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Noble, Donald O. "Feed intake in chickens : genetic and social factors /." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-09292009-020101/.
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Boychuk, Janet Lee Lynn. "Evaluation of micronized dehulled barley for pigs and broiler chickens." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1997. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp04/mq23232.pdf.
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Rising, Russell Marshall. "Indirect calorimetry evaluations of energy utilization by laying hens: Nutrient and temperature effects." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/184626.
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A four-chamber indirect calorimeter was constructed to evaluate energy utilization by laying hens as affected by dietary energy, protein and amino acid levels and by housing temperature. Heat production was measured by indirect calorimetry and metabolizable energy was determined for each diet. Net energetic efficiency was calculated as the slope of the regression of energy balance (metabolizable energy intake - heat production) on metabolizable energy intake. Hens fed diets formulated without protein specifications to provide amino acid levels equivalent to those provided by 14.5 or 16% protein, had higher (P < .05) net energetic efficiencies than hens fed diets formulated with specified protein levels. Addition of 3% animal fat to the higher (16% protein) amino acid diets produced the greatest increases (P < .05) in net efficiency, but decreased (P < .05) efficiency in the lower (14.5% protein) amino acid diet formulated without a protein specification. Metabolizable energy available for production was improved (P < .05) with animal fat additions to all but the diet formulated to the higher (16% protein) amino acid levels. Animal fat, cottonseed oil, corn oil, cod liver oil and safflower oil were used to determine effects of fat source on energy utilization by laying hens at 21.1 C. Higher net efficiencies were obtained for the cottonseed and safflower oil diets (99.1 and 99.8%, respectively) than for the basal diet (90.6%) or the other fat sources (cod liver oil = 86.0%, corn oil = 87.3%, animal fat = 91.1%). Full vs. meal (two 1-hr periods daily) feeding and total sulfur amino acid deficiency effects on energy utilization were evaluated. Meal feeding reduced (P < .05) metabolizable energy available for production while increasing (P < .05) maintenance metabolizable energy requirements. Feeding regime did not reverse the decline (P < .05) in net efficiency (89.2-89.7 to 81.7-82.6%) observed with total sulfur amino acid deficiency. Hens were fed either 7% animal fat or 7% corn oil and maintained at 10, 21.1 and 32.2 C to study effects of fat source and temperature on energy utilization. From 10 to 32.2 C, net energetic efficiency increased from 87.6 to 92.6% with animal fat. Corn oil showed the highest net efficiency (93.9%) at 10 C, while animal fat was highest (92.6%) at 32.2 C. Hens fed animal fat required the most (P < .05) maintenance metabolizable energy and had the highest (P < .05) fasting heat productions at each temperature.
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Garaleviciene, Dalia. "Mycotoxins and moulded feed : effects on laying hen and contamination of Lithuanian feeds /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2001. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2001/91-576-5848-X.pdf.
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Davies, Heather Loree. "Digestibility, Nitrogen Balance, and Blood Metabolites in Llama and Alpaca Fed Barley and Barley Alfalfa Forages." Diss., CLICK HERE for online access, 2005. http://contentdm.lib.byu.edu/ETD/image/etd817.pdf.
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Paris, Robert L. "Potential of Hulless Winter Barley as an Improved Feed Crop." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27228.
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This research was conducted to determine the potential of hulless winter barley (Hordeum vulgare L.) as an improved feed crop in the mid-Atlantic region. Winter barley is an excellent crop in rotation with soybean (Glycine max L.); however, production of winter barley during the past few years has decreased mainly due to low market prices, even though the mid-Atlantic region is a feed grain deficient area. Therefore, value added traits need to be developed in order for barley production to continue in the region.
In the first part of this study, the objectives were to: (i) evaluate the agronomic performance and potential of six experimental hulless winter barley lines compared with two commercial hulled cultivars; (ii) determine and compare fiber, b-glucan, protein, and fat concentrations, and true metabolizable energy, corrected for nitrogen (TMEn) among these genotypes; and (iii) evaluate the genetic potential of winter hulless barley accessions from the world collection for use as parents in hulless breeding programs. Six hulless lines all derived from the cross VA75-42-45/SC793556//CI2457 were acquired from Clemson University in South Carolina. The six lines were evaluated for yield, test weight, heading date, plant height, and lodging. These hulless lines along with two hulled cultivars were planted in replicated yield plots in four states with a total of eight locations, and were managed according to standard recommended practices. Grain from each of the hulless lines and hulled checks, along with that of Trical 498 triticale (X Triticosecale) and Jackson wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) were analyzed for fiber, b-glucan, fat, protein, and ash concentration, and TMEn value. Eight hundred and seven winter or facultative habit hulless barley lines were obtained from the USDA-ARS National Small Grains Collection in Aberdeen, ID. These lines were screened for reaction type to races 8 and 30 of barley leaf rust (Puccinia hordei) and to a composite population of powdery mildew (Blumeria graminis f. sp. hordei). These accessions also were planted in observation rows to evaluate heading date, plant height, lodging, and seed threshability.
The hulless lines yielded 23% less, but had 13% higher test weights than the hulled check cultivars. There was no difference between hulled and hulless barley in heading date and plant height. Hulless lines had a higher protein and lower fiber concentration than hulled barley. They also had higher b-glucan and fat concentrations than triticale or wheat. TMEn was similar between hulled and hulless barley, triticale, and wheat. Approximately 100 hulless barley lines from the world collection were selected for potential use as parents among 800 accessions tested, based on evaluations of lodging, plant height, threshability, and seed color.
In the second part of the study the objectives were to determine the effects of (i) hulled and hulless barley, and (ii) b-glucanase on the performance of broilers fed different diets from 21 to 42 days of age. Diets comprised of 30% hulless or hulled barley, and a standard corn (Zea mays)/soybean meal diet with and without b-glucanase enzyme were evaluated to determine the effects of barley on gut viscosity, carcass weight, gain, percent shell, and feed efficiency in 21 to 42 day old broilers. In the first year, diets comprised of hulless lines SC890573 and SC860972, and the hulled cultivar Callao were compared to a standard check diet. In the second year SC860972 was replaced with SC880248 due to the inability to secure a sufficient amount of seed. Each year one hulled and two hulless barley diets were compared to a standard diet. Each diet was fed with and without enzyme, for a total of eight diets. Broilers 21 days of age were fed the diets until day 42 when they were processed. There was a significant decrease (P<0.05) in gut viscosity of birds fed diets with enzyme compared to birds fed diets without enzyme; however, gut viscosity did not affect weight gain or percent shell. Barley substituted at the 30% level did not have a significant effect on broiler performance, nor did the addition of enzyme. Absence of enzyme effect was attributed to bird age, since older birds are able to hydrolyze b-glucan more effectively than juveniles.
