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1
CLASSEN, H. L., G. L. CAMPBELL, and J. W. D. GROOTWASSINK. "IMPROVED FEEDING VALUE OF SASKATCHEWAN-GROWN BARLEY FOR BROILER CHICKENS WITH DIETARY ENZYME SUPPLEMENTATION." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 68, no. 4 (December 1, 1988): 1253–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas88-140.
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Nine barley samples representative of cultivars grown throughout Saskatchewan were fed with dietary β-glucanase supplementation (Aspergillus niger) as mixed feed to broiler chickens. Experiment 1 compared barley diets with or without enzyme addition for broilers from 0 to 21 d, while exp. 2 involved comparison of broiler performance to market weight (0–42 d) when fed enzyme-supplemented barley diets or a wheat/corn-based diet. In exp. 1, chicks fed barley diets with the enzyme additive gained more weight and converted feed more efficiently than those given diets without the enzyme (P < 0.01). Variability among barley diets, as indicated by chick growth and feed efficiency, was reduced by the addition of the enzyme. In exp. 2, broilers consuming barley with dietary enzyme were lighter than their wheat/corn-fed counterparts at 21 and 42 d (P < 0.05). Body weight gain from 21 to 42 d was not significantly affected by dietary treatment. Feed-to-gain ratio was higher for barley-fed broilers (P < 0.05) in comparison to birds fed the wheat/corn diet, reflecting the lower nutrient density of the barley diets. Key words: Broiler chickens, barley, β-glucanase
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Kalantar, Majid, and Mohammad Hassan Kalantar. "Effects of Different Source of Dietary Non-Starch Polysaccharides on Growth Performance, Physiological Characteristics and Gene Expression of GLUT2 in Chickens." International Journal of Pharmacology, Phytochemistry and Ethnomedicine 6 (January 2017): 21–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ijppe.6.21.
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Growth and physiological characteristics of meat-type chicken such as serum immunoglobulin concentration, digesta pH and viscosity, pancreatic enzyme activity, organelle weights, and gene expression of intestinal GLUT2 of chickens was studied by means of 375 day-old chicks which randomly assigned to three treatments with five replicates in a completely randomized design. Two different types of cereal-based diets (wheat, and barley) were used as experimental groups and a corn-based diet was also considered to serve as control group. All diets had similar contents of crude protein, energy, and total non-starch polysaccharides (NSP). Results indicated that different dietary source of NSP had significantly (P<0.01) affected growth traits, so barley and wheat diets had maximum feed intake and feed conversion rate, inversely minimum weight gain than corn diet. Intestinal physicochemical characteristics such as pH and viscosity of digesta significantly (P<0.01) changed by different dietary source of NSP. Wheat and barley diets had minimum pH, and inversely maximum viscosity compared to corn diet. The maximum values of fat pad and liver percentage, in contrary, minimum values of pancreas and gut length belonged to corn diet (P<0.01). Serum immunoglobulin concentrations of IgG and IgM for wheat and barley diets were higher than their counterparts fed on corn (P<0.01). Gene expression of intestinal GLUT2 of chickens based on mean fold change after feeding of wheat or barley was at upper level compared to corn diet (P<0.01). In conclusion, based on findings of present study, feeding of different dietary NSP sources to broiler chickens significantly affected growth traits and internal organelle percentages, as well as physiological and immune responses. Also gene expression of intestinal GLUT2 well affected by cereal NSP sources through feeding of wheat or barley.
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MacLean, J., A. B. Webster, and D. M. Anderson. "Effect of 2-row or 6-row barley and a commercial enzyme preparation on growing-finishing broiler chickens from 3 to 6 weeks of age." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 74, no. 3 (September 1, 1994): 511–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas94-072.
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A study was conducted to determine the efficacy of barley-based diets with or without a crude enzyme preparation for male broiler chickens from 3 to 6 wk of age. Treatments consisted of feeding grower and finisher diets based on two locally grown cultivars of barley, 2-row (unspecified cultivar) and 6-row (Leger) added at 0, 20, 40 and 60%, with 0 or 1000 mg commercial enzyme preparation/kg diet. The starter diet contained no barley. Enzyme addition to the 2-row barley-based diets resulted in significantly heavier 6 wk body weights compared to the non-supplemented diets and significantly improved feed efficiencies during the 5- to 6-wk period indicating an enzyme response in older birds. Level of 2-row barley did not have significant main effects on 6 wk body weight, weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency, mortality, or live grade, except for leg abnormalities. A significant linear contrast revealed increased percentage of leg abnormalities as the level of barley in the diet increased. Significant interactions were found between level of 2-row barley and enzyme addition for feed consumption and feed efficiency from 3 to 5 wk of age. Significant quadratic contrasts for level of barley within non-supplemented treatments indicated lower feed consumption of the 20 and 40% barley-fed birds than the 0 and 60% barley-fed birds during the 3-to 5-wk period. During the 5- to 6-wk period, feed consumption of the enzyme-supplemented diets increased linearly with percentage of barley in the ration. Neither level of 6-row barley nor enzyme addition to the 6-row barley diets had significant main effects on 6 wk body weight, weight gain, feed consumption, feed efficiency, or live grade. Significant interactions were found between level of 6-row barley and enzyme addition for 6 wk body weight, 3–6 wk weight gain and feed consumption for the 5–6 wk period. A significant quadratic contrast for level of barley within non-supplemented treatments revealed lower feed consumption of the 20 and 40% barley-fed birds compared to the 0 and 60% barley-fed birds during the 5–6 wk period. Thus, for the diets without glucanase, there was an effect of barley percentage which became apparent at different ages depending on the barley cultivar. As with the 2-row barley diets, there was a significant linear increase in feed consumption of the enzyme-supplemented diets as the level of 6-row barley in the diet increased during the 5–6 wk period. It appears from the results that the grower and finisher diets could contain up to 60% barley without being detrimental to growth but incidence of mortality or leg abnormality may increase somewhat. Enzyme addition improved feed efficiency for the 2-row barley diets, and erased the quadratic effects of barley level apparent when diets did not include β-glucanase. Key words: Barley, broiler chicken, enzyme, growth
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ROTTER, B. A., R. R. MARQUARDT, W. GUENTER, C. BILIADERIS, and C. W. NEWMAN. "IN VITRO VISCOSITY MEASUREMENTS OF BARLEY EXTRACTS AS PREDICTORS OF GROWTH RESPONSES IN CHICKS FED BARLEY-BASED DIETS SUPPLEMENTED WITH A FUNGAL ENZYME PREPARATION." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 69, no. 2 (June 1, 1989): 433–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas89-048.
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The effects of in vitro extracting conditions on the viscosity of different barley cultivars were determined (exps. 1–3). Then, the relationship between three in vitro viscosity assays (method I, raw barley-HCl-KCl buffer; method II, autoclaved barley-H2O; and method III, raw barley-H2O) was compared with the performance of chicks fed barley-based diets supplemented with fungal enzyme (exp. 4). A significant three-way interaction (P < 0.0001) among fineness of grind, extraction method and barley cultivar showed that viscosity values for different barleys were not uniformly affected by the other two factors. Part of this differential response was eliminated by the use of finely ground barley (< 0.5-mm-mesh screen). When the three extracting methods were compared, method I gave higher readings than method II for high-viscosity barleys, and the reverse was true for low-viscosity barleys. The ranking of the barleys remained the same. Method III gave the lowest viscosity values, perhaps due to active endogenous β-glucanases in water extracts of the raw barley. When different barley cultivars were extracted by method I and subjected to different shear rates the viscosity differences were much more pronounced at the lower shear rates, particularly for high-viscosity barleys. Finally, the same seven barleys were compared in a feeding trial with chickens. The improvement in weight gain due to supplementation with a crude enzyme preparation from Trichoderma viride (Cellulase Tv) ranged from 2 to 41 % (P < 0.05). Similar improvements were obtained for feed consumption, feed-to-gain ratio and dry matter retention (P < 0.05). The highest simple correlation coefficients were between the viscosity of barleys that had been extracted by method I, measured at low shear rates, and relative weight gain (r = 0.97, week 1 plus week 2). The correlation coefficients using low shear rate data were slightly higher than those with high shear rate data. These results indicate that most pronounced differences among barleys were obtained with finely ground samples (<0.5 mm), extracted for one hour at 38 °C, using a low pH 1.5 buffer (method I) and assayed at low shear rates. Under these conditions the viscosity data reflected the antinutritive properties of barley, which in turn were reduced or abolished by adding a crude enzyme preparation to the diet. Key words: Viscosity, barley extracts, chicks, fungal enzyme
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Moharrery, A. "Comparison of performance and digestibility characteristics of broilers fed diets containing treated hulled barley or hulless barley." Czech Journal of Animal Science 51, No. 3 (December 5, 2011): 122–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3919-cjas.
