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Journal articles on the topic 'Chicken cholera'
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Harper, Marina, John D. Boyce, Ian W. Wilkie, and Ben Adler. "Signature-Tagged Mutagenesis of Pasteurella multocida Identifies Mutants Displaying Differential Virulence Characteristics in Mice and Chickens." Infection and Immunity 71, no. 9 (September 2003): 5440–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.71.9.5440-5446.2003.
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ABSTRACT Pasteurella multocida is the causative agent of fowl cholera in birds. Signature-tagged mutagenesis (STM) was used to identify potential virulence factors in a mouse septicemia disease model and a chicken fowl cholera model. A library of P. multocida mutants was constructed with a modified Tn916 and screened for attenuation in both animal models. Mutants identified by the STM screening were confirmed as attenuated by competitive growth assays in both chickens and mice. Of the 15 mutants identified in the chicken model, only 5 were also attenuated in mice, showing for the first time the presence of host-specific virulence factors and indicating the importance of screening for attenuation in the natural host.
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Sabrin, M. S., S. Saha, and M. M. Amin. "IMMUNE RESPONSE CAPABILITY OF `SHUVRA CHICKEN." Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine 10, no. 1-2 (July 9, 2013): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v10i1-2.15639.
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The study was carried out to determine the humoral immune response to Newcastle Disease Virus (NDV) and Bangladesh Agricultural University Fowl cholera (BAUFC) vaccines in Shuvra chicken, a newly develop chicken strain by BLRI (Bangladesh Livestock Research Institute). Ten Shuvra chickens were vaccinated with Baby Chick Ranikhet Disease Vaccine (BCRDV) at day 7 through intra ocular route (i/o) and with Ranikhet Disease Vaccine (RDV) at day 35 through intramuscular (i/m) route. Vaccine induced serum Haemagglunination Inhibition (HI) antibodies were measured by HI test. Two weeks after final immunization all vaccinated and control Shuvra chickens were challenged with virulent field isolates of NDV where all the vaccinated birds survived without showing any typical signs of NDV during the period of ten days observation period and all the control chickens died. Another 10 Shuvra were vaccinated twice with BAUFC vaccine through intramuscular route at day 42 and 70, and 10 Shuvra chickens were kept as unvaccinated control. This vaccine also induced significantly higher level of antibody titre as determined by Passive Haemagglutination (PHA) test. Vaccinated chickens showed significantly higher survival (80%) following challenge with virulent fowl cholera isolate and all the control birds died within 10 days of observation period. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v10i1-2.15639Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2012). 10 (1&2): 1-7
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Shampa, Chamak Nahar, Suma Akter, Sukumar Saha, Md Hadiuzzaman, Azhar Ul Alam, and Muhammad Tofazzal Hossain. "Comparative efficacy of BAU-fowl cholera and DLS-fowl cholera vaccines in indigenous chicken." Research in Agriculture Livestock and Fisheries 5, no. 2 (September 9, 2018): 193–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ralf.v5i2.38108.
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The present study was conducted to determine the immune response induced in indigenous chicken produced against BAU-FC and DLS-FC vaccines with their efficacy study against Pasteurella multocida. A total of forty (40) chickens were selected and divided into Group A (15), Group B (15) and Group C (10). Group A and B were vaccinated with BAU-FCV and DLS-FCV, respectively at the dose rate of 0.5 ml through SC at six weeks of age followed by boostering at 10 weeks of age while Group C was kept as unvaccinated control. Sera samples were collected after primary and booster vaccination and antibody titre was determined by Passive hemagglutination (PHA) test. The mean PHA titres recorded at 4 weeks after primary vaccination was 51.20 ± 7.84 in birds of group A and 38.40 ± 6.40 in birds of Group B. After booster vaccination, mean PHA titer was found 140.80 ± 31.35 at 16 weeks of age in case of BAU-FC vaccinated group and 115.20 ± 12.80 in case of DLS-FC vaccinated group. The mean PHA titer was 204.80 ± 31.35 and 179.20 ± 31.35 at 19 weeks of age in birds of BAU-FC and DLS-FC vaccinated group, respectively. Birds of all groups were challenged with virulent P. multocida at 17 weeks of age. It was observed that vaccinated chickens showed maximal resistance (100%) following challenge with virulent whereas unvaccinated control birds failed to resist the challenge infection. It can be assumed from the findings of present research work that both BAU-FCV and DLS-FCV are able to protect indigenous chicken from the outbreak of avian pasteurellosis and BAU-FV vaccine showed relatively higher immuno-protective titre than that of DLS-FC vaccine.Res. Agric., Livest. Fish.5(2): 193-199, August 2018
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Rozhdestvenskaya, T. N., L. Karimova, S. V. Pankratov, A. V. Ruzina, and E. V. Tomina. "Modern approaches to the production of inactivated vaccines against chicken cholera." Agrarian science 1, no. 7-8 (October 7, 2022): 68–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.32634/0869-8155-2022-361-7-8-68-73.
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Introduction. Chicken cholera is one of the most dangerous avian infectious diseases, causing significant economic damage to the industrial poultry production. Chicken cholera usually occurs in septic form, and causes high morbidity and mortality (60–80%), but recently it has become chronic, subclinical and associated. Inactivated emulsion vaccines are used worldwide to prevent chicken cholera and provide high and long-term immunity. However, there is a problem with residual reactogenicity of inactivated vaccines, particularly of the bacterial variants. This problem can be solved by using safer, next-generation adjuvants. The aim of the article is to study the physical and biological properties and determine the optimal inoculation volume and method of administration of inactivated vaccines against chicken cholera , based on different adjuvants.Materials and methods. Formaldehyde inactivated culture of P. multocida st. 115and a number of adjuvants (“Montanide GEL-02” and oil adjuvants “Montanide ISA 70 VG” and “Montanide ISA 78 VG”) were used for vaccine production. The vaccine samples were tested for sterility, stability and viscosity by conventional methods. Determination of reactogenicity and antigenic activity of the vaccines was carried out on young 30-days old chickensof egg-laying type.Results. The vaccine sample based on the adjuvant “Montanide ISA 70 VG” containing 1.5 billion P. Multocida microbial cells in a single immunizing dose of 0.3 cm3 was found to be the best among the tested preparations. When assessing the reactogenicity, it was obvious that all samples, regardless of the type of adjuvant, showed more pronounced residual reactogenic properties when injected intramuscularly into the chest muscle than when injected subcutaneously into the middle third of the neck.
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Chung, Jing Yeng, Ian Wilkie, John D. Boyce, Kirsty M. Townsend, Alan J. Frost, Majid Ghoddusi, and Ben Adler. "Role of Capsule in the Pathogenesis of Fowl Cholera Caused by Pasteurella multocida Serogroup A." Infection and Immunity 69, no. 4 (April 1, 2001): 2487–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.69.4.2487-2492.2001.
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ABSTRACT We have constructed a defined acapsular mutant inPasteurella multocida X-73 (serogroup A:1) by disrupting the hexA gene through the insertion of a tetracycline resistance cassette. The genotype of thehexA::tet(M) strain was confirmed by PCR and Southern hybridization, and the acapsular phenotype of this strain was confirmed by electron microscopy. ThehexA::tet(M) strain was attenuated in both mice and chickens. Complementation of the mutant with an intact hexAB fragment restored lethality in mice but not in chickens. In contrast to the results described previously for P. multocida serogroup B (J. D. Boyce and B. Adler, Infect. Immun. 68:3463–3468, 2000), thehexA::tet(M) strain was sensitive to the bactericidal action of chicken serum, whereas the wild-type and complemented strains were both resistant. Following inoculation into chicken muscle, the bacterial count of thehexA::tet(M) strain decreased significantly, while the wild-type and complemented strains both grew rapidly over 4 h. The capsule is thus an essential virulence determinant in the pathogenesis of fowl cholera.
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Ismail, Eman M., Mona Kadry, Esraa A. Elshafiee, Eman Ragab, Eman A. Morsy, Omar Rizk, and Manal M. Zaki. "Ecoepidemiology and Potential Transmission of Vibrio cholerae among Different Environmental Niches: An Upcoming Threat in Egypt." Pathogens 10, no. 2 (February 10, 2021): 190. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pathogens10020190.
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Cholera is a negative public health event caused by Vibrio cholerae. Although V. cholerae is abundant in natural environments, its pattern and transmission between different niches remain puzzling and interrelated. Our study aimed to investigate the occurrence of nonpathogenic V. cholerae in the natural environment during endemicity periods. It also aimed to highlight the role of molecular ecoepidemiology in mapping the routes of spread, transmission, and prevention of possible future cholera outbreaks. V. cholerae was detected in different aquatic environments, waterfowl, and poultry farms located along the length of the Nile River in Giza, Cairo, and Delta provinces, Egypt. After polymerase chain reaction amplification of the specific target outer membrane gene (Omp W) of suspected isolates, we performed sequence analysis, eventually using phylogenetic tree analysis to illustrate the possible epidemiological relationships between different sequences. Data revealed a significant variation in the physicochemical conditions of the examined Nile districts related to temporal, spatial, and anthropogenic activities. Moreover, data showed an evident association between V. cholerae and the clinically diseased Synodontis schall fish. We found that the environmental distress triggered by the salinity shift and elevated temperature in the Middle Delta of the Nile River affects the pathogenesis of V. cholerae, in addition to the characteristics of fish host inhabiting the Rosetta Branch at Kafr El-Zayat, El-Gharbia province, Egypt. In addition, we noted a significant relationship between V. cholerae and poultry sources that feed on the Nile dikes close to the examined districts. Sequence analysis revealed clustering of the waterfowl and broiler chicken isolates with human and aquatic isolated sequences retrieved from the GenBank databases. From the obtained data, we hypothesized that waterfowl act as a potential vector for the intermediate transmission of cholera. Therefore, continuous monitoring of Nile water quality and mitigation of Nile River pollution, in addition to following good managemental practices (GMPs), general hygienic guidelines, and biosecurity in the field of animal production and industry, might be the way to break this cyclic transmission between human, aquatic, and animal sectors.