The potential of hulless barley as an improved feed source for the poultry and swine industry is great for the mid-Atlantic region. Increases in grain yield are currently being realized through focused breeding efforts, and hulless lines exhibit positive nutritional components that combine favorable attributes of both wheat and hulled barley. Barley substituted at the 30% level in the diets of broilers did not cause any detrimental effects. Addition of hulless barley may potentially lead to a reduction in cost per pound of gain of broilers, and provide an alternative crop for mid-Atlantic region grain producers and feeders.Ph. D.
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Waldron, Lucy Anne. "The nutritive value of different wheat varieties for broiler chickens." Thesis, Open University, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.338547.
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Rude, Christopher Mark. "Effects of feed manufacturing on nutrient metabolism, nutrient retention, and growth performance of broiler chickens." Diss., Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/17152.
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Doctor of PhilosophyDepartment of Animal Sciences and Industry
R. Scott Beyer
Broiler chicken feed is processed. Cereal grains are ground to reduce particle size and the feed usually is pelleted. When pelleted, broiler diets are steam conditioned and forced through a die causing varying levels of starch gelatinization. Cereal grain particle size and starch gelatinization can be controlled during feed manufacturing. Earlier research has shown that starch gelatinization negatively affects growth performance of 0 to 21 d of age. An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of corn particle size and starch gelatinization on growth performance, dressing percentage, and gizzard size when fed to 22 to 42 d of age broilers. Increasing particle size from 470 to 1240 μm increased body weight gain, dressing percentage, and relative gizzard size. Starch gelatinization increased relative gizzard size. No interaction effects were detected. To expand on previous experiments, a trial was conducted to investigate the effect of starch gelatinization on broiler chick gastrointestinal pH, glucose absorption, and glucoregulation. Starch gelatinization level affected jejunum pH, with a higher pH reported at 20% starch gelatinization. Increases in starch gelatinization decreased blood glucose and increased glucagon level. Highest measured glucagon level was reported in broiler chicks fed the diet with 20% starch gelatinization level diet after 6 hours of starvation. A third experiment was conducted to determine the effect of starch gelatinization on metabolizable energy and amino acid digestibility. Increasing starch gelatinization from 0 to 100% increased true metabolizable energy and fecal output in roosters. No effect was found on apparent metabolizable energy or amino acid digestibility, with an increase in starch gelatinization from 0 to 20%. Increasing particle size from 470 to 1240 μm had a positive effect on 22 to 42 d growth performance. A starch gelatinization level of 20% or lower had no effect on metabolizable energy or amino acid digestion. Older broilers with larger gastrointestinal tracts are unaffected by 20% gelatinized starch; whereas, 20% gelatinized starch reduced blood glucose and increased glucagon levels of young broilers. Lower blood glucose and increased glucagon are indicative of lower glucose storage, and could cause reduced young broiler growth performance when fed diets with gelatinized starch.
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Jewell, Jeremy Burke. "Genetic routes to modulate rate of dry-matter disappearance of barley grain in the rumen of cattle." Thesis, Montana State University, 2007. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2007/jewell/JewellJ0507.pdf.
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Ibrir, Fathia. "The use of plant extracts as anticoccidial feed additives in broiler chickens." Thesis, University of Leeds, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.411151.
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Greenwood, Matthew Wayne. "Influence of feed form on nutrient intake and utilization by broiler chickens /." Search for this dissertation online, 2004. http://wwwlib.umi.com/cr/ksu/main.
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Travella, Silvia. "Improving and understanding the barley genetic transformation process." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.365058.
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Capper, Brian Stephen. "Factors influencing the nutritive value of barley straw for ruminants." Thesis, University of Reading, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.238166.
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Drakley, Catherine. "The dietary energy value of wheat for young broiler chickens." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391650.
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McDonald, Ann Laster. "Morphological and physiological changes in laying hens in various stages of non-feed withdrawal molt." Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2008. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-11072008-124615.
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Abdel-Muttalab, Salah Ahmed. "Nutritional value of rapeseed and faba bean for poultry." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283076.
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Lee, Wai Mei Mimi. "The potential of supply chain management in the Canadian feed barley industry." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape3/PQDD_0006/MQ59829.pdf.
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Ottman, M. J. "Nitrogen Fertilizer Requirement of Feed and Malting Barley Compared to Wheat, 2011." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/211153.
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Barley is generally thought to require less nitrogen fertilizer than wheat, but how much less has not been clearly documented. The purpose of this study is to compare the nitrogen fertilizer requirements of barley and wheat. A study was conducted at the Maricopa Agricultural Center testing the response of 2 durum wheats (Kronos and Havasu), 2 bread wheats (Yecora Rojo and Joaquin), 2 feed barleys (Baretta and Nebula), and 2 malting barleys (Conrad and Moravian 69) to 7 rates of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 30, 60, 90, 120, 150, and 180 lbs N/acre). The surface soil was relatively high in nitrate at planting (19 ppm NO₃-N) contributing an estimated 76 lbs N/acre. Maximum yield was obtained at 156 (durum), 147 (wheat), 137 (feed barley), and 127 (malting barley) lbs N/acre. However, since the yield of durum and bread wheat was higher than feed and malting barley, the nitrogen fertilizer per 100 pounds of grain yield was similar for these crop types (~2.37 lbs N per 100 lbs of grain). If the 76 lbs N/a of nitrogen estimated to be available from the surface soil were included, then about 3.62 lbs of N would have been required per 100 lbs of grain for both wheat and barley. The N requirement reported in this study does not include the extra N potentially needed for wheat to obtain acceptable protein levels. In conclusion, wheat required more nitrogen fertilizer than barley to obtain maximum yield in our study, but the amount of nitrogen fertilizer required per 100 pounds of grain was similar.
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Abeke, Egega. "Dietary analysis of barley crop for animal feed supplementation in poultry farming." Thesis, University of Sunderland, 2017. http://sure.sunderland.ac.uk/7547/.
