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1
Jin, Qi. "Effects of Rosemary Extract and Propyl Gallate as Antioxidative Oil Additives and Whey Protein Isolate as an Oil Barrier on Degradation of Oil and Production of Fried Chicken." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2018. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1523653298103237.
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Kazemi, Sangdehi Samira. "Quality evaluation of frying oil and chicken nuggets using visiblenear-infrared hyper-spectral analysis." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=84043.
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The application of visible/near-infrared hyper-spectral analysis to monitor the quality of frying oil and fried breaded chicken nuggets was investigated.Partial least squares (PLS) calibration models were developed to predict the acid value, total polar components and viscosity of heated oils with different ratios of hydrogenation. Coefficient of determination (R2) and root mean square error (RMSE) were calculated to assess the performance of each model. Results of the study demonstrated good prediction ability of the calibration models for the quality parameters with R2 values of over 0.92.
The second study was based on developing calibration models for prediction of moisture and fat contents of fried breaded chicken nuggets with different levels of moisture and fat contents. Performing the same procedure for evaluation of the PLS calibration models, results of the study demonstrated that moisture and fat contents of fried breaded chicken nuggets could be predicted with R2 values of 0.92.
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Weng, Bor-Chun Brian. "Immunomodulation by dietary lipids: soybean oil, menhaden fish oil, chicken fat, and hydrogenated soybean oil in Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) and Bobwhite quail (Colinus virginianus)." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/28487.
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Soybean oil (SBO), menhaden fish oil (FO), chicken fat (CF) or hydrogenated soybean oil (HSBO) were incorporated at 5% of the total diet to study changes in the immunological status of both Japanese quail (JAP) and Bobwhite quail (BOB). The SBO diet, in which 66% of the total fatty acids were polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), was rich in linoleic acid (LA 18:2 n-6), alpha-linolenic acid (ALA 18:3 n-3) and low in saturated fatty acid (SFA). The FO diet which contained about 50% PUFA, had only 40% n-6 fatty acids and 8% n-3 PUFA. The trans fatty acid isomers and other monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) were high in the HSBO diet. The diet containing CF provided a relatively balanced fatty acid composition with 18% SFA, 31% MUFA and 50% PUFA. Plasma fatty acid and hepatic fatty acid profiles consistently reflected their respective dietary lipid treatments. There were no differences in the fatty acid profile between blood and liver within respective dietary treatments in the two species. Dietary fatty acids had no effect on antibody titers against sheep red blood cells (SRBC) at 1, 2 and 8 months following the start of dietary lipid treatment in JAP. However, female JAP fed FO had a significantly (p< 0.05) higher antibody production compared to the other dietary lipid treatments at 4 months following the start of fatty acids supplementation. BOB fed either FO or SBO diets had a higher immunoglobulin G production compared to birds fed the CF diet. The total antibody titer was significantly higher in BOB fed SBO compared to CF. Dietary fatty acids had a significant effect on cell-mediated immunity (CMI) as accessed by toe web thickness 24 hours post intradermal injection of phytohemagglutinin-P (PHA) in both JAP and BOB. In general, birds fed a FO diet had a significantly higher CMI response than those fed HSBO. A diet high in n-3 PUFA increased the index of cutaneous basophil hypersensitivity (CBH), while the high trans fatty acid isomers suppressed the CBH response. By observing a CBH response over a 72-hour period in JAP, it was concluded that quail fed CF or SBO had a different peak response time (12 hours post PHA challenge) and amplitude compared with those fed FO or HSBO (24 hours post PHA challenge). Phagocytic ability was not affected by dietary lipid treatments in BOB while the quail fed FO diet had a faster carbon clearance rate. The FO fed JAP had a significantly higher response (p< 0.05) to concanavalin A ensiformis (CONA) compared to HSBO fed birds. There was no difference in B lymphocyte proliferation stimulated by lipopolysacchride (LPS) in female JAP, whereas it was significantly higher in male JAP fed SBO compared to those fed FO and HSBO. Phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate/ionomycin calcium salt (PMA/ION) was used to nonspecifically stimulate cell proliferation by increasing chromosome mitosis. Dietary FO or HSBO suppressed cell proliferation stimulated by PMA/ION. However, JAP fed SBO or CF had a significantly higher PMA/ION stimulated lymphocyte proliferation compared those fed FO or HSBO. In male BOB, the FO fed birds had the highest response to all mitogens. In contrast, female BOB did not show any dietary effects by lymphocyte proliferation. Consistent with JAP, BOB fed HSBO had depressed lymphocytes proliferation in response to various mitogens stimulation. In general, female birds had a higher plasma total protein (PTP) and lower pack cell volume (PCV) compared to their males counterparts in both BOB and JAP. In summary, in in vivo experiments, feeding a diet high in menhaden fish oil that is rich in n-3 PUFA enhanced the CMI. There was a minimal effect on antibody production caused by feeding n-3 PUFA in JAP since a significant treatment effect was only found at one sampling period, while BOB were more sensitive to dietary lipid manipulation and had a higher antibody production with SBO or FO treatments. Dietary lipids exerted different effects in the two species in in vitro experiments. While both BOB and JAP fed FO had higher lymphocyte proliferation to CON A mitogen compared to those fed HSBO, only male BOB showed a higher proliferation to LPS. Feeding HSBO that contained a higher content of trans fatty acid isomers, MUFA, but lower PUFA content resulted in the lowest lymphocyte proliferation to various mitogens in both BOB and JAP.Ph. D.
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Tolonen, Erik. "Evaporation Characteristics of a Liquid Bio-Fuel from Chicken Litter." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/26060.
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Alternative fuels are becoming more important as fossil fuels become more expensive. This thesis describes the production and properties of a bio-oil produced from waste biomass, in this case chicken litter. A higher quality fuel was produced through thermal and chemical upgrading of the raw bio-oil; this fuel is similar in some respects to fossil fuels, as it has a high hydrocarbon content and energy density comparable to gasoline.
Combustion of liquid fuels commonly occurs in clouds of droplets, and studying the evaporation of single liquid drops provides information on the evaporation characteristics of the fuel as a whole. Droplet evaporation tests on the chicken litter fuel were carried out using the suspended droplet/moving furnace technique. For some tests, a fine wire thermocouple was used as the droplet suspension in order to measure the distillation characteristics of the fuel. An existing computational model based on continuous ther- modynamics was used to model the evaporation of the fuel. The modelled composition of the fuel was based on an existing pyrolysis field ionization mass spectrometry (Py-FIMS) analysis and used five major groups of compounds. The properties for these groups re- quired for the model were determined using several prediction methods and the values then used in a numerical model.
Model predictions of droplet temperatures calculated for the fuel showed good agree- ment with the measured temperatures, indicating that the modelled composition gave an accurate picture of the fuel. Droplet evaporation histories also agreed well with mea- surements, but were not capable of reproducing the observed disruption of the droplet produced by internal boiling at higher temperatures, nor the formation of a solid residue at the end of evaporation. Further enhancements to the model should allow the prediction of residue formation.Model predictions of droplet temperatures calculated for the fuel showed good agree- ment with the measured temperatures, indicating that the modelled composition gave an accurate picture of the fuel. Droplet evaporation histories also agreed well with mea- surements, but were not capable of reproducing the observed disruption of the droplet produced by internal boiling at higher temperatures, nor the formation of a solid residue at the end of evaporation. Further enhancements to the model should allow the prediction of residue formation.
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Neijat, Mohamed. "Omega-3 fatty acid enrichment of chicken eggs: Regulation of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid metabolism in laying hens." Poultry Science, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/1993/32076.
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Eggs enriched with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), particularly the longer chain PUFA (LCPUFA, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)) can boost human consumption of these fatty acids implicated in human health. Alpha-linolenic acid (ALA) from plant seeds/oils, primarily serve as the source of omega-3 PUFA for hens, however, the scarcity of ALA-rich plants and the limited conversion of ALA to LCPUFA are challenges for egg enrichment. Two major experiments were conducted to determine potential factors regulating egg enrichment of omega-3 LCPUFA based on detailed assessment of PUFA profiles in different lipid pools of hen tissues. In experiment 1, supplementation of graded levels of hempseed products, provided ~ 0.1 to 1.3% of ALA in the diets. Experiment 2, investigated dietary supplementation of flaxseed oil (ALA-rich) and algal DHA (preformed LCPUFA), each providing similar graded levels of total omega-3 PUFA. Both ALA-containing models demonstrated a plateau in DHA enrichment of eggs at higher ALA intakes. ALA-containing diets led to high concentrations of ALA in the triacylglycerol (TAG) fraction of eggs and plasma, and the adipose tissue of flaxseed oil-fed hens. In total phospholipid (PL), particularly the phosphatidylethanolamine (PE), the levels of EPA and ALA in the yolk were linearly associated with those in the liver. In all tissues, DHA dominated the PE pool, exhibiting a plateau with a strong inverse correlation to the ratio of ALA to EPA in the liver, suggesting limited ALA availability for egg DHA enrichment. The use of algal DHA should therefore permit further accumulation of DHA in the total PL and TAG fractions of yolk. However, enrichment via preformed DHA (at 3.36% algal product) was also limited by hepatic PL resulting in more DHA and EPA being shunted to the adipose TAG, concurrent with elevated hepatic acyl-CoA synthetase (ACSL1) expression. As a function of total omega-3 PUFA intakes (regardless of source), similar levels of stearidonic acid (SDA) and particularly EPA accumulated in liver PE. Therefore, hepatic PL regulation, possibly aimed at maintaining EPA level, may potentially be limiting the amount of ALA accumulation in the same pool, hence limiting the endogenous synthesis of DHA and subsequent enrichment in eggs.February 2017
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Yuan, Simin. "Effects of Two Proteins from Whey as an Oil Barrier in the Production of Deep-Fried Chicken." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2012. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1350954055.
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Lipp, Thomas W. "Geospatial Analysis of How Oil And Gas Energy Development Influences Lesser Prairie-Chicken Spatial Ecology in Kansas." Bowling Green State University / OhioLINK, 2016. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=bgsu1464271030.
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Mah, Eunice. "Optimization of a Pretreatment to Reduce Oil Absorption in Fully Fried, Battered, and Breaded Chicken Using Whey Protein Isolate as a Postbreading Dip." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2008. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1212175350.
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Polycarpo, Gustavo do Valle [UNESP]. "Complexo multienzimático e fontes lipídicas em rações para frangos de corte." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/95263.
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polycarpo_gv_me_botfmvz.pdf: 413292 bytes, checksum: 3cb9bc90aa552010ea0e6f47339a5162 (MD5)Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico (CNPq)
Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de São Paulo (FAPESP)
Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP)
Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar dietas para frangos de corte contendo complexo multienzimático e fontes lipídicas sobre o desempenho, rendimento de carcaça e cortes, metabolismo de nutrientes e atividade de enzimas pancreáticas. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial (2 x 2) + 2, duas fontes lipídicas (óleo de soja e gordura de frango) com dois níveis de inclusão (2 e 4%) em rações suplementadas com complexo multienzimático (CMe), e dois tratamentos controle sem adição de lipídio, sendo um tratamento controle positivo com ração suplementada com CMe e um tratamento controle negativo sem adição de CMe. Não houve interação das fontes lipídicas com os níveis de inclusão para nenhuma das variáveis estudadas, bem como não houve diferença entre o óleo de soja e a gordura de frango. Pelos resultados obtidos, observou-se na análise de desempenho, que o CMe mostrou-se eficaz apenas na fase inicial. À medida que se aumentou o conteúdo de lipídios nas rações, as aves apresentaram maior ganho de peso e consumo de ração. Aos 42 dias de idade, após 8 horas de jejum cinco aves por repetição foram abatidas para determinar o rendimento de carcaça e cortes e a porcentagem de gordura abdominal. Os tratamentos não influenciaram o rendimento de carcaça, cortes e o teor de gordura abdominal. A adição de CMe e das fontes lipídicas proporcionaram maior coeficiente de metabolizabilidade do extrato etéreo (CMEE), não havendo diferença na metabolizabilidade do nitrogênio e da energia em ambas as idades analisadas. A atividade de enzimas pancreáticas das aves foi afetada pelas dietas apenas aos 21 dias de idade, sendo que a atividade de amilase e lipase foram maiores, respectivamente, no tratamento controle negativo (maior teor de amido) e nas dietas com maiores quantidades de lipídio. Observou-se correlação positiva entre o CMEE...
