.) Includes bibliographical references (p. 239-275). Available online via OhioLINK's ETD Center
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Du, Plessis J. J. P. (Johannes Jacobus Pieter). "The effect of different dietary levels of energy and protein on the production and body composition of broiler breeders." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/51966.

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Thesis (MScAgric)--University of Stellenbosch, 2000
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A flock of 500 Hybro broiler breeders were employed to study the effect of different levels of protein and energy on production and body composition. The daily lysine intake of the birds were 900, 1050, 1200 and 1350 mg respectively, each fed in diets with a daily energy intake of 1800 and 2000 kJ ME to provide a 4 x 2 factorial design. Lysine was used as the reference amino acid in the experiment and all other amino acids were kept in a constant ratio in every experimental diet. The total production was divided into 3 periods of 13 weeks each (week 23 - 35; week 36 - 48 and week 49 - 61) to determine the effect of the treatments over time. Production was evaluated by hen day production; egg weight (g/egg); egg mass (g/day); fertility; hatchability; chicks/hen/week; feed conversion and day old chick weight. Hen day production was significantly (P < 0,05) lower at the high energy intake for period week 49 to 61. Energy and protein levels significantly increased egg weight. Effect of protein was consistent during all three periods of production. Egg mass output had a significant (P < 0,05) response to increasing levels of protein for the total period of production. The birds on the high energy diet produced a significant higher egg mass per hen during the first period of production (week 23 - 35). Hatchability was reduced (P < 0,05) by the higher energy intake for the total period of production and this effect was very significant (P < 0,01) during the final period of production. Similar to hen day production, the higher energy had a significant (P < 0,05) negative effect on the amount of chicks produced. The well-known correlation between egg weight and chick weight was confirmed with the regression equation: Chick weight = 10,5 + 1,22 x Egg weight. Both energy and protein had a significant (P < 0,01) positive effect on chick weight. The feed conversion was lower at increasing levels of amino acid intake (P < 0,01). Higher energy intake significantly (P < 0,05) increased hen weight and protein had a very significant effect during the first period of production (P < 0,01). The isotope dilution technique (tritiated water) was used to estimate the body composition of the breeders. This was done at 5 different periods (week 27, 35, 43, 52 and 61) of the production period to establish changes in requirements over time. Significant correlation were found between carcass moisture and waterspace (R2 = 0,76); fat % and carcass moisture (R2 = 0,78); protein % and waterspace (R2 = 0,35) and fat % and waterspace (R2 = 0,46). The regression equations obtained from these correlation were employed to determine excess energy and lysine consumed at different ages. Energy requirements were calculated according to the effective energy (EE) system and the conventional ME system. According to effective energy the lower energy intake was not sufficient and the maximum requirement was calculated to be 1942 kj EE/day. The metabolizable energy calculations indicated sufficient intakes at every treatment with the maximum requirement 1746 kj ME/day. The lysine requirement was found to be in excess of 1050 mg lysine per day. The recommendation for daily lysine intake is 1200 mg/day and the energy intake of breeders should be 1900 to 2000 kj ME/day from week 23 to 35 and can be reduced to 1800 kj ME/day in the final period of production.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Om die effek van verskillende vlakke energie en proteïen op produksie en liggaamsamestelling te ondersoek is 'n trop van 500 Hybro braaikuiken teelouers gebruik. Die daaglikse lisien inname van die henne was onderskeidelik 900, 1050, 1200 en 1350 mg, wat elk by 'n daaglikse energie inname van 1800 en 2000 kJ ME verskaf is, in 'n 4 x 2 faktoriale ontwerp. Alle aminosure is in 'n konstante verhouding met die verwysings aminosuur lisien in die rantsoen ingesluit. Om te evalueer of daar veranderinge oor 'n tydperk plaasvind weens die verskillende behandelings is die produksie periode in drie periodes van 13 weke elk verdeel (week 23 - 35; week 36 - 48 en week 49 - 61). Die produksie standaarde wat gemeet is, is hen dag produksie, eiergewig (g/eier), eiermassa (g/dag), vrugbaarheid, uitbroeibaarheid, kuikens/hen/week, voeromset en dagoud kuikenmassa. Hen dag produksie was betekenisvol (P < 0,05) laer by die hoër energie innames in die laaste periode van 49 tot 61 weke. Energie en proteïen het eiergewig betekenisvol (P < 0,01) verhoog. Die effek van hoër vlakke proteïen was konstant in alle produksie periodes. Die daaglikse eiermassa (g/dag) het ook saam met stygende vlakke proteïen verhoog en hierdie effek was vir die totale periode van produksie. Energie het die eiermassa in die eerste periode van produksie (week 23 - 35) verhoog. Uitbroeibaarheid is verlaag (P < 0,05) vir die totale periode van produksie deur die hoër energie inname en die effek was selfs groter (P < 0,01) in die finale periode van produksie. In ooreenstemming met die hen dag produksie is die aantal kuikens geproduseer negatief beïnvloed deur die hoër energie inname (P < 0,05). Die korrelasie wat bestaan tussen eiermassa en kuikenmassa is bevestig deur die regressie: Kuikenmassa = 10,5 + 1,22 x Eiermassa. Energie en proteïen het kuikenmassa betekenisvol (P < 0,01) verhoog. Voeromset was laer by stygende vlakke van proteïen inname (P < 0,01). Die hoër energie inname het henmassa ook betekenisvol (P < 0,05) verhoog en proteïen het dieselfde effek slegs in die eerste periode van produksie gehad (P < 0,01). Die liggaamsamestelling van teelhenne is bepaal met behulp van die isotoop verdunnings tegniek (tritium water). Dit is bepaal op 5 verskillende stadiums in die produksie periode (week 27, 35, 43, 52 en 61) om die moontlike verandering in behoeftes oor tyd vas te stel. Betekenisvolle korrelasies is gevind tussen karkasvog en die waterspasie (RZ= 0,76); vet % en karkasvog (R2 = 0,78); proteïen % en waterspasie (R2 = 0,35) en vet % en waterspasie (R2 = 0,46). Die regressie vergelykings van hierdie korrelasies is gebruik om die hoevelheid surplus energie en lisien ingeneem te bepaal. Die" effective energy" sisteem en die konvensionele ME sisteem is gebruik in die bepaling van energie behoeftes. Volgens die " effective energy" was die energie inname nie voldoende by die laer energie innames nie en die maksimum behoefte is bereken as 1942 kJ EE/dag. Die maksimum energie behoefte volgens metaboliseerbare energie is bereken as 1746 kj ME/dag. Die lisien behoefte moet hoër as 1050 mg/dag wees. Die aanbeveling van die daaglikse lisien inname is 1200 mg/dag en die energie inname moet 1900 tot 2000 kj/dag wees tot 35 weke produksie en kan daarna verlaag word na 1800 kJ ME/dag.
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Pappas, Athanasios C. "Supplementation of broiler breeder diets with selenium and polyunsaturated fatty acids affects the egg, the embryo and the growing chick." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.425263.

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Traldi, Ana Beatriz. "Influência da idade da matriz e do peso do ovo incubado nas respostas de pintos de corte alimentados com rações pré-iniciais farelada, triturada ou micro-peletizada." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-19042010-103903/.

