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Castro, Renata Lima, Lidiana de Siqueira Nunes Ramos, João Batista Lopes, Diego da Paz Carvalho, Tadeu Sampaio Carneiro, Tatiane Menezes Brandão, Silvana Maria de Medeiros Sousa Silva, and Dorinha Mirian Silber Schmidt Vitti. "Growth-promoters utilization in diet for broilers chicken." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2007 (April 2007): 246. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200021499.
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In the productive chain of broiler chicken the sanitary problems are minimized with the use of alimentary additives. The official Brazilian Health Department has established criteria for the use of antibiotic in broilers chicken diet and the use of probiotics, prebiotics and simbiotics has increased (Miltenburg, 2000). This paper was developed to evaluate the effect of different growth-promoters in diet for broilers chickens from 1 to 21 days age on weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion and to study the economic viability of addition of those promoters.
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Burt, D. W., I. R. Paton, and B. R. Dey. "Comparative analysis of human and chicken transforming growth factor-β2 and -β3 promoters." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 7, no. 3 (December 1991): 175–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/jme.0.0070175.
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ABSTRACT The promoters for chicken transforming growth factor-β2 (TGF-β2) and TGF-β3 were cloned and sequenced to study the regulation of these genes. The promoters are GC-rich and lie within CpG islands. Several putative DNA regulatory sequence motifs were identified in the 5′-flanking regions, including matches to particular recognition sequences for several nuclear factors found in other genes. A comparison of chicken and human TGF-β2 promoters revealed a 111 bp conserved sequence surrounding the major transcription start site. Two regions of sequence homology were detected in the 5′-flanking regions of chicken and human TGF-β3 genes: an 86 bp sequence surrounding the major transcription start and a 156 bp sequence in the 5′-untranslated region. No DNA sequence homology was detected between TGF-β1, -β2 or -β3 promoters. The conserved region near the major transcription start sites in both the TGF-β2 and TGF-β3 genes, however, does show some structural homology; both promoters contain short conserved sequences that resemble TATA box, cyclic AMP-responsive element and AP-2 sequence motifs, cis-acting elements we believe may be important for promoter activity.
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Untari, Tri, Okti Herawati, Marla Anggita, Widya Asmara, Agnesia Endang Tri Hastuti Wahyuni, and Michael Haryadi Wibowo. "The Effect of Antibiotic Growth Promoters (AGP) on Antibiotic Resistance and the Digestive System of Broiler Chicken in Sleman, Yogyakarta." BIO Web of Conferences 33 (2021): 04005. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/bioconf/20213304005.
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Chicken is a major source of animal protein consumption in Indonesia. The problem facing the poultry industry is the incidence of resistance which increases mortality of the chicken production. One of the causes of resistance case is the use of antibiotics in feed additives. The public understanding about the effects of the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in chickens in antibiotic resistance and the digestive tract of chicken needs to be done to avoid the impact on economic losses and health problems. This study aims to provide an understanding of the effects of the use of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) on antibiotic resistance and the digestive tract of broiler chickens. This study was carried out at a broiler chicken farm in Sleman, Yogyakarta. Based on the histopathological result of the digestive tract of chickens that were given antibiotics as AGP, there was no inflammation occurs, but the administration of antibiotics caused antibiotic resistance in various type of antibiotics including tetracycline (90% resistance), streptomycin (60% resistance), amoxicillin (50% resistance), erythromycin (80% resistance), and no resistance for gentamycin.
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Peric, L., D. Zikic, and M. Lukic. "Application of alternative growth promoters in broiler production." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 25, no. 5-6-1 (2009): 387–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0906387p.
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Subsequent to banning of use of antibiotics as growth promoter sin poultry nutrition, numerous studies turned to finding of alternative solutions, i.e. other, natural substances, which would have positive effect on chicken growth and feed conversion. Today, several groups of these additives are in use, and most often probiotics, prebiotics, enzymes, acidifiers, antioxidants and phytogene additives. Considering that each of the stated groups has its own specificities, objective of this work was to present main mechanism of their action and to present their effect on production results in fattening of broiler chickens through review of research published in this field.
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Barros, Victor Ramos Sales Mendes de, Geraldo Roberto Quintão Lana, Sandra Roselí Valerio Lana, Ângela Maria Quintão Lana, Fabio Sales Albuquerque Cunha, and João Virgínio Emerenciano Neto. "β-mannanase and mannan oligosaccharides in broiler chicken feed." Ciência Rural 45, no. 1 (October 10, 2014): 111–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/0103-8478cr20131544.
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The study aimed to evaluate the use of β-mannanase and mannan oligosaccharides (MOS) to replace growth promoters in broiler diets. Four hundred male Cobb broiler chicks were used, with initial weight of 45±1g, distributed in a completely randomized design with five treatments and eight repetitions of ten birds. The treatments were: basal feed; basal feed without growth promoter; basal feed without growth promoter + β-mannanase; basal feed without growth promoter + MOS; and basal feed without growth promoter + β-mannanase + MOS. The feed intake of the birds increased in response to dietary treatments compared to basal diet during the period 1-21 days of age. A higher weight gain and improved feed conversion was found at 42 days of age among birds that had received the basal diet without growth promoter + MOS. The absolute weight at slaughter, relative carcass and prime cuts except breast weights improved in response to dietary treatments compared to the basal diet at 42 days of age. No difference was observed in relative weight of the liver, while significant differences were found in the weight of heart, gizzard, and abdominal fat. It was concluded that β-mannanase and MOS can replace the growth promoters in broiler diets without compromising production and economic performance. However, the association of these products into the feed may cause negative interaction that reduces the broiler chickens' performance
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Idowu, K. R., O. A. Adeyemi, O. O. Oni, and O. M. Sogunle. "Evaluation of antibody titers of Noiler chickens fed with different biotic additive against Newcastle disease." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 47, no. 3 (December 17, 2020): 44–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v47i3.135.
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Immunity plays a key role in maintaining animal health, and thereby helps to enhance performance in livestock. The focus of alternative antibiotic growth promoters (prebiotic, probiotic, and symbiotic) strategies has been to prevent proliferation of pathogenic pathogen and to improve the immune status and performance of livestock. Atotal of 360, day old Noiler chickens were randomly distributed into 12 treatments with 3 replicates of 10 birds each. Experimental treatments consisted of 4 different growth promoters (probiotic, prebiotic, symbiotic and antibiotic) at 3 inclusion rates (0, 0.5 and 1g) into kg of feed respectively. The chickens were reared for a period of 42 days to evaluate the titer value of the bird fed with different growth promoters (prebiotic, probiotic, symbiotic and oxytetracycline antibiotic). The results obtained revealed significant differences in (P<0.05) in the Newcastle disease titer value of birds fed with different growth promoters with prebiotic having the best value (4.67), followed by symbiotic (4.55) and the inclusion of growth promoters at 1g into a kg of feed were significantly improved for prebiotic (6.00) and symbiotic (5.60) as compared to 0.5 and 0 g level of inclusion across the biotic additives. Hence it could be concluded that inclusion of prebiotic improved the Newcastle disease titer value of Noiler chicken at 1g/kg of feed.
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Adaszyńska-Skwirzyńska, Michalina, and Danuta Szczerbińska. "Use of essential oils in broiler chicken production – a review." Annals of Animal Science 17, no. 2 (May 1, 2017): 317–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoas-2016-0046.
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Abstract Biological activity of volatile plant metabolites is the property that can potentially find application in animal nutrition. Nowadays, the use of bioactive compounds is encouraged in many areas of industry and agriculture, since these substances have similar properties as withdrawn antibiotic growth promoters. Meat poultry production is focused on the maximization of performance parameters, namely rapid chicken growth with low feed consumption, and with the optimum health status of the flock. Essential oils can stimulate the growth and functioning of the body, which translates into both chicken’s health and enhanced production parameters. The substances are characterized by a range of effects, are easily biodegradable, and do not usually require a waiting period - hence they can be used in breeding broiler chickens. Given the increasing restrictions imposed on poultry production in terms of food safety and ethical aspects of husbandry, it seems appropriate to look for the use of new, natural substances to be applied in animal production. The article presents the characteristics of essential oils in this context, with a particular focus on their antimicrobial and immunostimulatory properties. The paper also describes production applications of essential oils tested in experiments on hybrid Ross 308 and Cobb 500 chickens.
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Babak, Darabighane, and Samuel N. Nahashon. "A Review on Effects of Aloe Vera as a Feed Additive in Broiler Chicken Diets." Annals of Animal Science 14, no. 3 (July 29, 2014): 491–500. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2014-0026.
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AbstractProhibition of application of antibiotic growth promoters in broiler chicken diets has resulted in increased use of herbs as natural additives in broiler feeds over the recent years. Researchers particularly look for herbs that can affect such parameters as growth performance, immune response, or treatment of certain diseases. Aloe vera is a well-known herb characterized by properties such as anti-bacterial, anti-viral, anti-fungal, anti-tumor, anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, wound-healing, anti-oxidant, and anti-diabetic effects. During the past years, attention has shifted toward Aloe vera as a natural additive to broiler diets, and studies have shown that Aloe vera can improve immune response and growth performance in broilers. In addition, Aloe vera is an excellent alternative for antibiotic growth promoters and anticoccidial drugs. Since Aloe vera can be used for broilers in the form of gel, powder, ethanolic extract, aqueous extract, and a polysaccharide contained in Aloe vera gel (i.e. acemannan), more studies are required to determine the best form and to compare Aloe vera with other medicinal herbs. This paper reviews effects of Aloe vera on intestinal microflora, growth performance, immune response, and coccidiosis in broiler chickens.