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Victor, Atere, Bamikole Mathew, Oluyege Adekemi, Ajurojo Ayo, and Alo Odunayo. "Prevalence and antibiotic resistance of Pasteurella multocida isolated from chicken in Ado-Ekiti metropolis." International Journal of Scientific World 4, no. 2 (June 27, 2016): 40. http://dx.doi.org/10.14419/ijsw.v4i2.6273.
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Pasteurella multocida is a poultry bacterial pathogen causing fowl cholera in chicken. The prevalence and antibiotic susceptibility of P. multocida isolates from freshly dead chicken were determined. Ninety seven (97) freshly dead chicken from 23 different farms were analyzed for the presence of P. multocida. Swabs of the trachea and the liver of the necropsied chicken were activated on buffered peptone water and later cultured on blood agar and MacConkey agar. Pure culture of organisms were subjected to cultural and biochemical characterization. In vitro susceptibility of the pure isolates of P. multocida against 12 antimicrobial agents was determined using disk diffusion method. Twelve isolates of P. multocida were recovered from the chicken, with a prevalence of 12.4%. Nine of the isolates were recovered from the trachea and three from the liver. All the 12 isolates recovered from the birds were multi-resistant to the antibiotics used in this research. The antibiogram showed that all the isolates resisted ampicillin, amoxicillin/clavulinate, doxycycline and tylosine. Nitrofuratoin and gentamycin had the best antimicrobial activity with 25% and 50% resistance respectively. The resistance of other antibiotics are: Ofloxacin 75%, Ciprofloxacin 83.3%, Enrofloxacin 75%, Furasol 66.7%, Ceftazidime 91.7% and Cefuroxime 66.7%. This result showed that there is an emergence of multi- resistance in P. multocida, therefore it is important to carry out sensitivity test before administration of antibiotics in order to control fowl cholera.
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Quéré, Pascale, and Fabienne Girard. "Systemic adjuvant effect of cholera toxin in the chicken." Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 70, no. 1-2 (September 1999): 135–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-2427(99)00060-4.
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Harper, Marina, Andrew D. Cox, Frank St. Michael, Ian W. Wilkie, John D. Boyce, and Ben Adler. "A Heptosyltransferase Mutant of Pasteurella multocida Produces a Truncated Lipopolysaccharide Structure and Is Attenuated in Virulence." Infection and Immunity 72, no. 6 (June 2004): 3436–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.72.6.3436-3443.2004.
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ABSTRACT Pasteurella multocida is the causative agent of fowl cholera in birds. In a previous study using signature-tagged mutagenesis, we identified a mutant, AL251, which was attenuated for virulence in mice and in the natural chicken host. Sequence analysis indicated that AL251 had an insertional inactivation of the gene waaQPM , encoding a putative heptosyl transferase, required for the addition of heptose to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (M. Harper, J. D. Boyce, I. W. Wilkie, and B. Adler, Infect. Immun. 71:5440-5446, 2003). In the present study, using mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance, we have confirmed the identity of the enzyme encoded by waaQPM as a heptosyl transferase III and demonstrated that the predominant LPS glycoforms isolated from this mutant are severely truncated. Complementation experiments demonstrated that providing a functional waaQPM gene in trans can restore both the LPS to its full length and growth in mice to wild-type levels. Furthermore, we have shown that mutant AL251 is unable to cause fowl cholera in chickens and that the attenuation observed is not due to increased serum sensitivity.
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Boyce, John D., Ian Wilkie, Marina Harper, Mike L. Paustian, Vivek Kapur, and Ben Adler. "Genomic Scale Analysis of Pasteurella multocida Gene Expression during Growth within the Natural Chicken Host." Infection and Immunity 70, no. 12 (December 2002): 6871–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.70.12.6871-6879.2002.
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ABSTRACT Little is known about the genomic-scale transcriptional responses of bacteria during natural infections. We used whole-genome microarray analysis to assess the transcriptional state of the gram-negative pathogen Pasteurella multocida, the causative agent of fowl cholera, during infection in the natural chicken host. We compared the expression profiles of bacteria harvested from the blood of septicemic chickens experiencing late-stage fowl cholera with those from bacteria grown in rich medium. Independent analysis of bacterial expression profiles from the infection of three individual chickens indicated that 40 genes were differentially expressed in all three individuals, 126 were differentially expressed in two of the three individuals, and another 372 were differentially expressed in one individual. Real-time reverse transcription-PCR assays were used to confirm the expression ratios for a number of genes. Of the 40 genes differentially expressed in all three individuals, 17 were up-regulated and 23 were down-regulated in the host compared with those grown in rich medium. The majority (10 of 17) of the up-regulated genes were involved in amino acid transport and metabolism and energy production and conversion, clearly indicating how P. multocida alters its biosynthetic and energy production pathways to cope with the host environment. In contrast, the majority (15 of 23) of down-regulated genes were of unknown or poorly characterized functions. There were clear differences in gene expression between the bacteria isolated from each of the three chickens, a finding consistent with individual host variation being an important factor in determining pathogen gene expression. Interestingly, bacteria from only two of the three infected animals had a gene expression profile highly similar to that observed during growth under iron-limiting conditions, suggesting that severe iron starvation may not always occur during P. multocida infection.
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Rahima, Farzana Fiza, Md Abdul Jalil, Md Reshad Hossain, and Md Shaheenur Rahman. "Management system and productivity of backyard poultry in Jhenidah district of Bangladesh: a survey." Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 9, no. 1 (January 19, 2023): 1–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v9i1.62846.
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This study was carried out to know the current scenarios of rearing backyard poultry in Jhenidah district of Bangladesh. A total of 2832 poultry birds (deshi chicken, sonali, duck and pigeon) were selected from 170 households. The data were collected according to prepared questionnaire. The study revealed that, most of the farmers reared their poultry in semi scavenging system (97.64%). The poultry houses were commonly made of tin and bamboo (88.82%) and some of farmers kept their poultry in houses which were at unsatisfactory level (11.2%). They used polythene, sack, ash, sand, straw, papers separately or together as bedding materials (78.82%) and 21.18% of farmers did not use any bedding materials. They usually cleaned poultry house irregularly (73.53%). The rice (84.71%) as feed supplement followed by boiled rice, paddy, broken rice, wheat and commercial as well, was commonly given twice (62.9%) in a day. The farmers did not usually use feeder and waterer (44.12%) and use only 8.82% of vaccine. The supplementary feed to each deshi chicken, sonali, duck and pigeon per day were 32.77 g, 38.70 g, 82.04 g and 12.40 g gaining average body weight of 1.19 kg, 1.36 kg, 1.22 kg and 315.35 g respectively. The average egg production per deshi chicken, sonali, duck and pigeon per year were 37.27, 47.30, 84.66, and 19.90 containing average weight 35.01 g, 41.20 g, 52.68 g and 11.10 g successively. Furthermore, the mean hatchability was found 77.50% in deshi chicken, 79.25% in sonali, 78.95% in duck and 97.45% in pigeon along with 28.79% significant (P<0.05) mortality in deshi chicken, 30.35% in sonali, 14.50% in duck and 11.40% in pigeon consecutively. The prevalence of diseases were investigated as Newcastle disease, fowl cholera, duck cholera, duck plague and pigeon pox. Diseases (54.1%) are the most current constraints followed by lack of knowledge, predators for poultry rearing in backyard system. This study will support farmers by enhancing their income through improved management practice in backyard poultry. Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. 2023, 9 (1), 1-8
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Hannan, Md Abdul, Mohammad Bashir Ahmed, and Sarder Safiqul Islam. "Socioeconomic condition and problem confrontation by the chicken farmers in the southwestern region of Bangladesh." Asian Journal of Medical and Biological Research 6, no. 3 (October 17, 2020): 507–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/ajmbr.v6i3.49801.
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A survey was conducted in the three district of south western region of Bangladesh like Khulna, Satkhira and Bagerhat, to observe the socioeconomic condition and problems facing by the chicken farmers under the existing management practices. Five hundred commercial chicken farms were considered in the present study. Data were collected using a pretested questionnaire by interview of the farmers. To observe the socioeconomic conditions, the age of selected farmers, their gender, occupation, education level, land size, annual income from chicken farms, experience, training exposure and bio-security score were considered. There are two problems are categorized like diseases outbreaks and socioeconomic problems. Among the respondents, maximum percentage of farmers were male groups within 31 to 40 years age had conjugated with the occupation of poultry and agriculture and belonged to HSC level of education. Highest percentage of medium land size farmer earned 01-03 lac BDT per year only from the chicken farms. Newcastle or Ranikhet disease was highly severed followed by Fowl cholera, Gumboro and Coccidiosis. Irregular fluctuation of market price was the major problem facing by the chicken farmer in the study area. Bio-security practice and proper marketing system should enhance the profitability of the chicken farms.
Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. September 2020, 6(3): 507-513
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Ngongolo, Kelvin, Kitojo Omary, and Chota Andrew. "Drug used in controlling chickens diseases, the withdrawal periods, and the threats of drugs residues in food chain. A review." Berkala Penelitian Hayati 26, no. 1 (December 31, 2020): 39–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.23869/bphjbr.26.1.20207.