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This study was performed with growing chickens (14 to 56 days of age) to evaluate the effects of feeding a barley-based diet. The treatments were maize diet (1) as a control, barley diet with (4) or without (2) the commercial enzyme β-glucanase, barley treated with rumen fluid without protozoa (3) and hulless barley (5). The effects of treatments were investigated in a 42-day trial using 360 sexed broiler chickens. In a digestibility trial, 15 male broiler chicks were used at 45 days of age. In this regard, five treatments were offered to chickens in three replications individually. The experimental design for performance investigation was a completely randomised one with a 5 × 2 factorial arrangement of treatments. Each of the five treatments was replicated three times per sex (n = 3). The levels of barley in treatments (2) to (5) were 35% during the growing (14 to 42 days) and finishing (42 to 52 days) period. At the end of trial, two birds from each pen were selected and slaughtered. Blood samples were taken just before slaughter of birds. No significant differences (P > 0.05) were observed between (3) to (5) treatments with maize diet in weight gains, feed intake and feed conversion, but barley with no treatment (2) showed lower weight gain compared to the enzyme treatment and hulless barley diet (P < 0.05). Ether extract digestibility decreased significantly in all barley diets compared with maize diet (P < 0.05). Digestibility of DM, CP, and NFE was lower in barley diet with no treatment, in comparison with other treatments (P < 0.05). Reduction of serum cholesterol was observed in birds on hulless barley diet (P < 0.05), but serum triacylglycerols and glucose did not show any significant differences between treatments (P > 0.05). Mean percentage yield of breast showed the highest percentage in barley diet with no treatment (P < 0.05) and abdominal fats were produced in lowest amounts in carcasses on hulless barley diets (P < 0.05).
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Brenes, A., W. Guenter, R. R. Marquardt, and B. A. Rotter. "Effect of β-glucanase/pentosanase enzyme supplementation on the performance of chickens and laying hens fed wheat, barley, naked oats and rye diets." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 73, no. 4 (December 1, 1993): 941–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas93-095.
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Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of β-glucanase/pentosanase enzyme complex (Trichoderma viride, Roxazyme® G) on the performance of Leghorn chicks and laying hens fed wheat, barley, oats or rye diets. In the first experiment, enzyme addition (0.2 and 0.4 g kg−1) improved weight gain and feed efficiency in Leghorn chicks fed hulless barley (45 and 18%, respectively) and naked oat-based diets (35 and 15%, respectively). No response to dietary enzymes was evident when chicks were given the wheat diet. In the second experiment, the addition of Roxazyme® G to diets containing hulless barley (0.1 g kg−1) and rye (4.0 g kg−1) improved feed consumption (8 and 16%, respectively), weight gain (21 and 35%, respectively) and feed-to-gain ratios (11 and 14%, respectively). Relative gizzard weights of birds fed the rye diet were reduced by 18% when enzyme was added to this diet. In the third experiment, replacing all the wheat with hulless barley, naked oats or rye in diets for young pullets had no effect on overall performance during a 12-wk laying trial. Vent feather soilage increased with the incorporation of naked oats and rye. Enzyme supplementation had a beneficial effect on weight gain and feed intake but not on egg production, initial egg weight, average egg weight, egg specific gravity, Haugh unit score, and mortality. Key words: Grain, chickens, laying hens, dietary enzyme
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Babatunde, Olufemi Oluwaseun, Chan Sol Park, and Olayiwola Adeola. "Nutritional Potentials of Atypical Feed Ingredients for Broiler Chickens and Pigs." Animals 11, no. 5 (April 21, 2021): 1196. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11051196.
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Diets play an important part in monogastric nutrition. This is because diets are comprised of various feed ingredients that supply energy and nutrients required by broiler chickens or pigs for normal growth and development. The main feed ingredients used for formulating diets for pigs and chickens are comprised of cereals and oilseed meals. Corn and soybean meal (SBM) are mostly used in North America for animal feeds. However, due to geographical locations, availability, and cost, ingredients such as wheat, barley, and canola meal are often used for feeding pigs and chickens. Overdependence on common ingredients such as corn and SBM for decades has resulted in rising costs of animal production. Therefore, the need has risen to examine the potentials of alternative feed ingredients capable of supplying the required energy and nutrients for monogastric animals. Research has been carried out to identify and evaluate several uncommon feed ingredients and their utilization by broiler chickens and pigs. Thus, this review enumerates the nutritional potentials of feed ingredients in 4 main nutritional classes using information from articles in peer-reviewed journals. Feeding practices, advantages, and limitations of using certain uncommon feed ingredients are discussed. In addition, species-specific factors in terms of practical applications are explored.
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Inborr, Johan. "Supplementation of pig starter diets with carbohydrate-degrading enzymes - stability, activity and mode of action." Agricultural and Food Science 3, Supplement (December 1, 1994): 1–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72724.
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A total of five experiments were conducted to investigate the stability of feed enzymes to steam pelleting and the proteolytic conditions in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract of pigs and poultry, and to try and elucidate the mechanisms behind the improved performance of pigs fed enzyme-supplemented barley/wheat-based diets. The results of the pelleting stability experiment showed that the commercial feed enzyme employed maintained most of its activity in conditioning temperatures up to 85°C.Furthermore, it became evident that measuring enzyme recovery in pelleted feeds by in-vitro assay methods underestimated the actual activity. For this purpose in-vivo models such as that based on gut viscosity measurements in broiler chickens gives a more accurate estimate. Gut viscosity also correlated highly with live weight gain (r2=0.624) and feed utilisation (r2=0.616) of broiler chickens. The in-vitro incubations using conditions similar to those of the GI tract showed that enzymes are not readily denatured and inactivated in such conditions and indicated that wheat and wheat gluten, and possibly similar feed ingredients, may help to maintain the activity longer either due to their buffering capacity or by providing substrates for the enzymes. This was supported by the results of the in-vivo measurements. In the stomach of pigs, 10-20per cent of the xylanase and β-glucanase activities added to the diets could still be recovered 4 hours after feeding. In the ileum, proportionally more added enzyme activities were recovered between 4 and 6 than 0 and 2 hours after feeding. In broiler chickens fed an enzyme-supplemented barley-based diet, β-glucanase was fully recovered in the proximal part of the small intestine, giving further proof of the stability of the enzymes employed to the conditions of the GI tract. When a mixture of fibre- and starch-degrading enzymes were added to a diet based on wheat and barley, β-glucan, starch and dry matter digestibilities were significantly (P
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Tatiyanicheva, Olga, Oksana Popova, Alla Khokhlova, Natalya Maslova, and Tatiyana Ovchinnikova. "The use of sprouted barley grain in the diet of meat hens of the parent herd." E3S Web of Conferences 273 (2021): 02010. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202127302010.
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The use of sprouted barley grain for an adult poultry of a parent flock of meat production is of scientific and practical interest. According to the research methodology, we formed 4 groups of experimental birds, at the age of 140 days, 10 chickens and 10 cockerels in each. The test period lasted 280 days. The poultry of the control group received a standard complete feed containing barley grains in an amount of 20% by weight of the compound feed, in accordance with the adopted feeding scheme. Poultry of groups 2,3,4 received in addition to the main diet sprouted barley grain in the amount of 20 g per head. In this experiment, the question of the effectiveness of using sprouted grain, depending on the feeding regime, was considered. A positive trend was revealed when feeding sprouted grain in addition to a complete feed, in the evening.
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Baah, J., T. A. Scott, L. M. Kawchuk, J. D. Armstrong, L. B. Selinger, K. J. Cheng, and T. A. McAllister. "Feeding value in broiler chicken diets of a potato expressing a β-glucanase gene from Fibrobacter succinogenes." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 82, no. 1 (March 1, 2002): 111–13. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a01-007.
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Including a transgenic potato cultivar as a source of β-glucanase in CDC Silky barley-based diets for broiler chickens at 0.6 kg t–1 improved (P < 0.05) feed conversion by 8.8%; at 1.2 kg t–1 it reduced (P < 0.05) ileal digesta viscosity by 42%. With improved level and/or activity of expression, transformed potato may have potential as an enzyme additive. Key words: Barley, broilers, β-glucanase, performance, transformed potato
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Mengistu, Genet, Marcos Cordeiro, Getahun Legesse, Sarah Pogue, Amanda Taylor, Kim Ominski, Karen Beauchemin, E. J. McGeough, and Tim A. McAllister. "72 Estimating the supply and movement of feed for beef production in Alberta, Canada." Journal of Animal Science 98, Supplement_4 (November 3, 2020): 46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skaa278.084.