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Bagal, Vikrant Laxman, Vinod Kumar Khatta, Bachu Singh Tewatia, Sandeep Kumar Sangwan, and Subhash Shamrao Raut. "Relative efficacy of organic acids and antibiotics as growth promoters in broiler chicken." Veterinary World 9, no. 4 (April 2016): 377–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2016.377-382.
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Aguzey, Harry A., Zhenhua Gao, Wu Haohao, Cheng Guilan, Wu Zhengmin, Chen Junhong, and Niu Zhi Li. "The Role of Arginine in Disease Prevention, Gut Microbiota Modulation, Growth Performance and the Immune System of Broiler Chicken – A Review." Annals of Animal Science 20, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 325–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/aoas-2019-0081.
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AbstractThe effect of dietary arginine on disease prevention, immune system modulation, the gut micro-biota composition and growth of broiler chicken was reviewed. The main aim of poultry production is the maximization of profit at the least possible cost. This objective can mainly be achieved by ensuring that there is no interference in growth or disease outbreak and by feeding chicken with the best possible level of nutrients. With the ban on antibiotic growth promoters, attention is shifted towards other nutrition methods to prevent diseases and promote growth. More attention is therefore given to protein diets in animal nutrition due to their importance as essential part of active biological compounds in the body, assisting in the breakdown of body tissue and helping in the physiological processes of the animal. Arginine plays important function in serving as building blocks of proteins and polypeptides. It performs other roles during the regulation of important biochemical functions such as maintenance, growth, reproduction and immunity. Arginine cannot be synthesized by the body so it has to be supplemented in the diet. When arginine is supplemented above the recommended level, the gut mucosa is protected, immunosuppression is alleviated, diseases like necrotic enteritis, infectious bursal disease and coccidiosis in broiler chickens are prevented. There is an improvement in growth resulting from the increase in intestinal absorption, barrier function and microbiota composition.
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Sun, Wu-Sheng, Hyeon Yang, Jin Gu No, Haesun Lee, Nahyun Lee, Minguk Lee, Man-Jong Kang, and Keon Bong Oh. "Select Porcine Elongation Factor 1α Sequences Mediate Stable High-Level and Upregulated Expression of Heterologous Genes in Porcine Cells in Response to Primate Serum." Genes 12, no. 7 (July 7, 2021): 1046. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/genes12071046.
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Genetically engineered (GE) pigs with various combinations of genetic profiles have been developed using heterologous promoters. This study aimed to identify autologous promoters for high and ubiquitous expression of xenotransplantation relevant genes in GE pigs. A 1.4 kb upstream regulatory sequence of porcine elongation factor 1α (pEF1α) gene was selected and isolated for use as a promoter. Activity of the pEF1α promoter was subsequently compared with that of the cytomegalovirus (CMV) promoter, CMV enhancer/chicken β-actin (CAG) promoter, and human EF1α (hEF1α) promoter in different types of pig-derived cells. Comparative analysis of luciferase and mutant human leukocyte antigen class E-F2A-β-2 microglobulin (HLA-E) expression driven by pEF1α, CMV, CAG, and hEF1α promoters revealed the pEF1α promoter mediated comparable expression levels with those of the CAG promoter in porcine ear skin fibroblasts (PEFs) and porcine kidney-15 (PK-15) cells, but lower than those of the CAG promoter in porcine aortic endothelial cells (PAECs). The pEF1α promoter provided long-term stable HLA-E expression in PEFs, but the CAG promoter failed to sustain those levels of expression. For xenogeneic serum-induced cytotoxicity assays, the cells were cultured for several hours in growth medium supplemented with primate serum. Notably, the pEF1α promoter induced significant increases in luciferase and HLA-E expression in response to primate serum in PAECs compared with those driven by the CAG promoter, suggesting the pEF1α promoter could regulate temporal expression of heterologous genes under xenogeneic-cytotoxic conditions. These results suggest the pEF1α promoter may be valuable for development of GE pigs spatiotemporally and stably expressing immunomodulatory genes for xenotransplantation.
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Svoradova, Andrea, Vladimir Zmrhal, Eva Venusova, and Petr Slama. "Chicken Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Applications: A Mini Review." Animals 11, no. 7 (June 24, 2021): 1883. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11071883.
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Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent progenitor cells that adhere to plastic; express the specific markers CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90, and CD105; and produce cytokines and growth factors supporting and regulating hematopoiesis. MSCs have capacity for differentiating into osteocytes, chondrocytes, adipocytes, and myocytes. They are useful for research toward better understanding the pathogenic potential of the infectious bursal disease virus, mineralization during osteogenesis, and interactions between MSCs as a feeder layer to other cells. MSCs are also important for immunomodulatory cell therapy, can provide a suitable strategy model for coculture with pathogens causing dermatitis disorders in chickens, can be cultured in vitro with probiotics and prebiotics with a view to eliminate the feeding of antibiotic growth promoters, and offer cell-based meat production. Moreover, bone marrow-derived MSCs (BM-MSCs) in coculture with hematopoietic progenitor/stem cells (HPCs/HSCs) can support expansion and regulation of the hematopoiesis process using the 3D-culture system in future research in chickens. MSCs’ several advantages, including ready availability, strong proliferation, and immune modulatory properties make them a suitable model in the field of stem cell research. This review summarizes current knowledge about the general characterization of MSCs and their application in chicken as a model organism.
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Raza, M., A. Biswas, N. A. Mir, and A. B. Mandal. "Butyric acid as a promising alternative to antibiotic growth promoters in broiler chicken production." Journal of Agricultural Science 157, no. 1 (January 2019): 55–62. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859619000212.
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AbstractThe current work studied the effects of butyric acid (BA) supplementation on the growth performance, carcase characteristics, immunity, gut histology and serum biochemistry of broiler chicken. Four experimental diets were formulated: control, 20 mg bacitracin methylene di-salicylate/kg diet (BMD-supplemented), 3 g BA/kg diet and 4 g BA/kg diet. The results revealed higher body weight gain (BWG) in BA and BMD-supplemented groups. Only BMD supplementation increased the feed intake (FI) of birds, whereas BA supplementation improved feed efficiency. Expression of glucose transporter (GLUT5), sodium-dependent glucose transporter (SGLT1) and peptide transporter (PepT1) were up-regulated due to BMD and BA supplementation. However, at 21 days post-hatching SGLT1 expression in the BMD-supplemented group was down-regulated with respect to the BA-supplemented groups. The 4 g BA/kg diet yielded better humoral and cell-mediated immune responses than the other groups. No dietary effects were observed on carcase characteristics and histomorphometry of jejunum at 7 days post-hatching. However, at 42 days old, the 4 g BA/kg diet increased villus length and width significantly. There was a significant increase in serum protein, albumin, creatinine, aspartate aminotransaminase (AST), phosphorus and calcium due to BA supplementation. However, the reverse trend was observed in serum uric acid and cholesterol, where BA supplementation decreased both and BMD supplementation decreased uric acid levels only. Based on the results it was concluded that 4 g BA/kg diet supplementation in feed is optimal for desirable broiler production.
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MUAZ, KHURRAM, MUHAMMAD RIAZ, SAEED AKHTAR, SUNGKWON PARK, and AMIR ISMAIL. "Antibiotic Residues in Chicken Meat: Global Prevalence, Threats, and Decontamination Strategies: A Review." Journal of Food Protection 81, no. 4 (March 14, 2018): 619–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-17-086.
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ABSTRACT Poultry production is among the most rapidly growing industries around the globe, and poultry is one of the major sources of meat. Poultry farmers use disease preventive and growth promoter antibiotics for faster growth of chickens in the shortest possible time to increase the rate of feed assimilation and to lower the incidence of mortality caused by a pathogen attack. Antibiotics may result in dysfunctionality of beneficial gut microbiota and increase resistance among microbial pathogens in poultry. Residues of these antibiotics in poultry meat have been determined in many of the studies globally and are considered one of the possible causes of antibacterial resistance in human pathogens. The presence of residues of antibiotics in poultry meat and meat products beyond maximum permissible limits is a matter of serious concern. Heat treatments can reduce the risk of some sulfonamides, tetracyclines, and fluoroquinolones but do not guarantee the complete elimination or degradation of these antibiotic residues present in broiler meat. Some of the developed countries, including Sweden, Norway, Denmark, and the European Union have already prohibited the application of antibiotics for preventive, as well as growth-promoting purposes. Training farmers to monitor withdrawal periods, banning the use of antibiotics as growth promoters, and adopting the veterinary feed directive of the U.S. Food and Drug Administration are important parameters to mitigate the emergence of antibiotic resistance in bacteria related to poultry production.
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Costa, Marcio C., Jose A. Bessegatto, Amauri A. Alfieri, J. Scott Weese, João A. B. Filho, and Alexandre Oba. "Different antibiotic growth promoters induce specific changes in the cecal microbiota membership of broiler chicken." PLOS ONE 12, no. 2 (February 21, 2017): e0171642. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0171642.
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Diarra, Moussa S., Fred G. Silversides, Fatoumata Diarrassouba, Jane Pritchard, Luke Masson, Roland Brousseau, Claudie Bonnet, et al. "Impact of Feed Supplementation with Antimicrobial Agents on Growth Performance of Broiler Chickens, Clostridium perfringens and Enterococcus Counts, and Antibiotic Resistance Phenotypes and Distribution of Antimicrobial Resistance Determinants in Escherichia coli Isolates." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 73, no. 20 (September 7, 2007): 6566–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.01086-07.