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Barley contains dietary fibres such as beta-glucan, which are not easily hydrolysable by the avian gastrointestinal enzymes but are linked to possible prebiotic properties. Prebiotics are non-digestible food ingredients that selectively encourage the growth of beneficial (probiotic) bacteria in the animal gut. A major advantage of prebiotics is their potential to compensate for the reduction in prophylactic antibiotic use. It is suggested that incorporating prebiotics into animal feed as supplements can modulate animal guts towards ensuring greater immunity against pathogens. The source and physicochemical condition of a prebiotic is key to its functionality. In the case of cereals, location on the grain and extraction method of prebiotics plays a vital role on its viability. Eight varieties of barley were investigated in this study, with grains separated into nine fractions, FR1 - FR9, by pearling, and each fraction analysed for its biochemistry and how it affects the growth of a probiotic bacterium - Lactobacillus acidophilus in a simulated poultry gut. Results showed an increase of beta-glucan from FR1 to FR9. The reverse was the case for protein. FR6 - FR8, supported the highest growth of L. acidophilus, with high amounts of beta-glucan. Multiple regression analysis, showed a strong correlation between bacterial growth patterns observed and beta-glucan in FR1 - FR8. However, FR9 with a high betaglucan content, supported a relatively low amount of bacterial growth, which was attributed to the presence of unavailable nutrients in this fraction. This research contributes information on the precise distribution of potentially prebiotic substances in eight barley varieties, with FR6 - FR9 standing out. This could form the basis for further research on the prebiotic property of barley in terms of prebiotic structure and mode of action, for use in poultry feed supplementation.
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Combs, Stephen H. "Physical and chemical effects of pelleting feed on broiler growth and behavioral parameters." Thesis, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/90926.
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Barred Rock chickens were offered diets that had been pelleted at 55° or 85°C. In an 8-week feeding trial, the subjects receiving pellets processed at the higher temperature experienced significant (P ≤ .05) weight gain over those receiving the diet processed at 55°C. Although feed consumption for this treatment increased as well, the difference was not significant (P ≤ .05). Chemical investigation revealed that metabolizable energy and bioavailability of lysine of both heat treatments were similar. Starch availability as measured by in vitro enzyme susceptibility, however, was lowered by increased heat application.
In a second experiment, the feeding behavior of 12-16 week old cockerels offered diets of varying particle size, resulted in significant (P ≤ .05) increases in feed consumption rate and therefore decreases in total feeding activity for birds offered pellets and crumbles as compared to mash and reground pellets. No differences were noted in meal size, meal frequency, interval between meals, or total consumption.
In a parallel experiment, no differences were noted in the behavioral parameters of birds receiving diets pelleted at 55, 70, or 85°C of similar density and particle size. Mash controls, however, experienced significantly (P ≤ .05) decreased consumption rate and concurrent increase in feeding activity.
The beneficial effects experienced with pelleting can therefore be attributed to the reduction in total feeding activity that allows an increased proportion of net energy to be utilized in support of growth.M.S.
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Ruhnke, Isabelle [Verfasser]. "Studies on the Impact of Acidified Feed and Feed Processing on Digestive Physiology in Broiler Chickens and Laying Hens / Isabelle Ruhnke." Berlin : Freie Universität Berlin, 2014. http://d-nb.info/1052893864/34.
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Ighe, Aden Hussein. "Agronomic and feed quality evaluation of two-row and six-row barley genotypes." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1999. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp03/MQ40420.pdf.
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Draw, Paul John. "Exogenous enzymes and irradiation of barley reduce the anti-nutritional activity of non-starch polysaccharides in broilers." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2008. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-01302009-123908.
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Pousga, Salimata. "Supplementation strategies for semi-scavenging chickens in Burkina Faso : evaluation of some local feed resources /." Uppsala : Dept. of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2007. http://epsilon.slu.se/2007116.pdf.
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White, Mallory B. "Performance and Microbial Profiles of Broiler Chickens fed Phytogenic Feed Additives or Probiotics during Coccidiosis." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/83871.
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The prophylactic use of antibiotics is rapidly being phased out of poultry operations. Diseases such as coccidiosis are extremely costly, and typically prevented with coccidiostats and antibiotics. New regulation banning antibiotics is mandating a search for new alternatives, such as probiotics and phytogenic feed additives (PFAs). Two separate studies were performed to evaluate the performance and microbial profiles of commercial broilers fed either PFAs or Eimeria challenged broilers fed probiotics. During the probiotics study, 1056 day-old male Ross broiler chicks were assigned to one of 6 treatments, 8 replicates per treatment, with 22 birds per floor pen in a 2x3 factorial arrangement, with DFM mix and coccidiosis challenge being the main factors. Treatments included a non-infected control (NC), a non-infected low level DFM-fed group (DL), a non-infected high level DFM-fed group (DH), an infected control (PC), an infected low level DFM-fed group (DL+), and an infected high level DFM-fed group (DH+). Performance measurements were taken on d0, d7, d14, d21, and d28. Mucosal scrapings from the ileum were obtained on d7, d14, d21, and d28 to determine microbial profiles. On d15, birds in the three infected groups were challenged with a mixed inoculum containing Eimeria maxima, E. tenella, and E. acervulina. Lesion scores were assessed on d21. Body composition was analyzed via Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) on d28. Results indicated a trend (P < 0.1) toward improved D28 body composition, lower Clostridium in DFM-fed challenged broilers compared to PC, and higher Bacillus in DH compared to DH+. Results were not significant for BW, BWG, FI, or lesion scores. The second study evaluated the effects of PFA provided as a dietary supplement over a 6-week period on performance and immune responses in broilers. In total, 1056 day-old male chicks were randomly assigned to 8 replicate pens (22 birds/pen) with 6 treatments including a standard corn/wheat basal diet, a basal with antibiotics, and 4 various combinations of PFA (PHY 1, 2, 3, and 4). Performance was assessed on day 7 (D7), 14, 28, and 42. Starter diet was fed D0-14, grower D14-28, and finisher D28-42. Microbial profiling was assessed on D7, 14, and 42, and body composition measured on D42 using Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA). Results varied by week, but cumulatively, body weight gain (BWG) per bird was higher in PHY1 and 4, statistically similar to AGP and CTRL. With feed conversion ratio (FCR), PHY2 was higher than any other treatment between D0-42, while all other treatments were similar. PCR results were not statistically significant; however, DXA results indicated a higher lean to fat ratio in birds from PHY1-4 when compared to AGP, indicating an overall leaner bird in PHY treatments. The results of these studies suggest that diets supplemented with DFMs or PFAs result in improved broiler performance.Master of Science