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Abstract This study estimated movement of feed between regions of Alberta to meet the needs of the beef sector in 2001, 2006, 2011 and 2016, and included barley and wheat grain, grass hay and grass-legume hay, which can be cost-effectively transported. Feed demands of beef and other livestock (i.e., dairy cattle, chickens, pigs, sheep, bison, horses, turkeys and other poultry) were estimated using county-level inventories from Alberta Agriculture and Rural Development and Statistics Canada, and aggregated to 7 land-use regions: Lower Athabasca, Upper Athabasca, Lower Peace, Upper Peace, North Saskatchewan, Red Deer and South Saskatchewan. Feed requirements were sourced from literature and expert opinion pertinent to Canadian context, and feed demand estimated using annualized feeding days and dry matter (DM) intake. Feed available for beef production was estimated from crop yields minus other livestock feed use. Average feed demand for beef production across Alberta was (tons of DM) 2.71 M, 0.68 M, 2.21 M, and 1.95 M for barley and wheat grain, grass hay, and grass-legume hay, respectively. North Saskatchewan, Red Deer and South Saskatchewan accounted for 90% of the total demand for barley and wheat grain and 81% of grass hay and grass-legume hay. South Saskatchewan had the largest feed deficit and required feed movement in all years. Across years, barley grain deficits ranged from -94% to -31%, grass hay deficit from -142% to a surplus of 1.6% and grass-legume hay deficits from -167% to -15%. Unmet deficits at provincial level occurred for barley grain (2006), grass hay (2001) and grass-legume hay (2001, 2006). Wheat was surplus in all years, ranging from 17% to 90%. Feed movement is critical to support beef production in Alberta, and is highly variable depending on crop yield in different regions. This analysis enables the beef industry to assess provincial feed sourcing and environmental footprints.
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Zhi-Yuan, Niu, G. L. Campbell, R. S. Bhatty, and B. G. Rossnagel. "Comparison of Condor and CDC Richard hulless barleys for broiler chicks." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 75, no. 3 (September 1, 1995): 489–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas95-073.
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Five Condor and five CDC Richard hulless barley samples, representing a range in crude protein (12.4–15.3%), were fed to broiler chicks in β-glucanase-supplemented diets formulated to be moderately limiting in crude protein (18% CP). The barley varieties had comparable mean CP (Condor, 13.8%; CDC Richard, 14.1%) and starch (Condor, 56.4%; CDC Richard, 57.5%), although Condor was somewhat higher in β-glucan content (3.5 vs. 2.8%; P < 0.10). There were no differences (P > 0.05) in body weight or feed conversion among chicks fed the two barleys, indicating that protein utilization was similar in broiler chicks fed Condor and those fed CDC Richard hulless barleys. Key words: Hulless barley, chicks, protein, β-glucanase
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Kiiskinen, Tuomo. "Feeding whole grain with pelleted diets to growing broiler chickens." Agricultural and Food Science 5, no. 2 (March 1, 1996): 167–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72732.
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In three trials with growing broilers (aged 12-8 days) the proportion of whole grain (WG) was increased step by step up to 30% (Trial 1) along with commercial starter (S) and grower (G) pellets or up to 40% (Trial 2) and 50% (Trial 3) with special balancer (BA) pellets (crude protein 250 g/kg). WG accounted for about 20%, 31% and 38% of the broilers’ total feed intakes, respectively. In Trial 1, the grain was exclusively wheat (W). In the other trials, also mixtures of wheat and barley (W:B 70:30, 50:50) were used. Crude protein analyses of feed remains revealed that birds did not to any considerable extent select between pellets and grain. Mixing wheat with S or G pellets reduced feed intake significantly (P
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Tolasa, Bayesa. "Current Status of Indigenous and Highly Productive Chicken Breeds in Ethiopia." Advances in Agriculture 2021 (July 16, 2021): 1–5. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2021/8848388.
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In Ethiopia, chicken production plays an important role in providing human food consumption, growth of domestic products, and creating employment opportunities. Despite their importance, the production and reproduction performance of chickens in the country is under expectation owing to the gap between low productive indigenous and low adaptive ability of highly productive chicken breeds. By considering this, the present paper aims to deliver, synthesize, and summarize the compiled information on the current status of indigenous and highly productive chicken breeds. Currently, there are several highly productive chicken breeds available in Ethiopia. Among these, Rhode Island Red, Fayoumi, Potchefstroom Koekoek, Sasso, Bovan Brown, Issa Brown, and Leghorn are being kept under various husbandry systems. Besides, indigenous chicken ecotypes such as barley plumage color, red plumage color, white plumage color, and black plumage color have been characterized in the country. However, the average annual egg production of indigenous and highly productive chicken breeds did not exceed 60 and 250 eggs, respectively. On the other hand, the meat production ability of indigenous chickens is limited as cockerels and pullets may reach 1.5 and 1.05 kilogram live weight at 6 months of age, respectively. Concerning the husbandry system, a majority of owners supplied feed to chickens on the ground and water in plastic containers while scavenging is being the common feeding system in most parts of the country. Furthermore, the majority of the owners are using no separate housing system and treat their chickens traditionally. Thus, awareness should be emphasized on enhancing the improvement of chicken husbandry systems for better production and reproduction performance.
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Pavlovski, Zlatica, Z. Skrbic, M. Lukic, V. Petricevic, and S. Trenkovski. "The effect of genotype and housing system on production results of fattening chickens." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 25, no. 3-4 (2009): 221–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0904221p.
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Investigation was carried out on 500 Arbor Acres and Redbro chickens. First group of 30 male and female chickens per genotype was slaughtered after 12 h period of food deprivation. Second group remained in the facility and was fattened until 50. day. Third group was reared for 50 days but in a semi intensive system, with use of 20 m? and free range area of 1 m?/bird. Nutrition was based on mixture of ground corn, barley, vitamins mineral additive and 30% of complete forage mixture. All chickens, subsequent to finished fattening period (50 days) were weighed and after 12 h food deprivation period were slaughtered. Arbor Acres chickens at the age of 42 days had lower mortality (3.80%), better feed conversion (1.868) and higher realized value of production index (206.73) compared to Redbro chickens. Chickens reared in the facility have realized considerably higher body mass (1820.33 g) compared to free range chickens (1667.50 g). Chickens at the age of 50 days had higher carcass yield compared to chickens at the age of 42 days. Carcass yields 'traditional processing' and 'ready to roast' were considerably higher in chickens at the age of 50 days (83.53 and 76.59) compared to carcass yields of chickens at the age of 42 days (82.61 and 75.68). Chickens reared in the facility (chicken coop) (83.86) had higher carcass yields 'traditional processing' than free range chickens. Other yields in chickens were considerably higher in chickens reared in the facility (76.56 and 67.13) than in free range chickens (75.76 and 65.45). .
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Garbazhii, K. S., and O. J. Karunskii. "The effect of Chlorella suspension on productivity of chickens." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 21, no. 90 (April 26, 2019): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-a9011.
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The full feeding is one of the most important conditions that form the level of productivity in poultry industry. The value of feeding rations is known to depend not only on the presence of all essential substances in them, but also on the degree of its biological availability. Due to a wide range of vitamins, including fat-soluble, as well as macro- and micro elements in a biologically accessible form in Chlorella composition, Chlorella suspension can be become the useful component in feeding of poultry farming. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the influence of the Chlorella water suspension on growth, daily weight increment and amount of eggs of chicken. The Chlorella suspension was produced by “Samvel Farm Enterprise” in Bilyaivka district of Odessa region, Ukraine. The investigation was carried out on layer chickens of “Brown” breed at the age of 360 days, which were divided into 3 experimental groups: one of them was control group and two were research groups with 300 heads of layer chickens in each. Despite of Chlorella suspension chickens were fed by ordinary animal feeding stuff. Most of the feed composition for all chicken groups consisted of wheat, barley and limestone. The nutritional value of this complete feed involved the presence of the crude protein, crude fiber and necessary amino acids including lysine, methionine. The second chicken group, throughout the experiment during 160 days was fed with a suspension of Chlorella in a concentration of 50 million, and in the 3d experimental group – 60 million cells in 1 milliliter of fluid. The results of research showed that the use of Chlorella suspension positively influences the raise of growth of chickens in the 2nd and 3rd experimental groups, which is characterized by the higher absolute, relative and average daily increments. The maximum result was achieved in 2nd experimental group, where the optimal cell concentration in the Chlorella suspension was 50 million cells in 1 milliliter of fluid and daily rate of increment was 30 grams per 1 head. Also after feeding with Chlorella suspension egg-laying increased by 12.4% compared to egg-laying of chickens in control group. Consequently, the inclusion of Chlorella suspension in chicken feeding allows obtaining poultry products with the maximum consumer qualities.
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Scott, T. A., F. G. Silversides, H. L. Classen, M. L. Swift, and M. R. Bedford. "Prediction of the performance of broiler chicks from apparent metabolizable energy and protein digestibility values obtained using a broiler chick bioassay." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 79, no. 1 (March 1, 1999): 59–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a98-054.