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Drugs have been used by many farmers for the treatment of most infectious diseases in chicken regardless of their residue effects to human health if proper management has not adhered. This paper focuses on finding out the common chicken diseases, their prevalence, drugs used for treatment, and their residue implication in the chicken products and by-products. A systematic literature-review was used to synthesis the information from soft and hard copy sources of information. In this paper, it was noted that different infectious diseases were affecting chicken in Tanzania and other countries including Newcastle (Prevalence 7-90 percent percent per flock), Infectious bursal disease (Prevalence 7-100 percent per flock), Fowl Cholera (Prevalence 1-60 percent per flock), and Fowl Typhoid (Prevalence 0-20 percent per flock). As a remedy, drugs such as Amprolium, oxytetracycline, and sulphanilamide were used for treatment which could prompt antibiotic residues in chicken products and by-products. The antibiotic residue was reported in meat, eggs, liver, and kidneys of the chicken which are considered edible to a human thus posing public health challenges. In this regard, there is a need to create awareness to the farmers on the proper use of the drugs. In this case, the understanding of the withdrawal period for the applied drugs can minimize the risk of drug residues in chicken products.
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OKREND, ANITA J. G., BONNIE E. ROSE, and BARBARA BENNETT. "Incidence and Toxigenicity of Aeromonas Species in Retail Poultry, Beef and Pork." Journal of Food Protection 50, no. 6 (June 1, 1987): 509–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-50.6.509.
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Five enrichment broths and five selective and differentia] plating media were tested for efficiency of isolation of Aeromonas spp. from chicken, beef and pork. An overnight incubation of sample in Trypticase soy broth containing 10 μg of ampicillin/ml which was spread on starch ampicillin agar or on MacConkey mannitol ampicillin agar, gave the best results. A small survey was conducted on 10 samples each of chicken thigh-meat, ground beef, and pork sausage or ground unseasoned pork purchased from local food stores. Aeromonads were found in all of the samples in numbers ranging from 4.44 × 10−2−>4.44× 103/g except for two of the pork products from which the organisms could not be isolated. Fifty-eight isolates from this survey were tested for hemolysin production and cytotoxin production; 36 isolates were tested for production of cholera-like toxin. Cytotoxin, as detected by mouse adrenyl Y1 cells and Chinese hamster ovary cells, was produced by 92.8% of the Aeromonas hydrophila isolates, by 84.6% of the Aeromonas sobria isolates and by 17.6% of the Aeromonas caviae isolates. Hemolysin production paralleled cytotoxin production in A. hydrophila and A. caviae. Of the A. sobria isolates, 69.2% were hemolysin producers. None of the isolates tested produced cholera-like toxin. It is not known whether the presence of cytotoxin- and hemolysin-producing Aeromonas species in retail meat and poultry has any public health significance, since to date there have been no reported outbreaks of Aeromonas-caused gastroenteritis traced to meat or poultry.
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Franco García, Julio, Yazmín Moreno Salcedo, Carlos González Hernández, and Maria León Kempis. "Evaluation Of The Immune Response Against The Newcastle Disease Virus When Co-Administered With Beta Subunit Of The Cholera Toxin (52.17)." Journal of Immunology 184, no. 1_Supplement (April 1, 2010): 52.17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.184.supp.52.17.
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Abstract METHODS:4 groups of 10 SPF chicken each were included: Positive control, vaccinated subcutaneously with a commercial ND vaccine, negative control -non-vaccinated- and two more groups were vaccinated with ND+CTB, one subcutaneously and the fourth group was vaccinated via intranasal. Vaccination at 3 wks of age and challenge 21 days post-vaccination. Sera were collected before vaccination and in a weekly manner during 6 wks post-vaccination in order to evaluate serological response and UHI titers. Mortality and clinical signs were evaluated during 21 days post-challenge. RESULTS. Chickens vaccinated subcutaneously with ND-CTB reached the highest antibody titers when compared to the other experimental groups followed by chickens vaccinated with the commercial vaccine, then the intranasally vaccinated group and then the negative control. The group immunized subcutaneously with CTB also showed an earlier onset of serological response against ND and the duration of immunity was similar to the positive control. Mortality post challenge could be observed in the negative control as well as in intranasaly immunized birds, where all birds died as opposed as in groups of the positive control and the subcutaneously vaccinated, where all the birds survived. CONCLUSIONS: CTB seemed to contribute towards an earlier onset of humoral response in the ND model
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Zhang, Yue, Wenbin Liu, Liansheng Yu, Kuilin Lv, and Yuguang Lv. "Analysis and Study on the Degradation of Sarfloxacin Hydrochloride by BiVO4 Synthetic Material." IOP Conference Series: Earth and Environmental Science 898, no. 1 (October 1, 2021): 012026. http://dx.doi.org/10.1088/1755-1315/898/1/012026.
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Abstract Difloxacin hydrochloride is commonly used in livestock and poultry chronic respiratory diseases, tracheitis, enteritis, pneumonia, avian cholera, Streptococcosis, typhoid and other diseases caused by sensitive bacteria such as Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Proteus and Pasteurella multocida, especially for Chicken Colibacillosis, piglet red, yellow and white dysentery. The prepared BiVO4 synthetic material was used for photodegradation of the target degradation product of salfloxacin hydrochloride. The degradation rate of the sample to salfloxacin hydrochloride was 24.1%; The degradation rate of the composite sample (Polypyrrole/graphene oxide/bismuth vanadate) reached 75.57%. The degradation rate was 5 times that of BiVO4.
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Alam, MA, MS Ali, NG Das, and MM Rahman. "Present status of rearing backyard poultry in selected areas of Mymensingh district." Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science 43, no. 1 (June 30, 2014): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v43i1.19382.
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This study was conducted in Boyra and Sutiakhali villages under Sadar upazila of Mymensingh district to know the present status of backyard poultry production system. The survey data were collected from 40 randomly selected farmers having 20 from each village by interviewing them. The data were then analyzed statistically. All the selected farmers reared deshi chicken and about 54% of them reared deshi duck only. It was also found that highest proportion (75%) of farmers reared both chicken and duck together, followed by 17.5% reared only chicken and 7.5% reared chicken, duck and pigeon at a time. The average population per household of chicken, duck and pigeon were 10.4, 9.95 and 4.0, respectively, in both villages. All farmers reared poultry in semi-scavenging system. About 55% farmers kept poultry in their dwelling house. Farmers were used boiled rice, rice polish, paddy and broken rice to fed the birds. About 62% farmers were used rice and rice polish to make diet for chicken and ducks. Farmers provided around 49g and 108g supplemental diet to each chicken and duck per day, respectively and about 65% farmers provided this diet twice a day. Majority of farmers did not use feeder and waterer (about 75% and 87.5% respectively). Age at sexual maturity of Chicken and duck were around 189 days and 195 days, respectively. Adult weight of chicken and duck were 1192.5g and 1690g, respectively. The weights of chicken and duck eggs were 39.02 and 62.5g, respectively. The hatchability of chicken and duck eggs ranged between 69-80% and 76-90% with an average of 75.97 and 83%, respectively. Majority of the farmers mentioned that the most prevalent diseases of chicken and duck were New castle and cholera (about 51% and 49%, respectively). A large number of farmers (86%) did not vaccinate their poultry. Mortality of chicken and duck were calculated about 28% and 20%, respectively. Farmers collected chicks and ducklings from market and neighbor but most of the farmers (50% for chicks and 43% for ducks) incubate eggs under the broody hen. It was concluded that backyard poultry farmers are low producers and chicken and duck were found to be the most common poultry species reared by the farmers.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjas.v43i1.19382 Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2014. 43 (1): 30-37
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Zhang, P., N. Fegan, I. Fraser, P. Duffy, R. E. Bowles, A. Gordon, P. J. Ketterer, W. Shinwari, and P. J. Blackall. "Molecular Epidemiology of Two Fowl Cholera Outbreaks on a Free-Range Chicken Layer Farm." Journal of Veterinary Diagnostic Investigation 16, no. 5 (September 2004): 458–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/104063870401600517.
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Pillai, G. V., M. J. Brueton, D. Burston, and B. K. Sandhu. "Evaluation of the Effects of Varying Solute Content on the Efficacy of Oral Rehydration Solutions in a Rat Model of Secretory Diarrhoea." Journal of Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition 18, no. 4 (May 1994): 457–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/j.1536-4801.1994.tb11214.x.
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SummaryA series of in vivo steady‐state perfusion studies in cholera toxin‐induced secreting rat intestine were carried out to investigate net water, sodium, and potassium absorption and water influx and efflux from a range of oral rehydration solutions (ORSs) in which the glucose content had been partially replaced by amino acids or food supplements and the sodium content had been reduced to 60 m M. The reference solution used was the World Health Organization formula. There was a significant correlation between the osmolality of the ORS and the net water absorption (r = −0.911; p < 0.02). The greatest net water absorption occurred using comminuted chicken‐ and tapioca‐supplemented ORS.
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Ievy, Samina, Mohammad Ferdousur Rahman Khan, Md Ariful Islam, and Md Bahanur Rahman. "Isolation and Identification of Pasteurella multocida from Chicken for the Preparation of Oil Adjuvanted Vaccine." Microbes and Health 2, no. 1 (December 4, 2013): 1–4. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/mh.v2i1.17253.