The prophylactic use of antibiotics is rapidly being phased out of poultry operations. Diseases such as coccidiosis are extremely costly, and typically prevented with coccidiostats and antibiotics. New regulation banning antibiotics is mandating a search for new alternatives, such as probiotics and phytogenic feed additives (PFAs). Two separate studies were performed to evaluate the performance and microbial profiles of commercial broilers fed either PFAs or Eimeria challenged broilers fed probiotics. During the probiotics study, 1056 day-old male Ross broiler chicks were assigned to one of 6 treatments, 8 replicates per treatment, with 22 birds per floor pen in a 2x3 factorial arrangement, with DFM mix and coccidiosis challenge being the main factors. Treatments included a non-infected control (NC), a non-infected low level DFM-fed group (DL), a non-infected high level DFM-fed group (DH), an infected control (PC), an infected low level DFM-fed group (DL+), and an infected high level DFM-fed group (DH+). Performance measurements were taken on d0, d7, d14, d21, and d28. Mucosal scrapings from the ileum were obtained on d7, d14, d21, and d28 to determine microbial profiles. On d15, birds in the three infected groups were challenged with a mixed inoculum containing Eimeria maxima, E. tenella, and E. acervulina. Lesion scores were assessed on d21. Body composition was analyzed via Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) on d28. Results indicated a trend (P < 0.1) toward improved D28 body composition, lower Clostridium in DFM-fed challenged broilers compared to PC, and higher Bacillus in DH compared to DH+. Results were not significant for BW, BWG, FI, or lesion scores. The second study evaluated the effects of PFA provided as a dietary supplement over a 6-week period on performance and immune responses in broilers. In total, 1056 day-old male chicks were randomly assigned to 8 replicate pens (22 birds/pen) with 6 treatments including a standard corn/wheat basal diet, a basal with antibiotics, and 4 various combinations of PFA (PHY 1, 2, 3, and 4). Performance was assessed on day 7 (D7), 14, 28, and 42. Starter diet was fed D0-14, grower D14-28, and finisher D28-42. Microbial profiling was assessed on D7, 14, and 42, and body composition measured on D42 using Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA). Results varied by week, but cumulatively, body weight gain (BWG) per bird was higher in PHY1 and 4, statistically similar to AGP and CTRL. With feed conversion ratio (FCR), PHY2 was higher than any other treatment between D0-42, while all other treatments were similar. PCR results were not statistically significant; however, DXA results indicated a higher lean to fat ratio in birds from PHY1-4 when compared to AGP, indicating an overall leaner bird in PHY treatments. The results of these studies suggest that diets supplemented with DFMs or PFAs result in improved broiler performance.
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Sokanyile, Sanda. "How phase feeding manipulation affects growth, performance, feed cost, carcass characteristics and the quality of meat from broilers." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/5565.
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The main objective of the study was to determine how phase feeding manipulation affects growth performance, feed cost, carcass characteristics and quality of meat from broiler chickens. A total of 180 day old un-sexed broiler chicks (Cobb 500) were separated into 3 dietary treatments of 60 birds per treatment and each treatment was replicated 3 times with 20 birds per replicate. The dietary treatments were as follows: T1 (starter 1-7 days; grower 8-21 days; finisher 22-35 days), T2 (starter 1-14 days; grower 15-21 days, finisher 22-35 days) and T3 (starter 1-14 days; grower 15-28 days; finisher 29-35 days). Feed intake and body weight gains were recorded weekly in kilograms. Average daily gain and feed conversion ratio were computed weekly. At day 35, the chickens were slaughtered and 12 representative breast muscles from each treatment were used for the determination of muscle pH (pH1, pH24 and pH48) and colour coordinates (Lightness – L*, redness – a* and yellowness – b*) in triplicate at 1 hour, 24 hours and 48 hours post-mortem.Feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), average daily gain (ADG) and average body weight at slaughter (ABW) were not significant (P>0.05) amongst the treatments. The most cost efficient feed (which accumulated the cheapest cost feed per kg were) T1 (R11.32) and T3 (R11.32) although there was a slight difference in the gross profit of these treatments T1 (R45.71) and T3 (R44.48). Carcass characteristics were the same (P > 0.05) across the treatments except for the wing, thigh, drumstick and the breast (P < 0.05). T2 had the highest wing weight (166.63±8.60), T1 (113.03±8.60) and the lowest in T3 (74.46±8.60). The thigh weight were greater (P<0.05) in T2 (185.69±4.34); T1 (185.54±4.34) compared to T3 (166.97±4.34) which was lower. Treatments 1 (204.17±6.57), T2 (197±6.57) had heavier (P<0.05) breast weights than T3 (186.06±6.57). Dietary treatments had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on pH of the breast meat. No differences were observed in colour during the 1 hour period after slaughter. At 24 hours after slaughter, the L* values were different (P < 0.05) in T1 and T2 (44.3 ± 0.37; 43.7 ± 0.37), respectively, T1 and T3 were the same. The a*-values were different (P < 0.05) at 48 hours after slaughter for T1 and T3 (4.5 ± 0.27; 3.4 ± 0.27), T2 was the same as T1. It was therefore, concluded that since manipulation of starter phase did not have adverse effects on growth performance, gross profit, slight statistical difference in meat quality attributes and carcass characteristics. Therefore, the manipulation of starter diet has the potential to be used in broiler production.
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Ngomani, Delisile. "Effect of dietary threonine level on productivity and carcass characteristics of Ross 308 broiler chickens." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2019. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/3052.