This paper had as its goal to evaluate diets for broilers chickens containing multienzyme complex and lipid sources on performance, carcass and cuts productivity, nutrients metabolism and pancreatic enzyme activity. The delimitation was totally at random in a factorial scheme (2 x 2) + 2, two lipid sources (soy oil and chicken fat) with two levels of inclusion (2 and 4%) in rations supplemented with multienzyme complex (MeC), and two control treatments without lipid addition, in which one positive control treatment is with ration supplemented with MeC and one negative control treatment is without MeC addition. There wasn’t any interaction of the lipid sources with the inclusion levels to any of the variables studied, as well as there was not any difference between the soy oil and the chicken fat. Through the results that were obtained, it was observed in the performance analysis, that MeC was effective only in the starter phase. As the amount of lipid was increased in rations, the birds presented a higher weight gain and ration consumption. At the age of 42 days, after 8 hours of fasting five birds by repetition were slaughtered to determine the carcass and cuts productivity and the percentage of abdominal fat. The treatments didn’t influence the carcass, cut and abdominal fat content productivity. MeC and lipid source addition provided a higher ether extract metabolizability coefficient (EEMC), without any difference in the nitrogen metabolizability and in the energy in both ages that were analyzed. The birds pancreatic enzyme activity was affected by the diets only at 21 days of age, when the amylase and lipase activity were higher, respectively, in the negative control treatment (higher content of starch) and in the diets with higher lipid quantities. It was observed a positive correlation between EEMC and lipase activity at the age of 21 and 35 days of the birds... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Gomes, Luis Fernando Souza. "Potencial de Produção de Biodiesel a partir do óleo de Frango nas Cooperativas do Oeste do Paraná." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2005. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/391.
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Luis Fernando Souza Gomes.pdf: 975495 bytes, checksum: e5e5c161bd561ca8e62ac91f1ea347ac (MD5)
Previous issue date: 2005-08-02Os impactos provocados pelo homem ao meio ambiente, neste início de século XXI, aumentaram muito, causando vários problemas. Grande parte destes problemas está relacionado com a utilização de energia, principalmente nos países industrializados. Outro fato é a diminuição das reservas de energia utilizadas, como o petróleo, tornando-se uma necessidade mundial o desenvolvimento de novas fontes de energia menos poluentes e renováveis. Neste cenário o Brasil ocupa um local de destaque, devido a sua grande extensão territorial, clima e várias alternativas energéticas, podendo utilizar o sol, ventos ou biomassa. No uso da biomassa o Brasil desenvolveu tecnologias utilizadas em todo o mundo, como produção de álcool combustível e biodiesel, em função das crises energéticas que ocorreram. O biodiesel é um combustível alternativo, produzido a partir de fonte renovável e que pode substituir o óleo diesel, diminuindo os impactos ao meio ambiente. No país existem várias espécies de oleaginosas com potencial para produção de biodiesel. Também na cadeia produtiva de carne de frango é gerado um resíduo, óleo de frango, com potencial para produção de biodiesel. No ano de 2001 o Brasil foi o segundo maior produtor de carne de frango do mundo, respondendo por 14,23% da produção mundial. A região sul respondeu por 55,81% desta produção, sendo o estado do Paraná responsável por 27% do total. Nos abatedouros de aves são descartados em torno de 30% de resíduos, e destes são extraídos 11,3% de óleo de frango com características similares aos óleos vegetais. Neste trabalho foram determinados o grau de acidez, o índice de peróxidos e a umidade do óleo de frango, os quais influenciam no rendimento do processo de transesterificação. Foi utilizada a técnica de IV para a determinação da formação de ésteres de álcoois primários. Foram determinados: massa específica, ponto de fulgor, teor de sedimentos, teor de enxofre, viscosidade cinemática e poder calorífico superior do óleo de frango, os quais caracterizam este como um possível combustível. Foi levantado o potencial de produção de óleo de frango nas cooperativas da região oeste do estado do Paraná, 74.292,00 kg/dia, que após processo de transesterificação com rendimento de 95%, poderia produzir 73.959,13 kg/dia de biodiesel, o qual abasteceria 37,1%, com B2, do mercado paranaense de diesel. Alternativa seria abastecer todo o mercado da região oeste do estado do Paraná com B5, ou abastecer um terço do setor agropecuário desta mesma região com B100 ou o total com B30.
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Pettit, Katherine L. "A Study on the Effect of Whey Protein Isolate as an Ingredient-Based Oil ReductionStrategy in Fried Food." Ohio University / OhioLINK, 2014. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=ohiou1397841062.
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Bonometo, Ricardo Pacheco. "Análise energética do processo experimental de produção de biodiesel a partir de óleo de frango /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/90637.
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Orientador: José Roberto Corrêa SagliettiBanca: Osmar de Carvalho Bueno
Banca: Reginaldo F. dos Santos
Resumo: Atualmente há uma grande preocupação mundial com o esgotamento e o alto custo de exploração das reservas de combustíveis fósseis e, portanto, mais do que nunca, é necessário o aprofundamento do estudo e aproveitamento de fontes alternativas que possam ser utilizadas com eficiência energética, preços adequados e com baixo impacto ambiental. De acordo com estas premissas, o biodiesel é um combustível com boas perspectivas de atender uma demanda crescente, pois além de substituir o óleo diesel, pode ser obtido a partir de várias fontes primárias de origem animal e vegetal. O Brasil se destaca na utilização das fontes alternativas de energia com o uso do etanol e, nos últimos anos vem incentivando a ampliação de sua matriz energética a partir das fontes alternativas, na qual o biodiesel passa a ter uma importância estratégica dentro da área de agronegócios. O biodiesel é um combustível que pode substituir o diesel, que é um derivado do petróleo; é um éster produzido na reação de transesterificação de óleos vegetais, goduras animais que, na presença de um álcool, metanol ou etanol, e um catalisador, são convertidos em ácidos graxos e, resultam, em ésteres com glicerol como subproduto. Com o avanço da utilização destes biocombustíveis são necessárias pesquisas que visam melhorar a qualidade e viabilidade técnica dos mesmos, sendo que, o balanço energético é um dos parâmetros mais adequado para definir a viabilidade técnica, pois estabelece a relação entre o total de energia contida no combustível e aquela investida em todo o processo de produção. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar energeticamente o processo de produção de biodiesel a partir do óleo dos resíduos descartados na produção de frango. Para a estimativa deste balanço de energia quantificou-se o poder calorífico de alguns... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)
Abstract: Nowadays there is a great global concern with the depletion and the high cost of fossil fuel reserves exploitation, more than ever, it is necessary to make a profound study and take advantage of alternative sources that can be used with energy efficiency with an appropriate pricing and with low environmental impact. Under these assumptions, biodiesel is a fuel with good prospects of meeting a growing demand, as well as being a replacement of diesel oil, can be obtained from several primary sources of animal and plant origin. Brazil, which has highlighted in use of alternative energy sources with the use of ethanol and, in recent years, has been encouraging the expansion of its energy matrix in which the biodiesel will have a strategic importance within the agrobusiness area. Biodiesel is a fuel that can replace the diesel,that is a petroleum derivative. It is an ester, produced in the transesterification reaction of vegetable oils and animal greases, that in the presence of an alcohol like methanol or ethanol with an additional catalyst, are converted into fatty acids and result in esters with glycerol as subproducts. The advancement in use of biofuels, some researchs needed improve the quality and feasibility and that energetic balance is one of the most appropriate parameters to define the technical feasibility, since settle the same relationship between of total energy in the biofuel and the total energy invested in the whole production process. The objective of this study was to estimate the final energy balance for the process biodiesel production from oil chicken waste. The energy balance estimation was quantified in calorific value according the energy expenditure by calorimetric bomb method. The study was conducted in CEDETEC - Center for Development and Dissemination of Technology, Department of Agronomy... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Mestre
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Bonometo, Ricardo Pacheco [UNESP]. "Análise energética do processo experimental de produção de biodiesel a partir de óleo de frango." Universidade Estadual Paulista (UNESP), 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/90637.
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bonometo_rp_me_botfca.pdf: 282254 bytes, checksum: a2dad01e970c5bd5c29c202bdf98cbdf (MD5)Atualmente há uma grande preocupação mundial com o esgotamento e o alto custo de exploração das reservas de combustíveis fósseis e, portanto, mais do que nunca, é necessário o aprofundamento do estudo e aproveitamento de fontes alternativas que possam ser utilizadas com eficiência energética, preços adequados e com baixo impacto ambiental. De acordo com estas premissas, o biodiesel é um combustível com boas perspectivas de atender uma demanda crescente, pois além de substituir o óleo diesel, pode ser obtido a partir de várias fontes primárias de origem animal e vegetal. O Brasil se destaca na utilização das fontes alternativas de energia com o uso do etanol e, nos últimos anos vem incentivando a ampliação de sua matriz energética a partir das fontes alternativas, na qual o biodiesel passa a ter uma importância estratégica dentro da área de agronegócios. O biodiesel é um combustível que pode substituir o diesel, que é um derivado do petróleo; é um éster produzido na reação de transesterificação de óleos vegetais, goduras animais que, na presença de um álcool, metanol ou etanol, e um catalisador, são convertidos em ácidos graxos e, resultam, em ésteres com glicerol como subproduto. Com o avanço da utilização destes biocombustíveis são necessárias pesquisas que visam melhorar a qualidade e viabilidade técnica dos mesmos, sendo que, o balanço energético é um dos parâmetros mais adequado para definir a viabilidade técnica, pois estabelece a relação entre o total de energia contida no combustível e aquela investida em todo o processo de produção. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar energeticamente o processo de produção de biodiesel a partir do óleo dos resíduos descartados na produção de frango. Para a estimativa deste balanço de energia quantificou-se o poder calorífico de alguns...
Nowadays there is a great global concern with the depletion and the high cost of fossil fuel reserves exploitation, more than ever, it is necessary to make a profound study and take advantage of alternative sources that can be used with energy efficiency with an appropriate pricing and with low environmental impact. Under these assumptions, biodiesel is a fuel with good prospects of meeting a growing demand, as well as being a replacement of diesel oil, can be obtained from several primary sources of animal and plant origin. Brazil, which has highlighted in use of alternative energy sources with the use of ethanol and, in recent years, has been encouraging the expansion of its energy matrix in which the biodiesel will have a strategic importance within the agrobusiness area. Biodiesel is a fuel that can replace the diesel,that is a petroleum derivative. It is an ester, produced in the transesterification reaction of vegetable oils and animal greases, that in the presence of an alcohol like methanol or ethanol with an additional catalyst, are converted into fatty acids and result in esters with glycerol as subproducts. The advancement in use of biofuels, some researchs needed improve the quality and feasibility and that energetic balance is one of the most appropriate parameters to define the technical feasibility, since settle the same relationship between of total energy in the biofuel and the total energy invested in the whole production process. The objective of this study was to estimate the final energy balance for the process biodiesel production from oil chicken waste. The energy balance estimation was quantified in calorific value according the energy expenditure by calorimetric bomb method. The study was conducted in CEDETEC - Center for Development and Dissemination of Technology, Department of Agronomy... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
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Delles, Rebecca. "DIETARY ANTIOXIDANT SUPPLEMENTATION (ECONOMASE–BIOPLEX) TO ALLEVIATE ADVERSE IMPACTS OF OXIDIZED OIL ON BROILER MEAT QUALITY: A CHEMICAL, TEXTURAL, ENZYMATIC, AND PROTEOMIC STUDY." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/animalsci_etds/29.
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This study investigated the influence of dietary antioxidants and quality of oil on the oxidative and enzymatic properties of chicken broiler meat stored in an oxygen-enriched package (HiOx: 80% O2/20% CO2) in comparison with air-permeable polyvinylchloride (PVC) or skin (SK) packaging systems during retail display 2–4 °C for up to 14, 7, and 21 d, respectively. Broilers were fed a diet either with a low-oxidized oil (peroxide vale POV 23 meq O2/kg) or with a high-oxidized oil (POV 121 meq O2/kg), supplemented with an antioxidant pack (200 ppm EconomasE and organic minerals Se, Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe as in Bioplex) in substitution for vitamin E and inorganic minerals for 42 d.
In all packaging systems, lipid oxidation and protein oxidation were inhibited by up to 65% with an antioxidant-supplemented diet when compared to diets without antioxidant supplements. Antioxidant enzyme activities were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the antioxidant-supplemented diets compared with control diets, regardless of oil quality.
Meat samples from the antioxidant-supplemented group, irrespective of oil quality, has less purge and cooking loss compared to control diets. In all packaging systems, meat shear force was higher (P < 0.05) for broilers fed high-oxidized diets than the low-oxidized groups. Comparison between muscle types (breast as white vs. thigh as red) showed a similar trend in muscle susceptibility to oxidized oil in the diet but greater protection of antioxidant supplements for thigh meat in both physiochemical and textural properties.
Dietary regimen influenced protein expression in broiler breast meat. Three protein spots from 2-dimensional gel electrophoresis, identified by mass spectrometry as glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, creatine kinase, and heat shock protein beta-1 were over-abundant in muscle from low-oxidized diets. The differential proteomes that suggested down regulation of the genes encoding antioxidative proteins upon feeding oxidized oil may be implicated in the broiler meat quality deterioration during storage.