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The research work was performed for the isolation and identification of Pasteurella multocida from field cases, preparation of oil adjuvanted vaccine from isolated strain and determination of its efficacy. Samples were collected from suspected dead birds of three poultry farms of Bangladesh (Code name: M and R). The P. multocida isolates were Gram negative, non-motile, non- spore forming rod occurring singly or pairs and occasionally as chains or filaments. Biochemically P. multocida ferment basic sugar and consistently produced acid except from maltose and lactose. After isolation formalin killed oil adjuvanted Fowl cholera vaccine was prepared in Laboratory of the Department of Microbiology and Hygiene, BAU and this experimental vaccine (3.2x108 CFU/ml) was administered in nine weeks old White Leg Horn chickens at the different dose rate through intramuscular (IM) route in each selected group A (1ml alum precipitated vaccine), B (0.5ml alum precipitated vaccine), C (1ml oil adjuvanted vaccine) and D (0.5ml oil adjuvanted vaccine). Pre-vaccinated sera were collected from all groups of birds. The mean of Passive Hemagglutination (PHA) titers of post-vaccination were 51±17.8, 76.8±17, 89.6±17, and 115±17.81 in group A, B, C and D respectively which consist of 5 birds in each. The vaccine produced better immune response when boostering with the similar dose and route at 15 days after primary vaccination. The mean PHA titers were higher at group D than other groups after boostering. Challenge infection was conducted on all the vaccinated and control group (n=5) of birds after 15 days of vaccination which protect 93.75% of birds and the PHA titers from different groups analyzed to determine the protective capacity of vaccinated chickens against challenge exposure. It was demonstrated that experimental oil adjuvanted fowl cholera vaccine with 0.5ml dose produce higher immune response against challenge infection and found to be safe. Microbes and Health, June 2013, 2(1): 1-4DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/mh.v2i1.17253
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Journal, Baghdad Science. "Epidemiological Surveillance of Communicable Diseases in Baghdad City during the Period January-April 2006." Baghdad Science Journal 5, no. 3 (September 7, 2008): 406–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.5.3.406-408.
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The records of Primary Health Care Centres (Al-Risafa section of Baghdad) were inspected for communicable diseases during the period January-April 2006. There were 8622 recorded cases (the diagnosis was based on a clinical examination and laboratory findings), which were distributed as 4782 (55.5%), 1430 (16.6%), 1604 (18.6%) and 806 (9.3%) for Sadar city, Risafa, A'adhamyiah and Mada'in, respectively. The highest frequency was reported for chicken pox (42.7%), followed by mumps and typhoid fever (20 and 13.7%, respectively), while diphtheria and cholera were not recorded. These three most frequent diseases were further analyzed, and their distribution showed a significant difference (P ? 0.001). April was the month of the highest recorded cases (48.05%), followed by March (18.8%), January (18.1%) and finally February (14.7%).
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Kadhim, Adil R., Ali H. Abbas, and Istabraq A. H. Mubarak. "Epidemiological Surveillance of Communicable Diseases in Baghdad City during the Period January-April 2006." Baghdad Science Journal 5, no. 3 (September 7, 2008): 406–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.21123/bsj.2008.5.3.406-408.
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The records of Primary Health Care Centres (Al-Risafa section of Baghdad) were inspected for communicable diseases during the period January-April 2006. There were 8622 recorded cases (the diagnosis was based on a clinical examination and laboratory findings), which were distributed as 4782 (55.5%), 1430 (16.6%), 1604 (18.6%) and 806 (9.3%) for Sadar city, Risafa, A'adhamyiah and Mada'in, respectively. The highest frequency was reported for chicken pox (42.7%), followed by mumps and typhoid fever (20 and 13.7%, respectively), while diphtheria and cholera were not recorded. These three most frequent diseases were further analyzed, and their distribution showed a significant difference (P ? 0.001). April was the month of the highest recorded cases (48.05%), followed by March (18.8%), January (18.1%) and finally February (14.7%).
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Ookanti, Srikanth, and Y. Vimala. "Co-Infection of Poultry with Pasteurella multocida and Chicken anemia virus across various regions of India." Research Journal of Biotechnology 19, no. 8 (June 30, 2024): 40–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.25303/1908rjbt040045.
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This study investigates the prevalence and geographic distribution of co-infection involving Pasteurella multocida (P.multocida) and Chicken anemia virus (CAV) in poultry populations across various regions of India. From August 2019 to May 2020, organ samples from poultry flocks suspected of Fowl cholera (FC) and CAV were collected. The study included ten samples representing instances of co-infection obtained from six Indian States: Andhra Pradesh, Haryana, Karnataka, Gujarat, Maharashtra and Telangana. The study used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) to determine the co-infections of P.multocida and CAV, mainly focusing on P.multocida-induced immunosuppression leading to subsequent CAV infection. Among the co-infection cases, two samples exhibited concurrent infections, one with Avian Leukosis Virus (ALV) and another with Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG), along with P.multocida and CAV. Understanding the immunosuppressive mechanism is crucial for effective control measures and mitigation of economic losses in the poultry industry.
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Harper, Marina, Andrew D. Cox, Frank St. Michael, Mark Ford, Ian W. Wilkie, Ben Adler, and John D. Boyce. "Natural Selection in the Chicken Host Identifies 3-Deoxy-d-manno- Octulosonic Acid Kinase Residues Essential for Phosphorylation of Pasteurella multocida Lipopolysaccharide." Infection and Immunity 78, no. 9 (June 21, 2010): 3669–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.00457-10.
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ABSTRACT Pasteurella multocida is the causative agent of a number of diseases in animals, including fowl cholera. P. multocida strains simultaneously express two lipopolysaccharide (LPS) glycoforms (glycoforms A and B) that differ only in their inner core structure. Glycoform A contains a single 3-deoxy-d-manno-octulosonic acid (Kdo) residue that is phosphorylated by the Kdo kinase, KdkA, whereas glycoform B contains two unphosphorylated Kdo residues. We have previously shown that P. multocida mutants lacking the heptosyltransferase, HptA, produce full-length glycoform B LPS and a large amount of truncated glycoform A LPS, as they cannot add heptose to the glycoform A inner core. These hptA mutants were attenuated in chickens because the truncated LPS made them vulnerable to host defense mechanisms, including antimicrobial peptides. However, here we show that birds inoculated with high doses of the hptA mutant developed fowl cholera and the P. multocida isolates recovered from diseased birds no longer expressed truncated LPS. Sequencing analysis revealed that the in vivo-derived isolates had mutations in kdkA, thereby suppressing the production of glycoform A LPS. Interestingly, a number of the spontaneous KdkA mutant strains produced KdkA with a single amino acid substitution (A112V, R123P, H168Y, or D193N). LPS structural analysis showed that complementation of a P. multocida kdkA mutant with wild-type kdkA restored expression of glycoform A to wild-type levels, whereas complementation with any of the mutated kdkA genes did not. We conclude that in P. multocida KdkA, the amino acids A112, R123, H168, and D193 are critical for Kdo kinase function and therefore for glycoform A LPS assembly.
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Tang, Qiyu, Weitian Li, Na Dai, Yiming Gao, Yu Han, Guofu Cheng, and Changqin Gu. "The Role of Necroptosis, Apoptosis, and Inflammation in Fowl Cholera–Associated Liver Injury in a Chicken Model." Avian Diseases 61, no. 4 (December 2017): 491–502. http://dx.doi.org/10.1637/11732-073017-reg.1.
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Rawnuck, Tanzila, Md Selim Reza, and Sabiha Monowar. "Bacterial and Viral Vaccination (non EPI) Coverage among Students in Three Educational Institutions in Bangladesh." Medicine Today 33, no. 1 (February 25, 2021): 80–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/medtoday.v33i1.52168.
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Introduction: The implementation of the vaccine has already been shown to be a great success to reduce communicable diseases and its associated morbidity among human globally. The aim of this study was to figure out the actual rate of population who received non EPI bacterial and viral vaccines and to determine the risk factors associated with it.
Materials and Methods: A retrospective observational study was conducted between September 2011 and August 2014 among 3600 students aged from 18 years to 24 years. Data of total 12 non EPI vaccines (5 bacterial - Cholera and ETEC diarrhea vaccine, Meningococcal, Pneumococcal, Tetanus and Typhoid; 7 viral- Chicken pox, Cervical vaccine, Hepatitis A, Hepatitis B, Measles Mumps Rubella vaccine, Rota viral and Seasonal flu vaccine) were collected from the individuals’ vaccine cards. All vaccine timelines were categorized into timely, early, delayed and missed based on recommended time of vaccination. Different parameters were considered to determine the socio-demographic factors related to vaccination.
Results: Total of 3600 study population were selected from three different institutes. Percentage of rural students was almost 3.2 times higher than that of urban. About 1746(48.5%) student were from middle class family. About 2125(59.03%) of the participant’s had not adequate knowledge of vaccination. Out of 3600 study population for bacterial vaccine, rate of Tetanus vaccine was the highest in percentage which was 1248(34.67%). Percentage of other bacterial vaccines such as Cholera and ETEC diarrhea, Meningococcal, Pneumococcal and Typhoid vaccination percentages were only 27(0.75%), 29(0.81%), 111(3.08%) and 34(0.94%) respectively. Among viral vaccines, the highest receiving vaccine was Hepatitis B. 2763(76.75%) people were immune with hepatitis B vaccine. Percentage of Hepatitis A was 337(9.36%), Rota viral vaccine was 330(9.17%), Measles Mumps Rubella was 249(6.92%) and Chicken pox was 83(2.31%). The percentage was less in case of Cervical HPV and Seasonal flu vaccines which were 12(0.33%) and 20(0.56%) respectively.
Conclusion: Vaccines have proven the potential capability to reduce vaccine-preventable diseases, however, findings from the study show that people have still not been aware of non EPI bacterial and viral vaccines which can protect people from life threatening diseases and their complications.
Medicine Today 2021 Vol.33(1): 80-83
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Kibria, Golam, Hasinur Rahman Pavel, Md Rashed Miah, and Md Raisul Islam. "Impacts of Climate Change in Bangladesh and its Consequences on Public Health." Journal of Sustainability and Environmental Management 1, no. 3 (September 2, 2022): 359–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/josem.v1i3.48002.