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Thesis (M.Sc. (Animal Production)) --University of Limpopo, 2019Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of dietary threonine level on production performance and carcass characteristics of Ross 308 broiler chickens. In each experiment the diets were isocaloric and isonitrogenous but with different dietary threonine levels.The first part of the study determined the effect of dietary threonine level on feed intake, growth rate, mortality and carcass characteristics of Ross 308 broiler chickens aged between Day 1-21. A total of 150 unsexed day-old chicks were used in a complete randomized design having 5 treatments (6.4, 7.5, 8, 8.5 and 9g of threonine/kg DM feed), replicated three times and having ten chickens per replicate. The second part of the study determined the effect of dietary threonine level on feed intake, digestibility, growth rate, mortality and carcass characteristics of male Ross 308 broiler chickens aged between Day 22-42. Seventy-five male chickens were used in a complete randomized design having 5 treatments (6.4, 7.5, 8, 8.5 and 9g of threonine/kg DM feed), replicated three times and having five chickens per replicate. A quadratic regression model was used to determine the optimal productivity of the chickens while a General Linear Model (GLM) procedures for the statistical analysis of variance was used to detect dietary treatment effects. Where there were significant differences (P<0.05), Turkey’s honestly significant difference test (HSD) was used for mean separation. The chickens were slaughtered at the ages of 21 and 42 days for Experiments 1 and 2, respectively, following ethical standards as recommended by the University of Limpopo Animal Research Ethics Committee (AREC/12/2017: PG). Two chickens per replicate for both studies were slaughtered for the determination of carcass characteristics (carcass and organ weights, gut organ digesta pH and gastro-intestinal length measurements). Dietary threonine levels used in this experiment affected (P<0.05) feed intake, growth rate, live weight, metabolisable energy (ME) intake, nitrogen retention, feed conversion ratio and gut organ weights and lengths of unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 21 days. Dietary threonine level did not affect (P>0.05) diet digestibility. Feed conversion ratio, pH of the proventriculus digesta, gut intestine length and caecum length of unsexed broiler chickens were optimized at different dietary threonine levels of 9.6, 8.5, 6.6 and 8.4 g/kg DM, respectively. Dietary threonine levels had an effect (P<0.05) on feed intake, diet digestibility, metabolizable energy, live weight, proventriculus pH values, GIT length, gut organ and carcass organ weights of male Ross 308 broiler chickens between 22 to 42 days of age. Proventriculus and large intestine weights were optimized at different dietary threonine levels of 7.5 and 9.1 g/kg DM feed, respectively. Dietary threonine level did not affect (P>0.05) growth rate, feed conversion ratio of male Ross 308 broiler chickens between 22 to 42 days of age. It is concluded that dietary threonine levels used in this study affected production performance of younger broilers (Day 1-21) more than that of older birds (Day 22-42). However, production variables were optimized at different dietary threonine levels. This has implication on diet formulation for the chickens and no linear response could be established
National Research Foundation (NRF), and the Department of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (DAFF)
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Sebastian, Sylvester. "The effects of supplemental microbial phytase on nutrient utilization in broiler chickens /." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=34448.
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The influence of microbial phytase on growth performance, availability of macro and trace minerals, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent "fecal" digestibility (AFD) of amino acids (AA) and CP were investigated. The optimum level of dietary Ca and P for the maximum efficacy of supplemental phytase in broiler chickens was also studied. Phytase supplementation (600 U/kg) to a low P diet increased $(P 0.05)$ on feed efficiency in broiler chickens at 21 d. The efficacy of phytase, particularly in stimulating growth, was higher in male than female chickens. The relative retention of Ca, P, Cu, Zn and N increased by addition of phytase to a low P diet but phytase had no effect $(P >0.05)$ on the retention of Mg, Mn and Fe. Phytase supplementation increased $(P 0.05)$ on plasma Zn, Cu, and Mg. Phytase increased $(P 0.05)$ on mineral proportions in the tibia ash; however, it increased $(P 0.05)$ on AID of any of the AA in male chickens. Addition of phytase did not have any effect $(P > 0.05)$ on AFD of any of the AA in male chickens but increased $(P 0.05)$ on either AID or AFD of CP and AA at 21-d. In summary, phytase supplementation increased the growth performance, availability of P, Ca, Cu, Zn and N, plasma P, and tibia ash and reduced plasma Ca; it also increased the AID and AFD of most of the AA, particularly in female chickens at 28-d. The efficacy of microbial phytase was high when dietary P and Ca levels were low.
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Bryson, Brian L. "EFFECT OF EXOGENOUS ENZYMES ON APPARENT METABOLIZABLE ENERGY VALUE OF BARLEY IN SWINE AND BROILER CHICKENS." UKnowledge, 2018. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/animalsci_etds/92.
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The objective of this thesis was to evaluate the effect of exogenous enzyme supplementation, phytase and xylanase-glucanase, on AME value of barley in poultry and swine. In the first study, 280 broilers were assigned 1 of 8 treatments. Barley inclusion in the diet resulted in decreased (P < 0.05) performance. There was a treatment × phytase × xylanase-glucanase interaction for dry matter retention with birds fed the corn-SBM-barley diet supplemented with phytase and xylanase-glucanase having higher (P < 0.05) DM retention compared to birds fed corn-SBM-based diet with only xylanase-glucanase supplementation. AME and AMEn of corn-SBM-based diets were greater (P < 0.05) than the corn-SBM-barley-based diets. Energy metabolizability and AMEn of barley significantly increased with xylanase-glucanase supplementation. In the second study, 24 pigs (12 pigs/phase) were assigned to 1 of 4 treatments with xylanase-glucanase and phytase. After a 7-d adaption period, urine and feces were quantitatively collected for 5 d. DE of the barley-based diet supplemented with xylanase-glucanase (3,578 kcal/kg) and phytase and xylanase-glucanase in combination (3,617 kcal/kg) were significantly different. Compared to control diets, exogenous enzymes either significantly improved or had a tendency to improve AME and AMEn value of barley in broilers, but not in growing pigs.
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Wallace, Graham. "A study of phenolic-carbohydrate linkages in the Gramineae." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 1989. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.245610.
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Phosa, Mashilo Alpheus. "The nutritive value of macadamia oil cake meal and wood ash as alternative feed ingredients for chickens in rural areas." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2010. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-02162010-114531.
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Niba, Aziwo Tatanja. "Factors affecting the production of fermented moist feed for chickens and effects on the gastrointestinal environment." Thesis, University of Plymouth, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10026.1/2222.
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Fermented feed technology is a biosafe method of feed preparation and fermentation improves feed quality. Factors affecting lactic acid production in fen-nented moist feed for chickens and the influence of fermented feed on the gastrointestinal environment of chickens were investigated. Water quality was observed to affect lactic acid production in fermentation of cereals (maize, sorghum, wheat and barley). The presence of calcium carbonate in the fermentation mixture significantly (P<0.01) reduced lactic acid production from maize, sorghum and wheat. Grain particle size did not significantly affect feed fermentation as biosafe concentrations of lactic acid (>150mmol/L) were obtained from fermentation of coarse grain particle sizes. Differences in polyphenols content of red and white sorghum varieties did not have a significant effect on 24-hour lactic acid production from sorghum for any LAB used (Lactobacillus plantarum (SLP), Lactobacillus farciminis, Pediococcus acidilactici (PA I) L. plantarum NCIMB 41229). In vivo experiments on the application of Lactobacillus plantarum NCIMB 41229 (of porcine origin) as a feed fen-nenter and in water for chickens showed a marked reduction of Salmonella colonisation between dosing through fen-nented feed and through water. Dosing through water had a modest response while dosing through fen-nented feed had a significant effect on the birds' resistance to Salmonella colonisation (40% vs 75% of birds resistant). Molecular-based analysis of gut microbial species diversity showed that banding patterns for fermented feed treatments were closely related (>60%). The application of Lactobacillus plantarum NCIMB 41229 to chickens through fermented feed could be a better way of controlling Salmonella in chickens than through water. Lactobacillus plantarum NCIMB 41229 could be used as effective moculant for the production of fermented moist feed for chickens. Keywords: Cereals; chickens; fermented moist feeds; gastrointestinal environment; lactic acid bacteria.