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Quatro experimentos foram conduzidos com o objetivo de avaliar o efeito da forma física da ração pré-inicial no desempenho e na alometria de órgãos do sistema digestório de frangos de corte, provenientes de ovos de pesos semelhantes ou distintos, produzidos por matrizes Ross de idades diferentes. Foram utilizados 2.340 ovos para os experimentos 1 e 2 e 2.160 ovos para os experimentos 3 e 4. A composição percentual dos ovos foi avaliada. Os experimentos 1 e 2, assim como os experimentos 3 e 4, ocorreram simultaneamente. O experimento 1 contou com 1.380 pintos de um dia, machos e fêmeas sexados, provenientes de ovos com peso médio de 57,8 g ou 68,8 g, de matrizes com, respectivamente, 29 e 55 semanas. O experimento 3 contou com 1.380 aves provenientes de matrizes com 29 e 55 semanas de idade, sendo o peso médio dos ovos padronizado em aproximadamente 62 g. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com seis tratamentos e cinco repetições, em esquema fatorial 2x3 (idade da matriz x forma física da ração pré-inicial). Na fase pré-inicial, a forma física da ração foi diferenciada em farelada, triturada e micro-peletizada, com fornecimento fixado em 200 g/ave. Do término da fase pré-inicial até os 42 dias de idade, foi fornecida uma ração comum farelada, para todos os tratamentos. Os parâmetros de desempenho avaliados nos experimentos 1 e 3 foram: ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar e viabilidade criatória. O tempo utilizado para o consumo total da ração pré-inicial foi monitorado. Para a avaliação da alometria de órgãos (intestinos delgado e grosso, fígado, pâncreas, proventrículo, moela e saco vitelino), foram utilizados em cada experimento (2 e 4), 240 pintos de um dia, machos e fêmeas sexados, nos mesmos tratamentos adotados nos experimentos 1 (pesos distintos) e 3 (pesos semelhantes). Foram sacrificadas seis aves provenientes de cada idade de matriz ao alojamento e quatro aves por tratamento nos dias três, cinco, sete, 14 e 21, sendo cada ave considerada uma unidade experimental. A gema de ovos provenientes de matrizes adultas foi maior mesmo quando estes apresentavam pesos semelhantes aos de matrizes jovens. Em ambos os experimentos de desempenho, melhores resultados foram obtidos pelos frangos provenientes de matrizes de 55 semanas de idade, bem como, por aqueles que consumiram rações pré-iniciais processadas. As aves levaram menos tempo para consumir 200 g de rações processadas do que farelada. Ao alojamento, moela, proventrículo, fígado e intestino delgado foram mais pesados para as aves oriundas de matrizes adultas, quando estas apresentavam pesos iniciais superiores aos das aves de matrizes jovens. O desenvolvimento do pâncreas, intestino delgado, fígado e proventrículo na primeira semana de vida foi superior ao crescimento corpóreo das aves, independente da idade da matriz. Conclui-se que o peso do ovo influencia o peso do pinto à eclosão, porém, é a idade da matriz que atua sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte. Além disso, o consumo de dietas processadas na fase pré-inicial favorece o desempenho dos frangos até os 42 dias de idade.
Four trials were conducted to evaluate the physical form of pre-starter diets on performance and allometric growth of gastrointestinal organs of chickens from eggs having the same or different weights, hatched from Ross breeders of different ages. In trails1 and 2, 2,340 eggs were incubated and in trails 3 and 4, 2,160. The eggs percentage composition was evaluated. Trials 1 and 2, as well as trials 3 and 4, were carried out simultaneously. After hatching, 1,380 day-old chicks, males and females, from young breeders (29 weeks) or adult breeders (55 weeks) were used in performance experiments: in experiment 1 the eggs weighted 57,8 g or 68,8 g, respectively, and in experiment 3, egg weight was standardized at 62 g. The performance trials were conducted in a completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 5 replicates, and the treatments consisted of a 2 3 factorial arrangement of breeder age (young and adult) and physical form of the pre-starter feed (mash, crumbled or micro-pellets). This feed was provided at a fixed amount of 200 g per chick and, after that, the birds in all treatments were fed a common starter, grower and finisher diet in mash form, to 42 days of age. Live weight, weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion and viability were evaluated on a pen basis. The time required for total consumption of the pre-starter feeds was monitored. To evaluate the allometric growth of gastrointestinal organs (small and large intestines, liver, pancreas, proventriculus, gizzard and yolk sac), in experiments 2 and 4, 240 one-day-chicks, males and females, were distributed to six pens with the same treatments as experiments 1 and 3, respectively. Six chicks from each breeder age on the first day and four chicks at ages three, five, seven, 14 and 21 days were sacrificed. The experimental unit was each chick. The yolk from adult breeder eggs was heavier, even when the eggs had similar weight of those from young breeders. In both performance trials, better results were obtained for chickens from adult breeders, as well as, for chickens fed processed pre-starter diets. The chickens consumed 200 g of processed diets faster than the mash diet. On the first day, gizzard, proventriculus, liver and small intestine were heavier in chicks from adult breeders than in chicks from young breeders, when the former presented heavier initial weight. Pancreas, small intestine, liver and proventriculus development was superior to body growth, independent of breeder age. It is concluded that egg weight influences the chick weight at hatching, however, breeder age affects the overall performance of the chickens. Furthermore, processed feeds benefit the chicks in the pre-starter phase and this benefit is maintained in the broilers to market weight.
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23

Ramos, Soliene Partata. "Influência da linhagem e da idade de matrizes leves e semi pesadas na qualidade do ovo e do pinto de um dia." Universidade Federal de Uberlândia, 2008. https://repositorio.ufu.br/handle/123456789/12937.

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This study aimed to evaluate the effect of age and lineage of layers breeders light and semi heavy on the quality of the egg, the pinto newly eclodido and performance of incubation. 3,456 eggs were used for breeding light (Dekalb White) and semi heavy (Bovans Goldline) in three different ages (young, old and middle age). The experiment was divided into two stages, at first we evaluate the characteristics of the eggs of a sample of 360 eggs (60 per treatment). In the second stage evaluated the performance of chicks hatching and quality of a sample of 3,096 eggs (516 per treatment). It was observed that the quality of the shell fell and the weight of the egg increased with the increase of age of the birds. The layers breeders Dekalb White eggs produced heavier in the middle ages and with better quality of bark at all ages. With the increasing age of the bird has increased the percentage of yolk and albumen decreases. This decrease was more pronounced in a manner eggs line Dekalb White. Eggs of the same lineage, layers breeders young and old had a higher percentage of egg yolk. The pH of the yolk and albumen increased with the ageing of layers breeding, which in old age, the egg line Dekalb White shows higher values for these variables that line Bovans Goldline. As for the assessment of incubation found that birds' eggs old line Bovans Goldline had greater percentage of weight loss during the incubation than those from Dekalb White layers breeders of the same age. The weight of pinto increased with increasing age of the leyer breeding and Dekalb White chicks born heavier that the Bovans Goldline. However, the relationship of chicks weight / weight of the egg was higher for chicks Bovans Goldline poultry young and middle age. The progeny Dekalb White was not influenced by the age of reproductive on this parameter. The percentage of females born in respect of fertile eggs was greater in the lineage Dekalb White. Since young matrices obtained lower values for this variable, regardless of their lineage. The female chicks Dekalb White, and had weights more uniform, had a higher percentage of bag viteline than the Bovans Goldline. The age of the matrix no effect on these variables. The percentage of the heart and lungs in the weight of the female chicks were not influenced by age or the lineage of breeding.
O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito da idade e da linhagem de galinhas matrizes leves e semi pesadas sobre a qualidade do ovo, do pinto recém-eclodido e do rendimento da incubação. Foram utilizados 3.456 ovos de reprodutoras leves (Dekalb White) e semi pesadas (Bovans Goldline) em três diferentes idades (jovens, velhas e de média idade). O experimento foi dividido em duas etapas; na primeira se avaliou as características dos ovos de uma amostra de 360 ovos (60 por tratamento). Na segunda etapa avaliou-se o desempenho da incubação e a qualidade dos pintinhos numa amostra de 3.096 ovos (516 por tratamento). Observou-se que a qualidade da casca diminuiu e o peso do ovo aumentou com a elevação da idade das aves. As matrizes Dekalb White produziram ovos mais pesados na idade média e com melhor qualidade de casca em todas as idades. Com o aumento da idade da ave o percentual da gema aumentou e do albúmen diminui. Essa diminuição ocorreu de maneira mais acentuada em ovos da linhagem Dekalb White. Ovos dessa mesma linhagem, de matrizes jovens e velhas apresentaram maior percentual de gema. O ph da gema e do albúmen aumentou com o envelhecimento das matrizes, sendo que na idade ve lha, o ovo da linhagem Dekalb White apresenta valores maiores para essas variáveis que os da linhagem Bovans Goldline. Quanto à avaliação da incubação verificou-se que ovos de aves velhas da linhagem Bovans Goldline apresentaram maior percentual de perda de peso durante a incubação do que aqueles provenientes de matrizes Dekalb White de mesma idade. O peso do pinto aumentou com o aumento da idade da matriz e pintinhos Dekalb White nasceram mais pesados que os Bovans Goldline. Porém, a relação peso do pinto / peso do ovo foi maior para pintos Bovans Goldline de aves jovens e de média idade. A progênie Dekalb White não foi influenciada pela idade da reprodutora quanto a esse parâmetro. O percentual de fêmeas nascidas em relação aos ovos férteis foi maior na linhagem Dekalb White. Sendo que matrizes jovens obtiveram valores menores para essa variável, independente de sua linhagem. As pintinhas Dekalb White, além de apresentaram pesos mais uniformes, obtiveram maior percentual de saco vitelino do que as Bovans Goldline. A idade da matriz não exerceu influência sobre essas variáveis. O percentual do coração e dos pulmões em relação ao peso da pintinha não foi influenciado pela idade nem pela linhagem das reprodutoras.
Mestre em Ciências Veterinárias
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24

Gholami, Mahmood. "Selection signature detection in a diverse set of chicken breeds." Doctoral thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0022-5D9A-0.