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Samples of wheat (54) and barley (87) were included in a series of broiler chick bioassays. For each cereal, fed at 80% of a basal diet with or without enzyme, apparent metabolizable energy (AME), retained nitrogen, digesta viscosity, excreta dry matter (DM), and broiler performance (feed intake, body weight [BW] gain, and feed conversion) were measured. Correlation coefficients were calculated between the predictor and the performance variables, separated according to whether or not the diets included feed enzymes. Some correlations between measures of AME and BW, feed efficiency, and to a lesser degree feed intake were significant, but none were high. The correlation coefficients were higher when feeds were not supplemented with an enzyme because enzyme supplementation reduced the variation in both AME and performance by reducing the antinutritive effects of non-starch polysaccharides (NSP). Including a measure of voluntary intake in AME (AME level multiplied by feed intake) resulted in higher correlations with performance. Evaluation of the feeding value of wheat and barley by researchers or the feed industry will require the determination of available energy and the NSP contents. Key words: Metabolizable energy, performance, wheat, barley, feed enzymes
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Scott, T. A., M. A. Leslie, and A. Karimi. "Measurements of enzyme response with hulless barley-based diets full-fed to Leghorn and broiler chicks or restricted-fed broiler chicks." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 81, no. 3 (September 1, 2001): 403–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a01-008.
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Broiler chicks fed diets high in soluble non-starch polysaccharides (NSP; e.g., wheat- and/or barley-based diets) have a higher capacity to ingest, digest and absorb nutrients when diets are supplemented with appropriate NSP enzymes. However, this same enzyme response is typically reduced or non-significant in older birds, Leghorn chicks and turkey poults. We hypothesise that the enzyme response in the latter classes of poultry is reduced because feed intake is lower in comparison to feed intake by broilers. In the present study, the hypothesis that restricted feeding of broilers would reduce the enzyme response typically observed in full-fed broilers was tested. Two experiments were conducted to determine the feeding value of hulless barley supplemented or not supplemented with enzyme (Avizyme 1100, Finnfeeds Int, UK). In Study 1, eight sources of hulless barley were included at 80% in each diet and fed to four groups of six male broilers or Leghorn chicks from 4 to 17 d of age. The response to enzyme in hulless barley-based diets by broilers was approximately twofold that of Leghorns for growth and feed intake. The Leghorns had higher digesta viscosity than broilers, although the relative drop in digesta viscosity with enzyme supplementation was equal. In a second study (Study 2) broiler chicks were fed one of four diets (two hulless barley cultivars with or without enzyme) at three feed allotment levels (ad libitum, R1 and R2) from 4 to 21 d of age. The R1 and R2 feed allotments were pre-determined fixed daily feed amounts. Actual feed restriction in the R1 group was only achieved for diets with, but not without, an enzyme. At the lowest feed allotment (R2) actual feed intake of diets with or without enzyme were lower than that recorded for ad libitum fed birds. Study 2 demonstrated that restricted-fed broilers had a lower growth response to enzyme supplementation compared to birds allowed ad libitum intake, in part due to improved retention of energy, either directly in response to feed restriction or because digesta viscosity in diets without enzyme was lowered. Although digesta viscosity of restricted-fed birds was lower, it is still high enough to be considered problematic. In determining feeding value of cereal grains or supplements such as enzymes, especially those directed for use with broilers, it is imperative that a broiler chick bioassay be used and that they have ad libitum access to the diets. Key words: Enzyme, hulless barley, viscosity, feed intake
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Krotova, N. Yu, A. Y. Lavrentiev, and V. S. Sherne. "The influence of compound feed with the enzyme Axtra XAP 101 on the growth, feed conversion and livability of broiler chickens." Glavnyj zootehnik (Head of Animal Breeding), no. 11 (November 1, 2020): 45–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.33920/sel-03-2011-05.
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The poultry industry in Russia has significant prospects for the development of domestic production of eggs and poultry meat. Insufficient attention is paid to the practical application of enzyme drugs, although numerous studies have proven the effectiveness of these substances in feeding animals and poultry. The purpose of the research was to determine the feasibility and effectiveness of using the multi-enzyme drug Axtra XAP 101 produced by DuPont as part of compound feed for growing broiler chickens. A scientific and economic experiment has been carried out and various doses of the multi-enzyme drug Axtra XAP 101 have been experimentally studied as part of compound feed and the optimal dose in the amount of 7–9 % of the dry matter of the compound feed has been identified. Multi-enzyme drug Axtra XAP 101 influences on indices of meat productivity of broiler chickens. It has been found that this drug increases the average daily increase in live weight of broiler chickens, reduces feed conversion and has a positive effect on the livability of livestock. The highest value for livestock livability has been observed in the 3rd experimental group, where it was 97,67 %, which was by 0,32 % higher than in the control group, by 0,5 % higher than in the 1st experimental group and by 0,57 % higher than in the 2nd experimental group. The European productivity index was the highest in the 3rd experimental group and amounted to 412 points. This indicator was higher than in other groups: higher than the control group by 20 points, the 1st experimental group – by 12 points, the 2nd experimental group – by 5 points. Thus, the effect of using enzymes in wheat and barley diets is to increase and equalize the nutritional value of different varieties and batches of grain. Changing the location and mechanism of microbial fermentation as a result of adding an enzyme also has a positive effect on the health of poultry.
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Senkoylu, N., H. Samli, M. Kanter, and Aylin Agma. "Influence of a combination of formic and propionic acids added to wheat- and barley-based diets on the performance and gut histomorphology of broiler chickens." Acta Veterinaria Hungarica 55, no. 4 (December 1, 2007): 479–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/avet.55.2007.4.7.
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Day-old male chicks were used to test the effects of a combination of formic and propionic acids (CFP) added to wheat- and barley-based diets on the performance and gut histomorphology of broilers. The CFP, containing formic and propionic acids based on an inorganic phyllo-silicate carrier, was added to starter and grower broiler diets of standard (NRC, 1994) or lower nutrient density (LND) using different levels of wheat and barley. Body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) of broiler chicks were significantly (P < 0.001) improved by CFP supplementation at 21 days of age regardless of nutrient density (ND). However, at 35 days of age CFP addition significantly (P < 0.001) increased BWG and FCR. Proventriculus weight was also significantly affected by the dietary treatments. Ileal viscosity was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by ND which was associated with wheat and barley contents, whereas feed viscosity was significantly (P < 0.05) affected by CFP supplementation. Villus height was significantly (P < 0.05) increased by the CFP supplementation. In the case of villus width, an interaction effect was observed: there was a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in the group fed the standard ND diet, but only a numerical decrease in the group fed the LND diet compared to control group. No significant effect of dietary treatment on the thickness of the lamina muscularis mucosae could be detected.
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PERTTILÄ, S., J. VALAJA, and T. JALAVA. "Apparent ileal digestibility of amino acids and metabolisable energy value in grains for broilers." Agricultural and Food Science 14, no. 4 (December 4, 2008): 325. http://dx.doi.org/10.2137/145960605775897704.
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Using ileal digestible amino acids in feed optimising will intensify feed protein utilizing and decrease nitrogen excretion to the environment. The study determined the apparent ileal digestibility (AID) coefficients of amino acids in barley, wheat, oats, triticale, maize, and dehulled oats in the diets of 180 Ross broiler chickens (aged 2435 days). The birds were fed semi-purified diets that contained grain as the sole protein source and chromium-mordanted straw as an indigestible marker. The AID coefficients of the nutrients were assessed using the slaughter technique, and the apparent metabolisable energy (AME) was determined using total excreta collection. The ileal digestibility of the dry matter and organic matter were the highest in maize. The AME of maize was higher than that of other cereals. The ileal digestibility of crude protein was higher in wheat than that in barley, oats and dehulled oats. The AME of wheat was similar to that of barley and oats but lower than that of triticale and dehulled oats. The amino acid AID was highest in wheat (0.86) and triticale (0.85) and lowest in oats (0.79) and barley 0.77). The average amino acid AID was 0.81 in dehulled oats. The threonine AID was the same in all tested ingredients. The lysine, methionine, and cystine AID coefficients were 0.81, 0.79, and 0.71 respectively for barley; 0.86, 0.84, and 0.38 respectively for oats; 0.87, 0.86, and 0.53 respectively for dehulled oats; 0.84, 0.90, and 0.66 respectively for maize; 0.89, 0.88, and 0.77 respectively for triticale; and 0.87, 0.85, and 0.71 respectively for wheat. Results indicated that AME values of domestic grains (barley, oats and wheat) are in the same level. Especially, low AME value of wheat needs further investigation.;
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Boros, D., B. A. Slominski, W. Guenter, L. D. Campbell, and O. Jones. "Wheat by-products in poultry nutrition. Part II. Nutritive value of wheat screenings, bakery by-products and wheat mill run and their improved utilization by enzyme supplementation." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 84, no. 3 (September 1, 2004): 429–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a03-113.