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Robey, Walter Wade. "Adipocyte hyperplasia and fat deposition in high-weight and low- weight chickens." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1987. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/49880.
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Four experiments were conducted to compare adipocyte dynamics and body composition among adult chickens from lines differing in growth rate and feed consumption. In Experiment I, forced caloric overconsumption increased weight gain and fat deposition, with concomitant increases in the total adipocyte DNA content of the assayed fat depots. Injections of DNA-specific [methyl³H] thymidine resulted in higher radioactivity levels in the fat depots of forced versus ad libitum or restricted-fed birds. Evidently, stimulation of fat deposition in adult chickens can be associated with adipocyte hyperplasia.
A second experiment was conducted to histologically examine the effects of forced caloric overconsumption on adipocyte size, number, and distribution in the retroperitoneal fat depot of adult weight-line birds. Similarly to Experiment I, force feeding increased fat deposition, resulting in increases in the retroperitoneal fat depot total adipocyte DNA content. The lipid/adipocyte DNA ratio also decreased during rapid depot expansion. This resulted in an increase in the small adipocyte population of the force fed birds when adipocyte diameter was increasing. Subsequently, when the constraints of force feeding were removed, adipose depot reduction occurred, with the mobilization of lipid from small as well as large adipocytes.
In a third experiment, the effects of estrogen administration and partial lipectomy were examined. In addition to the weight-line birds, a commercial broiler breeder stock was utilized. Estrogen administration depressed body weight gain and abdominal fat deposition when compared to placebo implanted birds. Partial lipectomy depressed body weight, fat deposition, and abdominal fat total adipocyte DNA content. Lipectomy modified several components of carcass composition without altering feed intake. No indication of a compensatory hyperplastic response to lipectomy was indicated.
A final experiment was conducted examining the effects of forced body weight fluctuations on body composition of male and females from the weight-selected lines. Although numerous first-order interactions were detected, force-feeding resulted in transient modifications in carcass composition and fat deposition which were more apparent in the high than low weight line, in females than males. After release to ad Iibitum feeding, the differences resulting from force feeding were reduced.Ph. D.
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Clark, L. J., and R. E. Cluff. "Feed Wheat Variety and Rate of Planting Demonstration in Graham County, 1988." College of Agriculture, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/200839.
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Three varieties of feed wheat were compared in an on farm demonstration in the Safford valley. AC79 -97, developed by the University of Arizona for the Safford area,produced the largest amount of high protein feed Comparing 200 and 300 pound per acre seeding rates, both AC79 -97 and Super -X yielded slightly more grain at the 200 pound rate than at the 300 pound rate. Yolo, a feed wheat variety that has done well in the Sacramento valley in California, yielded slightly lower than the Super-X.
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Alarcon, Chuquichambi Adelaida. "Living digestibility of alfalfa and barley in llamas (Lama glama) in the agricultural experimental center Condoriri." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2005. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5328.
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The following investigation was carried out in the Agricultural Experimental Center Condoriri (CEAC), dependent on the Faculty of Agricultural Livestock Sciences and Veterinary Medicine, located to the North of the Province border of the Department of Oruro, a distance of 12 km from the town of Caracollo and 49 km from the city of Oruro. The production of llamas and alpacas in our country is an activity of ecological, social, and especially ecological importance for Andean inhabitants. In nutrition, the fundamental factor is the power of absorption; this is because the yield of animal production depends on the quantity and quality of forage consumed. Digestibility in animals is established based on basic consumption comparison and the values of digestibility of the food. For this reason, as previously expressed, we propose in the following research "Living digestibility of alfalfa and barley in llamas in the CEAC" to establish parameters of digestibility, with the following objectives: To evaluate the characteristics of production: consumption of food, consumption of water, excretion of wastes, elimination of urine and gain of living weight. To determine the digestibility of the nutrients: dry matter, raw protein, ash, air intake, raw fiber, nitrogen free extract, and total digestible nutrients. For this purpose 4 male llamas (sarijos) were utilized, taking into account the live weight, age, and breed. The investigation had two evaluation groups: the first group with a supply of alfalfa and the second group with a diet of barley. The investigation's duration was a total of 30 days, considering the following variables: characteristics of production (consumption of food, consumption of water, wastes excreted, volume of urine, and behavior of body weight); digestibility of nutrients (raw protein, ash, raw fiber, air intake, nitrogen free extract, and total digestible nutrients); leading to the following conclusions: > The average consumption of alfalfa by the llama is 6.49 kg/MF per day, of which 1344.5 g is MS, superior and distinct in respect to the fodder barley with 4.92 kg of MF/day and 1328.4 g of MS/day. Water consumption by the llama with the supply of alfalfa is of 0.77 liters; with barley it is 0.35 liters. The llamas with the supply of alfalfa excreted an average of 1.44 kg of waste, of which is 365.9 g of MS and the group with barley registered an average of 1.27 kg and 359.9 g of MS. With regard to the elimination of the volume of urine was between 2.80 and 1.22 liters per day respectively. Live weight at the start of the study was of 116.25 kg per llama and subsequent to the experimental stage of live digestibility the weight averaged 117.69 kg. Therefore, the increase of live weight during the experimental phase was equal to 1.44 kg. The daily increase of living weight in the llamas submitted to the consumption of alfalfa came to an average of 142.9 g/day/animal with a conversion allowance of 9.4. In contrast, the animals fed with barley registered a greater gain of 257 g/day/animal and a conversion allowance of 5.2. > The ratio of digestibility demonstrated by the Coefficients of Digestibility (%) of the alfalfa: MS = 72.85, C = 57.30, PC = 81.49, EE= 85.52, FC = 58.61, ELN = 77.96 and NDT = 69.17. In contrast, the coefficients of digestibility with the barley they were of 72.88% of MS, 33.13% of Ash, 74.62% PC, 84.19% of EE, 65.29% of FC, 77.08% of ELN and 68.74% of NDT.