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Climate change can affect many aspects of our lives, for example, health and environment, access to natural resources, safety and security, agriculture and food production. Health issues are the most crucial and burning difficulties for human beings in all of these aspects. The scope of this review considered commonly used methodologies for climate change-induced diseases research and assessment of climate-induced health problems throughout Bangladesh. Surveys, key informant interviews (KII), focus group discussion (FGD), registered hospital visit patient data as well as and other similar methodologies are found popular in this research area. Negligible studies are found that used experimental method including laboratory analysis and registered hospital visit of patient information. Very few experimental studies observed water sample tests and human health-related samples like urine and blood pressure. People living in the coastal part has climate-induced crisis like salinity intrusion, cyclone, storm surge that lead to health problems like diarrhea, cholera, skin diseases, typhoid, chicken pox. While people living in both drought-prone and flood prone areas have health problems like diarrhea, cholera, fever, and skin diseases. People living in the urban and the hilly regions have climate induced crisis of increased temperature and they suffer from vector-borne diseases. Waterborne communicable diseases are the most common climate-induced diseases found in this review. Waterborne non-communicable diseases like hypertension, pre-eclampsia, eclampsia and gynecological problems during pregnancy are common and women suffers a lot. Blood pressure and related cardiovascular diseases, jaundice, and respiratory issues are also getting worse day by day which has strong connection with climate change effects like temperature, rainfall and salinity.
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Apinda, Nisachon, Yongxiu Yao, Yaoyao Zhang, Anucha Muenthaisong, Kanokwan Sangkakam, Boondarika Nambooppha, Amarin Rittipornlertrak, Pongpisid Koonyosying, Venugopal Nair, and Nattawooti Sthitmatee. "Efficiency of NHEJ-CRISPR/Cas9 and Cre-LoxP Engineered Recombinant Turkey Herpesvirus Expressing Pasteurella multocida OmpH Protein for Fowl Cholera Prevention in Ducks." Vaccines 11, no. 9 (September 18, 2023): 1498. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/vaccines11091498.
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Fowl cholera is caused by the bacterium Pasteurella multocida, a highly transmissible avian ailment with significant global implications, leading to substantial economic repercussions. The control of fowl cholera outbreaks primarily relies on vaccination using traditional vaccines that are still in use today despite their many limitations. In this research, we describe the development of a genetically engineered herpesvirus of turkeys (HVT) that carries the OmpH gene from P. multocida integrated into UL 45/46 intergenic region using CRISPR/Cas9-NHEJ and Cre-Lox system editing. The integration and expression of the foreign cassettes were confirmed using polymerase chain reaction (PCR), indirect immunofluorescence assays, and Western blot assays. The novel recombinant virus (rHVT-OmpH) demonstrated stable integration of the OmpH gene even after 15 consecutive in vitro passages, along with similar in vitro growth kinetics as the parent HVT virus. The protective efficacy of the rHVT-OmpH vaccine was evaluated in vaccinated ducks by examining the levels of P. multocida OmpH-specific antibodies in serum samples using ELISA. Groups of ducks that received the rHVT-OmpH vaccine or the rOmpH protein with Montanide™ (SEPPIC, Paris, France) adjuvant exhibited high levels of antibodies, in contrast to the negative control groups that received the parental HVT or PBS. The recombinant rHVT-OmpH vaccine also provided complete protection against exposure to virulent P. multocida X-73 seven days post-vaccination. This outcome not only demonstrates that the HVT vector possesses many characteristics of an ideal recombinant viral vaccine vector for protecting non-chicken hosts, such as ducks, but also represents significant research progress in identifying a modern, effective vaccine candidate for combatting ancient infectious diseases.
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Morgan, Peter J., Lynda M. Williams, Perry Barrett, Wilfred Lawson, Gary Davidson, Lisa Hannah, and Alison Maclean. "Differential regulation of melatonin receptors in sheep, chicken and lizard brains by cholera and pertussis toxins and guanine nucleotides." Neurochemistry International 28, no. 3 (March 1996): 259–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0197-0186(95)00089-5.
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Adeleye, O. O., S. I. Adebowale, and L. T. Egbeyale. "Common sustainable ethno-veterinary practices on broiler chicken production in two local governments in Ogun State, Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 48, no. 1 (February 28, 2021): 24–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v48i1.2881.
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Poultry diseases are responsible for majority of losses in livestock production leading to constraints in the development and enhancement of viable livestock production systems in Nigeria. The impact of these diseases is severe in rural areas. This study evaluated the importance of ethno-veterinary practices on food sustainability. The research design was survey method and sample size was determined using Taro Yamane formula from a population size of 100 (50 each) from both Local Government Areas. A structured questionnaire was administered to 80 persons (respondents) from the two local government areas (Abeokuta south and Odeda) in Ogun State, Nigeria. The result indicated that respondent were male (85%) and female (15%) with the male being the dominant and the respondents' shows high level of literacy. The result revealed that common diseases of broiler birds are coccidiosis (45%), Newcastle (18%), fowl cholera (8%) and others (25%). The poultry farmers make use of veterinary services has a therapy for poultry diseases with very few involved in both veterinary and herbal practice. Among the local herbs used were Moringa leaf, Christmas melon, basil, bitter leaf etc. However, farmers believed that the use of herbs causes poor growth, weight loss while the use of inappropriate dosage leads to death of birds which in turn will alter the level of poultry production. Les maladies de la volaille sont responsables de la majorité des pertes d'élevage entraînant des contraintes dans le développement et l'amélioration de systèmes d'élevage viables au Nigéria. L'impact de ces maladies est grave dans les zones rurales. Cette étude a évalué l'importance des pratiques ethno-vétérinaires sur la durabilité alimentaire. La conception de la recherche était méthode d'enquête et la taille de l'échantillon a été déterminée à l'aide de la formule Taro Yamane à partir d'une taille de population de 100 (50 chacun) des deux zones d'administrations locales. Un questionnaire structuré a été administré à 80 personnes (répondants) des deux zones gouvernementales locales (le sud d'Abeokuta et Odeda) dans l'État d'Ogun, au Nigéria. Le résultat indique que le répondant était un homme (85 %) et les femmes (15%) ; l'homme étant le dominant et celui des répondants montre un niveau élevé d'alphabétisation. Le résultat a révélé que les maladies courantes des oiseaux de chair sont la coccidiose (45 %), Newcastle (18 %), le choléra aviaire (8 %) et d'autres (25 %). Les éleveurs de volailles font usage des services vétérinaires avec un peu de gens qui se trouve dans la pratique vétérinaire ayant à base, des herbes locales. Parmi les herbes locales utilisées se trouvaient la feuille de Moringa, le melon de Noël, le basilic, la feuille amère, etc. Cependant, les agriculteurs croyaient que l'utilisation d'herbes provoque une faible croissance, la perte de poids tandis que l'utilisation d'une dose inappropriée conduit à la mort des oiseaux qui à son tour va modifier le niveau de production avicole.
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Akter, Soudiya, Farah Zereen, Md Saiful Islam, Md Abdus Sobur, Md Ismail Hossen, Mahbubul Pratik Siddique, Muhammad Tofazzal Hossain, and Md Tanvir Rahman. "Molecular detection of Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus from healthy broilers and backyard chickens for the first time in Bangladesh- A preliminary study." Veterinary Integrative Sciences 20, no. 2 (February 9, 2022): 431–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.12982/vis.2022.032.
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Many of the Vibrio spp. are major public health concerns globally. Vibrio cholerae and Vibrio parahaemolyticus are the etiology of pandemic and epidemic diarrhea and foodborne illness, respectively. Poultry has the potential to harbor pathogenic Vibrio spp., which can have a detrimental impact on public health if they are transmitted to humans. We, therefore, screened 54 cloacal swab samples from healthy chickens (broiler=27, backyard= 27) to detect V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus. Vibrio spp. were isolated and identified by culturing, biochemical tests, PCR, and antibiogram profiles were determined by disk diffusion method. By PCR, 29.63% (16/54; 95% CI: 19.14-42.83%) samples were positive for Vibrio spp., where backyard chickens had a significantly higher (p< 0.05) occurrence (44.44%; 27.59-62.69%) than broilers (14.82%; 95% CI: 5.92-32.48%). V. parahaemolyticus was found in 22.22% (6/27; 95% CI: 10.61-40.76%) of backyard chicken samples, which was significantly dominant (p< 0.05) than in broilers (0/27, 0%, 95% CI: 0.00-12.46%). In addition, V. cholerae was positive in 7.41% (2/27; 95% CI: 1.32-23.37%) of broiler, and 14.82% (4/27; 95% CI: 5.92-32.48%) of backyard chicken samples. The toxR gene was found in all V. cholerae isolates, suggesting the presence of other virulence genes, whereas no isolates of V. parahaemolyticus contained the tdh gene. Isolated Vibrio spp. had high to moderate resistance to tetracycline, azithromycin, erythromycin, and streptomycin. The occurrence of antibiotic-resistant V. cholerae and V. parahaemolyticus in broiler and backyard chickens is of public health concern because of the possibility of food chain contamination
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Sellyei, Boglárka, Zsuzsanna Varga, Éva Ivanics, and Tibor Magyar. "Characterisation and comparison of avian Pasteurella multocida strains by conventional and ERIC-PCR assays." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 56, no. 4 (December 1, 2008): 429–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.56.2008.4.1.
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Sixty-one avian strains ofPasteurella multocidawere characterised and compared by biochemical tests, capsular PCR typing and ERIC-PCR. The strains were recovered from various avian species (goose, duck, Muscovy duck, turkey, chicken and pheasant) and represented different geographic locations in Hungary. Forty-two strains (69%) were identified asP. multocidasubsp.multocidaand 19 strains (31%) asP. multocidasubsp.septica. The strains were grouped into 7 different biovars (1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7). The most prevalent biovars were 1 (25%), 3 (21%) and 6 (21%). Most of the duck isolates (90%) belonged to biovar 1 or 6. The most frequent capsular type was A (93.5%). Type F represented only a small number (6.5%) of the strains. Other capsular types were not identified. From the 61 isolates 24 different fingerprint patterns were generated by ERIC-PCR assay. Based on cluster analysis the strains could be grouped into four larger and four mini-clusters that showed considerable correlation with the geographical origin and the host species. The results indicate that ERIC-PCR may be a suitable technique for studying the host adaptation ofP. multocidaand the epidemiology of fowl cholera.