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ABSTRACT The effects of feed supplementation with the approved antimicrobial agents bambermycin, penicillin, salinomycin, and bacitracin or a combination of salinomycin plus bacitracin were evaluated for the incidence and distribution of antibiotic resistance in 197 commensal Escherichia coli isolates from broiler chickens over 35 days. All isolates showed some degree of multiple antibiotic resistance. Resistance to tetracycline (68.5%), amoxicillin (61.4%), ceftiofur (51.3%), spectinomycin (47.2%), and sulfonamides (42%) was most frequent. The levels of resistance to streptomycin, chloramphenicol, and gentamicin were 33.5, 35.5, and 25.3%, respectively. The overall resistance levels decreased from day 7 to day 35 (P < 0.001). Comparing treatments, the levels of resistance to ceftiofur, spectinomycin, and gentamicin (except for resistance to bacitracin treatment) were significantly higher in isolates from chickens receiving feed supplemented with salinomycin than from the other feeds (P < 0.001). Using a DNA microarray analysis capable of detecting commonly found antimicrobial resistance genes, we characterized 104 tetracycline-resistant E. coli isolates from 7- to 28-day-old chickens fed different growth promoters. Results showed a decrease in the incidence of isolates harboring tet(B), bla TEM, sulI, and aadA and class 1 integron from days 7 to 35 (P < 0.01). Of the 84 tetracycline-ceftiofur-resistant E. coli isolates, 76 (90.5%) were positive for bla CMY-2. The proportions of isolates positive for sulI, aadA, and integron class 1 were significantly higher in salinomycin-treated chickens than in the control or other treatment groups (P < 0.05). These data demonstrate that multiantibiotic-resistant E. coli isolates can be found in broiler chickens regardless of the antimicrobial growth promoters used. However, the phenotype and the distribution of resistance determinants in E. coli can be modulated by feed supplementation with some of the antimicrobial agents used in broiler chicken production.
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Sanjyal, S., and S. Sapkota. "Supplementation of Broilers Diet with Different Sources of Growth Promoters." Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 12 (July 22, 2012): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v12i0.6478.
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A study was conducted at the Institute of Agriculture and Animal Sciences (IAAS), Rampur, Chitwan from 29 August to 17 October, 2007 to compare the effects of antibiotic (chlortetracycline) and probiotic (Lactobacillus acidophilus) with three herbal growth promoters, Amala (Emblica officinalis),(EO), Tulsi (Ocimum sanctum), (OC) and Aswogandha (Withania somnifera),(WS) on growth performance, feed consumption, feed conversion efficiency, carcass characteristics, and economics of broiler production. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with day-old broiler chick (192) randomly assigned to eight groups containing 8 chick in each and replicated three times. The control group received the maize-soybean based basal diet. In the treatment groups, the basal diet was supplemented with one of the following: antibiotic, probiotics, Tulsi, Amala, and Aswogandha and also in combination of herbs, forming eight treatments respectively. Results showed significantly better production in herbs. Significantly higher digestibility of all the nutrients (P<0.05) was observed in Amala+Tulsi+Aswogandha (T8) supplemented group. Highest body weight (1.440kg) was recorded in birds fed diet supplemented with Amala and Tulsi, and the lowest body weight (1.317kg) was seen in antibiotics (T2) fed birds. The highest income over expenditure (Rs.26.36) was recorded in birds fed diet supplemented with Tulsi (T6), although the difference was not significant among the treatments. Looking at the benefit cost ratio, highest B/C ratio was found in birds supplied with Tulsi (1.19) supplemented diet and minimum (1.12) was recorded in Amala supplied diet. Hence, this experiment showed that herbs as growth promoters can replace antibiotics in the diet of broiler chicken. However, it needs multilocational trials before recommendation for adoption by poultry growers.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/njst.v12i0.6478 Nepal Journal of Science and Technology 12 (2011) 41-50
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Karasu, Kerem, and Ergin Ozturk. "Effects of Allegations Regarding the Use of Antibiotics and Hormones in Diets on Consumer Perceptions, Attitudes and Behaviors towards Broiler Meat Consumption." Turkish Journal of Agriculture - Food Science and Technology 9, no. 4 (April 23, 2021): 675–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.24925/turjaf.v9i4.675-682.3914.
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This research has been carried out to determine the effects of the current misinformation (hormone, antibiotic, feed additives and growth of broiler chickens in a short period) on consumers' view of the poultry meat sector. The survey was conducted in Istanbul province which better reflects the socio-cultural and socio-economic structure of Turkey, and with different demographic structure of 384 people face to face survey method was applied. Questions were asked to determine whether antibiotics and hormones were used in the diet of broiler chickens, and consumers' perceptions, attitudes and behaviors about the reliability of chicken meat. According to the results of the study, 73.4% of the consumers stated that they did not know about the contents of broiler diets. A big majority of the consumers (88.3%) stated that they think hormone is used and 84.6% think antibiotics is used in the feeding of broiler chickens. 78.4% of consumers surveyed stated that they think that broiler chickens are not fed with healthy feed. Also, 70.6% of consumers stated that rapid growth was due to use of antibiotics and hormones. Although the use of hormones and antibiotics as growth promoters in poultry feeds is prohibited, consumers think that they are used as additives and broiler meat is not safe food. According to these results, creating a positive effect on the purchasing decisions of the consumers is important for the sustainability and future of the sector.
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D Barton, Mary. "Antimicrobial resistance in veterinary medicine ? issues and controversies from an Australian perspective." Microbiology Australia 28, no. 4 (2007): 180. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ma07179.
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Antimicrobial resistance in veterinary isolates came to renewed prominence in the late 1990s in response to the recognition of an association between the use of avoparcin as a growth promotant in livestock feeds and vanA vancomycin resistance in enterococcal pathogens in humans 1. Since then there have been many regulatory changes in many countries that have resulted in a reduction in use of antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs) in livestock feeds. The EU has banned the use of most growth promoters and in Australia post-JETACAR avoparcin (a glycopeptide) has been voluntarily withdrawn from the market by the manufacturer (in 2000), recommendations have been made to restrict the use of virginiamycin (a streptogrammin) to a prescription-only medicine for treatment and prevention of some specific conditions, and a review of macrolide AGPs is in the wings. In addition, many of the industries have voluntarily reduced or ceased their use of some of these products. For example, the pig industry stopped use of avoparcin in 1997 and the use of virginiamycin has been curtailed in the meat chicken industry.
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Dumonceaux, Tim J., Janet E. Hill, Sean M. Hemmingsen, and Andrew G. Van Kessel. "Characterization of Intestinal Microbiota and Response to Dietary Virginiamycin Supplementation in the Broiler Chicken." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 72, no. 4 (April 2006): 2815–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.72.4.2815-2823.2006.
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ABSTRACT The inclusion of antibiotic growth promoters, such as virginiamycin, at subtherapeutic levels in poultry feeds has a positive effect on health and growth characteristics, possibly due to beneficial effects on the host gastrointestinal microbiota. To improve our understanding of the chicken gastrointestinal microbiota and the effect of virginiamycin on its composition, we characterized the bacteria found in five different gastrointestinal tract locations (duodenal loop, mid-jejunum, proximal ileum, ileocecal junction, and cecum) in 47-day-old chickens that were fed diets excluding or including virginiamycin throughout the production cycle. Ten libraries (five gastrointestinal tract locations from two groups of birds) of approximately 555-bp chaperonin 60 PCR products were prepared, and 10,932 cloned sequences were analyzed. A total of 370 distinct cpn60 sequences were identified, which ranged in frequency of recovery from 1 to 2,872. The small intestinal libraries were dominated by sequences from the Lactobacillales (90% of sequences), while the cecum libraries were more diverse and included members of the Clostridiales (68%), Lactobacillales (25%), and Bacteroidetes (6%). To assess the effects of virginiamycin on the gastrointestinal microbiota, 15 bacterial targets were enumerated using quantitative, real-time PCR. Virginiamycin was associated with increased abundance of many of the targets in the proximal gastrointestinal tract (duodenal loop to proximal ileum), with fewer targets affected in the distal regions (ileocecal junction and cecum). These findings provide improved profiling of the composition of the chicken intestinal microbiota and indicate that microbial responses to virginiamycin are most significant in the proximal small intestine.
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Díaz Carrasco, Juan María, Enzo Alejandro Redondo, Natalia Daniela Pin Viso, Leandro Martin Redondo, Marisa Diana Farber, and Mariano Enrique Fernández Miyakawa. "Tannins and Bacitracin Differentially Modulate Gut Microbiota of Broiler Chickens." BioMed Research International 2018 (2018): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2018/1879168.
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Antibiotic growth promoters have been used for decades in poultry farming as a tool to maintain bird health and improve growth performance. Global concern about the recurrent emergence and spreading of antimicrobial resistance is challenging the livestock producers to search for alternatives to feed added antibiotics. The use of phytogenic compounds appears as a feasible option due to their ability to emulate the bioactive properties of antibiotics. However, detailed description about the effects of in-feed antibiotics and alternative natural products on chicken intestinal microbiota is lacking. High-throughput sequencing of 16S rRNA gene was used to study composition of cecal microbiota in broiler chickens supplemented with either bacitracin or a blend of chestnut and quebracho tannins over a 30-day grow-out period. Both tannins and bacitracin had a significant impact on diversity of cecal microbiota. Bacitracin consistently decreasedBifidobacteriumwhile other bacterial groups were affected only at certain times. Tannins-fed chickens showed a drastic decrease in genusBacteroideswhile certain members of order Clostridiales mainly belonging to the families Ruminococcaceae and Lachnospiraceae were increased. Different members of these groups have been associated with an improvement of intestinal health and feed efficiency in poultry, suggesting that these bacteria could be associated with productive performance of birds.
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Setiyono, Agus, Andriyanto ., Aulia Andi Mustika, Lina Noviyanti Sutardi, Haig Babikian, Rajeev Kumar Jha, Beni Halalludin, Tigran Davtyan, and Yusef Babikyan. "Development of a Natural Oil Blend Formulation to Replace Antibiotics and Growth Promoters in Broiler Chicken Feed." International Journal of Poultry Science 20, no. 5 (May 15, 2021): 199–208. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2021.199.208.