In summary, feeding diets with poor oil quality increased the vulnerability of lipids and proteins to oxidation in broiler breast and thigh meat during refrigerated and / or frozen storage in various packaging conditions, yet these effects were alleviated upon dietary supplementation with antioxidants.
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Polycarpo, Gustavo do Valle 1985. "Complexo multienzimático e fontes lipídicas em rações para frangos de corte /." Botucatu : [s.n.], 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/11449/95263.
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Resumo: Este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar dietas para frangos de corte contendo complexo multienzimático e fontes lipídicas sobre o desempenho, rendimento de carcaça e cortes, metabolismo de nutrientes e atividade de enzimas pancreáticas. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial (2 x 2) + 2, duas fontes lipídicas (óleo de soja e gordura de frango) com dois níveis de inclusão (2 e 4%) em rações suplementadas com complexo multienzimático (CMe), e dois tratamentos controle sem adição de lipídio, sendo um tratamento controle positivo com ração suplementada com CMe e um tratamento controle negativo sem adição de CMe. Não houve interação das fontes lipídicas com os níveis de inclusão para nenhuma das variáveis estudadas, bem como não houve diferença entre o óleo de soja e a gordura de frango. Pelos resultados obtidos, observou-se na análise de desempenho, que o CMe mostrou-se eficaz apenas na fase inicial. À medida que se aumentou o conteúdo de lipídios nas rações, as aves apresentaram maior ganho de peso e consumo de ração. Aos 42 dias de idade, após 8 horas de jejum cinco aves por repetição foram abatidas para determinar o rendimento de carcaça e cortes e a porcentagem de gordura abdominal. Os tratamentos não influenciaram o rendimento de carcaça, cortes e o teor de gordura abdominal. A adição de CMe e das fontes lipídicas proporcionaram maior coeficiente de metabolizabilidade do extrato etéreo (CMEE), não havendo diferença na metabolizabilidade do nitrogênio e da energia em ambas as idades analisadas. A atividade de enzimas pancreáticas das aves foi afetada pelas dietas apenas aos 21 dias de idade, sendo que a atividade de amilase e lipase foram maiores, respectivamente, no tratamento controle negativo (maior teor de amido) e nas dietas com maiores quantidades de lipídio. Observou-se correlação positiva entre o CMEE... (Resumo completo, clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo)Abstract: This paper had as its goal to evaluate diets for broilers chickens containing multienzyme complex and lipid sources on performance, carcass and cuts productivity, nutrients metabolism and pancreatic enzyme activity. The delimitation was totally at random in a factorial scheme (2 x 2) + 2, two lipid sources (soy oil and chicken fat) with two levels of inclusion (2 and 4%) in rations supplemented with multienzyme complex (MeC), and two control treatments without lipid addition, in which one positive control treatment is with ration supplemented with MeC and one negative control treatment is without MeC addition. There wasn't any interaction of the lipid sources with the inclusion levels to any of the variables studied, as well as there was not any difference between the soy oil and the chicken fat. Through the results that were obtained, it was observed in the performance analysis, that MeC was effective only in the starter phase. As the amount of lipid was increased in rations, the birds presented a higher weight gain and ration consumption. At the age of 42 days, after 8 hours of fasting five birds by repetition were slaughtered to determine the carcass and cuts productivity and the percentage of abdominal fat. The treatments didn't influence the carcass, cut and abdominal fat content productivity. MeC and lipid source addition provided a higher ether extract metabolizability coefficient (EEMC), without any difference in the nitrogen metabolizability and in the energy in both ages that were analyzed. The birds pancreatic enzyme activity was affected by the diets only at 21 days of age, when the amylase and lipase activity were higher, respectively, in the negative control treatment (higher content of starch) and in the diets with higher lipid quantities. It was observed a positive correlation between EEMC and lipase activity at the age of 21 and 35 days of the birds... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)
Orientador: Antonio Celso Pezzato
Coorientador: Valquíria Cação da Cruz
Banca: José Roberto Sartori
Banca: Ricardo de Albuquerque
Mestre
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Gaiotto, Juliano Benedito. "Determinação da energia metabolizável de gorduras e sua aplicação na formulação de dietas para frangos de corte." Universidade de São Paulo, 2004. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-23112004-144905/.
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Foram realizados dois experimentos de metabolismo para a determinação da energia metabolizável aparente (EMA), energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para nitrogênio (EMAn) e digestibilidade aparente (DG) de diferentes gorduras para as fases pré-inicial, inicial, crescimento e final de frangos de corte. Um terceiro experimento foi realizado para avaliar o ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar e viabilidade de frangos de corte alimentados com dietas suplementadas com gorduras com valores energéticos determinados no experimentos de metabolismo. Nos experimentos de metabolismo os tratamentos consistiram de uma dieta referência e 5 dietas obtidas pela substituição de 10%, peso por peso, da dieta referência pelas seguintes gorduras e suas misturas: óleo de soja (OS), óleo ácido (OA), óleo de vísceras de aves (OV), 50% de óleo de soja com 50% de óleo ácido (OS50/OA50), 50% de óleo de soja com 50% de óleo de vísceras de aves (OS50/OV50) no primeiro experimento e as misturas: 75% de óleo de vísceras de aves com 25% óleo soja (OV75/OS25), 75% óleo de vísceras de aves com 25% óleo ácido (OV75/OA25), 50% de óleo ácido com 50% óleo de vísceras de aves (OA50/OV50), 75% de óleo ácido com 25% óleo de vísceras de aves (OA75/OV25), 75% de óleo ácido com 25% de óleo de soja (OA75/OS25) no segundo experimento. A dieta referência era baseada em milho e farelo de soja, formuladas sem gordura suplementar. Em cada experimento foram realizados 4 ensaios correspondentes às fases de criação. Utilizaram-se 4 repetições por tratamento em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. No primeiro experimento os valores de EMA, EMAn e DG do OA mostraram-se inferiores (p<0,05) às demais gorduras. A EMA, EMAn e a DG do OS50/OA50 e do OS50/OV50 não apresentaram diferenças (p>0,05) em relação ao OV e OS nas fases pré-inicial, inicial e crescimento, porém na fase final, essas misturas resultaram em energias metabolizáveis similares ao OV, menores que o OS e superiores ao OA. A DG das dietas com misturas de gordura não diferiu (p>0,05) das dietas com OS e OV em todas as fases estudadas. No experimento 2 os valores de EMA, EMAn e DG para as misturas OA75/OV25, OA75/SO25, OA50/OV50 foram inferiores as demais gorduras nas fases pré-inicial, inicial e crescimento. A EMA, EMAn e a DG do OV75/OS25 foram superiores nas fases pré-inicial, inicial e crescimento. Em ambos os experimentos, os valores de EMA e EMAn das gorduras na fase pré-inicial foram inferiores quando comparados às demais fases. No terceiro experimento utilizaram-se as mesmas fases de criação e os valores de EMAn determinados nos experimentos anteriores. Os tratamentos selecionados foram OA, OS, OV, 75OA/25OS, 50OA/50OS e 50OV/50OS, com 6 repetições e 40 aves por parcela, alimentadas com rações isoprotéicas e isoenergéticas a base de milho e farelo de soja. Foram determinados o desempenho, peso e rendimento da carcaça, peito, coxa, sobrecoxa, gordura abdominal e fígado. O OS resultou em inferior desempenho, peso da carcaça, peito, coxa e sobrecoxa em relação aos demais tratamentos. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos no acúmulo de gordura, peso do fígado, rendimentos da carcaça e das partes.Two metabolism trials were carried out to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) of fats and their mixtures. In trial 1 the treatments consisted of a basal diet and 5 diets obtained by substituting, weight by weight, 10% of the basal diets with the fat sources: soybean oil (SO), acidulated soapstock (AS), poultry offal fat (PF), 50% soybean oil and 50% acidulated soapstock (SO50/AS50), 50% soybean oil and 50% poultry offal fat (SO50/PF50). In trial 2, the following mixtures were fed: 75% poultry offal fat and 25% soybean oil (PF75/SO25), 75% poultry offal fat and 25% acidulated soapstock (PF75/AS25), 50% soapstock and 50% poultry offal fat (AS50/PF50), 75% acidulated soapstock and 25% poultry offal fat (AS75/PF25) and 75% acidulated soapstock and 25% soybean oil (AS75/SO25). The basal diet was based on corn and soybean meal, formulated with no added fat. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a completely randomized design. In each trial there were 4 assays corresponding to the pre-starter (0-10 days), starter (11-21 days), grower (22-35 days) and finisher (36-42 days) phases. In trial 1, AME and AMEn values for AS were lower (p<0.05) than those for the other fats in all phases; this can be due to the elevated level of free fatty acids in AS. AME and AMEn of the mixture SO50/AS50, as well as the mixture (SO50/PF50), were not different from those of SO and PF in the pre-starter, starter and grower phases; however, in the finisher phase these mixtures resulted in metabolizable energy similar to PF (p>0.05), lower than SO and higher than AS (p<0.05). In trial 2, AME and AMEn values were lower in the pre-starter, starter and grower phases for the mixtures AS75/PF25, AS75/SO25 and AS50/SO50 (p<0.05). AME and AMEn were higher for PF75/SO25 in the pre-starter, starter and grower phases (p<0.05). In both trials the metabolizable energy was lower for birds in the pre-starter phase than in the other phases. In a performance trial diets were formulated using the AMEn of fats previously determined for pre-starter, starter, grower and finisher phases. Selected treatments were AS, SO, PF, AS75/SO25, AS50/SO50 and PF50/SO50 with 6 replicates and 40 birds per pen. Diets were isoproteic and isoenergetic. Growth performance and carcass and parts yield were determined. Treatments did not result in significant differences (p>0.05), except for SO which was inferior to the other treatments.
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Secco, Willian. "Transesterificação do óleo de frango empregando diferentes catalisadores." Universidade Estadual do Oeste do Parana, 2013. http://tede.unioeste.br:8080/tede/handle/tede/1793.
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Previous issue date: 2013-02-08The biofuel has been assuming an incresingly important role on the environmental and economic impacts caused by fossil fuels. The biodiesel represents one of the most important biofuel in the current scenery of the expanding renewable fuels, in the energy matrix. The transesterification has prevailed as the companies, which produce this biofuel, most used process. Furthermore, the chicken oil, offal of the slaughtering industry, has good position to contribute with the expansion and diversification of biodiesel, in regions naturally vocationated by the development of the chicken slaughter industry. Moreover, this kind of oil does not compete with the food chain. The reaction of the chicken oil with short-chains alcohols using heterogeneous catalyst allow greatly the cost-cutting, by the fact that heterogeneous catalyst can be reusable in the process of the production of the biodiesel, and also because the chicken oil is an offal of low added value; the same does not occur with the homogeneous catalyst. Given this, the aim of this work was to evaluate some catalysts in the production of esters from the crude and neutral chicken oil. The following catalysts were evaluated: Amberlyst-15, Aberlite IR-120, KSF, ZnO, CaO e methanol as alcohol reagent. The preliminary reactions occurred at 60°C e 80°C, with 5% of catalyst relative to the mass of oil, time of reaction of 5 hours and molar ratio alcohol:oil of 9:1. In this conditions, the catalyst which showed higher conversions, around 77% in esters in the preliminary tests, was the calcium oxide (CaO). A pretreatment was made with the chicken oil, with the aim of improve its properties, reducing its acidity, and with that, a performance comparative outline was made between the crude oil and the neutral one. This comparision allowed the analysis of the use effect of heterogeneuous catalysts that preaches the benefits of using impure oils in biodiesel production reactions. New tests were made with the catalyst CaO by an experimental design in which 3 variables of the transesterification reaction were evaluated: temperature, molar ratio alcohol:oil, and percentage by weight of catalyst. The highest conversions were obtained in the order of 79.8% and 83% for crude and neutral oil respectively, in the conditions of 90ºC of temperature, molar ratio alcohol:oil of 6:1 and 4% in weight of catalyst. The kinetics of the reaction was also evaluated in the following conditions: temperatures of 40ºC, 60ºC and 80ºC, methanol molar ratio: 9:1 oil and 4% by weight of catalyst; in the kinetics tests were obtained conversions of up to 94.11% ester with reaction time of 24 hours. The obtained data of the best performance of the kinetics were used for the evaluation of the mathematical modeling.