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A series of experiments was conducted to determine the nutritive value of wheat screenings, bakery by-products and wheat mill run used by the feed industry in Canada and to investigate the effect of enzyme supplementation on available energy content, nutrient digestibility and broiler chicken growth performance. Broiler chicken performance (2-wk growth trial) was compared using a wheat/soybean meal-based control diet and diets substituted with wheat by-products (wheat screenings, 200 g kg-1; bakery by-products or mill run, 100 g kg-1). In addition, diets containing one sample of each of the by-products were fed to broiler chickens with enzyme supplementation (Superzyme W®). Chicken performance was not affected by dietary substitution of wheat by-products for wheat as values for control, wheat screenings (three samples), bakery by-products (two samples) and mill run (one sample) were similar for body weight gain (514, 520, 515, 500 g bird-1) and for feed to gain ratio (1.52, 1.52, 1.52, 1.50), respectively. Response to enzyme supplementation was highest for wheat screenings showing a statistically significant (P ≤ 0.05) improvement in body weight gain (523 vs. 548 g bird-1) and feed to gain ratio (1.54 vs. 1.47). To further substantiate the importance of enzyme supplementation, a long-term production trial with broiler chickens was conducted. Five replicate pens of 60 birds per treatment were used in the starter (21 d) and grower (16 d) phases of the experiment consisting of three treatments: positive control (PC) (wheat/soybean meal/fish meal), negative control (NC) (wheat/wheat screenings/barley/soybean/ canola meal) and NC + Enzyme (Superzyme W®). In comparison to PC, the NC diet contained 5% less metabolizable energy, 8–10% less crude protein, amino acids and calcium and 25% less available phosphorus. Body weight gain and feed conversion ratio averaged 2.14, 2.10, 2.17 kg bird-1 and 1.68, 1.76, 1.66 for PC, NC and NC + Enzyme, respectively. A significant (P < 0.05) improvement in broiler chicken performance with enzyme supplementation was further substantiated by the same magnitude of difference in dry matter (71.2, 68.7, 75.1%), starch (92.5, 90.3, 95.6%), non-starch poly saccharides (NSP) (4.8, 15.0, 36.1%), energy (AME) (12.37, 11.83, 12.84 MJ kg-1) and phytate (44.3, 37.5, 69.5%) digestibilities. It is evident from this study that the use of wheat by-products in concert with an effective enzyme supplement in broiler chicken diets will allow for optimum growth performance. Key words: Broilers, by-products, feeding value, enzymes
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Blaney, BJ, and KC Williams. "Effective use in livestock feeds of mouldy and weather-damaged grain containing mycotoxins—case histories and economic assessments pertaining to pig and poultry industries of Queensland." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 42, no. 6 (1991): 993. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9910993.
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Mould growth in field crops or stored grain reduces starch and lipid content, with consequent increases in fibre, and an overall reduction in digestible energy; palatability is often adversely affected. If these factors are allowed for, and mycotoxin concentrations are low, there are sound economic reasons for using this cheaper grain. Mycotoxins are common in stock feed but their effects on animal productivity are usually slight because either the concentration is too low or the animal is tolerant to the toxin. In Australia, aflatoxins occur in peanut by-products and in maize and sorghum if the grain is moist when stored. Zearalenone is found in maize and in sorghum and wheat in wetter regions. Nivalenol and deoxynivalenol are found in maize and wheat but at concentrations that rarely affect pigs, with chickens and cattle being even more tolerant. Other mycotoxins including cyclopiazonic acid, T-2 toxin, cytochalasins and tenuazonic acid are produced by Australian fungi in culture but are not found to be significant grain contaminants. Extremely mouldy sorghum containing Alternaria and Fusarium mycotoxins decreased feed conversion in pigs and chickens by up to 14%. However, E moniliforme- and Diplodia maydis-infected maize produced only slight reductions in feed intake by pigs and Ustilago-infected barley produced no ill effects. Use of these grains would substantially increase profits if the grain can be purchased cheaply.
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Senkoylu, N., H. Akyurek, and Samli HE. "Implications of b-glucanase and pentosanase enzymes in low-energy low-protein barley and wheat based broiler diets." Czech Journal of Animal Science 49, No. 3 (December 12, 2011): 108–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/4287-cjas.
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This study was conducted to test the effects of a commercial enzyme (with beta-glucanase and pentosanase activities) supplemented into low-protein low-energy barley and wheat based broiler diets on broiler performance. The enzyme was added at 500 g/ton into broiler grower and finisher diets consisting of mainly wheat at 76%, 85% or barley 67%, 75%, respectively. Four dietary treatments were wheat, wheat + enzyme, barley, barley + enzyme. Each treatment had six replications. This experiment was planned according to a completely randomised design by placing ten 14-day-old mixed male and female chicks into one experimental cage unit with wire floor. Cobb broiler chicks were used in this study. Experimental grower and finisher diets were fed to chicks between 14–28 and 28–42 days of age, respectively. One-day-old chicks were fed a standard starter diet (23% protein; 12.77 MJ ME/kg) according to NRC (1994) recommendations. Grower diet and finisher diets were formulated to be 10% lower than NRC (1994) with respect to the protein and metabolisable energy content. Body weight, average weight gain (14–42 days period), feed intake and feed efficiency ratio were measured at 42 days of age. The results of this study demonstrated that the enzyme with beta-glucanase and pentosanase activities supplemented into barley-based broiler diets significantly (P < 0.05) improved body weight by 10%, from 1 779 to 1 958 g, and gain by 12%, from 1 485 to 1 657 g, respectively. However, when the same enzyme was supplemented into wheat-based diets, no improvement (P < 0.05) was obtained in body weight and feed efficiency, being 1 723 and 1 677 g and 1 973 and 1 957, respectively for wheat and wheat + enzyme groups. The feed efficiency ratio was also significantly (P < 0.05) improved in barley-based diet from 1.898 to 1.845 by enzyme addition during the 14–42 days experimental period.
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Campbell, G. L., and M. R. Bedford. "Enzyme applications for monogastric feeds: A review." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 72, no. 3 (September 1, 1992): 449–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas92-058.
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The potential for industrial enzyme products as animal feed additives has attracted substantial interest from feed manufacturers as a novel means of improving animal performance. Enzyme manufacturers have also targeted feed as an alternate outlet for their products, which have primarily been in the food, beverage, and detergent industries. Despite a history dating back 35 years or more, only recently has enzyme application been extensive and efforts in research intensified. The use of enzymes that degrade polysaccharides of the endosperm cell wall has become most prominent. The major cell wall polysaccharides are the β-glucans in barley and oats and arabinoxylans (pentosans) in rye, wheat, and triticale. In barley and rye particularly, the cell wall carbohydrates are prone to solubilization. The major enzymes are endolytic and achieve their beneficial effects by removal of diffusion constraints that interfere with nutrient absorption. Although most nutrients are affected, fat malabsorption may be severe in chicks fed unsupplemented diets containing barley or rye. Young chicks give the greatest response to enzyme-induced viscosity reduction; the response is much less evident in older birds or in swine. In addition to carbohydrases, renewed research in dietary phytase has occurred with the realization that phytases provide a cost-effective alternative to inorganic phosphorous in regions with dense populations and intensive livestock production, where excessive phosphorus in animal wastes is a national concern. Other enzymes may also be beneficial, including supplementary α-amylase (in young animals) and oligosaccharidases for feeds high in oligosaccharides; however, this has not been shown conclusively. Enzymes with desired activity and stability characteristics for feed applications will continue to be developed. Future directions for enzyme research may also involve genetic manipulation of the substrate to facilitate more complete enzyme degradation, as in the case of the fiber components of rye. Key words: Dietary enzymes, β-glucanase, pentosanase, phytase, feed, β-glucan, pentosan, phytate
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Solcan, Carmen, C. Cotea, and Gh Solcan. "Immunosuppressive Action of Deoxynivalenol of Thymus in Chickens." Cercetari agronomice in Moldova 45, no. 4 (December 1, 2012): 99–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10298-012-0069-7.