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25

Chang, Yea-Shin, and 張逸昕. "Preliminary Molecular and Cytogenetic Analysis on Chicken Breeds in Taiwan." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/32543363474345229349.

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碩士
中國文化大學
生物科技研究所
86
Breeding local poultry strains with molecular and cytogenetic monitoringtechniques is an urgent task to Taiwan poultry industry since manystrains are possibly hybrids of one strain and another. Based onphenotypic characteristics, Chung-Hsing University and Taiwan LivestockResearch Institute have collaboratively bred local Taiwan poultrystrains including Taiwan Wugoo, China Wugoo, Shin-I, Ju-Chi, Hwa-Liang,King-Man, HongKong's Sirchi, Peiking's Oil Chicken, and Mingguwoo. This thesis work is to preliminarily study the genetic differences atboth choromosomal and molecular levels of poultry strains mentionedabove along with commercial poultry strains including Avian, Peterson,and Leghorn strains. Respectively, karyotyping chromosomes of Wugoo,Hwa-Liang, Avian, Perterson, and Leghorn strains and as well applyingamplification primers of simple sequence repeat (SSR) are the analysismethods been adopted. For chromosomal karyotyping, chicken chromosomes are readily propagatedfrom chicken embryo rather than from blood lymphocytes. Optimal timefor harvesting embryo chromosomes is at 72 to 75 hatching hours offertilized chicken eggs. However, resulted chromosome banding patternsby Giemsa staining are very much alike among analysed chicken strains. This may indicate that karyotyping by dye staining alone may beinsufficient to demonstrate genetic differences among poultry strains. We are currently collaborating with software company in producingreference karyotypes of the above poultry strains. Further, techniquesof chromosome preparation and karyotyping will subsequently be exercisedwhile stained by nucleic acid hybridization. To differentiate poultry strains at molecular genetics level, syntheticSSR oligonucleotides are used as PCR primers to reveal high polymorphismof amplified DNA products. High polymorphism is well demonstrated bySSR primers as of MS 102, MS 158, MS 171, MS 176, MS 181, MS 210, and MS267. The absence or presence of allelic SSR bands are set as 0/1 binaryformat for calculating genetic distance between one to another strain offour chicken subdivisions. Cloning and characterization of thepolymorphic DNA fragments may subsequently be developed as DNA markersfor hybridization analysis on chicken chromosomes.
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26

Su, Chun-Hung, and 蘇俊泓. "Phylogenetic variations of microsatellite polymorphism on country chicken breeds in Taiwan." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/09049279192788663572.

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碩士
中國文化大學
生物科技研究所
89
Taiwan has gained great progression on preserving country chicken breeds at three different levels of activities including in itu and ex situ live animals, cryogenic storage of reproductive tissue, and molecular conservation. Commercial country chicken breeds of GP, PS, and B were established by Government Research Institute. More than ten breeds of country chicken have been preserved with a total population size of 103 male and 252 female birds at Chung-Hsin University. Breeding local chicken strains with molecular and cytogenetic monitoring techniques is an urgent task to respective industry simply due to that many of the strains are possibly hybrids of one strain with another. Simple sequence repeats (SSR) as PCR amplification primers reveal microsatellite polymorphism among closely- and distantly- related species. This project studies the genetic variance among local poultry strains by SSR PCR primers. Materials including out-group Turkey, Taiwan Wugoo, China Wugoo, Shin-I, Ju-Chi, Hwa-Liang, King-Man, HongKong's Sirchi, and Mingguwoo Chicken are collaboratively bred at Chung-Hsing University and Taiwan Livestock Research Institute on the basis of phenotypic characteristics. To differentiate poultry strains at molecular genetics level, the polymorphism of PCR-amplified DNA fragments are revealed by SSR primers as of synthetic oligonucleotides MS102, MS158, MS171, MS176, MS181, MS210, and MS267. The absence or presence of allelic SSR bands are respectively recorded in 0/1 binary format for calculating genetic distance between each another.
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27

Chou, I.-Ching, and 周宜靜. "Choice of nesting and laying location in different breeds of local chicken." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/69101723671064215741.

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碩士
國立中興大學
動物科學系所
100
National Chung-Hsing University have preserved local chicken breeds for a long time. The hens are kept in battery cages and could not display the natural nesting behavior. It is suspected that reproduction in such environment, these local chickens might lose their nesting behavior gradually and no longer going to find a secluded place to lay eggs. Therefore, this study aims to investigate whether there is any difference among these six long-term preserved breeds of local chicken (Quemoy, Hsin-Yi, Hua-Tun, Ju-Chi, Shek-Ki and Nagoya) in egg production, nest using and egg laying location. Results revealed that for the onset of egg production, Quemoy was the first to lay at 19 weeks of age, while Hsin-Yi, Hua-Tun, Ju-Chi and Shek-Ki started to at 20 weeks of age, and Nagoya was the last to lay at 22 weeks of age. For hen-day egg production, Ju-Chi had the highest, while Shek-Ki had the lowest performance. The nest box using frequency index peaked at 45% during 25-28 wk of age in Ju-chi which preferred nest box at the corner of the upper tier, while Hsin-Yi peaked at 28% during 21-24 wk of age and preferred nests at the corner of the lower tier, and the index of Nagoya was less than 3% and no evidence to show any preference of nest location. Most hens of Quemoy, Shek-Ki and Nagoya laid eggs on the floor rather than in the nest box, and the ratio of floor eggs over total eggs were 72%, 69%, and 100% respectively. Furthermore, Quemoy preferred to lay in the darker corner near the central aisle, and Shek-Ki and Nagoya preferred to lay under the nest box. Most hens of Ju-Chi and Hsin-Yi laid in the nest box, and the ratio of nest-box eggs over total eggs were 98% and 99% , and this result consistent with the nesting activity. As for Hua-Tun, results of two replicates (pens) were quite different, and the ratios of nest eggs over total eggs were 65% and 22%; however, hens in both replicates preferred to lay near the darker corner near the central aisle for floor eggs and the corner nest in the lower tier for nest eggs. In conclusion, there are great difference in nesting behavior among different breeds; in these local chicken, Ju-Chi and Hsin-Yi preferred to use nest box than other breeds, and Nagoya can use it scarcely.
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28

Lin, Yi-Chen, and 林乙晨. "Evaluation of processing conditions on the characteristics and storage qualities of dripping chicken essences extracted from different chicken breeds." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/92764689425430503018.