Os biocombustíveis tem assumido um papel cada vez mais importante diante dos impactos ambientais e econômicos causados pelos combustíveis fósseis. O biodiesel figura como um dos mais importantes biocombustíveis no atual cenário de ampliação de combustíveis renováveis na matriz energética. A transesterificação tem prevalecido como sendo o processo mais empregado pelas indústrias produtoras desse biocombustível. Além disso, o óleo de frango, resíduo da indústria frigorífica, tem boas condições de contribuir com a ampliação e diversificação da oferta de biodiesel em regiões naturalmente vocacionadas pelo desenvolvimento da indústria de abate de frango. Ademais, esse tipo de óleo não compete com a cadeia de alimentos. A reação do óleo de frango com álcoois de cadeia curta empregando catalisadores heterogêneos possibilitam largamente a redução de custos, pelo fato de que catalisadores heterogêneos podem ser reutilizados no processo de produção de biodiesel, e também pelo fato de o óleo de frango ser um resíduo de baixo valor agregado; o mesmo não ocorre com a catálise homogênea. Diante disso, o objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar alguns catalisadores na produção de ésteres a partir do óleo de frango bruto e neutro. Foram avaliados os seguintes catalisadores: Amberlyst-15, Aberlite IR-120, KSF, ZnO, CaO e metanol como álcool reagente. As reações preliminares ocorreram a 60°C e 80°C, com 5% de catalisador em relação a massa de óleo, tempo de reação de 5 horas e razão molar álcool:óleo de 9:1. Nessas condições, o catalisador que apresentou maiores conversões, em torno de 77% em ésteres nos ensaios preliminares, foi o óxido de cálcio (CaO). Foi realizado um pré-tratamento com o óleo de frango, visando melhorar suas propriedades, reduzindo sua acidez, e com isso, esboçou-se um comparativo de desempenho entre o óleo bruto e o óleo neutro. Tal comparativo permitiu a análise do efeito do emprego de catalisadores heterogêneos que prega o benefício do uso de óleos impuros nas reações de produção de biodiesel. Foram realizados novos testes com o catalisador CaO por meio de um planejamento experimental no qual foram avaliados 3 variáveis da reação de transesterificação: temperatura, razão molar álcool:óleo, e percentagem mássica de catalisador. As maiores conversões obtidas foram da ordem de 79,8% e 83% para os óleos bruto e neutro respectivamente, nas condições de 90ºC de temperatura, razão molar álcool:óleo de 6:1 e 4% em massa de catalisador. Avaliou-se também a cinética da reação nas seguintes condições: temperaturas de 40ºC, 60ºC e 80ºC, razão molar metanol:óleo de 9:1 e 4% em massa de catalisador; nos ensaios cinéticos foram obtidos conversões de até 94,11% de éster com tempo reacional de 24 horas. Os dados obtidos do melhor desempenho da cinética foram empregados para a avaliação da modelagem matemática.
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Rodríguez, Sánchez Raquel. "Use of acid oils in broiler chicken diets." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/666880.
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Los aceites ácidos son co-productos que derivan del proceso de refinación de los aceites para consumo humano (oleínas; aceites ácidos de refinación química y ácidos grasos destilados de refinación física). Se caracterizan por presentar un perfil en ácidos grasos (AG) similar al de los aceites crudos de los que derivan, pero se diferencian en su estructura molecular, ya que tienen un alto contenido en ácidos grasos libres (AGL), lo que puede afectar a su valor nutricional. El objetivo de la presente tesis es profundizar en el estudio de los procesos de digestión y absorción de la grasa en pollos de carne y determinar cómo se ven afectados por el nivel de saturación y nivel de AGL de la dieta y edad de los pollos. El primer ensayo (Capítulo 3) se llevó a cabo con el fin de evaluar el efecto del grado de saturación de la dieta y edad del pollo (14 d y 35 d) sobre los procesos de digestión y absorción de la grasa. Para ello se utilizaron dietas con un 6% de aceite crudo de soja y aceite crudo de palma. El segundo ensayo (Capítulos 4 y 5) se llevó a cabo para estudiar el efecto del nivel de AGL y grado de saturación de la dieta, así como también de la edad (14 d y 37 d) sobre los procesos de digestión y absorción de la grasa. Se utilizaron ocho dietas experimentales con dos grados de saturación (derivados del aceite de soja como fuente insaturada y del aceite de palma como fuente saturada) y cuatro niveles de acidez (5%, 15%, 35% y 50%). Para ello, se combinaron dos aceites crudos y dos co-productos ricos en AGL (oleínas). En ambos estudios se determinó la digestibilidad de los AG y el contenido en fracciones lipídicas a lo largo del tracto gastrointestinal (TGI; molleja, duodeno, yeyuno e íleon) y excreta. Los resultados demuestran que el yeyuno es el principal lugar de absorción de los AG y que la absorción está más afectada por la edad, grado de saturación y nivel de AGL de la dieta que la hidrólisis. La mayor utilización de las dietas insaturadas se confirmó tanto en pollos jóvenes como adultos y se relacionó con una mayor capacidad de absorción de los AG saturados a nivel del íleon. La mejora en la utilización de la grasa en pollos adultos se relacionó con una mayor absorción de los AG a nivel de yeyuno. Los resultados también evidencian que los pollos adultos (37 d) se vieron menos afectados por el nivel de AGL en la dieta que los pollos jóvenes (14 d), debido a que en los primeros la absorción de los AG a nivel de yeyuno fue más eficiente. Otro hallazgo interesante es que el aceite crudo de soja podría ser parcialmente reemplazado por el aceite ácido de soja de refinación química , cómo grasa alternativa, siempre y cuando no se supere el 15% y 35% de AGL en dietas de inicio y crecimiento-acabado, respectivamente. Por otro lado, no se observaron diferencias destacables entre los resultados obtenidos con dietas saturadas con 50% y 5% de AGL, lo que lleva a sugerir que el aceite ácido de palma (ácidos grasos destilados de refinación física de palma) podría reemplazar el aceite crudo de palma en dietas de crecimiento-acabado, al menos cuando no se supera el 50% de AGL de la dieta, sin que se produzcan repercusiones negativas sobre la utilización de la grasa de la dieta.Acid oils, fat by-products from the edible oil refining industry, are rich in free fatty acids (FFA), have similar fatty acid (FA) composition to their respective crude oils, but different molecular structures, which can affect their nutritional value. The aim of the present thesis is to study in depth the digestion and absorption of fat in broiler chickens, and determine how the age of the chickens, the saturation degree and the FFA level of dietary fat affect these processes in order to raise recommendations on the use of oils with certain percentages of FFA in the diets with no negative repercussions on fat utilization. The first trial (Chapter 3) was conducted in order to study the effect of the dietary fat saturation degree and age (14 d and 35 d) on the fat digestion and absorption processes. For this purpose the dietary use of crude soybean oil and crude palm oil was studied. The second trial (Chapters 4 and 5) was conducted to assess the effect of the dietary FFA level, fat saturation degree and age (14 d and 37 d) on fat digestion and absorption processes. Two crude oils and two fat by-products from the edible oil refining industry rich in FFA were used in order to produce eight dietary treatments with two different saturation degrees (soybean oil products as unsaturated fat source, and palm oil products as saturated fat source), and four levels of dietary FFA (5%, 15%, 35%, and 50%). In both trials the FA digestibility and lipid class composition were determined along the gastrointestinal tract (GIT; gizzard, duodenum, jejunum, and ileum), and excreta. The results evinced that the absorption process mainly takes place in the jejunum, and is more affected than the hydrolysis process is by the saturation degree and free fatty acid level of dietary fat, as well as by the age of the chicken. The greater utilization of unsaturated diets irrespective of the age was confirmed, which was mainly due to the higher contribution of the ileum, especially to saturated FA absorption. The improvement on fat utilization in adult broiler chickens was due to an increase in the contribution of the jejunum to FA absorption. The results also evinced that adult broiler chickens (37 d) were less affected by the dietary FFA level than young broiler chickens (14 d) were due to a more efficient FA absorption at the jejunum level. Another interesting finding is that crude soybean oil could be partially replaced by acid soybean oil from chemical refining, being a good alternative fat source to be used in broiler chicken diets at least when the dietary FFA level does not exceed 15% and 35% in starter and grower-finisher diets, respectively. On the other hand, the saturated diet with 50% dietary FFA level did not differ from the saturated diet with the lowest dietary FFA level (5%), suggesting that acid palm oil (palm fatty acid distillate) could replace crude palm oil in grower-finisher diets, at least when the FFA level does not exceed 50% with no negative repercussions on fat utilization compared to the use of crude palm oil. Regardless of the age, it was concluded that the FA profile of dietary fat has a bigger impact on fat utilization than the level of dietary FFA.
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MELO, Adriane Alexandre Machado de. "Efeito de filme ativo incorporado com óleo essencial de alecrim (Rosamrinus officinalis L.) na conservação de carne de frango resfriada." Universidade Federal de Goiás, 2010. http://repositorio.bc.ufg.br/tede/handle/tde/1422.
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Previous issue date: 2010-08-20The chilled chicken is highly perishable food that requires the application of conservation and storage methods. Studies on packaging that are able not only to protect, but also to interact with the food have been increasing, as antimicrobial packaging for example that, due to the presence of preservatives, are able to retard or inhibit the growing of microorganisms in the packed product. The objectives of this study were to develop biodegradable packaging embedded with natural antimicrobial agent (active film); assess its mechanical properties and its effect in vitro on the mesophilic microorganisms and assess the counts of psychrotrophic and total coliforms and the physical and chemical characteristics of chilled chicken packed in it. It was produced cellulose-based active films embedded with different concentrations (10, 20, 30, 40 and 50%, v/w) of rosemary (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) essential oil and analysis of variance and mean comparison tests (Tukey p<0.05) were performed on the results. Films embedded with 10, 20 and 30% were shown to be the most resistant ones, and the films with 10 and 20% were also the hardest ones, while the elongation weren´t shown to have variation among treatments. In vitro analysis of the films showed that the concentrations between 10 and 20% of essential oil were necessary in order to reduce the growing of mesophilic collected in samples of chicken chest and that the microbial growth on the films was the same of the four biggest concentrations. However, films embedded with 20% of essential oil and alternated in samples of chicken chest didn´t show any significant effect on the control of psychrotrophic microorganisms or total coliforms during the storage period (9 days, 2 ± 2ºC), but films embedded with 50% of essential oil were shown to be efficient on the control of microorganisms growth of coliform groups, during the storage of the samples (6 days, 2 ± 2ºC), without color alteration. The essential oil of rosemary concentration on the films influenced its mechanical properties and also affected the mesophilic microorganisms growth in vitro and, with 50% the film reduced the coliforms growth in chilled chicken chest.
A carne de frango resfriada é um alimento bastante perecível, sendo necessária aplicação de métodos de conservação e armazenamento. O estudo de embalagens capazes não só de proteger, mas também de interagir com o alimento é uma crescente, sendo um exemplo as embalagens antimicrobianas, que devido à presença de conservantes, são capazes de retardar ou inibir o crescimento de micro-organismos no produto embalado. Diante disto, o objetivo desta pesquisa foi desenvolver embalagem biodegradável incorporada com agente antimicrobiano natural (filme ativo), avaliar suas propriedades mecânicas e seu efeito in vitro sobre o crescimento de mesófilos e avaliar a contagem de psicrotróficos e coliformes totais e as características físicas e químicas de peitos de frango resfriados nele acondicionados. Foram produzidos filmes ativos a base de celulose incorporados com diferentes concentrações (10, 20, 30, 40 e 50%, v/p) de óleo essencial de alecrim (Rosmarinus officinalis L.) e os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e teste para comparação de médias (Tukey, p<0,05). Filmes incorporados com 10, 20 e 30% se mostraram os mais resistentes, sendo que os filmes com 10 e 20% foram, também, os mais rígidos, enquanto a elongação não variou entre os tratamentos. A análise in vitro dos filmes revelou que uma concentração entre 10 e 20% de óleo essencial foi requerida para reduzir o crescimento dos mesófilos coletados de amostras de peito de frango, e que o crescimento microbiano sob os filmes foi o mesmo nas quatro maiores concentrações. Contudo, filmes incorporados com 20% de óleo essencial e intercalados em amostras de peito de frango não mostraram efeito significativo no controle de micro-organismos psicrotróficos ou coliformes totais durante o período de armazenamento (9 dias, 2 ± 2ºC), mas filmes incorporados com 50% de óleo essencial mostraram-se eficientes no controle do crescimento de micro-organismos do grupo coliformes, durante o armazenamento das amostras (6 dias, 2 ± 2ºC), sem alterar a cor das mesmas. A concentração de óleo essencial de alecrim nos filmes influenciou suas propriedades mecânicas e afetou o crescimento de micro-organismos mesófilos in vitro e, a 50%, o filme reduziu o crescimento de coliformes em peito de frango resfriado.
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Vilarrasa, Gustems Ester. "Use of re-esterified oils in pig and broiler chicken diets." Doctoral thesis, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10803/287900.