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Minh, Do Viet. "Effect of supplementation, breed, season and location on feed intake and performance of scavenging chickens in Vietnam /." Uppsala : Dept. of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. http://epsilon.slu.se/2005101.pdf.
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García, Portillo Óscar Amilcar. "Effect of the partial substitution of a commercial feed for corn meal on growth performance of chickens." BYU ScholarsArchive, 1999. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5367.
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Nutrition is a primary human need. Families often will raise their own animals to meet these nutritional needs. However, high feed costs can severely limit the viability of these small family enterprises. This study addressed ways to improve poultry production as a means for families to ameliorate their diets and increase income. Research was conducted at the Centro Universitario de Oriente (CUNORI), Chiquimula, Guatemala. For this study, commercial poultry feed was supplemented with corn flour at three treatment levels and fed to poultry. Results indicated that partial substitution of commercial feed with corn flour at these three treatment levels did not affect feed consumption. However, negative feed conversion occurred when the substitution took place on the fifth week at all treatment levels. The treatment that supplemented the commercial feed with 15% corn flour on the fifth week obtained the highest marginal return.
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Fourie, Juan-Louis. "The effects of a multiple-enzyme combination in maize-soya diets for broiler chickens." Thesis, Link to the online version, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/425.
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Abdel-Haleem, Hussein Ahmed. "Genetics and mapping of quantitative trait loci of feed quality-related traits in barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)." Diss., Montana State University, 2005. http://etd.lib.montana.edu/etd/2004/abdel-haleem/Abdel-HaleemH0505.pdf.
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Du, Toit C. J. L. "Effect of type and level of carbohydrate supplementation on intake and digestibility of Atriplex nummularia cv. De Kock by sheep." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2006. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-07032007-115048.
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Lang, Ian Roberts. "The effects of restricting feed quantity and feeder space on the behaviour and production of commercial broiler chickens." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 2000. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape2/PQDD_0034/MQ47339.pdf.
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Fontana, Eddy Alejandro. "The effect of early feed restriction on the performance, organ weights, carcass composition, and lipid and protein metabolism in broiler chickens." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41291.
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Five experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of early feed restriction on body weights, feed conversion, organ weights, fat deposition, carcass and muscle composition, plasma lipids, lipogenesis, lipolysis, and muscle tissue DNA and RNA in broiler chickens. In Experiments 1 and 2, broiler chicks were reared in litter pens for 49 days, while Experiments 3,4, and 5 were conducted in battery cages for 28 days. Feed restriction in all experiments was induced by providing male broiler chicks with 40 kcal/bird/day for 7 (Experiments 1 and 2) or 6 (Experiments 3, 4, and 5) days, starting at 4 days of age. Feed restriction (40 kcal/bird/day) for broiler females in Experiment 1 was imposed from 4 to 9 days of age. Ad libitum feeding was resumed after the restriction periods and continued to the conclusion of each experiment. Broilers fed ad libitum for the entire experimental period were used as controls in each study.
Broilers under early feed restriction had significantly (P s .05) lower mean body weights than ad libitum fed controls, for all ages measured. However, feed to gain ratios for restricted birds were Significantly lower at 28 (Experiments 1 through 4) and 49 (Experiments 1 and 2) days of age than for birds fed ad libitum. Total pen body weights for restricted and ad libitum fed groups were similar at 49 days of age in Experiments 1 and 2 which, reflected a significant reduction in the rate of mortality observed in the early restricted groups.
Significantly higher levels of lipogenic activity, plasma triglycerides and lipoproteins (VLDL + LDL), and significantly larger abdominal fat pads were observed in restricted broilers than in ad libitum fed controls at 28 days of age (Experiment 4). No significant differences were found in organ weights, carcass composition, lipolysis, and muscle tissue DNA/RNA levels, and muscle composition between early restricted and unrestricted broilers.
Results from these studies indicate that restricted broilers were not able to attain body weights comparable to ad libitum fed birds at 49 days of age. In contrast, early feed restriction resulted in consistently better feed efficiency in restricted birds when compared to controls. Furthermore, it appears that early feed restriction altered lipid metabolism early in life; however, organ weights, fat deposition, muscle composition, and carcass composition were only minimally affected by this procedure.Ph. D.
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Van, Hecke Evie. "A study of the effects of germinated barley sprouts as a supplemental feed for growing beef cattle /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18869.pdf.
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Payne, Steven George. "The phosphorus availability of feed phosphates in broilers." Thesis, Stellenbosch : University of Stellenbosch, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/1859.
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Thesis (MscAgric (Animal Sciences))--University of Stellenbosch, 2005.Broiler diets are supplemented with feed phosphates to ensure that adequate available phosphorus is provided in the diet to meet the bird’s requirements. These feed phosphates make a considerable contribution to the total available phosphorus in the diet and small differences in their availability may have significant effects on whether the bird’s requirements are met or not. The variation in availability of phosphorus between feed phosphates belonging to different classes and between feed phosphates of the same generic class is well documented.
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Pheko, Lieketseng Gladys. "Effects of feeding flaxseed and probiotic supplementation to layers on egg cholesterol and fatty acid composition." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk1/tape10/PQDD_0005/MQ44246.pdf.
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Khazaal, Kamal Abdul-Rahim. "Improving the nutritive value of barley straw for ruminants : effects of treatment with ligninase enzyme or white-rot fungi on composition and digestibility in vitro." Thesis, University of Reading, 1990. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.252722.
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Brümmer, Mieke. "The effect of yeast cell wall preparations on salmonella colonisation, gastrointestinal health and performance of broiler chickens." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-04212008-112014.
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Ugarte, Huanca Edwin Gonzalo. "Energy value in llamas (Lama glama) fed with alfalfa hay (Modicago sativa) and barley (Hordeum vulgare) for apparent digestibility in vivo in the National Camelid Germplasm Bank (CEAC)." BYU ScholarsArchive, 2006. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5442.