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Slobodkina, Ekaterina, Maria Boldyreva, Maxim Karagyaur, Roman Eremichev, Natalia Alexandrushkina, Vadim Balabanyan, Zhanna Akopyan, Yelena Parfyonova, Vsevolod Tkachuk, and Pavel Makarevich. "Therapeutic Angiogenesis by a “Dynamic Duo”: Simultaneous Expression of HGF and VEGF165 by Novel Bicistronic Plasmid Restores Blood Flow in Ischemic Skeletal Muscle." Pharmaceutics 12, no. 12 (December 18, 2020): 1231. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pharmaceutics12121231.
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Therapeutic angiogenesis is a promising strategy for relief of ischemic conditions, and gene delivery was used to stimulate blood vessels’ formation and growth. We have previously shown that intramuscular injection of a mixture containing plasmids encoding vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)165 and hepatocyte growth factor (HGF) leads to restoration of blood flow in mouse ischemic limb, and efficacy of combined delivery was superior to each plasmid administered alone. In this work, we evaluated different approaches for co-expression of HGF and VEGF165 genes in a panel of candidate plasmid DNAs (pDNAs) with internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs), a bidirectional promoter or two independent promoters for each gene of interest. Studies in HEK293T culture showed that all plasmids provided synthesis of HGF and VEGF165 proteins and stimulated capillary formation by human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVEC), indicating the biological potency of expressed factors. Tests in skeletal muscle explants showed a dramatic difference and most plasmids failed to express HGF and VEGF165 in a significant quantity. However, a bicistronic plasmid with two independent promoters (cytomegalovirus (CMV) for HGF and chicken b-actin (CAG) for VEGF165) provided expression of both grow factors in skeletal muscle at an equimolar ratio. Efficacy tests of bicistronic plasmid were performed in a mouse model of hind limb ischemia. Intramuscular administration of plasmid induced significant restoration of perfusion compared to an empty vector and saline. These findings were supported by increased CD31+ capillary density in animals that received pHGF/VEGF. Overall, our study reports a first-in-class candidate gene therapy drug to deliver two pivotal angiogenic growth factors (HGF and VEGF165) with properties that provide basis for future development of treatment for an unmet medical need—peripheral artery disease and associated limb ischemia.
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Wang, Zhong, Ximin Zeng, Yiming Mo, Katie Smith, Yuming Guo, and Jun Lin. "Identification and Characterization of a Bile Salt Hydrolase from Lactobacillus salivarius for Development of Novel Alternatives to Antibiotic Growth Promoters." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 78, no. 24 (October 12, 2012): 8795–802. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.02519-12.
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ABSTRACTAntibiotic growth promoters (AGPs) have been used as feed additives to improve average body weight gain and feed efficiency in food animals for more than 5 decades. However, there is a worldwide trend to limit AGP use to protect food safety and public health, which raises an urgent need to discover effective alternatives to AGPs. The growth-promoting effect of AGPs has been shown to be highly correlated with the decreased activity of intestinal bile salt hydrolase (BSH), an enzyme that is produced by various gut microflora and involved in host lipid metabolism. Thus, BSH inhibitors are likely promising feed additives to AGPs to improve animal growth performance. In this study, the genome ofLactobacillus salivariusNRRL B-30514, a BSH-producing strain isolated from chicken, was sequenced by a 454 GS FLX sequencer. A BSH gene identified by genome analysis was cloned and expressed in anEscherichia coliexpression system for enzymatic analyses. The BSH displayed efficient hydrolysis activity for both glycoconjugated and tauroconjugated bile salts, with slightly higher catalytic efficiencies (kcat/Km) on glycoconjugated bile salts. The optimal pH and temperature for the BSH activity were 5.5 and 41°C, respectively. Examination of a panel of dietary compounds using the purified BSH identified some potent BSH inhibitors, in which copper and zinc have been recently demonstrated to promote feed digestion and body weight gain in different food animals. In sum, this study identified and characterized a BSH with broad substrate specificity from a chickenL. salivariusstrain and established a solid platform for us to discover novel BSH inhibitors, the promising feed additives to replace AGPs for enhancing the productivity and sustainability of food animals.
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Taylor, E. R., E. A. P. Seleiro, and P. M. Brickell. "Identification of antisense transcripts of the chicken insulin-like growth factor-II gene." Journal of Molecular Endocrinology 7, no. 2 (October 1991): 145–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1677/jme.0.0070145.
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ABSTRACT Insulin-like growth factor-II (IGF-II) is a polypeptide mitogen which is believed to play an important role in fetal development. The human and rat IGF-II genes are complex transcription units, which contain multiple promoters and polyadenylation sites and which exhibit alternate splicing of their primary transcripts. In order to study IGF-II gene expression during chick embryonic development, we screened a 10-day chick embryo cDNA library with a human IGF-II cDNA probe. We isolated a clone, designated cigf, that was comprised, in part, of sequences homologous to the second coding exon of the human, mouse and rat IGF-II genes. Comparison of the nucleotide sequence of cigf with that of the corresponding genomic clone indicated that cigf was derived from a spliced antisense transcript of the chicken IGF-II gene, which overlapped the second coding exon. Northern blotting experiments with single-stranded RNA probes synthesized using cigfDNA as a template showed that stage 22 and stage 36 chick embryos contained sense strand IGF-II transcripts of 1.4, 2.2, 4.7 and 7.0kb and antisense strand transcripts of 0.7, 1.3, 1.8, 2.5, 4.9, 6.0 and 8.0kb. The pattern of sense strand IGF-II transcripts was similar to that previously found in rat fetal tissues. Whilst there are precedents for the transcription of both strands of a single gene, this is the first evidence for antisense transcription of an IGF gene. The functions of the antisense transcripts remain to be determined. These findings demonstrate a further level of complexity in the IGF-II transcription unit and indicate that studies of IGF-II transcript distribution performed with double-stranded probes should be interpreted with caution. They also suggest explanations for the recent finding that IGF-II peptides are present at much lower levels in embryos than expected from the high levels of IGF-II transcripts present.
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Moses, O., P. A. Onimisi, J. O. Jegede, and M. Afolayan. "Evaluation of optimum inclusion levels of biostrong® 510 15% as a replacement for antibiotic growth promoters in broiler chicken production under field conditions in Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 46, no. 3 (December 23, 2020): 82–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v46i3.860.
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An experiment was conducted to evaluate the efficacy of Biostrong® 510 15% (BSG) inbroiler chickens diet. It was included at 0 g, 75 g, 100 g and 125 g/100 Kg diet, for T1-T4respectively while T5 had Oxytetracycline. Data was collected on growth performanceindices, haematological parameters, liver function indices, kidney function, blood mineralprofile, immune response, antioxidant capacity, villi morphometrics, lipid profile, ileum andceacum microbial contents, carcass quality parameters, and tibia bone quality indices. Alldata collected were subjected to analysis of variance and significant differences amongtreatment means were compared using the Tukey test of significance. Growth erformance showed that broilers fed diet containing 100g BSG had optimum performance among other levels. Haematological and liver function indices were not significantly (P>0.05) different. Birds fed BSG showed decreased cholesterol, triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein compared to the control treatment. Birds fed levels of BSG and AGP had significantly higher bone weight, bone density, bone dry matter and bone ash as compared to birds on the control group. All carcass evaluation parameters were significantly (P<0.05) different among treatments except for dressed weight, breast and kidney. Levels of BSG in the diet significantly lowered the cost of production than AGPs of finisher broilers improved liver health, bone strength, villi characteristics, increased beneficial bacteria population and also prevent the colonization of the gut by pathogenic bacteria thus improving the health of the birds. Biostrong® 510 15%, can therefore effectively replace antibiotic growth promoters in broiler chicken production.
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N. Karthikeyan, S. Naveenkumar, R. Narendra Babu P. Veeramani, and S. Sivaramakrishnan. "Effect of Organic Acid Salts as an Alternative to Antibiotic Growth Promoters on the Production Performance of Commercial Broiler Chicken." International Journal of Current Microbiology and Applied Sciences 6, no. 9 (September 10, 2017): 3470–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.20546/ijcmas.2017.609.426.
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Syed, Basharat, Silvia Wein, and Yuwares Ruangapanit. "The Efficacy of Synbiotic Application in Broiler Chicken Diets, Alone or in Combination with Antibiotic Growth Promoters on Zootechnical Parameters." Journal of World's Poultry Research 10, no. 3 (September 25, 2020): 469–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.36380/jwpr.2020.54.
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Devi, Pebam Chandrima, A. K. Samanta, Biren Das, Girin Kalita, Partha Sarathi Behera, and Sagarika Barman. "Effect of Plant Extracts and Essential Oil Blend as Alternatives to Antibiotic Growth Promoters on Growth Performance, Nutrient Utilization and Carcass Characteristics of Broiler Chicken." Indian Journal of Animal Nutrition 35, no. 4 (2018): 421. http://dx.doi.org/10.5958/2231-6744.2018.00064.6.
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Diaz Carrasco, J. M., L. M. Redondo, E. A. Redondo, J. E. Dominguez, A. P. Chacana, and M. E. Fernandez Miyakawa. "Use of Plant Extracts as an Effective Manner to ControlClostridium perfringensInduced Necrotic Enteritis in Poultry." BioMed Research International 2016 (2016): 1–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2016/3278359.