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Abstract Deoxynivalenol (DON, vomitoxin) is a type B-trichothecene, naturally occurring contaminants of animal feed, being implicated in several mycotoxicoses in farm livestock. This mycotoxin occurs predominantly in grains such as wheat, barley, oats, rye, and maize, and less often in rice, sorghum, and triticale. Deoxynivalenol is potent nefrotoxic, hepatotoxic and immunosuppressant. High doses of trichothecenes promote rapid onset of leukocyte apoptosis (programmed cell death), which is manifested as immunosuppression. The study aimed to prove the immunosuppressant action of deoxynivalenol in chickens experimentally treated each day, from the 7th day of life, using 5,4 mg/kg b.w in E group for 28 days (since 35 days of life). Histopathology studies of thymus were made on 7th, 14th, 21st and 28th days of experiment. In E group small lesions of thymus were observed even after 7th day of poisoning but intense lesions, hydropic degeneration, necrotic foci and moderate lymphoid depletion was observed after the 14th and 21st day of poisoning. After 28th day a marked proliferation of stromal cells in the reticulum network, in medulla zone, presence of mucous cells, small mucous cysts and haemorages were observed.
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King, R. D., and P. J. Moughan. "The effect of feed enzyme supplementation on the performance of meat‐chickens fed enzyme‐responsive barley‐ and wheat/maize‐based diets." New Zealand Journal of Agricultural Research 41, no. 3 (January 1998): 395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00288233.1998.9513324.
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Zelenka, Jiří, Eva Mrkvicová, Ondřej Šťastník, Monika Jarošová, Tomáš Vlčko, and Ludmila Ohnoutková. "Effect of Low‑ And High Phytase Barley on Phosphorus Retention and Bone Mineral Composition in Broilers." Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis 65, no. 2 (2017): 577–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.11118/actaun201765020577.
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The effects of low‑phosphorus diets with two levels of phytase were examined in broiler chickens using eight replicates per treatment. The diets contained 40 % of spring barley with either 201 or 305 phytase activity units per kg. Chromic oxide was included in the diets as an indigestible marker. Excreta were collected during four consecutive three‑day balance periods from the 12thto the 23rdday of age. No difference was observed for body weight gain between the dietary treatment groups but feed conversion ratio was better (P < 0.05) when higher phytase barley was used. In spite of the higher dietary level of phosphorus, the coefficient of apparent P retention was higher (P < 0.01) in higher than in lower phytase group. The retention of phosphorus increased (P < 0.01) with time of feeding in both low‑phosphorus dietary groups. Differences between treatments in concentration of calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, sodium and potassium in defatted tibia were not significant (P > 0.05).
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Hamilton, Robert M. G., and M. A. McNiven. "Replacement of soybean meal with roasted full-fat soybeans from high-protein or conventional cultivars in diets for broiler chickens." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 80, no. 3 (September 1, 2000): 483–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a99-064.
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The effects were examined of replacing part or all of the soybean meal in the starter and finisher diets for male broiler chickens with ground, roasted, full-fat soybeans from either a high-protein (AC Proteus) or conventional (Baron) cultivar. The starter (1–21 d) and finisher (22–36 d) diets were formulated by replacing, on an isonitrogenous basis, part or all of the soybean meal in the barley–wheat-based control diets with the roasted soybeans. Digestibility of dry matter, corrected nitrogen and energy were estimated by an index method for the last 2 d of the starter and grower periods. Soybean level influenced body weight gains directly in a quadratic manner, and feed intakes or feed conversions by inversely linear relationships (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01) during the starter period. Performance during the finisher period or during the entire growth period was not influenced (P > 0.05) by dietary soybean source. Dry matter and energy digestibilities at both 21 and 35 d, and nitrogen at 35 d were affected in a quadratic manner (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01) by the soybean level of the diets, whereas, a linear relationship was present for the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) content (P < 0.001). Soybean source had no effect on nutrient utilization, except for dry matter or energy digestibility during the starter period (P < 0.01). In conclusion, the optimal performance should be obtained when the ratio of roasted full-fat soybeans to soybean meal is about 2:1 in the starter feeds for broiler chickens. Key words: Full-fat soybeans, soybean meal, high-protein soybeans, broiler, growth, nutrient digestibilities
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Sun, Hao Yang, Santosh Laxman Ingale, Piyush Rathi, and In Ho Kim. "Influence of β-glucanase supplementation on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood parameters, and meat quality in broilers fed wheat–barley–soybean diet." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 99, no. 2 (June 1, 2019): 384–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjas-2018-0088.
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A total of 600 one-day-old male Ross 308 broiler chickens with an average body weight of 43.00 ± 0.42 g were used in a 35 d growth assay to investigate the supplemental effects of three levels (600, 1200, and 1800 β-glucanase units kg−1) of β-glucanase on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood parameters, and meat quality in wheat–barley–soybean-meal-based broiler diet. During days 19–35 and overall period, chickens’ body weight gain and feed conversion ratio were significantly (P < 0.05) improved linearly following the levels of β-glucanase supplementation. The digestibility of crude protein and gross energy were significantly (P < 0.05) increased linearly with the levels of β-glucanase supplementation. Significant linear increase (P < 0.05) due to increasing β-glucanase supplementation was observed for blood urea nitrogen (BUN) concentration. Increasing β-glucanase supplementation did not influence (P > 0.05) the meat quality. In conclusion, broiler diets supplementation with increasing β-glucanase could improve the growth performance, enhance the digestibility, and modulate the concentrations of BUN linearly. Meat quality was not influenced.
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Sundberg, Birgitta, Dan Pettersson, and Per Åman. "Nutritional properties of fibre-rich barley products fed to broiler chickens." Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture 67, no. 4 (April 1995): 469–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jsfa.2740670408.
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Kalantar, Majid, and Akbar Yaghobfar. "Animal Model Show Physiological Characteristics Can Alter by Feeding of Different Cereal Type and Exogenous Multi-Enzyme." International Journal of Pharmacology, Phytochemistry and Ethnomedicine 2 (May 2016): 13–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.18052/www.scipress.com/ijppe.2.13.
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Physiological characteristics of meat-type chicken such as growth traits, serum biochemical metabolites and mineral concentrations, serum enzyme activity, and gut flora were studied by means of 625 day-old chicks which randomly assigned to five treatments with five replicates in a completely randomized design. Four different types of cereal-based diets (wheat, and barley with or without exogenous multi-enzyme supplement) were used as experimental groups and a corn-based diet was also considered to serve as control group. All diets had similar contents of crude protein, energy, and total non-starch polysaccharides (NSP). Results indicated that enzyme supplemented diets improved daily weight gain and feed conversion ratio than barley and wheat diets without enzyme significantly (P<0.01). Feeding wheat and barley diets decreased the serum cholesterol, triglyceride and glucose concentrations than control group significantly (P<0.01). Also using of these two type of cereals without enzyme supplementation resulted in reduced serum mineral concentration and undesirable effect on gut flora (P<0.01). Total gram negative bacteria of the ileum was decreased, however lactic acid and bifida bacteria population were increased by supplementation of wheat and barley diets with exogenous multi-enzyme significantly (P<0.01). The serum activities of α-amylase and lipase were increased in chicks fed wheat and barley diets when compared to the control group fed on corn diet, but enzyme supplementation significantly reduced the serum activities of α-amylase and lipase (P<0.01).
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ROTTER, R. G., A. A. FROHLICH, and R. R. MARQUARDT. "INFLUENCE OF DIETARY MANIPULATION ON THE DETRIMENTAL EFFECTS OF MOLD-CONTAMINATED BARLEY FED TO GROWING CHICKS." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 69, no. 4 (December 1, 1989): 1059–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjas89-120.
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The effects of feeding Penicillium cyclopium and Aspergillus flavus contaminated barley on Leghorn chicks were examined. Mycotoxin screening determined the mold-contaminated barley to be free of suspect toxins. This study examined the hypothesis that the effects of mold-contaminated barley are due to a deficiency of readily digestible nutrients, or some other factor. Chicks were fed diets containing either mold-free barley, a non-nutritive bulk (cellulose) plus mold-free barley, or a mold-contaminated barley (7% mold), in combination with low (2%) or high (10%) dietary tallow and supplemental starch (0 and 15%). High fat and starch supplementation both resulted in slightly higher weight gains for birds fed the mold-contaminated barley and cellulose containing diets, but the maximal improvement values were still more than 60 and 20%, respectively, lower than birds given a 6.7% tallow reference diet. Neither fat nor starch affected feed consumption. Birds fed the cellulose diet performed about 100% better than those given mold-contaminated barley, despite a theoretically lesser concentration of available nutrients in the former. Results of this study suggest the presence of some unidentified factor(s) in mold-contaminated. Key words: Mold-contaminated barley, mycotoxin, chick performance, starch, fat
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Cmiljanic, Ratimir, Zlatica Pavlovski, Snezana Trenkovski, Milos Lukic, Z. Skrbic, and G. Marinkov. "Influence of application of enzymes in poultry nutrition on production results and quality of product." Biotehnologija u stocarstvu 23, no. 1-2 (2007): 49–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.2298/bah0702049c.