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碩士
國立中興大學
動物科學系所
104
The objective of this study was to compare the difference of processing conditions on the characteristics of dripping chicken essences extracted from different chicken breeds. At the first stage, the commercial red-feather native chickens were used to extract dripping chicken essence. The different processing treatment conditions including high temperature for long time (115˚C, 6h, HL), high temperature for short time (115˚C, 4h, HS), low temperature for long time ( 105˚C, 6h, LL) and low temperature for short time ( 105˚C, 4h, LL). At the second stage, the best condition observed in the first stage was applied to compare the nutrients and sensory characteristics of the dripping chicken essence made with five chicken breeds, including native red-feather chicken (NR), native black-feather chicken (NB), broiler (BR), native red-feather hen (RH) and three-way hybrids (TW). In the first stage, the HL treatment had higher yield, crude protein and ash contents; however, HL treatment had the lowest aroma, flavor and overall acceptability for the descriptive sensory and consumer hedonic sensory evaluation. The HS treatment had higher descriptive sensory and consumer hedonic sensory results than the other treatments. Therefore, the HS treatment was selected for preparing the dripping chicken essence at the stage 2. In the second stage, the TW sample had the lowest yield, whereas the NR and NB samples had the highest crude protein and ash contents, as well as the lower water contents. RH and TW had the lowest crude protein and ash contents and the highest water content. This results might be because of most of the fat were removed after extraction, leading to the crude fat content in the chicken extract was less than 1% in all samples. The BR and NR samples had the highest lightness, while the NR sample had the highest redness and yellowness values. The BR sample had the highest pH value, while the NR and RH samples had the lowest pH values. The native samples had higher total collagen content than broilers and hens, which the NB sample had the highest content. In this study, it was observed that the NR sample had the highest salt content, and the lowest salt content was observed in the RH sample. For the hydrolyzed amino acid content of dripping chicken essence, the native chickens had higher total amino acid and essential amino acid contents than broilers and hens, whereas the NB sample had the highest content and the RH sample had the lowest content of the hydrolyzed amino acid. For the free amino acid content, the BR sample had the highest total free amino acid, whereas the NR sample had the highest contents of taurine, carnosine and anserine. For the descriptive sensory evaluation, the NR and NB samples had darker color, stronger meat flavor and umami flavor than others; however the NB had stronger off-odor than the NR sample. There were no significant difference in rancid flavor, saltiness and bitterness between treatments. Finally, no significant difference was observed on the hedonic sensory results between the treatments. At the third stage, the dripping chicken essence made from NR and BR had significantly lower L* value and significantly higher b* value during the storage at -20˚C for 12 weeks. The pH values of NR and BR dripping chicken essences slightly decreased during storage. The TBARS value in both NR and BR dripping chicken essences showed no significant difference until week 3 of storage and gradually increased after week 4 of storage and noticeable increased at week 12 of storage. NR dripping chicken essence showed higher TBARS value than BR one. No significant difference in the sensory evaluation in both of samples during storage; however, consumers preferred NR sample than BR one. In conclusion, although the dripping chicken essence produced with high temperature and short time (115 ˚C / 4 H, HS) had the secondary of physicochemical performance such as yield, crude protein and ash contents; however, the HS treatment had the highest sensory acceptability results. The physicochemical and characteristics of the dripping chicken essence might be affected by the chickens that applied in the process. Such differences might be due to the influences of breed, age, feed and others. No significant difference was observed on the sensory characteristic between the dripping dripping chicken essence made with different chickens. The dripping chicken essence could be stored at -20˚C at least for 12 weeks with acceptable qualities.
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29

陳宛瑩. "Comparison of carcasses characters and meat quality of different breeds of local chicken." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/11653615714056501950.

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30

Lee, Yueh-Ning, and 李悅寧. "The comparison of aggressiveness and dominance ability between different breeds of local chicken." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/69920796830269529202.

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碩士
國立中興大學
動物科學系所
101
Chicken is a social animal. They live in flocks and have clear social hierarchy, or the so-called peck order. Formation of a social hierarchy depends on the development of agonistic behavior. Chickens fight with each other to form the social status. National Chung-Hsing University started to collect local chicken from all over Taiwan and launched a breed conservation program since 1982. Six different breeds of local chicken (Hua-Tung, Hsin-Yi, Ju-Chi, Quemoy, Shek-Ki, and Nagoya) were used in this survey. These breeds differ from one another in appearance, character, body shape, and behavior. In order to know the difference between breeds in aggressiveness, fighting ability, dominant ability, and social status in a flock, two experiments were carried out. Each experiment tested two batches of chicken. In Experiment 1, the social hierarchy between different breeds were determined based on the observation during feed competition. At 19 weeks of age, five chickens of the same gender per breed were selected randomly from the same pen and intermingled with chickens from the other five breeds in a new pen. Observation of agonistic behavior proceeded consecutively for 7 days from the next day after intermingling. For the different types of agonistic interactions on every stage of feed competition, on earlier stages, chickens had to defeat the opponents through severe type of attack, but mild type would be sufficient for later stages. Quemoy and Hsin-Yi were the most eager to approach the feed trough and Nagoya was the most uninterested. Based on the frequency of aggressive behavior, for both genders of Quemoy breed exhibited more attacks and received less aggressions than other breeds. Hsin-Yi and Ju-Chi were the next. Then the less aggressive Hua-Tung and Shek-Ki. Nagoya exhibited the least aggressive behaviors and received the most aggressions. Furthermore, Nagoya mainly attacked its own breed. For dominance ability, Quemoy also ranked on the top, followed by Hsin-Yi and Ju-Chi, then Hua-Tung and Shek-Ki with weak performance, and Nagoya was the weakest and had the lowest social rank. Results of two batches were not very consistent which might be caused by different sensitivity to environmental stimuli among different breeds. In Experiment 2, initial pair contest was carried out. At 20 weeks of age, 10 healthy cockerels per breed were selected randomly for initial pair contest to compare the difference of aggressiveness and fighting ability between different breeds. The results found that Quemoy and Hsin-Yi had the highest aggressiveness, Ju-Chi had the second high score, followed by Hua-Tung and Shek-Ki, and Nagoya had the lowest one. For the dominance ability, Quemoy still was the highest and the last was Nagoya. The ranking order of dominance ability was similar to that of aggressiveness. The aggressiveness and dominance ability at this age seems not to correlate with the body weight in the cockerels. But cockerels with comparatively smaller comb tend to lose easier in the initial pair contest. In summary, Quemoy was most aggressive and had the most powerful dominance ability. Hsin-Yi was also aggressive and possessed strong dominance ability. The aggressiveness and dominance ability of Ju-Chi and Shek-Ki were not consistent in different tests. Hua-Tung was originally a game fowl breed, but showed less aggressiveness and weaker dominance ability in the tests. Nagoya was the most gentle breed and had weakest dominance ability.
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31

Pinent, Tamina. "Concept for planing conservation schemes for farm animal genetic diversity focussed on German chicken breeds." Doctoral thesis, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11858/00-1735-0000-0006-AD61-0.

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32

陳筱琦. "Measure hard-bioled egg physical characters:compare egg quality of different chicken breeds by universal texture machine." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/83662600474580703000.

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33

張啟聖. "A study of physical characteristics of chicken eggshell of local breeds by a quasi-static compression method." Thesis, 2002. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/86150096121108128069.

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34

Tong, Iat-Cheong, and 董日鏘. "Daytime behaviors and night-time resting locations of six local chicken breeds in the sex-intermingled floor pens." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/41636115957195962265.

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碩士
國立中興大學
動物科學系所
102
Hua-Tung, Hsin-Yi, Ju-Chi, Quemoy, Shek-Ki and Nagoya are six breeds of local chicken that preserved by National Chung-Hsing University. In order to understand ethograms of local chickens, daytime behaviors and night-time resting locations of six local chicken breeds were observed from 5 to 16 weeks of age. There were one hundred twenty birds for each breed that were raised in floor pens. We compared daytime behaviors, active locations and night-time resting locations of different breeds, age-stages, daytime periods and sexes. The results showed that Shek-Ki performed the least ingestive behavior, but it had the heaviest body weight, while show more crouch than other breeds, which is similar to commercial meat-type chicken. Quemoy had the lightest body weight, but spent more time at feeder than other breeds. Nagoya show less stand/walk than other breeds. Hua-Tung and Nagoya displayed more comfort behavior than other breeds. Sex significantly affected daytime behaviors. Males displayed significantly less foraging behavior than females, but displayed more feeder feeding and drinking behavior. Females had significantly more comfort and stand/walk behaviors, while males had a significantly more resting behavior. Birds displayed more ingestive, stand/walk behaviors in the morning and evening, and more drink, comfort and rest behaviors at noon and in the afternoon. During the day, Hsin-Yi and Ju-Chi stayed on the perch more often than other breeds, but at night, Hua-Tung rested on the perch at most (66.03%), while Quemoy almost used no perches (1.64%). In conclusion, the birds behaviors were affected by age-stage, daytime period and sex, and also were significantly different among the six breeds. Especially their location at night were pronounced different among different breeds.
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35

Motiang, Ikgadimeng Betty. "Evaluation of different chicken layer breeds for use in integrated aquaculture-poultry production systems in Gauteng, South Africa." Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/25266.