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La incorporació de matèries grasses és una pràctica habitual en la formulació de pinsos per a porcs i pollastres. Els olis àcids són subproductes de la indústria de refinació d’olis, donant lloc a matèries primeres sostenibles i interessants des del punt de vista econòmic. Ara bé, el seu elevat contingut en àcids grassos (AG) lliures, fa que el seu valor nutritiu sigui inferior al del seu corresponent oli natiu. Podem neutralitzar els AG lliures dels olis àcids a través de la seva esterificació amb glicerol (subproducte de la indústria del biodièsel), obtenint, com a producte final d’aquest procés, els olis re-esterificats. La diferent estructura molecular dels olis re-esterificats pot millorar el seu valor nutritiu i, en particular, l’absorció dels AG saturats. Per tot plegat, l’objectiu global d’aquesta tesi va ser investigar l’ús potencial dels olis re-esterificats en l’alimentació de porcs i pollastres.
La caracterització dels greixos (Capítol 3, 4 i 5) va mostrar que els olis re-esterificats presentaven la mateixa composició en AG que la dels seus corresponents olis natius, però una major proporció d’AG saturats situats a la posició sn-2 de les molècules d’acilglicerols, i una major quantitat de mono- i diglicèrids (amb els AG principalment esterificats a les posicions sn-1,3), el que va donar lloc a un menor contingut en energia bruta.
Als tres primers experiments (Capítol 3, 4 i 5), es va comparar l’ús de dos olis re-esterificats de palma (amb baix i alt contingut en mono- i diglicèrids) amb el del seu corresponent oli àcid (control negatiu) i oli natiu (control positiu). D’una banda, no es van observar diferències en els coeficients d’absorció dels AG entre els animals alimentats amb l’oli natiu i els alimentats amb l’oli àcid de palma (excepte en pollets de primera edat). Per tant, els olis àcids de palma poden considerar-se una font de greix alternativa en l’alimentació d’animals monogàstrics, sempre que tinguin < 60% d’AG lliures i < 3% d’humitat, impureses i fracció insaponificable. D’altra banda, els animals alimentats amb olis re-esterificats de palma van assolir coeficients d’absorció similars o inclús superiors als dels animals alimentats amb el seu corresponent oli natiu, encara que es van observar algunes peculiaritats en funció de l’espècie i de l’estat fisiològic dels animals.
En pollastres (Capítol 5), el grau de saturació del greix va exercir un major impacte en l’absorció aparent dels AG que l’estructura molecular del greix. Per aquest motiu, en l’últim experiment (Capítol 6) es va investigar quina seria la millor estratègia nutricional (olis re-esterificats purs o mescles) per obtenir la millor eficiència en termes d’absorció aparent dels AG. La substitució de l’oli re-esterificat de palma per oli re-esterificat de soja va millorar l’absorció aparent dels AG totals, encara que no es va observar sinergisme entre els dos olis re-esterificats.
Una altra troballa interessant va ser que, independentment de la font de greix, de l’espècie i de l’estat fisiològic dels animals, la fracció lipídica eliminada per les femtes i les excretes estava principalment constituïda per AG lliures, el que suggereix que el factor limitant del procés d’absorció del greix de la dieta no és el procés d’hidròlisi lipídica, sinó el procés de solubilització micel·lar.
Per tot això, podem considerar que, des d’un punt de vista nutricional, els olis re-esterificats són una bona font de greix alternativa per ser utilitzats en l’alimentació d’animals monogàstrics. Això no obstant, i degut a que el procés d’esterificació suposa un cost afegit, la seva viabilitat econòmica dependrà del preu diferencial entre l’oli natiu i l’oli àcid.The addition of fat sources in pig and broiler-chicken diets is a common practice. Acid oils are by-products from oil refining industry, resulting in sustainable and economically interesting raw materials. However, they have a lower nutritive value than their corresponding native oil, due to their high free fatty acid (FA) content. We can neutralize the free FA content of acid oils through their esterification with glycerol (by-product from biodiesel industry). Re-esterified oils are the end products of this process. The different molecular structure of re-esterified oils may enhance the apparent absorption of saturated FA and, consequently, their overall nutritive value. Therefore, the global aim of this thesis was to investigate the potential use of re-esterified oils in pig and broiler-chicken diets. Fat characterization (Chapter 3, 4 and 5) showed how re-esterified oils had the same FA composition as their corresponding native oils, but a greater proportion of saturated FA located at the acylglycerol sn-2 position and a greater amount of mono- and diacylglycerols (with FA mainly esterified at the sn-1,3 positions), which resulted in a lower gross energy content. In the first three experiments (Chapter 3, 4 and 5), the use of two re-esterified oils (with a low and a high mono- and diacylglycerol content) was compared with that of their corresponding acid (negative control) and native (positive control) oils. On one hand, no differences in FA apparent absorption coefficients were observed between animals fed native or acid palm oils (except in young broiler chickens). Thus, acid palm oils can be considered interesting alternative fat sources to be used in monogastric-animal diets, provided they have < 60% of free FA and < 3% of moisture, impurities, and unsaponifiable matter. On the other hand, animals fed re-esterified palm oils achieved similar or even better apparent absorption coefficients than those fed their corresponding native oil, although some peculiarities were observed according to the species and the physiological state of the animals. In broiler chickens (Chapter 5), the fat degree of saturation exerted a greater impact on FA apparent absorption than did the fat molecular structure. For this reason, in the last experiment (Chapter 6), the best nutritional strategy (pure re-esterified oils or blends of re-esterified oils) was investigated, in order to obtain the best efficiency in terms of FA apparent absorption. The addition of re-esterified soybean oil in replacement of re-esterified palm oil in broiler chicken diets improved the total FA apparent absorption, although no synergism was observed between re-esterified oils. Another interesting finding was that, regardless of the dietary fat source, the species, and the physiological sate of the animals, fat lost in feces or excreta was mainly composed of free FA, which suggests that micelle formation, and not fat hydrolysis, is the rate-limiting step of fat absorption. Taken together, from a nutritional point of view, re-esterified oils are good, alternative fat sources to be used in monogastric-animal diets. However, considering that the esterification process represents an additional cost, the economic viability of re-esterified oils will depend on the price differential between native and acid oils.
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Lewis, C. E. "Influence of dietary fat and oil on growth and carcass fat of broiler chickens." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1985. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.370565.
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Phosa, Mashilo Alpheus. "The nutritive value of macadamia oil cake meal and wood ash as alternative feed ingredients for chickens in rural areas." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2010. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02162010-114531.
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Li, Yunsheng 1972. "Quality changes in chicken nuggets fried in oils with different degrees of hydrogenation." Thesis, McGill University, 2005. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=82277.
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The goal of this research was to investigate the influence of the degree of hydrogenation of frying oil on quality and textural changes in chicken nuggets during deep-fat frying. Thermal stabilities of the frying oils were also studied. The frying oil consisted of blends of hydrogenated and non-hydrogenated oils mixed at different ratios. Physical and textural attributes of the products, as well as the moisture and fat contents, were measured at various frying times. Oil samples were withdrawn at different times and analyzed for colour, free fat acid (FFA) content, viscosity and dielectric properties. Physical and textural properties of chicken nuggets were influenced by frying time and the degree of oil hydrogenation. The experimental data, for changes in the properties of both flying oil and fried product, was adequately described using first order reaction kinetics. Increasing frying time decreased product lightness whereas chroma and hardness values increased. Frying in oils with higher degrees of hydrogenation resulted in products with lighter and harder (more crispy) texture. Products fried in non-hydrogenated oil absorbed more oil but also retained more moisture compared to samples fried in hydrogenated oil. The rate of change in the colour parameters of oils was observed to increase with increasing frying time and the degree of hydrogenation. The chroma values of the oils increased when frying time increased and degree of hydrogenation decreased. The viscosity of oil tended to increase with increasing degree of hydrogenation. The FFA content and dielectric constant of the frying oils correlated with frying time and degree of hydrogenation.
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Walton, John-Peter. "The effect of dietary flax oil and antioxidants on pulmonary hypertension and ascites in broiler chickens." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ40448.pdf.
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Khattak, Farina Malik. "Fatty acid profiles and oxidative stability in tissue from chicks fed diets varying in oil and glucosinolate type and content." Thesis, University of Aberdeen, 1997. http://digitool.abdn.ac.uk/R?func=search-advanced-go&find_code1=WSN&request1=AAIU528929.
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Four experiments were carried out to investigate the effects of glucosinolates, the level and type of dietary fat and -tocopherol acetate (ATA) supplementation on broiler performance, fatty acid composition, oxidative stability of tissues and immunological changes in the caecal crypts and bone marrow cells. In Experiment 1, 270 chicks were fed diets containing either whole full-fat rape seed (FFR) with a glucosinolate content of 14.4 mmol/kg or marine oil (MO) calculated to provide 40 and 120 g fat/kg diet. At each level of fat in the diet ATA was supplied at 20 and 300 mg/kg diet. Data presented in this study indicate that whole FFR (low glucosinolate) and MS(high glucosinolate) at the level of 300 and 50 g/kg respectively can be consumed by broiler chicks without any detrimental effects. Birds fed diets containing low glucosinolate MuO, RO, and RSM showed similar performance to those of birds fed the soya based control diets. The data showed that fatty acid composition of tissue lipid can be manipulated to varying degrees of changing the fatty acid composition of dietary lipid. Tissue monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA) and n3 fatty acid proportions were increased and n6:n3 ratio was decreased by feeding diets containing FFR, MS, MuO, RO and RSM, Supplemental ATA increased the -tocopherol content of blood serum and improved the stability of tissue lipid to oxidation when used at the level of 300 mg/kg diet. Inclusion of enzyme treated FFR and RSM in broiler diets improved weight gains and reduced the caecal irritation caused by contents of the diet. Cells identified in the caecal crypts and bone marrow tissue showed a potential for determining the immunological responses of birds to various diets.
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Ubhayasekera, S. J. Kumari A. "Sterols and oxysterols : occurrence and analysis in by-products feed fats and animal tissues /." Uppsala : Dept. of Food Science, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2009. http://epsilon.slu.se/200947.pdf.
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Salvador-Torres, Federico. "Utilisation of fat and oils in diets for broiler chickens : the effect of age, rate of inclusion, degree of saturation, and free fatty acid content on apparent metabolisable energy value, apparent fat availability and apparent availability." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.235740.
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Kritzinger, Magdel. "Alternatives to replace antibiotics in broiler diets : effects on protein utilization and production performance." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/16396.