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The review of the latest results in application of enzymes in nutrition of poultry is presented in this paper. Results obtained in application of enzymes in nutrition of chickens and layer hens are presented. Investigations have demonstrated that addition of enzymes to diets in nutrition of fattening chickens resulted in improvement of production results and quality of the product. By adding certain enzyme preparations to diets in nutrition of chickens higher gain of body mass was realized as well as better feed conversion. Results are even better if enzymes are added to diets which contain more non-starch polysaccharides. These are the diets which contain considerable percentage of cereals (barley, wheat, rye, oats) and plant protein feeds (sunflower meal, rape seed oil meal, soy bean meal). Added enzymes in such diets increase the digestibility of certain nutritive substances (proteins, amino acids, mineral substances and crude fibres). Enzyme phytase is of special importance, application of this enzyme improves the utilization of phytine phosphorus and in this way the secretion of phytine phosphorus in the environment is reduced and pollution prevented. Similar results in regard to application of enzymes in nutrition of layer hens were obtained. Investigations have demonstrated that by adding certain enzyme preparations to diets used in nutrition of layers higher laying capacity and better egg quality are realized. Enzyme phytase is of special importance also in nutrition of layer hens. By application of this enzyme in nutrition of layers primarily better egg quality is realized (thicker and stronger egg shell, lower percentage of broken/cracked eggs, less dirty eggs, etc.). Results of previous research have contributed to inclusion of enzymes in regular additives into diets for poultry nutrition.
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Teirlynck, Emma, Lotte Bjerrum, Venessa Eeckhaut, Gerard Huygebaert, Frank Pasmans, Freddy Haesebrouck, Jeroen Dewulf, Richard Ducatelle, and Filip Van Immerseel. "The cereal type in feed influences gut wall morphology and intestinal immune cell infiltration in broiler chickens." British Journal of Nutrition 102, no. 10 (August 7, 2009): 1453–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007114509990407.
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In broiler chickens, a diet where the major cereal types are wheat, rye and/or barley has a lower digestibility compared with a diet in which maize is the major cereal type. In the present study, the effects of two different dietary cereal types, maizev.wheat/rye, on host factors (inflammation and gut integrity) and gut microbiota composition were studied. In addition, the effects of low-dose Zn-bacitracin supplementation were examined. Broilers given a wheat/rye-based diet showed more villus fusion, a thinner tunica muscularis, more T-lymphocyte infiltration, higher amount of immune cell aggregates in the mucosa, more and larger goblet cells and more apoptosis of epithelial cells in the mucosa than those given a maize-based diet. Adding Zn-bacitracin generally reversed these alterations. The microbiota composition was analysed by the use of terminal-restriction fragment length polymorphism, showing changes in the microbiota composition depending on the cereal type used in the diets. The effect of the change of cereal type on the gut microbiota composition was larger than that of Zn-bacitracin supplementation. In conclusion, a wheat/rye-based diet evoked mucosal damage, an alteration in the composition of the microbiota and an inflammatory bowel type of condition.
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Kahindi, Roseline Kafedha, Philip A. Thacker, Sang In Lee, In Ho Kim, and Charles Martin Nyachoti. "Performance and Phosphorus Utilization of Broiler Chickens Fed Low Phytate Barley and Pea Based Diets with Graded Levels of Inorganic Phosphorus." Annals of Animal Science 17, no. 1 (January 1, 2017): 205–15. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoas-2016-0023.
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Abstract The effects of feeding diets based on soybean meal, low phytate hulless barley (Lphybarley) and low phytate pea (Lphypea) with inorganic phosphorus (iP) reduced by 50 or 100% to broiler chickens on performance, P digestibility and bone characteristics were investigated. Two hundred and ten day-old (Ross 308 strain) broiler chicks (5 birds per cage; 6 cages per diet) were randomly allocated to 7 dietary treatments for a 21-day study. Diets were formulated based on soybean meal-normal phytate hulless barley (SBM-normbarley) with added inorganic P (iP) to meet NRC (1994) P requirements (SBM-normbarley100) or with 50% less iP (SBM-normbarley50), soybean meal-Lphybarley-Lphypea with added iP (Lphybarley-Lphypea100) or iP reduced by 50% (Lphybarley-Lphypea50) or 100% (Lphybarley-Lphypea0), and soybean meal-normbarleynormal phytate pea (normpea) with added iP (normbarley-normpea100) or iP reduced by 50% (normbarley-normpea50). Birds fed the Lphybarley-Lphypea0 diet had the lowest (P<0.001) ADG compared with those fed the other diets. Reducing iP by 50% led to a reduction (P<0.05) in ADG for birds fed the SBM-normbarley- and normbarley-normpea-based diets but not in the Lphybarley- Lphypea-based diet. Reducing iP by 50% led to a reduction (P<0.05) in ADFI in birds fed the SBM-normbarley-based diet and normbarley-normpea-based diet compared with those fed adequate iP. Feed conversion ratio was not affected by diet throughout the experimental period (P>0.10). Reducing iP content reduced P retention in the SBM-normbarley-based diet but not in the normbarley-normpea-based diet but tibia ash and length were reduced in birds fed both diets (P<0.05). Reducing dietary iP content linearly increased (P < 0.05) P retention and linearly decreased (P<0.05) tibia ash and length in the Lphypea-Lphybarley-based diets. In conclusion, feeding a low phytate hulless barley-low phytate pea based diet with iP reduced by 50% supported similar performance as control and increased P retention, suggesting that utilizing a combination of low phytate ingredients can reduce the need for supplemental iP with significant cost and environmental implication.
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Koskinen, Tuomo, Jari Piironen, and Tiina Hakonen. "Effects of supplemental microbial phytase on performance of broiler chickens." Agricultural and Food Science 3, no. 5 (September 1, 1994): 457–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.23986/afsci.72717.
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Three trials were conducted on a total of 5100 broiler chicks (0-5.5 weeks) to study the effects of different microbial phytase (Aspergillus niger) supplementations (250-1000 phytase units = PU/g) on the performance and bone mineralization of birds and on the utilization of phosphorus compared with the effects of mineral P additions as dicalcium phosphate. The basal diets (negative controls) were principally composed of soya bean meal (SBM) and grain (wheat, barley, oats) supplemented with up to 0.10% mineral P; the positive control diets were supplemented with 0.24-0.30% mineral P. Compared with the negative control groups, which were fed diets with 0.05% mineral P either during the whole rearing period or during the starting period only, phytase addition increased live weight by 4-7% and feed intake by 3-9% (Trials 1 and 2). Tibia values indicated that with low mineral P supplementations (0.05 and 0.10%), phytase additions have a non-significant effect on bone mineralization. If mineral P is not added, the tibia values show a marked response to phytase (Trial 3). Utilization of P increased from 50.9% to 60.0% when phytase (1000 PU/g) was added to the diets without mineral P supplementation (Trial 3). Utilization of P was only 34.5% in the positive control diet (0.3% mineral P). The results were obviously affected by the intrinsic phytase activity in grain and the dietary calcium level, and suggest that, in SBM-grain-based diets with very low (0.05%) or no mineral P supplementation, weight gain can be increased by adding phytase up to 1000 PU/g. This supplemented phytase activity is apparently sufficient for adequate bone mineralization.
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Scott, T. A., and A. B. Pierce. "The effect of storage of cereal grain and enzyme supplementation on measurements of AME and broiler chick performance." Canadian Journal of Animal Science 81, no. 2 (June 1, 2001): 237–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/a00-061.
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There is a concern that feeding newly harvested cereal grain results in poor performance in poultry. A broiler chick apparent metabolizable energy (AME) bioassay was used to measure changes in feeding value of wheat (n = 14), hulless (n = 10) and hulled (n = 14) barley with or without a commercial enzyme appropriate for wheat- or barley-based diets. In the broiler chick bioassay, four pens of six male broiler chicks were fed ad lib, from 4 to 17 d, diets containing 80% of a test cereal grain and a high-protein basal mixture containing 1% “celite” as an acid-insoluble ash marker. Each of the cereal-grain-based diets, with or without enzyme, was tested within 3 mo of harvest and again 6 mo later. With cereal grain storage there were consistent (P < 0.05) increases in feed intake (FI) between 4 and 17 d and body weight (BW) at 17 d of age with wheat-based diets fed wit h (12.5 and 16.9%, respectively, for FI and BW) or without (16.1 and 22.7%) enzyme. In hulless barley diets without enzyme, there was a significant improvement in BW (7.5%) with storage, while storage had a significant effect on FI and BW (2.9 and 6.3%, respectively) when fed with enzyme. For all other barley diets there was a positive effect of storage on FI and BW, but it was not significant. Feed conversion ratios decreased marginally (P > 0.05) with storage of cereal grain. AME of diets was improved within each period by enzyme supplementation. However, there were measurable decreases (P < 0.05) in AME with storage of cereal grains for the three cereal grains with enzyme supplementation (ranging from –3.2 to –8.2%). The r2 of the above measurements for the different sources of cereal grain between storage periods ranged from 0.65 to 0.94, indicating that the relative ranking of the cereal grains, with respect to feeding value, remained similar during storage. Increases in FI with storage were not significantly related to the attempts of the broiler chicks, to maintain metabolizable energy (ME) intake. Therefore, this increases our concerns that “factors” in newly harvested cereal grains may exist and that they may limit voluntary feed intake and/or growth. Key words: Cereal grain storage, AME, broiler performance, wheat, barley
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Sentsova, D. O., and R. B. Temiraev. "INFLUENCE OF PROBIOTIC AND VITAMIN C ON THE DIGESTIVE METABOLISM OF THE QUAIL." Innovations and Food Safety, no. 4 (December 28, 2018): 106–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.31677/2311-0651-2018-0-4-106-109.