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Hunger and malnutrition remain amongst the most devastating problems facing the world's poor and needy. About 80-90 million people have to be fed yearly and most of them are in developing countries in Africa. The majority of South African families live in poverty with a limited variety of foods available in their homes. Integrated aquaculture-poultry production systems can accommodate the demand for food. Integrated fish farming systems has been shown to can provide the vital animal protein necessary to relieve much of the prevailing problems of malnutrition in rural areas. Commercially orientated integrated aquaculture has been investigated in South Africa over the last two decades and intensive studies were done, yet little is known about the concept of aquaculture-agriculture systems in South African rural populations. Integrated fish-chicken farming has the potential to impact positively on the livelihood of rural populations because it can provide food, employment opportunities and recirculation of waste products for maximum utilization. The production from two farming enterprises integrated together, will therefore contribute much to poverty alleviation and provision of employment or income. The South African rural communities are more commonly involved in layer production with indigenous breeds which produce few eggs compared to commercial breeds. There is however a need to identify a suitable layer breed that can best perform when used in an integrated fish farming system. Since the purpose of promoting this system is to provide food security and regular sources of income to the poor, the best performing layer breed will be able to produce enough eggs for consumption and selling while the fish will be sold to increase profit. The spent hens will also provide meat and an income to the farmer at the end of the production cycle. Three hundred and twenty layer chickens of eight breeds were randomly assigned to either a conventional (control) layer house or a treatment house that was an open-sided layer house constructed over a dam (160 chickens/treatment). The eight layer breeds used were two lines of indigenous breeds (i.e. Potchefstroom Koekoek and Ovambo), dual purpose breeds (i.e. New Hampshire and Black Australorp) and commercial breeds (i.e. Hyline-Silver and Hyline-Brown; Lohmann-Silver and Lohmann-Brown). The design used for the study was a randomized block design. The houses were blocked in five blocks with one replicate per treatment (breed) in each of the blocks. Each replicate comprised of four hens, individually caged in adjacent cages. Parameters measured over the five month trial period were egg production, egg weight, feed intake, feed conversion ratio and hen day production %. Egg quality parameters were also measured i.e. egg shell strength, specific gravity, albumen height, Haugh unit and meat and blood spots. The mortality and economic efficiency of all the layer breeds was calculated over the five months trial period. The commercial breeds produced significantly more eggs, heavier eggs, had better FCR and higher hen day production % than the dual purpose and indigenous breeds in both the house that was constructed over a dam and a conventional house system. However, the feed intake of laying hens did not differ significantly in both the housing systems. The housing systems did not significantly affect egg quality parameters of laying hens. Mortality per breed was higher in the conventional house than the dam house. The commercial breeds showed to be economically viable in an integrated chicken-fish farming system with a high profitability than the dual purpose and indigenous breeds.
Dissertation (MSc(Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2013.
Animal and Wildlife Sciences
unrestricted
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36

Shen, Chih-Long, and 沈志隆. "Association of Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms in Myostatin 5′-Regulatory Region with Egg Production in Various Breeds of Chicken." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/90901847848668746705.

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碩士
東海大學
畜產與生物科技學系
99
Taiwan country chicken is one of the favorite poultry in Taiwan. However, the reproductive ability of Taiwan country chicken is low and the related genes associated with reproduction is not known. The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in myostatin 5′-regulatory region and the egg production in various chicken breeds. The genomic DNAs were extracted from White Leghorn chicken, and Red Feather, L2 and B lines of Taiwan country chicken. The PCR method was used to amplify the 1.2-kb fragment of chicken myostatin 5′-regulatory region. Sequence alignment revealed 9 SNPs (C-181A, C-290T, A-295G, A-410C, T-425A, A-426T, C-458T, C-693T, and C-730A) in this region. Among these 9 SNPs, C-181A polymorphism exists in all chicken breeds, 7 SNPs exist in L2 and B lines of Taiwan country chicken, and C-693T polymorphism exists only in White Leghorn chicken. Genotyping results for polymorphisms at A-295G and T-425A positions showed that chickens with AA/TT homozygote, AG/TA heterozygote and GG/AA homozygote had average production of 82, 66 and 50 eggs over 24 weeks, respectively; and the AA/TT homozygote average egg production were significantly the highest. The promoter regions from three genotypes were constructed based on these 9 SNPs and designated as HE (C C A A T A C C C), LE (C T G C A T T C A) and M (A C A A T A C T C), respectively. The results indicate that LE genotype had the lowest average egg production among the breeds. Promoters with different SNPs from three genotypes were constructed into pGL3-basic plasmids. The constructs and pGL3-basic plasmid alone were transfected separately into L8 and C6 cells. The results showed that there was no significant difference among all transfectants in L8 cells, but all transfectants were significantly different in C6 cells. The pGL3 myo-LE construct express the lowest reporter gene and the chickens with LE genotype had the lowest average egg production among the breeds. In conclusion, SNP in myostatin promoter region appears to be related to the egg production, and the results from this study suggest that the polymorphisms in myostatin 5′-regulatory region is a potential selection marker for high egg production in chickens.
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37

Hsiao, Huei, and 蕭薈. "Daytime behaviors and night-time resting locations in different breeds of local chicken during growing and laying stages." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/30583311103301467804.

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碩士
國立中興大學
動物科學系所
100
In order to understand ethograms of local chickens, daytime behaviors and night-time resting locations of different breeds of local chicken were observed from growing (13-20 weeks of age) to laying stage (21-32 weeks of age). Twenty pullets for each breed were housed in two floor pens which each had a set of nest with two tiers of nest boxes and perches, and effects of breed, age stage (13-20 weeks growing stage vs. 21-32 weeks laying stage) and daytime hour on their daytime behaviors, present locations and night-time resting locations were tested. The results showed that Shek-Ki had the heaviest body weight, but displayed the least ingestive behavior, and the most comfort and rest behaviors, which is similar to commercial meat-type chicken. Quemoy had the lightest body weight, but spent more time at feeder and stand/walk, and was found on ground more often than other breeds. All these suggest that they are the most active breed. Ju-Chi displayed more ingestive behavior and visited the nest box more often. Hsin-Yi stayed on the perches more often than other breeds. During growing stage, pullets had more ingestive behavior in the morning, more comfort and crouch at noon and in the afternoon, and due to searching for appropriate egg laying locations before laying, they displayed more stand/walk and staying on perches. During laying stage, pullets not only used nest more often in the morning for laying, but also increased their ingestive behavior in the afternoon. After the onset of egg laying, although pullets would jump on the perch and nest to rest at night, but more pullets, especially Quemoy, would still stay on the ground. In conclusion, both age-stage and daytime hour had important effects on pullet’s daytime activity, and large difference was also found between different breeds of local chicken.
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38

Munyadziwa, Vele Welhemina. "Contribution of indigenous chicken to improvement of livelihoods of the farmers in Vhembe District." Diss., 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/92.

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39

Pinent, Tamina [Verfasser]. "Concept for planing conservation schemes for farm animal genetic diversity focussed on German chicken breeds / presented by Tamina Pinent." 2009. http://d-nb.info/997543310/34.

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40

Ligaraba, Tshililo Joyce. "Effects of strain, stocking density and limited-time feeding on growth performance and carcass characteristics of broiler chickens." Diss., 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/11602/389.

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41

Maboneng, Kgaditsi. "Comparison of productivity and economic benefit of commercial Lohmann Brown Lite layer’s on free-range and conventional cage systems." Diss., 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/26031.

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Text in English
The study was conducted in two different types of natural ventilated housing systems; one featured with conventional laying cages while other had free-range system features. The aim was to analyse productivity and economic benefit or loss of the Lohmann Brown Lite on different housing (Free-range system and Conventional cage system) with an evaluation of production cost. The total of 49 700 point of lay Lohmann Brown Lite layers pullets were placed in four natural ventilation free-range houses each consist of three rows of two tier conventional laying cages. The other 40 000 point of lay Lohmann Brown Lite layers pullets were place in four free-range houses each with placement of 10 000 chickens. The Cobb Douglas production model was used to determine the productivity of two different housing system by factoring the fixed cost and variable cost of the entire production process. The breakeven point tool was used to analyse the point where the total revenue equals the total variable and fixed expenses and the cost volume profit by measuring the profitability of each housing system (Nabil et al. 2014). The results of the study revealed different productivity between conventional cage system (82.94%) and the free-range system (77.46%). These results led to the acceptance of hypothesis 1 that “the production of Lohmann Brown Lite is the same when they are kept on the free-range system or conventional cage system. The capital investment and operation on conventional cage system showed breakeven at 43 months while free-range system showed breakeven at 60 months. The economic benefit analysis shows that the free-range system has cost benefit of R0.29 and conventional cage system has a cost benefit of R0.26. It means for every rand spent, farmer may get R0.29 Rand as profit for free-range system and every rand spent for conventional cage system can get R0.26 Rand. The economic benefit to farmer is greater on free-range system that lead to acceptance of hypothesis 2 that the economic benefit of egg production is greater on the free-range system compared to conventional cage system. Free-range housing system remain the best alternative to replace the conventional cage housing system.
Agriculture and  Animal Health
M.Sc. (Agriculture)
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42

Mulaudzi, Rudzani Grace. "Socio-economic analysis and profitability of small-scale broiler production enterprises in Vhembe District, Limpopo Province." Thesis, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1668.