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In this experiment, we used four male llamas that were three to four years of age from the Khara race. They were divided into two ad libitum feeding groups. The digestible energy (ED) was determined using samples that were sent to the laboratory. These samples were derived from a conventional in vivo assay using the method of total fecal collection in order to determine the difference between energy consumed and energy excreted. Metabolizable energy was calculated by deducting digestible energy, energy loss in the urine and energy loss in the gases (methane). Urinary energy was determined through the measurement of nitrogen in the urine as urea. Other studies have reported the energy values of alfalfa hay and barley as 414.05 Kcal/100g and 405.11 Kcal/100g, respectively. Additionally, alfalfa hay and barley have been recorded as having gross energy values of 6,973.92 Kcal/day and 4,373.65 Kcal/day, respectively. In this study, the energies excreted in the feces were 2,365.42 Kcal/day for alfalfa and 1,643.26 Kcal/day for barley. In order to determine the value of metabolizable energy, it is first necessary to obtain the urinary energy values (EU) by measuring the amount of nitrogen excretion as well as the energy of the gases (methane). Then, by deducting the energy calculated from the digestible energy, metabolizable energy may be estimated. The nitrogen content in urinary excretions from the llamas tested was highly variable from one treatment to another. With barley, the observed content was 0.59 g/day whereas with alfalfa hay it was 7.36 g/day. According to the data obtained for nitrogen content in urinary excretions, the amount of urea excreted each day was also obtained. It was also found to be variable from one food to another. Values of urea excretion for alfalfa and barley were 15.76 and 1.27 grams of urea/day respectively. By multiplying the daily amount of urea excreted by its caloric value (2.528 Kcal/g), the energy lost in the urine was determined to be 38.84 Kcal/day for alfalfa and 3.23 Kcal/day for barley. It was not possible to determine the energy of the gases. Instead, we used data obtained from llamas fed with forage (Engelhardt and Schneider, 1977). The data established that the energy loss as methane gas is approximately 7.1% of the gross energy. With this value as a reference for llamas, the energy losses as methane gas in this study were 495.08 Kcal/Kg/MS for alfalfa hay and 310.53 Kcal/Kg/MS for barley. By definition, the metabolic energy (EM) is the amount of energy from food that is calculated by determining the difference between the digestible energy (ED) and the energy lost in urine (EU) and gases (EG) according to the following equation (NRC, 1981): EM = ED - (EU + EG). Based on the equation, the metabolizable energy of alfalfa hay and barley are as follows: EB = 4140.49 Kcal/Kg/MS and EM = 2408.43 Kcal/Kg/MS for alfalfa compared to EB = 4051.20 Kcal/Kg/MS and EM = 2061.32 Kcal/Kg/MS for barley.
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Alsudani, Ali A. K. "Investigation into the effects of probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic feed supplements on gut microbiota, immune function and performance of broiler chickens." Thesis, Nottingham Trent University, 2018. http://irep.ntu.ac.uk/id/eprint/35002/.
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The aim of this project was to evaluate the effects of probiotics, prebiotics and synbiotics on the gut ecosystem, immune function and growth parameters of broiler. The first study screened naturally occurring Campylobacter levels in four local sites and revealed the NTU broiler research unit and the NTU animal unit laying hens were Campylobacter free, but a small holding with laying hens was positive and the commercial broiler farm was negative until thinning, after which it was positive. The second study investigated possible delivery routes of a novel strain of Lactobacillus johnsonii (FI9785) into broiler chicken gut and concluded feed was the optimum method for delivery. A third study compared the effect L. Johnsonii FI9785 supplied via feed to control and showed no significant difference in the CFU of caecal Campylobacter, no significant (p≤0.05) effects on growth performance and serum uric acid concentration over 4 weeks. However, mucin layer thickness in the jejunum was significantly (P≤0.05) increased. Concentration of IgA in the serum blood of probiotic treated birds was also increased but IgM and IgG were not significantly altered. Study 4 involved isolation and in vitro screening of candidate probiotic isolates of lactic acid bacteria and a prebiotic from Jerusalem artichoke plant (JA). All tests confirmed the isolates had the characteristics of lactic acid bacteria and have an inhibition activity toward Campylobacter. All isolates belonged to the genus of Lactobacillus and all retained viability during freezing and drying and the poultry gastrointestinal environment, indicating all were potential probiotic agents. Assessment of JA inulin levels indicated the plant to be a potentially good prebiotic source with these isolates. Study 5 investigated in vivo effects of the Lactobacillus isolates (probiotic), JA powder (prebiotic), synbiotic (mix of pre and probiotic). Caecal content were negative for Campylobacter throughout but at day 7, abundance of Firmicutes phyla were higher (p≤0.05) than control for all of supplements treatments and abundance of Faecalibacterium genus numerically increased in all treatments but significantly (p≤0.05) only in 5% prebiotic and probiotic supplemented diets. At day 42, abundance of genus of Erysipelotrichaceae decreased in all treatments. Assessment of growth performance showed JA had no effects but probiotic and synbiotic supplementation caused a degradation in the body weight and increased feed intake. Supplements downregulated the cytokine expression IFNγ,IL-10 and IL-6 in the ileum tissue but showed no effect in the bursa tissue.
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Cline, Mark Andrew. "Corticotrophin Releasing Hormone Modulation of Feed Intake, Gastric Motility, and Behavior in Low and High Body Weight Selected Lines of Chickens." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/27725.
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The effect of intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of corticotrophin releasing hormone (CRH) and related compounds on appetite, behavior, and gastric motility in lines of chickens, one selected for low body weight (LWS) and the other high body weight (HWS), was determined. Nucleotide sequence and expression patterns of the CRHr2 receptor, involved in appetite regulation, were also determined. Some individuals of the LWS line are anorexics and many die simply from not eating while some individuals in the HWS line are compulsive eaters and exhibit obesity. CRH is a 41 residue peptide that initiates an organismâ s stress response and is a potent inhibitor of appetite. An ICV injection of CRH dose-dependently decreased feed intake in both lines but did not effect water intake. When CRH receptor antagonists were ICV injected an increase in feed intake in the LWS line but not in the HWS line was observed, however the appetite reducing effect of CRH was attenuated in the HWS line but not in the LWS line. The LWS line has higher concentration of corticosterone than does the HWS line. In both lines at all times treatment with CRH caused an increase in locomotion and no CRH-treated chicks from either line slept post injection. Chicks from the LWS line that were treated with CRH exhibited other anxiety related behaviors sooner than the HWS line. The LWS line showed a liner increase in crop emptying time as the dose of ICV CRH increased. The HWS line responded with a quadratic dose response to CRH treatment. Polymorphisms in the CRHr2 receptor were found in both lines in the same positions, thus we concluded these differences do not significantly contribute to body weight differences. However, differences detected in expression patterns between lines for the CRHr2 receptor may contribute to their different body weights. We conclude that differences in the CRH system, its concentrations and differential receptor action, of these two lines may be partly responsible for their altered body weight phenotype.Ph. D.