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Necrotic enteritis (NE) is an important concern in poultry industry since it causes economic losses, increased mortality, reduction of bird welfare, and contamination of chicken products for human consumption. For decades, the use of in-feed antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs) has been the main strategy to control intestinal pathogens includingClostridium perfringens(CP), the causative agent of NE. However, the use of AGPs in animal diet has been linked to the emergence and transmission of antimicrobial resistance through food-borne microorganisms, which has led to the ban of AGPs in many countries. This scenario has challenged the poultry industry to search for safer alternative products in order to prevent NE. In this context, the utilization of natural plant extracts with antimicrobial properties appears as a promising and feasible tool to control NE in chicken. In this paper, we review the scientific studies analyzing the potential of plant extracts as alternative feed additives to reduce NE in poultry, with focus on two types of plant products that arise as promising candidates: tannins and essential oils. Some of these products showed antimicrobial activity against CP and coccidiain vitroandin vivoand are able to increase productive performance, emulating the bioactive properties of AGPs.
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Peters, M. A., K. G. Sollenberger, T. L. Kao, and E. J. Taparowsky. "A minimal regulatory region maintains constitutive expression of the max gene." Molecular and Cellular Biology 17, no. 3 (March 1997): 1037–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.17.3.1037.
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Max is a basic helix-loop-helix/leucine zipper protein that forms heterodimers with the Myc family of proteins to promote cell growth and with the Mad/Mxi1 family of proteins to inhibit cell growth. The role of Max as the obligate binding partner for these two protein families necessitates the observed constitutive expression and relatively long half-life of the max mRNA under a variety of growth conditions. In this study, we have used the chicken max gene to map DNA elements maintaining max gene expression in vertebrate cells. We have identified a minimal regulatory region (MRR) that resides within 115 bp of the max translation initiation site and that possesses an overall structure typical of TATA-less promoters. Within the MRR are two consensus binding sites for Sp1, a ubiquitously expressed transcription factor that plays a role in the expression of many constitutive genes. Interestingly, we show that direct binding by Sp1 to these sites is not required for MRR-mediated transcription. Instead, the integrity of a 20-bp DNA element in the MRR is required for transcriptional activity, as is the interaction of this DNA element with a 90-kDa cellular protein. Our data suggest that it is the persistence of this 90-kDa protein in vertebrate cells which drives max gene expression, insulates the max promoter from the dramatic changes in transcription that accompany cell growth and development, and ensures that adequate levels of Max will be available to facilitate the function of the Myc, Mad, and Mxi1 families of proteins.
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ABD EL-GHANY, W. A. "Nanotechnology and its Considerations in Poultry Field: An Overview." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 70, no. 3 (October 30, 2019): 1611. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.21783.
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Nanotechnology is an emerging science field that in the years to come could have countless beneficial effects on every aspect of everyday life including animal farming. Recently, research in this sector has shown the potential for many different applications in Veterinary practice. In poultry farming in particular, various nanoparticles have been experimentally used for several purposes such as: alternative to antibiotics as growth promoters, as feed additives to enhance and improve the growth rate, performance, immunity, resistance to pathogens and increase the quality of meat. In laying hens, they can have a positive influence to both quantity and quality of eggs. Moreover, nanomaterials applied in embryonated chicken eggs can improve embryos development. The aim of this overview is to provide a description of potential nanotechnology applications for poultry sector and discuss any challenges or obstacles including the matters of safety of application of these nanomaterials in animals, in humans and of course in the environment.
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Asaniyan, E. K., and V. O. Akinduro. "Haematology and serum biochemistry of broiler chickens offered extracts of dried Roselle plant (Hibiscus sabdariffa) calyx in drinking water." Ife Journal of Science 22, no. 3 (January 25, 2021): 149–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ijs.v22i3.12.
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The challenge of antibiotics resistance and the fatality of its residues in human and animal health led to the ban of antibiotic growth promoters in animal diets. This has prompted the search for alternatives; especially through phytobiotic investigations. Therefore, this study investigated the effects of aqueous dried calyx extract of roselle plant on the haematological and serum biochemical responses of broiler chickens with the aim of establishing its optimal level as nutrient additive. The five varying concentration levels- 0, 5, 10, 20 and 30 ml of 2 litres of calyx extract solution per litre of drinking water were treatments T1, T2, T3, T4 and T5 respectively. Thirty broiler chickens were randomly assigned per treatment of three replicates each. The experiment lasted for eight weeks. The results revealed significant differences in the haematological parameters. However, the values of white 3 3 blood cells (WBC) (11400.00×10 /µl - 13466.67×10 /µl), lymphocyte (ranged between 48.33 and 61.33%), monocytes (2.00-3.67%), eosinophils (1.67-5.00%) and basophil (0.00 – 1.00%) were within the normal range for healthy chickens. Hence, roselle plant aqueous extract maintained the haematological content of the blood. The level of lymphocyte revealed adequate production of antibodies that prevented the occurrence of bacterial infection or allergic condition throughout experimental period. The influence of aqueous roselle plant on the levels of aspartate transaminase (AST) and albumin (ALB) indicated uncompromised liver function. Therefore, haematological and serum biochemistry parameters showed enhanced health and the wellbeing of the broiler chickens. The 5 ml and 10 ml levels of the extract of dried roselle calyx in drinking water were found to be similarly optimal in terms of lymphocyte levels. Levels above 10 ml could be detrimental to the health andwellbeing of the chickens.
Key words: Blood constituents, Chicken health, Drinking water, Roselle calyx extract
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Tangomo, Armel Ngnintedem, Christian Tiambo Keambou, Mathew Gitau Gicheha, and John Maina Kagira. "Effect of feed supplementation of Dacryodes edulis parts’ powder as prebiotic on the growth traits, ceca microbiota and blood parameters of local chickens." Translational Animal Science 4, no. 2 (April 1, 2020): 764–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tas/txaa069.
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Abstract This study aimed at testing the efficacy and safety of Dacryodes edulis plant parts in diets fed to chicken. The plant has potential for use as a natural prebiotic to substitute the conventionally used antibiotic growth promoters in poultry production. Phytochemical analyses of the plant leaves, stem, and bark combination (stembark) and seed powders from the D. edulis were carried out. The powder from the three D. edulis plant parts were used as supplement in formulating six experimental diets tested in this study. The diets were TL0Ed (0.5% leaves powder), TL1Ed (1.0% leaves powder), TB0Ed (0.5% stembark powder), TB1Ed (1.0% stembark powder), TS0Ed (0.5% seeds powder), and TS1Ed (1.0% seeds powder). Besides, a positive (T+ positive control; 0.5-g oxytetracycline as recommended by the manufacturer) and a negative (T- negative control; having no commercial antibiotic and no plant supplement) diets were prepared for comparison purposes. The diets were fed to a total of 288 dual-purpose chicken for a period of 14 weeks. The chicken growth and body composition characteristics, blood chemistry, and microbiota count were collected and used as indicators of the plant parts efficacy and safety. The analysis of the D. edulis plant parts significantly differed (P ≤ 0.05) in their phytochemical contents. The initial body weight and feed conversion efficiency ratios were not significantly different (P ≥ 0.05) between and among treatment groups. However, significant differences (P ≤ 0.05) were detected in the feed intake and body weight gain at eighth week. Live weight at eighth week was significantly different (P ≤ 0.05) with its values ranging between 503.32 and 614.93 g for treatments TL1Ed and TNeg-, respectively. The dietary treatment of D. edulis leaves, stembark, and seed powder at the two inclusion levels significantly (P ≤ 0.05) decreased the colonies forming unit of Escherichia coli and Salmonella sp. as compared with negative control treatment in the eighth week phase. The level of glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine amino transferase, alkaline phosphatase, and the packed cell volume did not differ significantly (P ≥ 0.05) between and among dietary D. edulis treatments. The findings from this research provide crucial information on the efficacy and safety of D. edulis plant parts. This is an important step in testing the potential of the plant in use as a prebiotic in chicken feeds production.
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Côté, Héloïse, André Pichette, Alexis St-Gelais, and Jean Legault. "The Biological Activity of Monarda didyma L. Essential Oil and Its Effect as a Diet Supplement in Mice and Broiler Chicken." Molecules 26, no. 11 (June 2, 2021): 3368. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/molecules26113368.
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The use of growth-promoting antibiotics in livestock faces increasing scrutiny and opposition due to concerns about the increased occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Alternative solutions are being sought, and plants of Lamiaceae may provide an alternative to synthetic antibiotics in animal nutrition. In this study, we extracted essential oil from Monarda didyma, a member of the Lamiaceae family. We examined the chemical composition of the essential oil and then evaluated the antibacterial, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory activities of M. didyma essential oil and its main compounds in vitro. We then evaluated the effectiveness of M. didyma essential oil in regard to growth performance, feed efficiency, and mortality in both mice and broilers. Carvacrol (49.03%) was the dominant compound in the essential oil extracts. M. didyma essential oil demonstrated antibacterial properties against Escherichia coli (MIC = 87 µg·mL−1), Staphylococcus aureus (MIC = 47 µg·mL−1), and Clostridium perfringens (MIC = 35 µg·mL−1). Supplementing the diet of mice with essential oil at a concentration of 0.1% significantly increased body weight (+5.4%) and feed efficiency (+18.85%). In broilers, M. didyma essential oil significantly improved body weight gain (2.64%). Our results suggest that adding M. didyma essential oil to the diet of broilers offers a potential substitute for antibiotic growth promoters.
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Petersen, Andreas, Jens Strodl Andersen, Tawatchai Kaewmak, Temdoung Somsiri, and Anders Dalsgaard. "Impact of Integrated Fish Farming on Antimicrobial Resistance in a Pond Environment." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 68, no. 12 (December 2002): 6036–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.68.12.6036-6042.2002.