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Thesis (M.A. (Agricultural Extension)) -- University of Limpopo, 2015
The aim of the study was to analyse the socio-economic factors affecting the gross margin of small-scale broiler producers in the Vhembe district and thereby determine their profitability and contribution towards the local economic development. The population comprised of small-scale broiler producers who reared between100 and 3200 birds in the Vhembe district. A total of 94 out of 311small-scale broiler producers were selected using a simple random- sampling procedure. Data on different socio-economic parameters was collected through personal interviews using a semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics was computed using FREQ COUNTS procedures to describe the characteristics of small-scale broiler producers. Gross margin analysis was used to calculate the profitability for small-scale broiler producers. The Multiple Linear Regression was used to estimate the influence of socio-economic factors influence on the gross margin of the small-scale broiler producers. Multiple Regression analysis indicated that small-scale broiler producers in the Vhembe district were making profit. Socio-economic variables such as age of the farmer, farming experience, flock size, training received by the farmer, market access and record keeping, educational level, household income and extension services were found to have positive correlation with the small-scale broiler producers‟ gross margin. To effectively address production constraints affecting gross margin of small-scale broiler producers, it is, therefore, fundamental to consider their socio-economic profiles.
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43

Lin, Chih-Kang, and 林志綱. "Selection for Blue Eggshell in Chicken Breed." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/de44f7.

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碩士
國立中興大學
動物科學系所
106
The eggshell colors of chicken egg include white, brown and blue. Different eggshell color depending on gene, and makes different pigments deposit on eggshell. Brown eggshell is caused by protoporphyrin deposited on the surface of eggshell, while the blue eggshell is caused by biliverdin deposited in the middle layer and on the surface of eggshell. However, the white eggshell basically has no pigment deposited on it. In genetics, blue eggshell color in chicken eggs is related to the expression of oocyan gene, and the symbols of this gene are O and o which represent dominant and recessive. The dominant expression of oocyan will cause blue eggshell, however, the recessive is white eggshell. The purpose of this study is to establish a blue eggshell chicken breed with better egg production ability. In experiment 1, the Ori blue eggshell chicken were crossbreed with white Leghorn achieved the heterozygous(O/o) F1 offspring. Then ,the F1 were inbreeded and the F2 offspring with O/O, O/o and o/o therefore came out. The F2 were fixed to O/O by marker assistant selection, and a blue eggshell strain with 50% white Leghorn blood were established, which called “New” as a new strain for crossbreeding. In experiment 2, 4 strains of blue eggshell chicken were compared by their growth performance, egg production, and eggshell color condition, include 2 oocyan dominant homozygous(O/O) blue eggshell strains(Ori & New) and their offspring with white Leghorn(Ori×WL & New×WL). The total eggs laid to 40 weeks old among Ori, Ori×WL, New and New×WL are 88, 114, 105 and 126 eggs, and the egg weight at 40 weeks old are 50.03g, 53.62g, 53.45g and 55.27g, the more blood from white Leghorn, the more and larger eggs were laid. Egg color of the four strains all lay blue eggs, shows the oocyan genotype were fixed successfully. The whiteness of eggshell color in New×WL is significantly higher than Ori, shows the eggshell color is more close to white. The chroma of eggshell color is lower in New×WL, shows the more blood from WL will decrease the saturation of eggshell color. This study successfully established a new blue eggshell strain with oocyan dominant homozygous (O/O) and better egg production ability. Their offspring with white Leghorn all perform blue eggshell color, and the total egg number laid to 40 weeks old enhanced about 38 and 12 eggs compare to Ori and Ori×WL.
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44

Lin, Jou-Ching, and 林柔靜. "The establishment of social hierarchy in different breeds of local chickens." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/aew6w7.

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碩士
國立中興大學
動物科學系所
101
A group of animals may recognized their positions in the society after living together for a while, these “position” is so called the social status. Chickens use their beak to fight for their rank, which is how the term “peck order” comes from. The reason for the existing of hierarchy is to maintain the stability in the group, and the stability is believed to reduce the incidence of intense conflicts that incur a greater expenditure of energy. On the other hand, high frequency of aggression appeared in unstable social status group. In this circumstances, chickens live in a stressful life may reduce their food intake and therefore influence not only animals’ growing traits but welfare issues. The aim of the research is to discuss the age when hierarchy established, the fighting times required in group size of 30 before social hierarchy formed and its stability by using the proportion of peck-order violation and the frequency of aggression in six different breeds of local chickens, i.e. Hua-Tung, Hsin-Yi, Ju-Chi, Quemoy, Nagoya and Shek-Ki. The results showed that among all breeds, Shek-Ki was the first to establish their hierarchy, at seven weeks of age; followed by Hua-Tung and Quemoy at 9 weeks of age; then Hsin-Yi and Ju-Chi at 10 weeks; and Nagoya was the last one, at 14 weeks of age. As for the fighting times required for establishment, Ju-Chi and Hsin-Yi are significantly higher than any other breeds of local chickens, while Nagoya is the lowest. Shek-Ki was the least stable of all breeds also showed the highest frequency of aggression. Furthermore, the lowest frequency of aggression appeared in Nagoya. As stated above, local chickens formed their social hierarchy at 9 to 10 weeks of age. In addition, lower frequency of aggression showed in more stable hierarchy group. However, high frequency of aggression appeared in Shek-Ki which means the hierarchy is unsteady. For this breed, chickens live under a greater pressure would harm them physically and psychologically. To improving welfare, this kind of breed should be raised with an effective management to reduce the probability of physical conflict.
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45

Bílková, Barbora. "Variabilita plemen kura domácího ve vybraných imunologických znacích slepice a vejce." Doctoral thesis, 2018. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-387297.

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The avian immune system is a complex system of defence mechanisms that protect bird hosts against threats from ubiquitous pathogens. According to the co-evolutionary models, variability in immune traits of hosts is the key component providing ability to adapt and enhance their defence mechanisms in presence of constant selective pathogen pressure. Domestic chicken (Gallus gallus f. domestica) is used as a model organism in avian biology and also is one of the most important food-producing animals, not only for their meat but also for the egg production. Unfortunately, in research usually only inbred chicken lines are used and modern poultry husbandry is tight with unilateral breeding towards highly productive breeds. Those approaches decrease intra-population polymorphism in chickens. However, especially in case of farm animals, searching and extending the pool of immune variability and enhancing pathogen resistance is crucial for sustaining healthy and biologically secure populations and their products. Morphologically highly distinct traditional chicken breeds, which have evolved for hundreds years under different selective pressures, may represent this desirable immunological variability. In my thesis I described variability in chosen immunological traits, haematological parameters and proteomic...
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46