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Basnet, Babi, Sita Bhattarai, Akash Kandel, Pooja Sharma, and Prakash Khana. "PRESENT STATUS OF FREE-RANGE DUCK FARMING SYSTEM OF TULSIPUR DANG, NEPAL." Big Data In Agriculture 3, no. 2 (July 2, 2021): 65–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.26480/bda.02.2021.65.67.
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The survey was conducted in Malwar and Kwangi villages of Tulsipur sub-metropolitan city of Dang district to study the present status of the free-range duck farming system. The data were collected from 50 farmers of each village by interviewing the close-ended questionnaire. The majority of the farmers (74%) reared both duck and chicken while the remaining farmers reared duck only. About 40% of the farmers used maize as feeding materials. The percentage of farmers keeping ducks in their living house and not using any bedding materials was 50 and 32 respectively. The average sexual maturity days, adult weight, egg production, and egg weight were 189.83 days, 1.99 kg, 104.91 and 60.95 g, respectively. Most of the farmers (61%) reported no disease problem but sometimes duck cholera was a major problem. Out of total farmers, about 98% did not vaccinate and 82% did not provide vitamin and mineral supplements. The average mortality rate was 14.64% per year. Thus, it can be concluded that the rearing method of duck is traditional and lack of appropriate housing and inadequate supply of vaccines, medicines, vitamins and minerals are the major problems. Programs related to training and budget should be introduced to overcome these problems.
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Vervelde, Lonneke, E. Marga Janse, Arno N. Vermeulen, and Suzan H. M. Jeurissen. "Induction of a local and systemic immune response using cholera toxin as vehicle to deliver antigen in the lamina propria of the chicken intestine." Veterinary Immunology and Immunopathology 62, no. 3 (April 1998): 261–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0165-2427(97)00171-2.
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Das, Jyotishka Kumar, Niloy Chatterjee, Srija Pal, Pramod Kumar Nanda, Annada Das, Ligen Das, Pubali Dhar, and Arun K. Das. "Effect of Bamboo Essential Oil on the Oxidative Stability, Microbial Attributes and Sensory Quality of Chicken Meatballs." Foods 12, no. 1 (January 3, 2023): 218. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods12010218.
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This study explores the efficacy of bamboo essential oil (BEO) incorporated at 15 ppm (T1, BEO-I) and 30 ppm (T2, BEO-II) on the overall physicochemical and oxidative stability, microbial deterioration, and sensory acceptability of meatballs stored for 20 days under refrigerated conditions. Analysis of various parameters, including physicochemical quality, color (CIE L*, CIE a* and CIE b*), generation of oxidative products (TBARS), microbial growth, and sensory acceptability of meatballs were evaluated at 5-day intervals. In addition, the total phenolics and flavonoid content of BEO were estimated, and fatty acids were determined by Gas chromatography (GC.) To gain insights into the biological activities of the BEO, antioxidant assays were determined in vitro using various methods. The antibacterial activity of BEO was also evaluated against Gram-positive (Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus subtilis) and Gram-negative (Vibrio cholera, Salmonella Typhimurium, Shigella flexneri, Proteus vulgaris, Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae) bacterial strains. The BEO contained a good quantity of total phenolics and flavonoids. In addition, the oil exhibited very potent antioxidant activity scavenging reactive oxygen and other such species, effectively showing IC50 at a very minimal concentration. Further, the BEO exhibited a strong antibacterial effect with MICs within 2 µL and MBCs from 5 to 7 µL for Gram-positive as well as Gram-negative bacteria, respectively. At both the concentrations used, BEO did not show any negative effect on the color of cooked meatballs but rather increased the microbiological and oxidative stability during the overall storage period. Meatballs treated with BEO had considerably reduced oxidative changes in terms of TBARS levels compared to the control. The total viable microbial count was lowest in BEO-treated meatballs and the highest in control. Both control and treated meatballs had a desirable flavor and good acceptability. The sensory attributes and aroma of treated meatballs were better and acceptable during the storage study, whereas the control samples were disliked by the panelists on 15th day. From this study, it can be concluded that bamboo essential oil could be used as a benign and non-toxic preservative to improve the quality and shelf life of cooked meatballs stored under refrigerated conditions.
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Abdul-Hadi, Safaa, Ismail K. Shobar, and Sawsan S. AL-jubori. "Determination of some Virulence Factors of Pasteurella multocia isolated from Human and Farm Animals infections." Journal of Biotechnology Research Center 5, no. 3 (December 1, 2011): 15–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.24126/jobrc.2011.5.3.175.
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Twenty one Isolates of Pasteurella multocida were obtained from different clinical specimens of human and farm animals' infections. Human specimens included wounds swabs taken after cats and dog's bits beside the urine and sputum samples. The animal samples were nasal swabs and blood samples taken from chattels, also the poultry tissues of infected chicken with fowl cholera were collected. Bacterial isolates were isolated using Pasteurella multocida selective agar (PMSA) then identified doing different morphological, biochemical tests followed by api 20E diagnosis. The ability of the bacterial isolates to produce different virulence factors were studied, 18 isolates 85.7% were able to produce Lipase enzyme. Results of pathogenicity study on Lab. animals (mice) showed that there were 9 highly virulent isolates among the 21 (42.8%). The killing time was in between (10-24) hrs after injected the mice’s intraperitoneally. Some of the isolates showed their ability to produce the dermonecrotic toxin and the positive result appeared as highly purulent, dermonecrotic lesions after injection Genia pig intradermally. Results of antibiotic sensitivity test revealed that there were considerable variations in isolates susceptibility. Some of the isolates were highly resisted most of the used antibiotics while others were not. The crude bacterial extract from PMA20 isolate was tested to determine its ability to stimulate human lymphocytes division in vitro, results showed that the extract was able to stimulate cells division when the mitotic index was 1.2% as compared with the positive control.
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Fontaine, B., A. Klarsfeld, and J. P. Changeux. "Calcitonin gene-related peptide and muscle activity regulate acetylcholine receptor alpha-subunit mRNA levels by distinct intracellular pathways." Journal of Cell Biology 105, no. 3 (September 1, 1987): 1337–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1083/jcb.105.3.1337.
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In cultured chicken myotubes, calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP), a peptide present in spinal cord motoneurons, increased by 1.5-fold the number of surface acetylcholine receptors (AChRs) and by threefold AChR alpha-subunit mRNA level without affecting the level of muscular alpha-actin mRNA. Cholera toxin (CT), an activator of adenylate cyclase, produced a similar effect, which did not add up with that of CGRP. In contrast, tetrodotoxin, a blocker of voltage-sensitive Na+ channels, elevated the level of AChR alpha-subunit mRNA on top of the increase caused by either CGRP or CT. 12-O-Tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA), an activator of protein kinase C, markedly decreased the cell surface and total content of [125I]alpha BGT-binding sites and reduced the rate of appearance of AChR at the surface of the myotubes without reducing the level of AChR alpha-subunit mRNA. Moreover, TPA inhibited the increase of AChR alpha-subunit mRNA caused by tetrodotoxin without affecting that produced by CGRP or CT. Under the same conditions, TPA decreased the level of muscular alpha-actin mRNA and increased that of nonmuscular beta- and gamma-actins mRNA. These data suggest that distinct second messengers are involved in the regulation of AChR biosynthesis by CGRP and muscle activity and that these two pathways may contribute to the development of different patterns of AChR gene expression in junctional and extrajunctional areas of the muscle fiber.
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WELZ, MIROSŁAW, RENATA KONDRAT, PRZEMYSŁAW ŁOŚ, JANUSZ BOGDAN, and KRZYSZTOF ANUSZ. "Combating animal infectious diseases in Poland in the years 1918-1939 on the example of rinderpest and foot and mouth disease. Legal and administrative aspect." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 79, no. 10 (2023): 6794–2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6794.
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The regaining of independence by Poland in 1918 brought freedom, but it also posed many challenges for the state administration, including the reconstruction of a uniform veterinary service. It was not an easy task, considering that already in early 1920 an epizootic of rinderpest crossed the Caucasus and spread in the European part of Soviet Russia, reaching eastern Poland in September of that year. A modern legal framework for combating contagious animal diseases was successfully established within merely ten years. A breakthrough in the field of law regarding the eradication of infectious animal diseases was the Regulation of the President of the Republic of Poland of August 22, 1927 on combating contagious animal diseases. It was the first legal act of this type in the country and one of the most modern regulations of its kind in Europe at that time. The list of infectious diseases covered by the obligation to report and control included rinderpest, contagious bovine pleuropneumonia, foot-and-mouth disease, anthrax, blackleg disease, game and cattle plague, tuberculosis of cattle in the open form (lungs, udder, uterus and intestines), glanders of solipeds, sheep pox, dourine, coital exanthema of equines and cattle, scabies of solipeds and sheep, rabies, swine fever and plague, swine erysipelas, poultry cholera (pasterellosis) and chicken plague. The article presents the rules of combating infectious animal diseases in the example of rinderpest and foot-and-mouth disease, which were characteristic of the period of the Second Polish Republic.
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Lima Khatun, Sonia Khatun, Monira Akter Ame, Shamima Afroj Sumona, Farhana Easmin, and AHM Mahbubur Rahman. "Medicinal plants used by the local peoples at sadar upazila of Sirajganj District, Bangladesh." GSC Biological and Pharmaceutical Sciences 19, no. 3 (June 30, 2022): 309–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.30574/gscbps.2022.19.3.0250.