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ABSTRACT Integrated fish farming combines livestock production with fish farming. Animal manure is shed directly into a fish pond as fertilizer and supports the growth of photosynthetic organisms. The livestock, mainly chickens and pigs, is often fed feed containing growth promoters. In this study we investigated the impact of integrated fish farming on the levels of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in a pond environment. One integrated broiler chicken-fish farm was studied for 2 months immediately after the start of a new fish production cycle. A significant increase over time in the resistance to six different antimicrobials was found for the indicator organism Acinetobacter spp. isolated from composite water-sediment samples. The initial resistance levels prior to the new production cycle were 1 to 5%. After 2 months the levels of resistance to oxytetracycline and sulfamethoxazole reached 100%, and the levels of resistance to ciprofloxacin were more than 80%. The long-term effects of resistance on integrated farming were studied on seven additional farms. The resistance levels were particularly high among Enterococcus spp. and were also high among Acinetobacter spp. isolated from water-sediment samples compared to the resistance levels at four control farms. In conclusion, integrated fish farming seems to favor antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in the pond environment. This could be attributed to the selective pressure of antimicrobials in the pond environment and/or to the introduction of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria from animal manure. Potential risks to human health were not addressed in this study and remain to be elucidated.
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Van As, P., C. Careghi, V. Bruggeman, O. M. Onagbesan, S. Van der Geyten, V. M. Darras, and E. Decuypere. "Regulation of growth hormone expression by thyrotropin-releasing hormone through the pituitary-specific transcription factor Pit-1 in chicken pituitary." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 52, no. 4 (October 1, 2004): 389–402. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.52.2004.4.2.
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Pit-1 is a pituitary-specific POU-domain DNA binding factor, which binds to and trans-activates promoters of growth hormone- (GH), prolactin- (PRL) and thyroid stimulating hormone beta- (TSHβ) encoding genes. Pit-1 has been identified in several mammalian and avian species. Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) is located in the hypothalamus and it stimulates TSH, GH and PRL release from the pituitary gland. In the present study, we successfully developed a competitive RT-PCR for the detection of Pit-1 expression in the chicken pituitary, that was sensitive enough to detect picogram levels of Pit-1 mRNA. Applying this method, the effect of TRH injections on Pit-1 mRNA expression was determined in the pituitary of chick embryos and growing chicks. In both 18-day-old embryos and 10-day-old male chicks the Pit-1 mRNA expression was significantly increased following TRH injection, thereby indicating that the stimulatory effects of TRH on several pituitary hormones is mediated via its effect on Pit-1 expression. Therefore, a semi-quantitative RT-PCR method was used to detect possible changes in GH levels. TRH affected the GH mRNA levels at both developmental stages. These results, combined with the data on Pit-1 mRNA expression, indicate that Pit-1 has a role in mediating the stimulatory effects of TRH on pituitary hormones like GH.
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Cuong, Nguyen Van, Bach Tuan Kiet, Vo Be Hien, Bao Dinh Truong, Doan Hoang Phu, Guy Thwaites, Marc Choisy, and Juan Carrique-Mas. "Antimicrobial use through consumption of medicated feeds in chicken flocks in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam: A three-year study before a ban on antimicrobial growth promoters." PLOS ONE 16, no. 4 (April 22, 2021): e0250082. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0250082.
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Antimicrobials are included in commercial animal feed rations in many low- and middle-income countries (LMICs). We measured antimicrobial use (AMU) in commercial feed products consumed by 338 small-scale chicken flocks in the Mekong Delta of Vietnam, before a gradual nationwide ban on prophylactic use of antimicrobials (including in commercial feeds) to be introduced in the country over the coming five years. We inspected the labels of commercial feeds and calculated amounts of antimicrobial active ingredients (AAIs) given to flocks. We framed these results in the context of overall AMU in chicken production, and highlighted those products that did not comply with Government regulations. Thirty-five of 99 (35.3%) different antimicrobial-containing feed products included at least one AAI. Eight different AAIs (avilamycin, bacitracin, chlortetracycline, colistin, enramycin, flavomycin, oxytetracycline, virginamycin) belonging to five classes were identified. Brooding feeds contained antimicrobials the most (60.0%), followed by grower (40.9%) and finisher feeds (20.0%). Quantitatively, chlortetracycline was consumed most (42.2 mg/kg SEM ±0.34; 50.0% of total use), followed by enramycin (18.4 mg/kg SEM ±0.03, 21.8%), bacitracin (16.4 mg/kg SEM ±0.20, 19.4%) and colistin (6.40 mg/kg SEM ± 4.21;7.6%). Other antimicrobials consumed were virgianamycin, avilamycin, flavomycin and oxytetracycline (each ≤0.50 mg/kg). Antimicrobials in commercial feeds were more commonly given to flocks in the earlier part of the production cycle. A total of 10 (9.3%) products were not compliant with existing Vietnamese regulation (06/2016/TT-BNNPTNT) either because they included a non-authorised AAI (4), had AAIs over the permitted limits (4), or both (2). A number of commercial feed formulations examined included colistin (polymyxin E), a critically important antimicrobial of highest priority for human medicine. These results illustrate the challenges for effective implementation and enforcement of restrictions of antimicrobials in commercial feeds in LMICs. Results from this study should help encourage discussion about policies on medicated feeds in LMICs.
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Adaszyńska-Skwirzyńska, M., D. Szczerbińska, and S. Zych. "The Use of Lavender (Lavandula angustifolia) Essential Oil as an Additive to Drinking Water for Broiler Chickens and Its In Vitro Reaction with Enrofloxacin." Animals 11, no. 6 (May 25, 2021): 1535. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11061535.
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Biological activity of lavender essential oil is a property that can potentially find an application in poultry nutrition. Nowadays, the use of bioactive compounds is encouraged in many areas of industry and agriculture, since these substances have similar properties as withdrawn antibiotic growth promoters. Additionally, antibiotic resistance bacteria are one of the most important current threats to animal health. The purpose of the study was to determine the influence of lavender essential oil on the production parameters and blood parameters in broiler chickens and to assess the lavender oil’s in vitro reaction in a combination with enrofloxacin towards Escherichia coli. One-day-old non-sexed chicks (Ross 308) were divided into three experimental groups, each consisting of 100 individuals (five replicate of 20 boiler chicken each). The chickens in the control group received drinking water with no addition of lavender essential oil. In the experimental groups, lavender oil was added to the drinking water at a concentration of 0.4 mL/L, in the LEO1–42 from 1 to 42 days of age and the LEO22–42 group from the 22 to 42 days of age. The chickens’ body weight, feed consumption, water consumption, deaths and elimination due to health reasons were determined in the experiment. On day 42 of the chickens’ lives, blood samples were collected based on which selected parameters were identified. An in vitro experiment of lavender oil in combination with enrofloxacin was investigated with a checkerboard method. The results of the experiment showed the antimicrobial and antioxidant activity of lavender essential oil and its positive effect on the production results of broiler chickens. The study results proved that the addition of lavender oil positively impacted the chickens’ final body weight and feed conversion ratio (p < 0.01). No differences were observed between the groups for water consumption, death rate and the examined biochemical and immunological blood serum indices. Lavender essential oil was demonstrated to increase the blood serum’s total antioxidant status. A synergistic reaction in vitro was observed for lavender oil combined with enrofloxacin against resistant strains of Escherichia coli. Based on our study, a health-promoting effect of adding LEO to water for broiler chickens was found. Moreover, in vitro studies indicate a significant effect of lavender essential oil on the inhibition of the resistant strains of Escherichia coli growth and synergistic reaction with enrofloxacin.
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Giannenas, Ilias, Athina Tzora, Ioannis Sarakatsianos, Achilleas Karamoutsios, Stylianos Skoufos, Nikolaos Papaioannou, Ioannis Anastasiou, and Ioannis Skoufos. "The Effectiveness of the Use of Oregano and Laurel Essential Oils in Chicken Feeding." Annals of Animal Science 16, no. 3 (July 1, 2016): 779–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoas-2015-0099.
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AbstractThe objective of this experimental study was to investigate the effects of essential oils of oregano, laurel and their combination on growth performance, intestinal microbiota and intestinal morphology as replacers of antibiotic growth promoters, as well as on the antioxidant capacity and mineral content of breast and thigh meat. A total of 256 day-old broiler chickens were randomized into 4 groups with 4 replicates. Control group received a basal corn-soybean diet, whereas the other experimental groups received the basal diet plus 25 mg/kg oregano essential oil, 2.5 mg/kg laurel essential oil or their combination, respectively. Chickens had free access to water and feed. Body weight gain and feed to gain ratio was calculated for the total fattening period and mortality was daily recorded. Intestinal microbiota was enumerated by conventional techniques with selective agar media at the end of the trial at both ileum and caecum. Also, evaluation of intestinal morphology was carried out in small intestine and caecum. At the end of the trial, birds were slaughtered, their carcasses were processed and samples of breast and thigh meat were analyzed for moisture, fat and protein content. Total phenolic content was determined in feeds and breast and thigh meat in order to assess its antioxidant capacity. Mineral content of breast and thigh meat was evaluated by ICP-MS. The results of the trial showed that the group that received oregano or the mixture of oregano and laurel presented better BW and FCR and mortality compared to control group. Bacterial counts for the Lactobacilli and Bifidobacteria were higher in the experimental groups compared to the control group at both ileum and caecum, and total coliforms were lower in caecum in the experimental groups compared to control. Higher values for villus height were found for the oregano supplemented groups compared to control or laurel ones. Oregano supplemented groups showed higher antioxidant capacity of breast and thigh meat compared to control and laurel groups, however no changes in mineral content were noted among the different groups. In conclusion, oregano essential oil alone or as a mixture with laurel essential oil can be used to improve growth performance and gut health in broiler chickens.
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Nascimento, Gisele Mendanha, Nadja Susana Mogyca Leandro, Marcos Barcellos Café, José Henrique Stringhini, Maria Auxiliadora Andrade, Karina Ludovico de Almeida Martinez, Heloisa Helena de Carvalho Mello, and Alessandra Gimenez Mascarenhas. "Performance and intestinal characteristics of broiler chicken fed diet with glutamine in the diet without anticoccidials agents." Revista Brasileira de Saúde e Produção Animal 15, no. 3 (September 2014): 637–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1519-99402014000300011.