Khetani, Thamsanqa Lucky. "The effects of maternal dietary lysine intake on broiler breeder offspring performance." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/8304.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of broiler maternal dietary lysine intake on progeny performance. Three experiments were conducted with chicks hatched from Cobb 500 breeders at 38, 48, and 60 weeks of age. Breeder hens received six dietary treatments (T1-T6) from 26 to 60 weeks of age, which allowed an intake of 800, 930, 1070, and 1200 mg lysine/bird/d (T1-T4) respectively. An intake of 800 mg/bird/d at 26 weeks was increased by 25 mg every two weeks to provide 1225 mg lysine/bird/d at 60 weeks (T5). An intake of 1200 mg/bird/d at 26 weeks was reduced by 25 mg every two weeks to supply 775 mg lysine/bird/d at 60 weeks (T6). A total of 320, 401, and 390 chicks were hatched from breeder hens at 38, 48, and 60 weeks of age respectively. Immediately after hatching, 270, 384, and 384 unsexed chicks from breeder hens at 38, 48 and 60 weeks of age respectively, were placed in an environmentally controlled room and randomly allocated (within a treatment) to single-tier cages (80 × 50 cm). Nine chicks from breeders at 38 weeks of age and 8 chicks from breeders at 48 and 60 weeks of age were placed in each pen, keeping chicks from the same treatment group together for 21 d. Chicks were fed ad libitum with a commercial broiler starter crumble for 21 d and water was provided ad libitum throughout the duration of each trial. Feed intakes (FI), body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured weekly. Data were subjected to analysis of variance using a generalized linear model of GenStat 12th edition. Simple linear regression model of GenStat 12th edition was used where appropriate. Significant improvements in offspring feed intake and body weight gain from 7-21 d were observed in chicks hatched from young breeder flocks (38 weeks) with low dietary lysine intakes (800, 930 and 950 mg/bird/d). The effect of maternal dietary lysine intake on offspring performance disappeared with the aging of the breeder flock (60 weeks). It was concluded that lower maternal dietary lysine intakes (800, 930 and 950 mg/bird/d) may improve feed intake and body weight gain from 7-21 d of broiler chicks hatched from younger breeder flocks (38 weeks).
Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2011.
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47

Chou, Shu-Min, and 周淑敏. "The Effect of Breeds and Types of Housing on the Growth andDevelopment of Chickens." Thesis, 2006. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/01244358028761381853.

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碩士
國立屏東科技大學
畜產系
94
The purpose of this research were to study the effects of breeds and types of housing on the growth and development of chickens, to understand chickens growth and development during the growing period. Experiment one was to study the effect of different houses and ages on growth and development of broilers and native chickens. There were 3000 Arbor Acre’s broilers, and 6000 native chickens, half male and half female, rearing sexes separately, distributed to three treatment houses (broiler house with wet pad cooling system, native chicken house with wet pad cooling system, native chicken with open designed house). Feed and water were provided ad libitum during the experiment. After hatched, 180 chicks were randomly choose to weigh and record in each house and sex treatment. The chicks were weighed once per week until 16 weeks old. There were 3 chicks slaughtered from 4th week to 16 weeks in each house and sex treatment, and recorded weight data of carcass. Experiment two was to study the effect of different houses and ages on growth and development of commercial silkie bantams. The experiment had 6000 commercial silkie bantams, half male and half female, rearing sexes separately, distributed to two treatment houses (wet pad cooling system house and open designed house). The feed management was the same as experiment one. Experiment three included two parts, the first part was to study the effect of rearing sexes separated and mixed on growth performance of broilers. The experiment used 384 Avain’s broilers, half male and half female, distributed to three treatment areas (male, female, mixed-sex). There were 16 replicates per treatment and 8 chicks per replicate. Feed and water were provided ad libitum during this period. The residue of feed was collected per week, and calculated daily feed intake. After hatched, chicks were weighed, and chick were weighed once per week to 35 days of age. The second part was to study the effect of rearing sexes separated and mixed on growth and development of broilers. The experiment used 3000 Avain’s broilers, half male and half female, and distributed to two treatment houses (wet pad cooling system house and open designed house), and three treatment areas (male, female, mixed-sex). Every treatment had 500 chicks. There were 4 chicks slaughtered and recorded weight of carcass from 8 to 29 days of age in each treatment. The feed management was the same as the first part. The results of experiments one showed that broilers had significantly better weekly weight gain than native chickens. Native chickens raised at wet pad cooling system house were significantly better weight gain than open designed house (P < 0.001). Males had significantly better weight gain than females (P < 0.05). For growth and development, broiler had high percentage of breast meat, abdominal fat, and liver than native chicken. Native chicken had high percentage of wing, leg, heart, gizzard, gizzard without skin, head, comb, wattle and feet (P < 0.001). Females had high percentage of breast meat, abdominal fat, and liver than male (P < 0.001). Males had high percentage of other spots than females. Broilers and native chickens visceral organ (heart, liver and gizzard) grew most early, next grew the muscle (breast meat and thigh meat), finally was storing up of the abdomen fat. The muscle shear value had no difference on the same week of age of broilers and native chickens (P > 0.05). The native chickens had high shear value on breast meat of open designed house than wet pad cooling system house (P < 0.05). The broilers, thigh meat had high water holding capacity than native chickens’ (P < 0.05). The water holding capacity of muscle of native chickens had no difference on wet pad cooling system house and open designed house (P > 0.05). The analysis of blood biochemistry, the broilers had significantly higher magnesium and creatine kinase concentration than native chickens (P < 0.001). But calcium, iron, and triglyceride concentration of native chickens were more than broilers’ (P < 0.05). The native chickens raised at wet pad cooling system house had significantly more potassium, phosphorus, cholesterol and triglyceride concentration than open designed house (P < 0.05), but open designed house had significantly more creatine kinase concentration than wet pad cooling system house (P < 0.001). The results of experiment two showed that the weekly weight gain of commercial skilkie bantams raised at wet pad cooling system house was significantly better than open designed house (P < 0.05). Males had significantly better weight gain than females (P < 0.05). The growth and development at wet pad cooling system house had high percentage of abdominal fat than open designed house (P < 0.01). Females had high percentage of breast meat, abdominal fat and liver than those of males (P < 0.001). The other spots of male had high percentage than female. As week old aspect, The weekly growth and development of other spots was the same to experiment one. The results of muscle shear value and water holding capacity were the same to experiment one. There was no difference of blood biochemistry analysis on wet pad cooling system house and open designed house of commercial skilkie bantams (P > 0.05). The results of experiment three, the first part showed that growth performance of male and mixed-sex were better than female (P < 0.01). The second part showed that at the week’s weight gain aspect, separated male better than mixed-sex male and mixed-sex female better than separated female (P < 0.001). The growth and development of male in mixed-sex had higher comb and testis weights than separated male (P < 0.05), but other spots had no difference (P > 0.05). The results of muscle shear value and water holding capacity were no difference of rearing sexes separated and mixed-sex (P > 0.05). From all experiments it were concluded that from the point of view of muscle yields, testis and ovary maturation and muscle shear, broilers were suggested sold at 7-8 weeks old. Native chickens raised at open designed house male and female sold at 13 weeks old and 13-14 weeks old, respectively. Native chickens raised at wet pad cooling system house male and female sold at 12-14 weeks old and 12-15 weeks old, respectively. Commercial silkie bantams raised at wet pad cooling system house male and female sold together at 12-13 weeks old. Commercial silkie bantams raised at open designed house male and female sold at 13-14 weeks old and 13-15 weeks old, respectively. Broilers raised sexes separated and mixed, weight gain of males was more than females, therefore suggested to separate raising the male and female until to reach the market weight.
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48

Ha, Do Ngoc, and 杜玉河. "A Study of Egg Quality and Incubation Parameters in Six Breeds of Local Chickens." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/63012558461291218515.

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碩士
國立中興大學
動物科學系所
101
Incubation and egg quality are traits of major economic importance in the chicken industry because they have a strong effect on chick output. In this study, we investigated the differences of egg quality and incubation parameters traits in six breeds of local chickens: Hua-Tung (HT), Hsin-Yi (HY), Ju-Chi (JC) and Quemoy (KM) breeds from Taiwan, Shek–Ki (SK) breed from China, and Nagoya (NG) breed from Japan. The study eggs were collected when hens were 61-63 weeks of age in Generation 1 and 31-33 weeks of age in Generation 2. Two eggs per hen were collected to study egg quality traits. The results showed that egg qualities of Nagoya were better than other breeds with higher eggshell breaking strength and Haugh unit. Eggshell breaking strength of Quemoy and Shek-Ki was lower than other breeds. The incubation traits, including loss of egg weight during storage (storeloss), 18 days in the setter (inculoss), 21 days of incubation (hatchloss), time to hatch, and hatchability were tested for the effect of breed, egg weight and storage period. Eggs weight, chick weight, and storeloss (%) in Generation 1 were higher than Generation 2, whereas, inculoss (%), hatchloss (%), and hatchability in Generation 2 were higher than Generation 1. The highest inculoss (%) and hatchloss (%) were found in Quemoy, while the lowest was Shek-Ki. The longest hatchtime was found in Quemoy and the shortest was Ju-Chi. The highest hatchability was found in Hua-Tung breed, while the lowest was Shek-Ki breed. Heritabilities estimated from regression of Generation 2 to Generation 1 were very high for egg weight and hatchtime while storeloss was nil. Furthermore, long egg storage time increases egg weight loss and incubation duration (hatch time), but decreased hatchability. When eggs stored for one more day, egg weight loss increased 0.03 % during storage period, 0.03% during 18 days in the setter, and 0.07% for entire incubation period, increased the hatch time by 0.73 hr, but decreased hatchability about 0.03%.
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49

Wang, Mei-Ling, and 王美玲. "Molecular Breeding Technology of Taiwan Native Chicken Industry: Breed Genotyping and Quantitative Trait Loci." Thesis, 2004. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/61281939418496222777.