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Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2008.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Different substances were evaluated and compared to an antibiotic, in terms of their effect on nitrogen - and amino acid digestibilities. Two digestibility trials and one performance trial were conducted. Trials one and two apparent nitrogen (AND)- and amino acid (AAD) digestibilities were determined from digesta collected at the terminal ileum (ileal digestibility method). In Trial 3 the substances were evaluated in terms of their potential to improve production performance. Broilers were fed a maizesoya based diet throughout the three trails. In the first trial, garlic and a commercial prebiotic (Bio-Mos®), were tested and compared in terms of AND and AAD, to an antibiotic (doxycyclin, Doxyvete-SOS). A starter and finisher diet were fed as either mash or pellets. The garlic was included at 8g/kg, 13g/kg and 18g/kg to the starter and finisher diets. Bio-Mos® was added at 1g/kg, 2g/kg and 3g/kg to the starter diet, and 0.5g/kg, 1g/kg and 1.5g/kg to the finisher diet. The doxycyclin was added at 0.3 g/kg. None of the treatments had any beneficial effects in terms of AND. Feeding a pellet seem to have some negative effects in terms of AND. In general most of the treatments did not show any improvement in AAD at any determination period (day 21, 28 or 35). At day 21 and day 35, the mash diet supplemented with 18g/kg garlic had a negative effect on AAD, when compared to the negative and positive control. It doesn’t seem that feeding either a mash or a pellet had an influence on the effects exerted by the different treatments. In the second trial the influence of Bio-Mos®, a blend of organic acids, probiotics and electrolytes (Acid-Pak 4-way®) and a medium-chain triglyceride (MCT) were evaluated and compared in terms of AAD and AND, to the effect of an antibiotic, doxycyclin. The starter and finisher diets were fed as a mash. Bio-Mos® was included at 1g/kg, 2g/kg, and 3g/kg in the starter diet, and at 0.5g/kg, 1g/kg, 1.5g/kg in the finisher diet, respectively. Acid-Pak 4-way® was included at 0.4g/kg, 1g/kg and 1.6g/kg for both the starter and finisher diets. Medium-chain triglycerides (MCT) were allocated at 3g/kg, 3.6g/kg, 4.2g/kg for the starter diet, and 2.1g/kg, 2.7g/kg and 3.4g/kg for the finisher diet. An antibiotic, doxycyclin, was included at 0.3 g/kg. With AND, no treatment had any significant effect for the entire experimental period. At day 21, the treatment supplemented with MCT (3.4g/kg) had the most significant beneficial effect on AAD, when compared to the negative- and positive controls, as it increased AAD for the majority of the amino acids. The treatment with Acid-Pak 4-way® (1g/kg) had the most significant negative effect on AAD when compared to the positive control. At day 28, the treatments with Bio-Mos® (0.5g/kg and 1.5g/kg) and Acid-Pak 4-way® (0.4g/kg) had the most significant beneficial effect on AAD when compared to the positive control. It increased AAD for more than half of the 17 amino acids evaluated. The treatment supplemented with MCT (2.7g/kg) has shown the most significant negative effect on AAD, when compared to the positive control. In the third trial the effect of Bio-Mos®, Acid-Pak 4-way® and MCT on production performance was evaluated, and compared to the effects of the presence or absence of doxycyclin. Body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured. The starter and finisher diets were fed as a mash. Bio-Mos®, MCT and Acid-Pak 4-way® were included at 3.0g/kg, 4.2g/kg and 1.6g/kg, respectively in the starter and finisher diets. Birds were weighed (per pen) on arrival and on days 7, 14, 21, 28, 35. Feed intake (FI) per pen was measured at days 7, 14, 21, 28 and 35, and mortality was recorded daily. In terms of BWG, Acid-Pak 4-way® had a higher BWG, when compared to the negative control, Bio-Mos® and MCT. It can be concluded that Bio-Mos®, Acid-Pak 4-way®, as well as MCT can be a possible alternatives to antibiotic supplementation. These three treatments did not necessary prove to be more effective than antibiotics, but are definitely competitive alternatives.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Verskillende behandelings is geëvalueer en vergelyk met ‘n antimikrobiese produk, in terme van hul uitwerking op stikstof - en aminosuur verteerbaarhede. Twee verteringstudies en produksieprestasie studie is uitgevoer. In die eerste twee studies is die skynbare stikstof (AND)- en aminosuur (AAD) verteringskoöeffisiënte bepaal deur gebruik te maak van digesta wat by die terminale ileum ingesamel is (ileale verteringsmetode). In die derde studie is die produksie prestasie van braaikuikens op ‘n gebalanseerde metaboliseerbare energie (AME) rantsoen, soos beïnvloed deur die verskillende behandelings, geëvalueer. In die eerste studie is knoffel en ‘n kommersiële prebiotikum (Bio-Mos®) geëvalueer en met ‘n antibiotikum (doksisiklien, Doxyveto-SOS) in terme van AND en AAD vergelyk. Beginner- en afrondingsrantsoene is as ‘n meel of pille gevoer. Die knoffel is teen 8g/kg, 13g/kg en 18g/kg in die rantsoen ingesluit. Bio-Mos® is teen 1g/kg, 2g/kg en 3g/kg in die beginner rantsoen en teen 0.5g/kg, 1g/kg en 1.5g/kg in die afrondingsrantsoen, ingesluit. Die antibiotikum is teen 0.3g/kg in beide rantsoene ingesluit. Geen van die behandelings het enige positiewe invloed op AND gehad nie. Deur ‘n verpilde rantsoen te voer het sekere negatiewe invloed op AND gehad. Oor die algemeen het geen behandelings enige positiewe invloed op AAD gehad nie. Op dag 21 en 35 het die insluiting van knoffel teen 18g/kg in ’n meel rantsoen ’n negatiewe invloed op AAD gehad, wanneer dit met die negatiewe- en positiewe kontroles vergelyk is. Dit blyk nie dat om ‘n pil of meel te voer enige invloed op die invloede van die verskillende behandelings gehad het nie. In die tweede studie is Bio-Mos®, ‘n organiese suur (Acid-Pak 4-way®) en ‘n medium-ketting trigliseried (MCT) geëvalueer en met ‘n antbiotikum, doksisiklien (Doxyveto-SOS) in terme van AND en AAD, vergelyk. Beginner- en afrondingsrantsoene is gevoer as ‘n meel. Bio-Mos® is teen 1g/kg, 2g/kg, and 3g/kg in die beginner rantsoen en teen 0.5g/kg, 1g/kg, 1.5g/kg in die afrondingsrantsoen, ingesluit. Acid-Pak 4-way® is teen 0.4g/kg, 1g/kg en 1.6g/kg vir die beginner –en afrondingsrantsoene ingesluit. Die MCT is teen 3g/kg, 3.6g/kg, 4.2g/kg in die beginner rantsoen en teen 2.1g/kg, 2.7g/kg en 3.4g/kg in die afrondingsrantsoen ingesluit. Die antibiotikum is ingesluit teen 0.3g/kg. Geen behandelings het enige betekenisvolle invloed in terme van AND gehad nie. Op dag 21 het MCT (3.4g/kg), in vergelyking met die negatiewe- en positiewe kontrole, die grootste positiewe invloed op AAD gehad. Acid-Pak 4-way® (1g/kg) het, in vergelyking met die positiewe kontrole, ‘n positiewe invloed gehad op AAD. Op dag 28, het Bio-Mos® (0.5g/kg en 1.5g/kg) en Acid-Pak 4-way® (0.4g/kg) die grootste positiewe invloed op AAD gehad. Die behandeling met MCT (2.7g/kg) het die mees negatiewe invloed op AAD gehad. In die derde studie is die insluiting van Bio-Mos®, Acid-Pak 4-way® en MCT getoets om die invloed op braaikuiken produksie prestasie te evalueer, en te vergelyk met die invloed van die insluiting of afwesigheid van ‘n antibiotikum. Liggaamsmassa (BW), liggaamsmassa toename (BWG), voerinname (FI) en voeromsetverhouding (FCR) is gemeet. Beginner- en afrondings rantsoene is gevoer as ‘n meel. Bio-Mos®, MCT en Acid-Pak 4-way® is onderskeidelik teen 3.0g/kg, 4,2g/kg en 1.6g/kg in die rantsoen ingesluit. Die kuikens is met aankoms (per hok) geweeg, asook op dae 7, 14, 21, 28, 35. Voerinname per hok is gemeet op dae 7, 14, 21, 28 en 35. Mortaliteite is daagliks aangeteken. Die insluiting van Acid-Pak 4-way® het in vergelyking met die negatiewe kontrole, Bio-Mos® en MCT insluiting ‘n hoër BWG tot gevolg gehad. Die gevolgtrekking wat gemaak kan word is dat Bio-Mos®, Acid-Pak 4-way® en MCT gebruik kan word as ‘n moontlike alternatief vir antibiotika insluiting. Hierdie drie behandelings was nie noodwending meer effektief as die antibiotika nie, maar het wel bewys dat dit kompeterende alternatiewe is.
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Anderson, Aaron George. "Wildfire Impacts on Nest Provisioning and Survival of Alaskan Boreal Owls." Miami University / OhioLINK, 2017. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=miami1493029337791323.
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Ma, Nai Ting, and 馬乃婷. "Aroma Modification of Chicken Oil Using Macro Algal Lipoxygenase." Thesis, 2001. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45837321483453701495.
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碩士國立海洋大學
食品科學系
89
The odor of chicken oil is the factor limiting its food use. The chicken adipose fat was dry-rendered at 140℃ for 30 min gave high yield (78.5 % ). The fatty acid profile of the oil so obtained consisted of 56.23 % monoenoic acids in which oleic acid was the major of MUFA; it contributed to 388.4 mg/g oil. Treatment of this oil at 33℃ for 30 min with an extract of lipoxygenase from a green marine macroalgae, Ulva conglobata, resulted in an insignificant reduction in monoenoic acids, i.e. 0.19 % of total monoenoic acids, and 0.20 % of the oleic acid, but a significant of 33.0 % decrease in total polyenoic acids. The chicken oil stored at 4℃ for eight weeks, did not result in changes of indices e.g. POV, A 234 nm and A 268 nm. At 45℃, the chicken oil increased in POV, A 234 nm and A 268 nm to 2.9, 1.2 and 2.0 fold, respectively. The adipose fat was more susceptible to oxidation than the chicken oil. The adipose fat stored at 4℃ for 30 days showed increases in POV, A 234 nm were 1.7 fold and A 268 nm was 1.84 fold of chicken oil. A noticeable improvement in odor of chicken oil was observed by sensory evaluation. The differences in the volatile compounds and their odor notes are compared using a GC-sniffing technique. Increased LOX activity in treatment of chicken oil produced high concentration of the desirable unsaturated aldehydes, ketones and alcohols that resemble odors of apple, citrus, melon, fruit and algae. A reduced “chicken fat odor” was observed while oily odor note maintained after treatment with algal lipoxygenase for up to 2 hours. The modified chicken oil consisted of more desirable volatile compounds: ethyl acetate, pentanal, 2-pentyl furan, E-2-heptenal, nonanal than the original chicken oil, provided fruity and tea-leave aroma and less undesirable volatile compounds of heptanal, 2,4-heptadienal, 2,4- nonadienal, dodecanal, tetradecanol, reduces chicken oil and oxidized odor note.
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Lin, Min-Jung, and 林旻蓉. "Feeding value of high oil corn for Taiwan country chicken." Thesis, 1998. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/36010625528220009507.
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Huang, Ya-Jing, and 黃雅菁. "Effects of consuming sesame-oil chicken with rice wine on breastfeeding." Thesis, 2003. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/35903076430414234271.
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碩士臺北醫學大學
保健營養學系
91
The aim of present study was to investigate the effects of consuming sesame-oil chicken with rice wine on breastfeeding. Twenty-three healthy and non-alcohol sensitive lactating women were recruited from the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology at Taipei Medical University Wan-Fang Hospital. Use standard materials and methods to prepare non-alcoholic sesame-oil chicken soup as control (CS) and sesame-oil chicken with rice wine soup (AS) which alcohol concentration was 40 mg/mL as experimental material. Each woman took 2 testing days that separated by 1 week, and they were instructed to refrain from drinking any alcoholic beverages or diets before the 3 days of the two testing days. Before experiment, each subject emptied both breast by using an electric breast pump, and then drank 8 mL/kg of body weight CS or AS. After 10, 20, 30, 40, 60, 90 min of CS or AS consumption, the subject collected 2 mL milk respectively. The amount of milk yield within 30 min and the time of the first droplet of milk to be ejected were measured after 120 min of CS or AS consumption. Blood samples were also collected before experiment and after 20, 40, 60, 90, 120 min of CS or AS consumption. The results show that, maximum blood and milk alcohol concentration were achieved after 25±11 and 32±19 min of AS consumption respectively. The blood and milk alcohol concentration of most subjects returned to the basal alcohol levels after 150 min of AS consumption. The time for the first droplet of milk to be ejected was significantly longer after consuming AS than CS. The milk yield within 30 min was significantly decreased in thirteen subjects and increased in ten subjects after consuming AS. In conclusion, the prolongation of milk ejection time was the main effects of consuming sesame-oil chicken with rice wine on breastfeeding. According to the present study, it recommends to breast-feed milk after 2.5 hours or more than 2.5 hours of consumption to avoid the risk on infants caused by alcohol exposure of breast milk.
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Lin, Dan-Qing, and 林丹清. "Influences of salt, flaxseed oil, and dietary fiber addition on the manufacture of chicken surimi." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/p9849u.
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碩士國立臺灣大學
動物科學技術學研究所
106
Meat is a highly nutritious and versatile food but generally lacking some health ingredients, which could be incorporated during the processing, such as omega-3 fatty acids and dietary fibers. These ingredients not only have health benefits, but also contribute some good processing characteristics that may influence not only texture and sensory properties but also extend shelf life of products. Because of the less efficiencies of chewing and absorption in the elderly, they have a higher demand for the proper texture and nutrition of the food. A previous study from our lab has successfully developed a semi-manufactured chicken surimi sourced from spent-hen breast that can emulsify with 10% flaxseed oil. However, due to the poor quality and texture of spent hen meat, the process of manufacture requires three washing steps to achieve the desired quality. In order to seek the better protein sources for chicken surimi, the first part of this study was to dig into an optimal extraction condition of chicken-surimi batter from broiler chicken breast instead of spent hen breast. In addition, the sodium content of the meat products is also a healthy concern globally. Hence, the second part of this study was to adjust salt addition without altering the texture properties of chicken-surimi batter. Besides, according to the good water and oil holding capacities of dietary fiber, we tried to look for a suitable dietary-fiber candidate for increasing flaxseed-oil addition in chicken-surimi manufacture in the third part of this study. First, in terms of washing cycles, washing once with 0.1% NaCl solution could achieve the best (p<0.05) processing characteristics of the chicken-surimi batter. According to the analysis of the amino acid composition, our chicken-surimi batter obtained a higher content of essential and branched-chain amino acids than raw material (broiler breast). It is at least required 2.0% salt addition in chicken surimi that can keep a good texture and water holding capacity of our chicken surimi that preserved at 4°C 12 days. In the last part of this study, due to the better (p<0.05) water and oil holding capacities, wheat fiber was chosen to incorporate in chicken surimi which enhances a good emulsifying capacity and other physicochemical properties, i.e. syneresis, texture profile, lipid/protein oxidation at 4°C for 14 days and -20°C for 60 days, and surface topography from scan electron microscope, and meanwhile, increase the flaxseed-oil addition to 12%. To sum up, chicken-surimi batter can be obtained from broiler breast by washing once with 0.1% (w/v) NaCl solution and the salt addition during the processing could be adjusted down to 2.0% without altering physical properties of chicken surimi. Moreover, wheat fiber is a good candidate for not only processing properties (an increase of flaxseed-oil addition till 12%) but also nutritional benefits. Hence, regarding the consumers’ demands of high nutritional values, low salt contents, and improved processing characteristics, this dietary fiber and omega-3 fatty acids fortified meat products should fit the need in the elderly market.