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Five hundred commercial male Cobb broilers were allotted in a randomized blocks design with five treatments, four replicates and 25 chicks per experimental unit in order to evaluate the effects of adding L-glutamine to the diet with no anticoccidial agents and growth promoters. Experimental diets contained L-glutamine at different levels (0.0; 5.0; 10.0; 15.0 or 20.0g/kg), through the experimental period. Experiment was conducted with broiler chicken from 1 to 42 days old. The parameters evaluated were feed intake, feed conversion ratio, body weight gain, mortality, digestibility coefficients of dry matter, crude protein and ether extract, carcass yield and intestinal mucosa structure of small intestine. The data obtained were submitted to polynomial regression analysis. Means were compared using Tukey test.Was considered a type I error set at P < 0.05. The level of L-glutamine in the diet influenced feed conversion ratio of broilers at 1-7 days old, which was improved at 10.0g/kgL glutamine. Carcass yield and digestibility coefficients of the diet were not affected by the levels of glutamine in the diet. Adding L-glutamine influenced crypt depth in small intestine of broilers at 18 and 42 days old. It is recommended the addition of 10.0g/kg L-glutamine to the pre-started diet.
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Barekatain, M. R., and R. A. Swick. "Composition of more specialised pre-starter and starter diets for young broiler chickens: a review." Animal Production Science 56, no. 8 (2016): 1239. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/an15333.
Full textAbstract:
The broiler industry has experienced remarkable improvements in productivity owing to high priority placed on genetic programming, nutrition and management practices. Nutrition of the meat chicken is driven by the need to satisfy the constantly increasing genetic potential, resulting in the shortening of the rearing time required to get the bird to market weight. The concept of feeding broilers a more specialised pre-starter diet for the first 10–14 days of age is gaining interest, as this now accounts for more than 20% of the time for grow-out. Specialised diets may be formulated to be highly digestible or aim to provide specific nutrients at a higher level to meet nutritional requirements of the bird. The effectiveness of specifically formulated pre-starter or starter diets depends on potential carryover effect to increase the bird performance up to the market age. There is evidence that some nutrient requirements of birds, digestible amino acids in particular, in the first 10 days of life may be higher than the current industry recommendation. Among cereals, rice with its lower non-starch polysaccharide content may be a better cereal for pre-starter diets than are corn or wheat. Inclusion of fibrous ingredients in low-fibre diets of young broilers may also stimulate gut development and enhance nutrient utilisation, leading to improved bird performance. There are inconsistencies in responses to various feed additives tested specifically for pre-starter diets of broilers. Finally, with an increasing demand for removal of antibiotic growth promoters from all broiler feeds, focus on formulations to ensure sustainable growth at start will gain importance.
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Chumakov, A. M., I. Grillier, E. Chumakova, D. Chih, J. Slater, and H. P. Koeffler. "Cloning of the novel human myeloid-cell-specific C/EBP-epsilon transcription factor." Molecular and Cellular Biology 17, no. 3 (March 1997): 1375–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mcb.17.3.1375.
Full textAbstract:
Chicken NF-M transcription factor, in cooperation with either c-Myb or v-Myb, is active in the combinatorial activation of myeloid-cell-specific genes in heterologous cell types, such as embryonic fibroblasts. In humans, similar effects were observed with homologous members of the CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein (C/EBP) family of transcriptional regulators, especially the human homolog of chicken NF-M, C/EBP-beta (NF-IL6). However, the NF-IL6 gene is expressed in a variety of nonmyeloid cell types and is strongly inducible in response to inflammatory stimuli, making it an unlikely candidate to have an exclusive role as a combinatorial differentiation switch during myelopoiesis in human cells. By using a reverse transcription-PCR-based approach and a set of primers specific for the DNA-binding domains of highly homologous members of the C/EBP family of transcriptional regulators, we have cloned a novel human gene encoding a member of the C/EBP gene family, identified as the human homolog of CRP1, C/EBP-epsilon. A 1.2-kb cDNA encoding full-length human C/EBP-epsilon was cloned from a promyelocyte-late myeloblast-derived lambda gt11 library. Molecular analysis of the cDNA and genomic clones indicated the presence of two exons encoding a protein with an apparent molecular mass of 32 kDa and a pI of 9.5. Primer extension analysis of C/EBP-epsilon mRNA detected a single major transcription start site approximately 200 bp upstream of the start codon. The putative promoter area is similar to those of several other myeloid-cell-specific genes in that it contains no TATAAA box but has a number of purine-rich stretches with multiple sites for the factors of the Ets family of transcriptional regulators. Northern blot analyses indicated a highly restricted mRNA expression pattern, with the strongest expression occurring in promyelocyte and late-myeloblast-like cell lines. Western blot and immunoprecipitation studies using rabbit anti-C/EBP-epsilon antibodies raised against the N-terminal portion of C/EBP-epsilon (amino acids 1 to 115) showed that C/EBP-epsilon is a 32-kDa nuclear phosphoprotein. The human C/EBP-epsilon protein exhibited strong and specific binding to double-stranded DNA containing consensus C/EBP sites. Cotransfection of the C/EBP-epsilon sense and antisense expression constructs together with chloramphenicol acetyltransferase reporter vectors containing myeloid-cell-specific c-mim and human myeloperoxidase promoters suggested a role for C/EBP-epsilon transcription factor in the regulation of a subset of myeloid-cell-specific genes. Transient tranfection of a promyelocyte cell line (NB4) with a C/EBP-epsilon expression plasmid increased cell growth by sevenfold, while antisense C/EBP-epsilon caused a fivefold decrease in clonal growth of these cells.
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Abdul Basit, Muhammad, Arifah Abdul Kadir, Teck Loh, Saleha Abdul Aziz, Annas Salleh, Ubedullah Kaka, and Sherifat Banke Idris. "Effects of Inclusion of Different Doses of Persicaria odorata Leaf Meal (POLM) in Broiler Chicken Feed on Biochemical and Haematological Blood Indicators and Liver Histomorphological Changes." Animals 10, no. 7 (July 16, 2020): 1209. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani10071209.
Full textAbstract:
This research was conducted to estimate the effects of Persicaria odorata leaf meal (POLM) on haematological indices, serum biochemical attributes, and internal organs parameters, including histomorphological features of the liver, in broiler chickens. A total of 120 one-day-old male broiler chicks (Cobb-500) were randomly allocated into four experimental groups. The dietary treatments were basal diet (BD), which served as the control (C), along with BD + 2 g/kg POLM (Po2), BD + 4 g/kg POLM (Po4), BD + 8 g/kg POLM (Po8), which were the supplemented groups. The body weight gain (BWG) showed a linear increase and feed conversion ratio (FCR) showed a linear decrease with increasing POLM dosage at day 42 (p ˂ 0.05) and for the overall growth performance period (p ˂ 0.01). On day 21 and day 42, the values of red blood cells (RBCs), white blood cells (WBCs), haemoglobin (Hb), and packed cell volume (PCV) showed linear increases (p ˂0.05) as the dosage of POLM increased in the diet. On day 21, dietary supplementation of POLM linearly decreased (p ˂ 0.05) the serum activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), aspartate aminotransaminase (AST), alanine aminotransaminase (ALT), and serum levels of urea and creatinine. On the other hand, serum levels of total protein (TP), albumin, and globulin showed a linear increase (p ˂ 0.05) as the POLM dosage increased. On day 42, the serum activity of AST and ALT and serum levels of glucose, cholesterol, triglycerides, urea, and creatinine showed linear decreases (p ˂ 0.05) with increased levels of POLM in the diet. However, POLM supplementation linearly increased (p ˂ 0.05) the serum levels of TP and globulin. Dietary inclusion of POLM did not influence the organ parameters and showed no adverse effects on the liver histomorphology. In conclusion, supplementation of POLM increased the growth performance, improving haematological indices and serum biochemistry profiles of broiler chickens without any deleterious effects on the liver histomorphology. The results of the present study provide evidence that POLM can be safely used at a dose rate of 8 g/kg of feed as an alternative to conventional antimicrobial growth promoters (AGPs).
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Trapp, Sascha, Mark S. Parcells, Jeremy P. Kamil, Daniel Schumacher, B. Karsten Tischer, Pankaj M. Kumar, Venugopal K. Nair, and Nikolaus Osterrieder. "A virus-encoded telomerase RNA promotes malignant T cell lymphomagenesis." Journal of Experimental Medicine 203, no. 5 (May 1, 2006): 1307–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1084/jem.20052240.
Full textAbstract:
Telomerase is a ribonucleoprotein complex consisting of two essential core components: a reverse transcriptase and an RNA subunit (telomerase RNA [TR]). Dysregulation of telomerase has been associated with cell immortalization and oncogenesis. Marek's disease herpesvirus (MDV) induces a malignant T cell lymphoma in chickens and harbors in its genome two identical copies of a viral TR (vTR) with 88% sequence identity to chicken TR. MDV mutants lacking both copies of vTR were significantly impaired in their ability to induce T cell lymphomas, although lytic replication in vivo was unaffected. Tumor incidences were reduced by >60% in chickens infected with vTR− viruses compared with animals inoculated with MDV harboring at least one intact copy of vTR. Lymphomas in animals infected with the vTR− viruses were also significantly smaller in size and less disseminated. Constitutive expression of vTR in the chicken fibroblast cell line DF-1 resulted in a phenotype consistent with transformation as indicated by morphological alteration, enhanced anchorage-independent cell growth, cell growth beyond saturation density, and increased expression levels of integrin αv. We concluded that vTR plays a critical role in MDV-induced T cell lymphomagenesis. Furthermore, our results provide the first description of tumor-promoting effects of TR in a natural virus–host infection model.