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碩士
中國文化大學
生物科技研究所
92
The genetic stability of breeds and economic traits of market demand is likely to be the task goal of the Taiwan native chicken (TNC) industry. Strategic solutions towards the task goal may include both genotyping analysis and quantitative trait loci (QTL) analysis. The genotyping analysis exploits microsatellite markers to reveal the genetic polymorphism among individuals and breeds for subsequent genetic relationship deduction. The QTL analysis with the marker assisted selection is the efficient molecular breeding technique for improving the reproductive performance of TNC breeds. The QTL markers are effective selection markers in molecular breeding system after the linkage disequilibrium analysis based on the genetic linkage mapof microsatellite markers. The DNA marker MarkQoff (Marker Quarter-off) in absolute size is developed and applied in order to enhance the data accuracy and data integration of microsatellite experiment results, which may subsequently incorporated into automatic image data analysis (Aida) software for reducing the analysis time and labor. In genotyping aspect, the preserved TNC breeds in National Chung Hsing University, including Hwa-Liang, King-Man, Ju-Chi, Shin-I and Erh-Mei breeds, are analyzed with seven microsatellite markers of ADL0102, ADL0158, ADL017, ADL0176, ADL0181, ADL0210, and ADL0267. The high resolution polymorphism data of microsatellite is collected with DNA sequencing gel and MarkQoff absolute size marker. The clustering analysis with NTSYS software reveals that the TNC breeds are within genetically related clusters, except that turkey breed is within independent cluster at 0.11 similarity. Likewise, the results AMOVA analysis demonstrates that the intra-breed variance of 3.175 is greater than the inter-breed variance of 2.641. The analysis data of variance component significance with Hwa-Liang, Ju-Chi, and Erh-Mei breeds respectively compared with entire TNC breeds has shown the significance (P < 0.0010), whereas opposite results found in King-Man (0.1199) and Shin-I (0.0410) breeds may reflect the status of mixing. Moreover, the various breeds combination analysis has also revealed the variance component significance (P<0.001), especially with the Leghorn breed. In QTL aspect, the TNC families generated in National Chung Hsing University following the designed 3 generation mating plan are performed with selected dam and sire chickens from the L2 breed of high egg production rate and the B breed of high meat production rate. The G0 and G1 families of 83 and 115 chickens are analyzed with microsatellite markers into 1-D dendrogram, 2-D and 3-D PCA plots, with which the parental dam and sire are selected with subsequent combination of egg production record.
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50

Chen, Min-Siu, and 陳明修. "Studies on the Hematological and Blood Chemistry Parameters of Fourteen-Breed Chickens." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/40762598764236703661.

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碩士
國立中興大學
獸醫學系
86
Studies on the Clinical Pathological Values offourteen-breed ChickensMin-Siu ChenAbstractThe purposes of this study was to establish the normal haematolgical and blood chemistry values of fourteen-breed chickens and to compare the differences between breeds and sexes. Twenty-six blood chemistry values, thirteen haematological values were estimated for fourteen-breed chickens. A total of 597 chickens were sampled from 14 flocks. Haematological values varied with sexes and breeds of chicken. The highest average number of erythrocytes (M/uL) for male chicken was found in TW breeds (4.26±0.28) and the lowest number was in AC breeds (3.18±0.37). In the female, the highest average number of erythrocytes (M/uL) was in B breeds (4.15±1.11) and the lowest number was in F breeds (2.69±0.37). The highest average concentration of hemoglobin (g/dL) for male chicken was found in CW breeds (17.65±2.38) and the lowest concentration was in AC breeds (12.05±1.38). In the female, the highest average concentration of hemoglobin (g/dL)was in B breeds (15.09±3.99) and the lowest was in F breeds (10.64±1.34). The highest average value of hematocrit (%) for male chicken was found in TW breeds (47.93±3.34) and the lowest value was in AC breeds (35.86±4.89). In the female, the highest average value of hematocrit (%) was in B breeds (41.37±12.29) and the lowest value was in KT breeds (29.53±4.28). A higher concentration of hemoglobin, red blood cell and hematocrit (packed cell volume) were found in the male chicken. The results of male and female chicken blood chemistry values ware as following: The highest average concentration of total protein (g/dL) for male chicken was found in NG breeds (5.10±1.06) and the lowest concentration was in J breeds (3.74±0.36). In the female, the highest average concentration of total protein (g/ dL) was in S breeds (6.24±1.16) and the lowest concentration was in AC breeds (4.39±0.56). The highest average concentration of albumin (g/dL) for male chicken was found in F breeds (1.96±0.77) and the lowest concentration was in T breeds (1.41±0.22). In the female, the highest average concentration of albumin (g/dL) was in S breeds (2.33±0.51) and the lowest concentration was in AC breeds (1.57±0.19). The highest average concentration of calcium (mg/dL) for male chicken was found in NG breeds (14.25±1.33) and the lowest concentration was in CW breeds (10.06±2.37). In the female, the highest average concentration of calcium (g/dL) was in F breeds (16.00±2.48) and the lowest concentration was in CN breeds (11.61±1.50). The highest average concentration of phosphorus (mg/dL) for male chicken was found in AC breeds( 10.37±1.02) and the lowest was in NG breeds (5.66±1.56). In the female, the highest average concentration of phosphorus (mg/dL) was in AC breeds (10.58±0.98) and the lowest concentration was in L2 breeds (7.02±1.25). The highest average concentration of cholesterol (mg/dL) for male chicken was found in AC breeds (173.73±44.34) and the lowest concentration was in TW breeds (103.21±10.12). In the female, the highest average concentration of cholesterol (g/dL) was in T breeds (219.50±52.20) and the lowest concentration was in CN breeds (144.75±31.04). The highest average concentration of triglyceride (mg/dL) for male chicken was found in F breeds (228.55±379.01). and the lowest concentration was in D breeds (62.57±25.76). In the female, the highest average concentration of triglyceride (g/dL) was in KT breeds (1359.56±519.26) and the lowest concentration was in AC breeds (73.14±17.88). The highest average concentration of iron (μg/dL) for male chicken was found in F breeds (222.71±289.14) and the lowest concentration was in B breeds (96.29±32.86). In the female, the highest average concentration of iron (μg/dL) was in T breeds (641.52±24961) and the lowest concentration was in AC breeds (125.82±23.26). Differences were observed between chicken sexes in total protein, albumin, calcium, phosphorus, cholesterol, triglyceride, iron. The highest average concentration of sodium (mmol/L) for male chicken was found in AC breeds (178.50±3.71) and the lowest concentration was in J breeds(156.50±2.44) In the female, the highest average concentration of sodium (mmol/L) was in AC breeds (176.86±3.96) and the lowest concentration was in LM breeds (153.76±4.97). The highest average concentration of potassium (mmol/L) for male chicken was found in AC breeds (5.96±0.93) and the lowest concentration was in CW breeds (3.24±0.68). In the female, the highest average concentration of potassium (mmol/L) was in AC breeds (6.23±0.68) and the lowest concentration was in LM breeds (3.66±0.56). The highest average concentration of choloride (mmol/L) for male chicken was found in AC breeds (134.55±4.76) and the lowest concentration was in CW breeds (114.05±1.70). In the female, the highest average concentration of choloride (mmol/L) was in AC breeds (133.05±2.79) and the lowest concentration was in LM breeds (107.24±6.91). The rsults were showed that the concentrations of serum sodium, potassium and choloride of broilers increased significantly.
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