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Huang, Ying-Ju, and 黃蘡茹. "Evaluation of the immunization effects of Eimeria tenella oocysts treated with oregano oil in chicken." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/22917494654855054759.
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碩士國立中興大學
獸醫學系暨研究所
102
Avian coccidiosis, caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria, is a common intestinal parasitic disease that can result in catastrophic economic loss in poultry industry by series of symptoms including bloody diarrhea, weight loss, depressed egg production and even death in chickens. Chemoprophylaxis is now the primary control method for coccidiosis, but it has been complicated by the emergence of drug resistance, expensive cost for inventing new drug, and arising concerning to drug residue in poultry products. Therefore, alternative control strategies are being sought worldwide. Antimicrobial natural products and their extractions are drugs that can bring a solution to these problems if they are found to have a coccidial effect at low concentrations. For example, Artemisinin, polysaccharide, various kinds of essential oil, and herbal medicine are identified with anticoccidial effects. In this study, sporulated Eimeria tenella oocysts were treated with 1 %, 0.2 %, 0.1 % oregano oil for 1 week, 1 month and 3 months. The 8-day-old chickens were infected with 2000 oocysts each for immunization. After 2 weeks, all chickens were challenged with 50000 oocysts each. Immunized groups were compared with negative (no immunization, no challenge) and positive (no immunization, only challenge) control groups by evaluating O.P.G., weight gain, and mortality as anticoccidial efficacy parameters. The results indicated that sporulated oocysts treating with oregano oil within 3 months still have infectivity and can provide effective immunal protection to chickens. Protection percentage, body weight gain and mortality of immunized groups were much better than positive control group. According to percentage of optimum anticoccidial activity, this immune method to broilers was effective but not to layers. In conclusion, chickens which immunized by 2000 sporulated oocysts treated with 1 % oregano oil within 3 months could obtain protective efficacy, lower mortality and less clinical symptoms. Oregano oil is easy to obtain and can be used in low concentration for preserving sporulated oocysts in 3 months. Therefore, oregano oil could be used in preserving sporulated oocysts in replacement of potassium dichromate in the future for the purpose of reducing environmental pollution.
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Huang, Hui-Chun, and 黃惠君. "Effect of Dietary Fish Oil and α-Tocopheryl Acetate on Chemical and Microbiological Properties of Chicken." Thesis, 1996. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/27539819716210433679.
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碩士東海大學
食品科學系
84
Abstract Nine groups of broilers were fed diets supplemented with three levels(0, 2 and 4 %)of cod fish oil and three levels (0, 50 and 100 IU/kg)(1 IU=1 mg DL-α-tocopheryl acetate) of α- tocopheryl acetate in order to increase the contents of n-3 fatty acids (EPA and DHA) and α-tocopherols in chicken meat. Broilers fed with cod fish oil (2 and 4 %)had higher contents of EPA and DHA than the control. The higher % of fish oil fed, the higher contents of n-3 fatty acids deposited in meat. The chicken skin contained higher amounts of EPA and DHA, followed by the thigh and breast meat. Broilers fed with α-tocopheryl acetate (50 and 100 IU/kg) had lower contents of cholesterol, TBA values and Hunter L and b values; and had higher contnets of α-tocopherols, total aerobic plate counts and Hunter a values. During frozen storage, acetaldehyde was detected at day 10; both acetaldehyde and propanal were detected at day 20; and at day 30 and 40, only propenal was detected. The odor and overall acceptability scores of thigh meat decreased with the increase of fish oil in feed.
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Williams, Benjamin C. "Formulation and acceptablitiy of chicken breast meat enriched by an oil and water emulsion marinade containing omega-3 fatty acids." 2006. http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga%5Fetd/williams%5Fbenjamin%5Fc%5F200605%5Fms.
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Hsieh, Tsai-Jung, and 謝綵蓉. "Studies on the Quality and Carbonyl Compound Formation of Soybean Salad Oil during Deep Frying and the Inhibitory Effect of Chitosan Derivatives on Carbonyl Compounds in Fried Battered and Breaded Chicken Breast." Thesis, 2012. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/74938730951004146836.
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碩士輔仁大學
食品科學系
101
Deep-oil frying can provide foods with unique color, flavor and crispy texture. However, long-term of deep-frying at high temperatures may cause oil to produce toxic carbonyl compounds (CCs), which may be readily absorbed in the fried food products and are potentially carcinogenic to human. Thus, this study aimed to investigate the formation of CCs in the deep frying soybean oil and the reduction of toxic CCs in fried battered and breaded chicken breast (BBC) by adding chitosan derivatives (CDs). When soybean oil was continuously heated at 180℃ in presence of water, POV of frying oil rose to the highest values at 18 h of heating, all the TBARS, acid value and total polar compounds were increased with increases of heating time. After 24-h heating of oil, the acid value and total polar compounds of the frying oil were, respectively, 2.03 mg KOH/g oil and 28%, which had exceeded the level for replacing oil. After 12-h heating, the CCs formed in the frying oil include 2,4-decadienal, butanal, 2-butanone, haxanal, octanal, pentanal, pentanone, 2-heptenal, 2-nonenal, 4-hydroxy-2-hexenal, acrolein, propanal, acetaldehyde, 2-hexenal. All of the above 14 CCs in the soybean oil were significantly increased with increases of frying time. As Compared with 12-h heated oil, the percentage increase of CCs ranged 10.5-91.6 and 13.6-166.7% for frying oil with 18- and 24-h heating, respectively. Moreover, only the short-chain and highly water-soluble CCs, such as acetaldehyde, acrolein, propanal, butanal and pentanal were readily absorbed in the crust of fried BBC, whereas the other 9 CCs were not. The BBC with adding CDs could significantly reduce the amount of short-chain CCs in the crust, with the percentage reduction of 23.1-49.6, 10.4-56 and 23.9-66.1% for BBC fried at 180℃ in 12-, 18- and 24-h heated oil, respectively. The BBC without adding CDs could significantly reduce the hardness and adhesiveness of chicken meats after being fried in 12-h heated oil, i.e. the chicken meats had a softer texture and less adhesiveness between meat and teeth in chewing process. There were no significant difference in hardness, springiness and resilience between chicken meats of BBC with and without adding CDs. Increases of frying time and addition of CDs had no significantly effect on hardness and fracturability of crust of fried BBC. These results suggest that addition of chitosan derivatives in the batter of BBC can effectively lower the toxic carbonyl compounds absorbed in the crust of fried BBC without affecting in hardness, springiness, resilience of meat and hardness and fracturability of crust.
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Kartikasari, Lilik Retna. "Assessment of omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid incorporation in broiler chicken meat following the consumption of omega-3 rich vegetable oils." 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2440/56829.
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Dietary omega-3 long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 LCPUFAs), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3), docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5n-3) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3), have beneficial health effects and hence increasing the consumption of these fatty acids is recommended by health authorities. The most common dietary source of EPA, DPA and DHA is seafood, but few Australians habitually consume fish and on average eat less than one meal of fish per week. Thus if Australians are to meet the dietary guidelines for n-3 fatty acid intake, there is a need to develop a source of n-3 rich foods that fit into a typical Australian diet. Feeding fish oils rich in n-3 LCPUFA to chickens has proven problematic due to alteration in organoleptic properties. The incorporation of vegetable oils rich in n-3 PUFA, alpha-linolenic acid (ALA, 18:3n-3) into the diet of chickens is potentially an alternative way to provide meat rich in n-3 LCPUFAs as ALA is the precursor of EPA and DHA. However, most vegetable oils also contain the n-6 (n-6) PUFA, linoleic acid (LA, 18:2n-6) which competes with ALA for the same enzymes in their metabolism to LCPUFA. This thesis addressed two crucial issues relating to the conversion of ALA into EPA, DPA and DHA of chicken tissues. The objectives of the first experiment were to examine the effects of increasing the ALA content of diets on the conversion of ALA into EPA, DPA and DHA by measuring their accumulation in chicken meat (breast and thigh) and to determine if there was an optimum level of ALA (at a fixed level of LA) in this process. The ratio of LA to ALA of the diets ranged from 10.5:1 to 0.6:1. The findings in this study demonstrated that there was no optimum level of dietary ALA and as indicated by the observation that EPA, DPA and DHA continued to increase in breast and thigh as the ratio of LA to ALA decreased in the diet. In general, DPA achieved higher levels than DHA. The experimental diets with the lowest LA to ALA ratio elevated the incorporation of EPA and DHA into breast and thigh meat to levels 5 and 4-fold, respectively relative to birds fed the highest LA to ALA ratio. In contrast, arachidonic acid (AA, 20:4n-6) in all groups reduced with decreasing LA to ALA ratio in the diets. The results indicated that the dietary treatments did not significantly change the growth performance of chickens. The objective of the second experiment was to assess the regulatory effect of dietary LA on the conversion of ALA into EPA, DPA and DHA. While in the first experiment the diets varied in the level of ALA but had a constant LA level, in this experiment the level of ALA in the diets was held constant and the level of LA was varied. The LA to ALA ratio of experimental diets ranged from 1.4:1 to 2.1:1. The results of this study indicated that the highest LA to ALA ratio (2.1:1) resulted in the lowest n-3 LCPUFAs, EPA, DPA and DHA in meat samples. For example, the total n-3 LCPUFA levels in the breast meat of birds fed with the lowest LA to ALA ratio was 16% higher than the n-3 LCPUFA in the breast of birds fed the highest LA to ALA ratio. This study indicated that the strongest influence on EPA, DPA and DHA accumulation in chicken tissues was the level of ALA in the diet. The experimental diets did not appear to affect the growth performance of chickens. In conclusion, increasing the ALA content of chicken diets may result in a meat source high in n-3 LCPUFAs that may reduce pressure on diminishing marine stocks as well as offering health benefits to Australians.http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1369065
Thesis (M.Ag.Sc.) - University of Adelaide, School of Agriculture, Food and Wine, 2009
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Phosa, Mashilo Alpheus. "The nutritive value of macadamia oil cake meal and wood ash as alternative feed ingredients for chickens in rural areas." Diss., 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/29245.
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The majority of South African household live in poverty with a limited variety of foods available in their home. In most rural villages domestic poultry plays an important role in improving household food security, but is limited by shortage of feed and high feed costs. Using non-conventional feed ingredients in poultry diets may ease the situation of malnutrition in rural populations, providing the family with high quality animal protein at more affordable prices. Macadamia oil cake meal (MOCM) is an inexpensive by-product from the macadamia oil industry of the Limpopo Province. Although it is relatively high in crude protein (20-25%), MOCM has never been considered as a feed ingredient for poultry feeds. The high and varying fibre content (up to 25%, depending on the extrusion method applied) of MOCM may render it unsuitable as an ingredient for high producing poultry such as broilers. The question, however, arouse whether the inclusion of MOCM in the growing diet of meat-producing chickens typically found in rural areas, would be cost-effective. Calcium (Ca) in poultry rations is usually supplied as calcium carbonate from limestone. Wood ash (WA) from fireplaces at homestead in rural villages was found to be rich in Ca (approximately 26%) and has the potential of being a free and readily available Ca supplement that could easily be added to the diet. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of MOCM and WA as alternative feed ingredients in growth rations for chickens in rural areas. New Hampshire chickens were randomly divided into eight treatment groups with four replicates per treatment and twelve chicks in each replicates. The chicks were housed in an environmentally controlled broiler house from day-old to 15-weeks of age. Four diets were formulated, one without MOCM and the other three containing different levels of MOCM, viz. 10, 50 and 100% plus salt and a trace nutrient mixture. Each of these treatments was split in two with one receiving limestone (CaCO3) and the other WA, as Ca sources, giving eight treatments in total. All the treatments received diets with a Ca level close to 1 %. Parameters measured on weekly basis were body weight (BW), feed intake (FI), and body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion efficiency (FCE) was determined. The analysis of the carcass composition and tibia bone strength was done at the end of the 15 week period. An analysis of variance with the ANOVA model (SAS) was used to determine the significance between different treatments for the balanced data. Significance of difference (5%) between means was determined by multiple comparisons using Tukey t-test. The treatment of 100% MOCM was terminated at eight weeks since the chickens had retarded growth and low body weight gains, demonstrating that the 100% MOCM diet both with and without Ca were not feasible. The BW and feed intake of the diet of 100% MOCM plus WA was, however,significantly higher than the diet of 100% MOCM plus lime. However, the inclusion level of up to 50% MOCM had no significant differences in (muscle and fat), except for FI, BWG and FCE between treatment diets. In conclusion, the results prove that MOCM can be added to the ration at a 10% concentration level without any adverse effect on growth. Higher inclusion levels of MOCM might also be beneficial,especially when included at an older age of the bird. Wood ash proved to be an efficient Ca source, as the substitution of limestone with WA showed no negative effect on the tibia bone parameters measured. CopyrightDissertation (MInstAgrar)--University of Pretoria, 2010.