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The present research focused on medicinal uses of plants by the local peoples at Sadar upazila of Sirajganj district was carried out from October 2019 to December 2021. The information about medicinal uses of rural people was collected through interview. A total of 78 plant species under 73 genera and 46 families have been recorded which were used for the treatment of 85 categories of diseases. This medicinal plants were used by the rural people for the treatment of various disease like diabetes, bronchitis, weakness, leprosy, insect and snake bites, high blood pressure, asthma, passing of semen, gonorrhea, skin disease, jaundice, headache, acidity, diarrhea, dry cough, cancer, dysentery, scabies, menstrual disorder, fever, toothache, burning wounds, stomachache, epilepsy, gout, rheumatism, traumatic injury, tonsillitis, abortion, vomiting, bleeding, ulcer, anemia , ring worm, hiccup, pneumonia, tuberculosis, arthritis, heart disease, diuretic, hypertension, paralysis, constipation, nausea, sore, dyspepsia, chicken pox, pain, pyorrhea, eczema, cholera, scurvy, infection, measles, itches, whooping cough, digestive system disorder, liver disorder, heart disease, sexual disease, gastrointestinal problem, lung infection, wound healing, high cholesterol, urinary tract infection, hepatitis, kidney disease, eye inflammation, cough, catarrhal fever, malarial fever, hair treatment, dry skin, scrofulous sore, piles, sedative, swelling, tumor and other diseases. The result of the study revealed that the local people had rich knowledge of medicinal plants and were using the plants for their primary health care though people inside the study area are most often dependent on allopathic medicine. Now day’s plants are used broadly in modern medication. Therefore, it would be important to document the traditional knowledge of medicinal plants for further healing purpose.
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Chowdhury, MGA, MA Habib, MZ Hossain, UK Rima, PC Saha, MS Islam, S. Chowdhury, KM Kamaruddin, SMZH Chowdhury, and MAHNA Khan. "Passive surveillance on occurrence of deadly infectious, noninfectious and zoonotic diseases of livestock and poultry in Bangladesh and remedies." SAARC Journal of Agriculture 16, no. 1 (August 16, 2018): 129–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/sja.v16i1.37429.
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Passive surveillance system was designed with the data (102,613 case records) collected from the Government Veterinary Hospitals, Bangladesh and frequency distribution of diseases was calculated during July 2010 to June 2013. Frequently occurring diseases/ disease conditions reported in livestock were fascioliasis (10.66%), diarrhoea (7.92%), mastitis (7.42%), foot and mouth disease (6.42%), parasitic gastroenteritis (6.31%), coccidiosis (5.5%), Peste des petits ruminants (PPR,5.32%), anthrax (4.19%) and black quarter (3.74%). Diarrhoea and coccidiosis were reported to occur throughout the year. The frequency of fascioliasis appeared higher in buffaloes (34%) followed by sheep (22%), goats (13%) and cattle (11%). PPR is a deadly infectious disease of goats and sheep, accounted for 20% and 13% infectivity in respective species. In chicken the most frequently occurring diseases reported were Newcastle disease (28%), fowl cholera (19%) and coccidiosis (11%). In ducks, duck viral enteritis (28%), duck viral hepatitis (17%), diarrhoea (15%), coccidiosis (10%) and intestinal helminthiasis (10%) were the commonest diseases reported in Bangladesh. Few other endemic diseases of livestock and poultry like Tuberculosis, brucellosis, avian influenza, duck anatipestifer, Marek’s disease, Gumboro disease, avian tuberculosis, mycoplasmosis, dermatophilosis etc. were not included in the hospital data sheet. Financial hurdles persist in a country like Bangladesh, imposing difficulties onto the surveillance and early reporting of the disease outbreaks; these diseases are, therefore, stubbornly prevalent. Development of technological and knowledgeable man power, in time surveillance and early warning of disease outbreak are the key to protect animal and public health and produce safe food of animal origin.SAARC J. Agri., 16(1): 129-144 (2018)
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Park, Hyeung Ju, Min-Gyo Kim, and Seung-Hyo Lee. "IL-17A negatively regulates lymphatic vessel formation." Journal of Immunology 196, no. 1_Supplement (May 1, 2016): 196.14. http://dx.doi.org/10.4049/jimmunol.196.supp.196.14.
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Abstract Lymphatic vessels (LVs), well-known conduits of immune cells, enable antigen presenting cells (APCs) to enter draining lymph node resulting in the induction of adaptive immune responses against various antigens. During inflammation, LVs are increased and enlarged by the effect of pro-lymphangiogenic factors including vascular endothelial growth factor -A, C, and D secreted by APCs and stromal cells, and facilitate the migration of activated immune cells. However, after antigen clearance, these expanded LVs should be shrunk similar to apoptotic cell death of activated immune cells to maintain homeostasis. It is known that, failure of inflammation resolution causes chronic inflammation in many diseases. Chronic inflammation often accompanies increased LVs which enable continuous antigen delivery and immune cell trafficking from infection sites to draining lymph node. Previously, it was discovered that several cytokines secreted by type 1 and 2 helper T (Th) cells inhibit lymphangiogenesis during resolution phase but less is known about the effect of Th17 cytokines. Here, we show that interleukin-17A (IL-17A) secreted from Th17 cells is a putative negative regulator of lymphangiogenesis in Th17-mediated immune responses, especially during resolution phase. IL-17A suppressed gene expression of lymphatic specific markers in lymphatic endothelial cells. Also, we utilized cholera toxin mixed with chicken egg ovalbumin peptide (CTO) challenge model which induces Th17 dominant inflammation to examine the in vivo effect of IL-17A. Blockade of IL-17A increased LVs and enhanced their function. Thus, this study will provide expanded knowledge on unidentified role of IL-17A as a negative regulator of lymphangiogenesis.
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Hadeel Salim Alkutubi. "An Analytical Study of the Number of Communicable Diseases and Health Institutions in Iraq using Two-Way Analysis of Variance, Friedman and Scheffe Tests." Communications on Applied Nonlinear Analysis 31, no. 4s (July 5, 2024): 42–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.52783/cana.v31.828.
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In this research paper, data were analyzed from Environmental Statistics in Iraq (Health Indicators for 2019)/ Central Statistical Organization /Iraqi Ministry of Planning. The data represents the number of health institutions distributed across all governorates of Iraq (government hospitals, private hospitals, popular clinics, specialized health centers (dental, chest, allergy, asthma, other specialties), primary health care centers (main and subsidiary), other health institutions (insurance clinics). health care, health homes), training health center, family medicine health center, family planning center, central health laboratories, forensic medicine, blood bank). In addition to other data representing the number of infections with communicable diseases in Iraq (polio, acute flaccid paralysis, whooping cough, measles, German measles, mumps, congenital tetanus, adult tetanus, hydatid cysts, typhoid, malaria, schistosomiasis, bacillus dysentery, rabies, Diphtheria, chicken pox, hemorrhagic fever, Malta fever, pneumonia, cholera, scabies, cutaneous leishmaniasis, black fever, animal bites, meningitis of all kinds, bird flu, swine flu). It was determined whether there are significant differences in the number of health institutions in terms of their distribution across all governorates of Iraq, or not. Also, is there a significant difference in the number of infections with communicable diseases in all governorates of Iraq or not? If there is a significant difference in the number of health institutions or the number of infections with communicable diseases, whichever number is higher. The study included the total number of health institutions in Iraq, as well as the total number of communicable diseases of various types in all governorates of Iraq. The results were obtained by applying the Friedman test, in addition to two-way analysis of variance, as well as the Scheffé test.
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Vetrugno, Giuseppe, Fabio De Giorgio, and Francesco D'Alessandro. "TUBERCULOSIS: MEDICO-LEGAL ASPECTS." Mediterranean Journal of Hematology and Infectious Diseases 6, no. 1 (April 21, 2014): e2014033. http://dx.doi.org/10.4084/mjhid.2014.033.
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Tuberculosis is a diffusive infectious disease whose typical behavior differentiates it from other infectious diseases spread by human-to-human transmission (flu, chicken pox, cholera, etc.) which follow a classically epidemic pattern. Indeed, in the presence of a known source of Koch bacilli capable of spreading them by air, not all exposed individuals inhale the bacteria, not all those who inhale them absorb them, not all those who absorb them are unable to eliminate them, not all who are able to eliminate them do so using delayed hypersensitivity, not all those who react with delayed hypersensitivity suffer lasting tissue damage (among other things, minor), not all who suffer tissue damage have anatomical sequelae, not all those who have anatomical sequelae, however minimal, become carriers of bacilli in the latent period. The vast majority (90-95%) of the latter – which are in any case a portion, not the totality of those exposed – remain asymptomatic throughout their lives and never develop active tuberculosis. Based on these biological characteristics and the legal concepts of “epidemic” and “disease,” it becomes highly problematic, if not impossible, to assert both that tuberculosis can cause events of sufficient magnitude to be associated with the crime of “epidemic,” and that the mere diagnosis of a latent tuberculosis infection is sufficient to assume the presence of an illness legally prosecutable in criminal proceedings or a disability prosecutable in civil proceedings. Further, clinically apparent tuberculosis is a temporarily—in some cases permanently—disabling condition, and in certain work environments, even with the difficulties caused by the lack of available effective diagnostic tools and the insidious behavior of the disease in the early stages, it appears appropriate to engage in targeted monitoring, also for the early identification of persons who may become ill.
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Hasan, AKM Rakibul, MH Ali, MP Siddique, MM Rahman, and MA Islam. "CLINICAL AND LABORATORY DIAGNOSES OF COMMON BACTERIAL DISEASES OF BROILER AND LAYER CHICKENS." Bangladesh Journal of Veterinary Medicine 8, no. 2 (July 12, 2012): 107–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v8i2.11188.