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Cichocka, E., W. Drymel, P. Abramovych-Pindor, and A. Didukh. "Application of new generation phytobiotic adiCoxSOL® PF for coccidiosis prophylactics in poultry broilers." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 20, no. 87 (April 26, 2018): 107–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/nvlvet8721.
Full textAbstract:
The new WHO recommendations aim to help preserve the effectiveness of antibiotics that are important for human medicine by reducing their unnecessary use in animals. In some countries, approximately 80% of total consumption of medically important antibiotics is in the animal sector, largely for growth promotion in healthy animals .Over-use and misuse of antibiotics in animals and humans is contributing to the rising threat of antibiotic resistance. After the ban of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) in the EU many alternative substances have been investigated for their potential to replace AGPs. Phytobiotics are well known for their pharmacological effects and their wide application in human medicine and are one of the most promising alternatives due to their high content of pharmacologically active compounds. Herbs develop their initial activity in the feed as flavour and, therefore, influence eating patterns, the secretion of digestive fluids and total feed intake. Stimulation of digestive secretions, including saliva, digestive enzymes, bile and mucus is often considered to be one of the important actions of phytobiotics. Last, due to herbs content develop their initial activity in the feed as flavour and influence eating patterns of poultry and swine due to the secretion of digestive fluids and total feed intake. Stimulation of digestive secretions, including saliva, digestive enzymes, bile and mucus is often considered to be one of the important actions of phytobiotics. Experiments with various products conducted with broilers show a clear tendency for improved performance and health status. Significant part of poultry farms in Poland, which are exporters of their products to EU and Asia are more and more often using phytobiotics particularly AdiCox Sol PF® for the prophylactic of subclinical coccidiosis and as a natural growth promoter in broilers. AdiCox PF® contains specially prepared Cinapis alba L., Piper nigrum L., Acorus calamus L., Saponaria officinalis L. Generally have positive effect on villi, nutrient absorption and digestal viscosity. Application of adiCoxSOL® PF solution at 22–25 days of age in broilers in dose of 1 liter per1000 liters of water for 3 days via drinking water. As a result mortality and other typical for coccidiosis clinical signs significantly decreased. Supplementation of AdiCox Sol PF® improved performance due to its positive influence on intestinal microflora and anticoccidial efficacy in broiler chicken.
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Benedetti, Rosaria, Carmela Dell’Aversana, Tommaso De Marchi, Dante Rotili, Ning Qing Liu, Boris Novakovic, Serena Boccella, et al. "Inhibition of Histone Demethylases LSD1 and UTX Regulates ERα Signaling in Breast Cancer." Cancers 11, no. 12 (December 16, 2019): 2027. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/cancers11122027.
Full textAbstract:
In breast cancer, Lysine-specific demethylase-1 (LSD1) and other lysine demethylases (KDMs), such as Lysine-specific demethylase 6A also known as Ubiquitously transcribed tetratricopeptide repeat, X chromosome (UTX), are co-expressed and co-localize with estrogen receptors (ERs), suggesting the potential use of hybrid (epi)molecules to target histone methylation and therefore regulate/redirect hormone receptor signaling. Here, we report on the biological activity of a dual-KDM inhibitor (MC3324), obtained by coupling the chemical properties of tranylcypromine, a known LSD1 inhibitor, with the 2OG competitive moiety developed for JmjC inhibition. MC3324 displays unique features not exhibited by the single moieties and well-characterized mono-pharmacological inhibitors. Inhibiting LSD1 and UTX, MC3324 induces significant growth arrest and apoptosis in hormone-responsive breast cancer model accompanied by a robust increase in H3K4me2 and H3K27me3. MC3324 down-regulates ERα in breast cancer at both transcriptional and non-transcriptional levels, mimicking the action of a selective endocrine receptor disruptor. MC3324 alters the histone methylation of ERα-regulated promoters, thereby affecting the transcription of genes involved in cell surveillance, hormone response, and death. MC3324 reduces cell proliferation in ex vivo breast cancers, as well as in breast models with acquired resistance to endocrine therapies. Similarly, MC3324 displays tumor-selective potential in vivo, in both xenograft mice and chicken embryo models, with no toxicity and good oral efficacy. This epigenetic multi-target approach is effective and may overcome potential mechanism(s) of resistance in breast cancer.
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N.Chadli, F. Moukhfi. "Antibacterial Activity of Rosmarinus officinalis and Lavandula angustifolia Essential Oils Against Selected Poultry Pathogenic Bacteria." Universities' Journal of Phytochemistry and Ayurvedic Heights 1, no. 30 (June 26, 2021): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.51129/ujpah-june2021-30-1(7).
Full textAbstract:
Abstract- Poultry is the host of many species of bacteria and the intestine is the privileged place of their colonization and their persistence. These bacteria are the cause of several cases of food poisoning in humans through the consumption of eggs or soiled chicken meat. In addition, these bacteria develop resistance to antibiotics that are adjusted to poultry feed as growth promoters. Essential oils are considered as important secondary metabolites for plant defense by their antimicrobial and antioxidant properties. These essential oils may be considered as a source of natural antimicrobials for the conservation of poultry food. The aim of our study is to isolate and identify bacterial strains isolated from poultry and to determine the antibacterial and antioxidant activities of Rosmarinus officinalis and Lavandula angustifolia essential oils on these bacterial strains.Essential oils of Moroccan Rosmarinus officinalis and Lavandula angustifolia were extracted by hydrodistillation. The identification of their chemical composition are performed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. Antimicrobial activity of extracted essential oils against Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, Escherichia coli and Salmonella entiritidis was evaluated by aromatogram test and Microdilution in a liquid medium. The identification of strains are performed by several test: Gram staining, Kligler test, Catalase test, test Mobility and Api Gallery 20E. The results show that essential oils tested have a considerable antibacterial activity against all isolated bacterial strains. Keywords: Poultry feed, Essential oils, Bacterial strains, Antibiotic resistance, Antimicrobial activity.
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Alemka, Abofu, Harald Nothaft, Jing Zheng, and Christine M. Szymanski. "N-Glycosylation of Campylobacter jejuni Surface Proteins Promotes Bacterial Fitness." Infection and Immunity 81, no. 5 (March 4, 2013): 1674–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/iai.01370-12.
Full textAbstract:
ABSTRACTCampylobacter jejuniis the etiologic agent of human bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide. In contrast, despite heavy colonization,C. jejunimaintains a commensal mode of existence in chickens. The consumption of contaminated chicken products is thought to be the principal mode ofC. jejunitransmission to the human population.C. jejuniharbors a system for N-linked protein glycosylation that has been well characterized and modifies more than 60 periplasmic and membrane-bound proteins. However, the precise role of this modification in the biology ofC. jejuniremains unexplored. We hypothesized that the N-glycans protectC. jejunisurface proteins from the action of gut proteases. TheC. jejuni pglBmutant, deficient in the expression of the oligosaccharyltransferase, exhibited reduced growth in medium supplemented with chicken cecal contents (CCC) compared with that of wild-type (WT) cells. Inactivation of the cecal proteases by heat treatment or with protease inhibitors completely restored bacterial viability and partially rescued bacterial growth. Physiological concentrations of trypsin, but not chymotrypsin, also reducedC. jejuni pglBmutant CFU. Live or dead staining indicated that CCC preferentially influencedC. jejunigrowth as opposed to bacterial viability. We identified multiple chicken cecal proteases by mass fingerprinting. The use of protease inhibitors that target specific classes indicated that both metalloproteases and serine proteases were involved in the attenuated growth of the oligosaccharyltransferase mutant. In conclusion, protein N-linked glycosylation of surface proteins may enhanceC. jejunifitness by protecting bacterial proteins from cleavage due to gut proteases.
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Oyebanji, B. O., V. A. Aderinoye, A. A. Adeniyi, and O. L. Akinnadeju. "Efects of Coconut Oil (Cocos nucifera), Avocado Oil (Persea americana), Melon Seed Oil (Citrullus colocynthis L.) on Growth Performance, Blood, Biochemical, Haematological Parameters, and Total Microbial Loads of Noiler Birds." Folia Veterinaria 64, no. 4 (December 1, 2020): 27–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/fv-2020-0034.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractThis study was carried out to examine the comparative effects of coconut oil (CO), avocado oil (AO), and melon seed oil (MSO) on the growth performance, blood, biochemical, hematological parameters, and total microbial loads of Noiler birds. A total of 120 Noiler birds with an average weight of 50.3 ± 0.13 g were randomized into four treatment groups with 3 replications (10 per pen) for six weeks of fattening. Weekly body weight gain and daily feed intake of the birds were recorded for six weeks, after which average weight gain and feed conversion ratios were calculated. At the end of the feeding trials, blood samples were collected for biochemical and hematological parameter assessments, and the digesta from the colon and ileum were collected for their intestinal total microbial load analysis. The average weight gains and feed conversion ratios (FCR) of the birds supplemented with CO (1229.40 ± 15.00) and MSO (1232.66 ± 43.18) were observed to be significantly higher (P < 0.05), compared to the birds supplemented with AO (1110.73 ± 18.29) and the birds fed feed only (1034.79 ± 2.04) having the least weight gained. The biochemical parameters of the birds across the treatment were not significantly different (P > 0.05). White blood cells, packed cell volume, red blood cells and lymphocytes were significantly higher in the CO group compared to the birds supplemented with the avocado oil and melon seed oil. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) in the weight of the spleen, bursa and gall bladder among the birds. The Lactobacillus spp. in the colon of birds supplemented with coconut oil (6.43 ± 0.56) and melon oil (6.25 ± 0.65) were significantly higher. It can be concluded that coconut oil and melon seed oil have the potential to serve as growth promoters for chicken production.