Animal and Wildlife Sciences
unrestricted
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Lin, Guo-Chang, and 林國長. "Effect of Dietary Supplementation of Different Essential Oil on Daily Feed Intake, Nutrient Digestibility and Intestinal Microflora in Broiler Chickens." Thesis, 2015. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/35367349753502603826.
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碩士東海大學
畜產與生物科技學系
103
Two trials were conducted to investigate the effect of dietary supplementation of different essential oil on daily feed intake, nutrient digestibility and intestinal microflora of broiler chickens. In trial 1, thirty 17-d-old Arbor Acres chicks were allotted to 5 treatments with 6 replicates per treatment. Chicks were reared in individual cages and fed diets without or with supplementing 200 ppm of different essential oil: (1) thyme (T); (2) cinnamon (C); (3) oregano (O) and (4) rosemary (R) for 20 days. In trial 2, thirty 27-d-old Ross chicks were allotted to 5 treatments with 6 replicates per treatment. Chicks were reared in individual cages and fed same diets as in trial 1 for 18 days. Daily feed intake, nutrient digestibility, pH and microbial counts of digestive tract contents were measured in trial 1 and 2. The combined results showed that dietary supplementation of R numerically improved daily feed intake. Supplementing different essential oil in diet improved fecal and ileal digestibility of total fatty acid and saturated fatty acid (P＜0.01). Supplementing T, C and R in diet significantly improved fecal and ileal digestibility of protein and unsaturated fatty acid (P＜0.05). Supplementing T, O and R in diet improved caecum lactobacillus counts (P＜0.05). Supplementing C and R in diet increased caecum lactobacillus/coliforms (P＜0.05). Supplementing different essential oil in diet did not affect pH of digestive tract contents, coliforms and lactobacillus+coliforms counts. In conclusion, supplementing EO, especially C and R, in diet effectively improved caecal microbial environment and nutrient digestibility of broiler chickens.
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Avellaneda, Gloria E. "Evaluation of different stratagies [sic] for the differentiation of infected and vaccinated animals (DIVA) in chickens vaccinated with avian influenza oil emulsion vaccines." 2008. http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga%5Fetd/avellaneda%5Fgloria%5Fe%5F200805%5Fphd.
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Wang, Yu-Ting, and 王昱婷. "The Therapeutic Effect of Oregano Essential Oil （Origanum vulgare） and Garlic Extract （Allium sativum）Mixture as Water Additives in Chickens Challenged with Eimeria tenella." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/825v62.
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碩士國立中興大學
獸醫學系暨研究所
102
Coccidiosis is caused by protozoan parasites of the genus Eimeria that grows and multiplies intracellularly in epithelial cells in the gut. It is one of the most important diseases of chickens and causes huge economic loss worldwide annually. The infected chickens show clinical sign including malabsorption, blood diarrhea, body weight loss, poor feed conversion, and in servere cases, death. So far, using anticoccidial drugs is the major prevention and control strategy against coccidiosis. However, with the widespread use of anticoccidial drugs, resistance has developed. In addition, the public concern of food safety for the drug residues has raised. Therefore, alternative strategies are being sought for safer control of coccidiosis in chickens. This study was carried out to investigate the therapeutic effect of oregano essential oil and garlic extract mixture against caecal coccidiosis in chickens. Fifty 14-day-old broilers were divided into five equal groups as follow: P50,000, P5,000, T50,000, T5,000 and NEG. P5,000 and T5,000 were challenged with 5,000 sporulated oocyst of E.tenella. P50,000 and T50,000 were challenged with 50,000 sporulated oocyst of E.tenella. When the infected chickens show clinical signs of coccidiosis, oregano essential oil and gastric extract mixture was given to T50,000, T5,000 and NEG in drinking water for three days. Daily O.P.G., total O.P.G., oocyst decrease ratio and cecal lesion score were recorded. The results indicate that when chickens show clinical signs of coccidiosis, giving with oregano essential oil and garlic extract mixture as water additives for three days reduce O.P.G. of infected chickens effectively. Therefore, moderating the severity of secondary outbreak of coccidiosis.
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Chang, Wen-Hsuan, and 張文軒. "The Preventive Effects of Oregano（Origanum vulgare) Essential Oil and Garlic（Allium sativum）Extract Mixture as Water Additives in Chickens Challenged with Eimeria tenella." Thesis, 2014. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/76617681906493160499.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中興大學
獸醫學系暨研究所
102
Coccidiosis, a protozoal disease caused by genus Eimeria in chicken, creat tremendous economic losses in poultry industry worldwild every year. Infected chicken shows weakness, poor growth performances, decreased body weight, dysentery, bloody diarrhea, or even death. Traditional methods on treatment and prevention of coccidiosis, which were based on chemical anit-coccidial agents and vaccines, have been challenged harshly by drug-resistance and drug residue issues. Therefore, many herbal extracts have been found and researched extensively such as arteannuin from Artemisia annual and polysaccharide from mushrooms. In this research, the mixture of oregano essential oil（extract from Origanum vulgare）and garlic（Allium sativum）extract were tested of the preventive effects against E. tenella on Arbor Acres broilers and Leghorn layers. Three repetitions of experiments on Arbor Acres broilers had done. 50 birds were separated into 5 groups: negative control group（NEG), positive control group with 50,000 oocysts inoculated（POST50,000), preventive group with 50,000 oocysts inoculated（PRE50,000), pos8ritive control group with 5,000 oocysts inoculated（POST5,000）and preventive group with 5,000 oocysts inoculated（PRE5,000）respectively. The experiment on Leghorn layers devided 36 birds into 3 groups: negative control group（NEG), positive control group with 50,000 oocysts inoculated（POST50,000）and preventive group with 50,000 oocysts inoculated（PRE50,000). Inoculation was performed to 2-week-old chickens. Mixture of oregano essential oil and garlic extract which diluted 10,000 times into drink water had fed continuously for 3 days before inoculation of preventive groups in both experiments. Lower O.P.G. counts had shown in preventive groups of experiments on Arbor Acres broilers. Even though without statistically significancy, the measurements of body weight gain, intestine weight ratio and cecal lesion score in preventive groups were also better than positive control groups. Result of experiment on Leghorn layers also shown lower O.P.G. counts in preventive groups. Conclusively, 0.1％ mixture of oregano essential and garlic extract in drinking water could prevent E. tenella infection in Arbor Acres broilers and Leghorn layers, especially in O.P.G. counting, which makes this product potentially become a newly natural anticoccidial combination.
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Thibodeau, Alexandre. "Caractérisation phénotypique et génotypique de Campylobacter jejuni et évaluation d’une stratégie de contrôle de la colonisation du poulet de chair par ce pathogène alimentaire." Thèse, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/10494.
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Campylobacter jejuni est l’agent causal de la campylobactériose, infection bactérienne importante en santé publique. Un des vecteurs de transmission de C. jejuni pour l’humain est le poulet via la chaîne alimentaire. Les mécanismes impliqués dans colonisation caecale commensale des oiseaux par C. jejuni sont toujours peu caractérisés, bien qu’une meilleure compréhension de ces mécanismes puisse apporter des solutions pour le contrôle du pathogène à la ferme. Cette étude avait pour buts de caractériser les propriétés phénotypiques et les facteurs génétiques impliqués dans la colonisation du poulet par C. jejuni et d’identifier de nouveaux mécanismes impliqués dans cette association.
Des souches, issues d’élevages conventionnels échantillonnés en 2003 et en 2008 ainsi que d’élevages biologiques, ont été caractérisées afin d’obtenir leur profil de résistance aux antibiotiques, leur autoagglutination et leur chimiotactisme. Les souches des élevages conventionnels ont de plus été caractérisées pour leur capacité à adhérer et envahir une culture primaire de cellules caecales de poulet. Une puce à ADN a été développée pour détecter la présence de 254 gènes et variants associés à la colonisation des poulets ainsi qu’à la résistance aux antibiotiques chez les souches issues d’élevages conventionnels. Les propriétés phénotypiques et la présence de certains gènes chez les souches ont par la suite été comparées. Finalement, des souches ayant des caractéristiques différentes ont été utilisées dans un modèle de colonisation du poulet pour évaluer l’efficacité d’un nouvel additif alimentaire à base d’acides organiques et d’huiles essentielles sur le contrôle de C. jejuni.
Les propriétés phénotypiques des souches étaient très variées et n’étaient pas corrélées entre elles, à l’exception de l’adhésion et de l’invasion. L’analyse génétique a révélé que le contenu en gènes des souches était variable, notamment au niveau des gènes de l’enveloppe bactérienne, au flagelle, aux récepteurs du chimiotactisme et à la résistance à l’arsenic. Les souches de 2003 et de 2008 étaient semblables lorsque leur contenu en gènes ainsi que leurs propriétés phénotypiques étaient comparés. Des gènes possiblement associés à un fort ou un faible potentiel de colonisation ont été identifiés. L’additif alimentaire a diminué la contamination des carcasses bien qu’une augmentation de la colonisation intestinale ait été observée pour certaines souches. La moitié des lots de poulets d’origine biologique étaient positifs pour C. jejuni. Les souches issues de ce type d’élevage étaient peu résistantes aux antibiotiques et possédaient des phénotypes variés.
Cette étude a permis de mieux définir les caractéristiques importantes de C. jejuni qui sont associées à la colonisation intestinale du poulet. Elle a établi pour la première fois au Canada la présence du pathogène dans les élevages de poulets biologiques. Cette étude fait partie des quelques études qui décrivent la présence des gènes de colonisation et de résistance aux antibiotiques dans une collection de souches issues uniquement du poulet. Elle a également remis en doute l’importance de certains gènes dans la colonisation. La caractérisation exhaustive des souches a également permis d’identifier de nouveaux gènes possiblement associés à la colonisation de poulet par C. jejuni. Finalement, elle a indiqué que l’utilisation d’un mélange d’huiles essentielles et d’acide organique encapsulés pouvait être efficace pour réduire la contamination des carcasses de poulet par C. jejuni et que son effet était souche-dépendant.Campylobacter jejuni is the bacterium responsible for campylobacteriosis. It is a human pathogen of concern for public health. One of the transmission routes of this bacteria to humans is by the food chain through poultry meat products. The mechanisms involved in the commensal caecum chicken colonization by C. jejuni are poorly characterized, despite that increasing the knowledge on these mechanisms would allow a better control of the pathogen at the farm. The objectives of this study were to characterize the phenotypic and genetic factors affecting chicken colonization by C. jejuni and to identify news mechanisms involved in this process. Isolates, recovered from chicken caecal content sampled from conventional farms in 2003 and in 2008 as well as originating from organic farms sampled in 2009, were used. All strains were characterized for their antibiotic resistance profiles (AMR), autoagglutination and chemotaxis properties. Strains originating from conventional farms were further characterized for adhesion/invasion of primary chicken caecal cells. A new microarray was created to detect the presence of 254 genes and variants, all associated with chicken colonization or AMR. An association was made between the strains phenotypic properties and their gene content. Finally, strains possessing different phenotypic and genetic properties were used in a chicken colonization model to assess the efficacy of a novel feed additive to control chicken colonization by C. jejuni. Strains had variable phenotypic properties and these properties were not correlated, with the exception of adhesion and invasion. The microarray analysis revealed that gene presence was highly variable among the strains, especially for genes involved in the bacterial envelope, the flagella, the chemotaxis receptors and arsenic resistance. The 2003 and 2008 strains had similar phenotypic and genetic properties. Some genes, present in strains possessing higher or lower chicken colonization potentials, were identified. The feed additive was successful in reducing chicken carcass contamination but it increased bacterial caecal counts for some strains. C. jejuni was isolated from half of the sampled organic farms and strains originating from this type of production had low AMR and variable phenotypic properties.
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Gaucher, Marie-Lou. "Étude de l'impact de deux traitements, dont un sans antibiotiques, sur la santé digestive et les populations de Clostridium perfringens dans des élevages de poulets de chair." Thèse, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/1866/13372.
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