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The study was undertaken with a view to compare clinical and laboratory diagnoses of various bacterial diseases of poultry during the period from March 2009 to February 2010 in the laboratory of the Dept. of Microbiology and Hygiene, Bangladesh Agricultural University (BAU), Mymensingh. A total of 135 sick and dead chickens (47 broilers and 88 layers) were collected from 12 different poultry farms (4 broilers and 8 layers) of Mymensingh and Gazipur districts which were subjected for clinical followed by laboratory diagnosis. Clinical diagnosis was made on the basis of clinical history, clinical signs and postmortem findings of the affected birds whereas; confirmatory diagnosis was made by using cultural examination, Grams staining and different biochemical tests. In this study, out of 47 broilers, 16 (34%) chickens were clinically diagnosed as colibacillosis, 11 (23.40%) as salmonellosis and 2 (4.25%) as fowl cholera. In the same way, out of 88 layer chickens, 28 (31.82%) were diagnosed as colibacillosis, 16 (18.18%) as salmonellosis and 11 (12.50%) as fowl cholera. In laboratory, out of 47 suspected broiler chickens, 12 (25.53%) chickens were diagnosed as colibacillosis, 7 (14.89%) as salmonellosis and 0 (0%) as fowl cholera. Correspondingly of the 88 layer chickens 22 (25%) were diagnosed as colibacillosis, 11 (13.64%) as salmonellosis and 8 (9.09%) as fowl cholera. So the findings concluded that clinical diagnosis is not always accurate like laboratory diagnosis because in most cases clinical history, clinical signs and post-mortem lesions of different bacterial diseases including mixed infections are almost similar to other related diseases and it is recommended to confirm laboratory diagnosis before treatment of the diseases.DOI = http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjvm.v8i2.11188 Bangl. J. Vet. Med. (2010). 8 (2) : 107-115
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Chandra Kalita, Phatik. "COVID-19 PANDEMIC AND ITS IMPACTS ON MICRO SMALL AND MEDIUM ENTERPRISES OF ASSAM." International Journal of Advanced Research 9, no. 06 (June 30, 2021): 630–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.21474/ijar01/13055.
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The human civilization has witnessed several numbers of pandemic from time to time since time immemorial such as the Plague, Cholera, Influenza, Chicken pox Malaria, Typhus, and HIV/AIDS etc. This Pandemic has created a serious threat to the existence of human civilization and also badly affected globally in the socio-economic conditions and industrial development. The Corona Virus Disease 2019, shortly Covid !9 is a recently developed global pandemic which was first identified in Wuhan city of China in the month of December 2019 and on 11th march 2020 it was declared as a pandemic by the World Health Organization. The all most all of the countries of the world were severely affected from this pandemic, specially, in the industrial and health sectors, where lakhs of people lost their lives. India is also not exceptional in this regard. As a developing country thousands of educated unemployed youth rush to other developed countries specially the Middle East countries for searching of jobs. But due to covid-19 pandemic most of the youth return back to their home land India. It has been observed that due to the outbreak of COVID-19, the economic situation of India has been badly affected because most of the Large and MSMEs were closed down as a result lakhs of youths became unemployed. The entire economic condition of the North Easter state of India including Assam were also badly affected in this pandemic because the region is industrially very poor as compared to the other states of the country, therefore, thousands of unemployed youth go to other states like Tamilnadu, Kerela, Karnatak, Maharastra, Delhi, Hariyana etc. in search of jobs. Due to this pandemic these youths returned to their own state due to shutdown of their industries, which affected in economy. Therefore, this study is an attempt to highlight the major impacts of the Covid-19 on economic and industrial sectors of Assam.
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TERASHIMA, MASAHARU, and MAKOTO SHIMOYAMA. "ADP-RIBOSYLATION OF A1 PEPTIDE OF CHOLERA TOXIN BY CHICKEN ARGININE-SPECIFIC ADP-RIBOSYLTRANSFERASE WITH A CONCOMITANT INCREASE IN ADP-RIBOSYLTRANSFERASE ACTIVITY OF THE PEPTIDE ." Biomedical Research 14, no. 5 (1993): 329–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.2220/biomedres.14.329.
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Halder, Sharna, Shubhagata Das, Sabuj Kanti Nath, Swarup Kumar Kundu, Md Sirazul Islam, Sharmin Chowdhury, and Md Masuduzzaman. "Prevalence of some common bacterial diseases in commercial poultry farm." Ukrainian Journal of Veterinary and Agricultural Sciences 4, no. 2 (August 16, 2021): 44–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/ujvas4-2.08.
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Bacterial disease of poultry is one of the major constraints to the expansion of poultry industry. The study was undertaken to investigate some common bacterial diseases in commercial poultry farm. A total of 100 sick and dead chickens (67 broilers, 26 layers and 7 sonali) were collected from different poultry farms which were subjected to postmortem examination for tentative diagnosis. After the post-mortem examination, out of 100 collected dead chickens, bacterial diseases were confirmed 58 %. Among them 52 % of the chickens were diagnosed tentatively to be the case of colibacillosis, 4 % salmonellosis, and 2 % of fowl cholera. In post-mortem examination, some pathological lesions like: omphalitis, fibrinopurulent fluid accumulation in peritoneal cavity, air sacculitis, pericarditis and perihepatitis, extreme congestion and septicemia in intestine for colibacillosis infection; unabsorbed yolk mass, bronze discoloration and friable liver, hemorrhages in spleen, misshaped ova for salmonellosis as well as swollen and hardening of comb, congestion of skin, multiple pin point pale color necrotic lesion on liver, pin point hemorrhage on fat muscle of heart were observed for fowl cholera infection. Hence, this study will definitely help to perceive the prevalence of common bacterial diseases like colibacillosis, salmonellosis and fowl cholera infection in commercial poultry farm.
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Modak, Manasi, Md Mansurul Amin, Sukumar Saha, and Jayedul Hassan. "Immunogenicity of BAU-Bivalent Salmonella and Fowl Cholera Vaccines in Shuvra Chickens." Microbes and Health 1, no. 2 (March 8, 2013): 50–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/mh.v1i2.14089.
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The study was performed to investigate the immunogenicity of Salmonella and Fowl cholera vaccine prepared at BAU using Shuvra strain of chickens administered with BAU Salmonella bivalent and BAU Fowl cholera vaccines prepared by Livestock and Poultry Vaccine Research and Production Centre, (LPVRPC). A total of 60 apparently healthy BLRI strains Shuvra were used in this study. The birds were divided into three groups, consisting of 20 birds in each group. Shuvra- A group birds were vaccinated with BAU Salmonella bivalent vaccine, Shuvra-B group birds with BAU Fowl cholera vaccines and Shuvra-C group birds were used as unvaccinated control. The birds, except the ones in group C, were vaccinated intramuscularly (0.5ml) at 8 weeks of age followed by a booster dose at 12 weeks of age. Sera samples were collected on day 56, 85, 105 days and after challenge at 140 days age of birds. Secondary (booster) vaccination (P< 0.05) exhibited a significant level of antibody response. The antibody titre of these birds slowly descended till four weeks of challenge test. It was observed that a dependable level of immunogenicity of BAU Salmonella Bivalent and BAU Fowl cholera vaccine was observed when administered under this schedule followed in Shuvra strain of chickens. DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/mh.v1i2.14089 Microbes and Health, 2012 1(2): 50-53
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Bayat, Mahdiye, Alireza Khabiri, and Behzad Hemati. "Development of IgY-Based Sandwich ELISA as a Robust Tool for Rapid Detection and Discrimination of ToxigenicVibrio cholerae." Canadian Journal of Infectious Diseases and Medical Microbiology 2018 (October 2, 2018): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/4032531.
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Background. The conventional methods for diagnosis ofVibrio choleraeare time consuming, complicated, and expensive. Development of rapid detection tests is critical for prevention and management of cholera. This study aimed to introduce two sensitive sandwich ELISAs based on avian antibodies (IgY) targeting outer membrane protein W (OmpW) and cytotoxin B (CtxB) antigens ofV. cholerae.Methods. The sequences ofompWandctxBgenes were cloned into pET28a vector.Escherichia coliBL21 (DE3) was transformed with the recombinant vectors, and gene expression was induced by IPTG. The expressed proteins were purified by affinity chromatography using Ni-NTA resins. Two groups of white Leghorn chickens were immunized by recombinant proteins, and the generated antibodies were purified from egg yolks of chickens by PEG precipitation. The antibodies were used for the development ofα-OmpW andα-CtxB ELISAs.Results. The expression and purification yielded 59 and 38 mg of recombinant OmpW and CtxB, respectively, per one liter of bacterial culture. PEG precipitation and purification of egg yolk antibodies yielded on average (±SD) 66.5 ± 1.80 and 50.9 ± 2.23 mg of purifiedα-OmpW andα-CtxB per egg, respectively. The analytical sensitivity ofα-OmpW ELISA was 103 cfu/mL ofV. choleraeand that ofα-CtxB ELISA was 33 pg/mL of recombinant cytotoxin B. The two developed ELISAs did not show any cross-reactivity to any tested bacteria grown in common conditions.Discussion. The current study is the first report on using IgY for detection ofV. cholerae. The developed ELISAs were shown to have considerable analytical sensitivity and specificity. Therefore, the assays can be one of the convenient methods for sensitive and specific detection of toxigenicV. choleraestrains in clinical and environmental samples.
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N. A. Jasim. "Survey study for diseases of house chickens in villages of Kirkuk governorate." Tikrit Journal of Pure Science 22, no. 7 (February 1, 2023): 79–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.25130/tjps.v22i7.836.
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This research included (436) infected case of house chickens were diagnosed in villages of Kirkuk in the period (January 2015 to December 2015).The study showed that Newcastle Disease still the most important diseases in poultry of Iraq, with a high percentage of (35.3%) from total cases. The incidence of other diseases were as follow: Parasitic infestations manifested in chickens as Ectoparasites (15%), Fowl pox (14.4%), Internal parasites (13.3%), Bumble foot (7.3%), Fowl Typhoid and Pullorum Disease (6.9%), Necrotic enteritis (4.8%), the low incidence with Fowl cholera (3%) was recorded .