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For the detoxification of mycotoxin aflatoxin B1 in the feeding of poultry, various probiotic feed preparations based on living beneficial microorganisms and antioxidants, which significantly improve the intestinal microflora, immunity, digestibility and digestibility of nutrients feed, which has a positive effect on productivity. This article presents experimental data that suggest that to increase the growth rate, digestibility and digestibility of nutrients in the feed for quails based on barley grain, sorghum and soybean meal with a tolerant level of aflatoxin B1 should be added together probiotic Bioximin «Chicken» at a dose of 1500 g/t and vitamin C at a dose of 500 g/t feed. In comparison with the control analogues in poultry of 3 experimental groups in increasing the safety of livestock by 6 %, the average daily gain of live weight - by 12.48 % while reducing feed consumption per 1 kg of increase - by 11.84 %. Feeding probiotic and vitamin C contributed to a significant (p<0.05) increase in the digestibility coefficients of dry matter by 3.08 %, organic matter - by 3.10 %, crude protein - by 3.30 %, crude fiber - by 3.06 % and BEV - by 3.33 %. Better digestibility of raw protein of feed was promoted by joint additives of probiotic and antioxidant.
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Salih, M. E., H. L. Classen, and G. L. Campbell. "Response of chickens fed on hull-less barley to dietary β-glucanase at different ages." Animal Feed Science and Technology 33, no. 1-2 (April 1991): 139–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0377-8401(91)90052-t.
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Karunaratne, Namalika D., Rex W. Newkirk, Nancy P. Ames, Andrew G. Van Kessel, Michael R. Bedford, and Henry L. Classen. "Effects of exogenous β-glucanase on ileal digesta soluble β-glucan molecular weight, digestive tract characteristics, and performance of coccidiosis vaccinated broiler chickens fed hulless barley-based diets with and without medication." PLOS ONE 16, no. 5 (May 3, 2021): e0236231. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0236231.
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Introduction Limited use of medication in poultry feed led to the investigation of exogenous enzymes as antibiotic alternatives for controlling enteric disease. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of diet β-glucanase (BGase) and medication on β-glucan depolymerization, digestive tract characteristics, and growth performance of broilers. Materials and methods Broilers were fed hulless barley (HB) based diets with BGase (Econase GT 200P from AB Vista; 0 and 0.1%) and medication (Bacitracin and Salinomycin Na; with and without) arranged as a 2 × 2 factorial. In Experiment 1, 160 broilers were housed in cages from d 0 to 28. Each treatment was assigned to 10 cages. In Experiment 2, broilers (2376) were housed in floor pens and vaccinated for coccidiosis on d 5. Each treatment was assigned to one floor pen in each of nine rooms. Results In Experiment 1, the soluble β-glucan weighted average molecular weight (Mw) in the ileal digesta was lower with medication in the 0% BGase treatments. Peak molecular weight (Mp) and Mw were lower with BGase regardless of medication. The maximum molecular weight for the smallest 10% β-glucan (MW-10%) was lower with BGase addition. In Experiment 2, Mp was lower with medication in 0% BGase treatments. Beta-glucanase resulted in lower Mp regardless of medication, and the degree of response was lower with medication. The MW-10% was lower with BGase despite antibiotic addition. Body weight gain and feed efficiency were higher with medication regardless of BGase use through-out the trial (except d 11–22 feed efficiency). Beta-glucanase resulted in higher body weight gain after d 11 and worsened and improved feed efficiency before and after d 11, respectively, in unmedicated treatments. Conclusion BGase and medication caused the depolymerization of soluble ileal β-glucan. Beta-glucanase acted as a partial replacement for diet medication by increasing growth performance in coccidiosis vaccinated broilers.
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Petersen, S. T., J. Wiseman, and M. Bedford. "The effect of age and diet on the viscosity of intestinal contents in broiler chicks." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Production (1972) 1993 (March 1993): 65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0308229600023916.
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It is generally considered that increased digesta viscosity is one mode of action by which antinutritional factors such as β-glucans in barley and arabinoxylans in wheat reduce digestibility of nutrients in broilers. The increased viscosity interferes, possibly, with the activity of digestive enzymes and subsequent movement of nutrients prior to absorption, therefore ultimately depressing growth rate and feed conversion. Experimental diets are usually fed for approximately three weeks prior to evaluation of gut viscosity. However viscosity may change considerably during and after this time to a degree which may be influenced by the feeding regime employed. Accordingly, the current series of experiments was designed to identify the pattern of change of gut viscosity as influenced by age of bird (15 to 45 days) and feeding regime when diets based on wheat and barley were offered.
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Svihus, B., O. Herstad, C. W. Newman, and R. K. Newman. "Comparison of performance and intestinal characteristics of broiler chickens fed on diets containing whole, rolled or ground barley." British Poultry Science 38, no. 5 (December 1997): 524–29. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071669708418032.
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Kermanshahi, H., and M. D. Shakouri. "Effect of soluble non starch polysacharide degrading enzyme supplements on nutrient efficiency of young broiler chickens fed wheat with different viscosities and triticle." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2002 (2002): 211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s175275620000867x.
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Although wheat is an important ingredient in poultry diets, a large variability of the nutritive quality of wheat especially in its AME value is reported. A negative correlation between the lower AME in wheat or other cereal grains like barley, rye and triticle and their amount of soluble non-starch polysacharides (NSP) has been found in birds (Annison, 1990). A positive correlation between the amount of NSP in grains and the viscosity of the gut is also reported (Van der klis et al., 1995). High viscosity of the gut reduces the performance of the birds. Detrimental effect of NSP can be decreased by adding NSP degrading enzymes in the diet (Annison, 1992). Therefore the objective of this experiment was to study the viscosity of different wheat cultivars and triticle and the effect of NSP degrading enzyme supplements in young broiler chickens.
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BRENES, A., M. SMITH, W. GUENTER, and R. R. MARQUARDT. "Effect of Enzyme Supplementation on the Performance and Digestive Tract Size of Broiler Chickens Fed Wheat- and Barley-Based Diets." Poultry Science 72, no. 9 (September 1993): 1731–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.3382/ps.0721731.
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Jamroz, Dorota, Kirsten Jakobsen, Knud Erik Bach Knudsen, Andrzej Wiliczkiewicz, and Janusz Orda. "Digestibility and energy value of non-starch polysaccharides in young chickens, ducks and geese, fed diets containing high amounts of barley." Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology Part A: Molecular & Integrative Physiology 131, no. 3 (March 2002): 657–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1095-6433(01)00517-7.
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Farran, Mohamad T., George W. Barbour, Nada N. Usayran, Ali H. Darwish, Hasan H. Machlab, Milan Hruby, and Vahe'M Ashkarian. "Performance and Carcass Quality of Broiler Chickens Fed a Corn-soybean Meal Diet Containing Graded Barley Levels without or with Enzyme." Journal of Poultry Science 47, no. 1 (2010): 34–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.2141/jpsa.009003.
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Gartovannaya, Elena, Klavdia Ivanova, and Yuliya Denisovich. "The Impact of Quail Breeding Conditions at Private Farmsteads on Meat Quality." E3S Web of Conferences 203 (2020): 01012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202020301012.
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In Russia, different quail breeds are widely grown and bred at specialized poultry farms and private farmsteads. In the Amur Region, only private farmsteads engage in this type of aviculture. The most common breeds are Pharaoh quail, Japanese quail, and Estonian quail. 100 eggs of the Estonian quail have been prepared for hatching in a specialized room at a private enterprise. The incubation has been carried out in the Rcom 20 MAX (RMX-20) machine at a temperature of + 37.2–380C and 55–60% humidity over 17–18 days. The egg hatchability amounted to 75%. In Russia, the birds receive balanced complete feeds of the following grades: P-K-5, P-K-2-1, P-K-6, Start, Super Start, RusQuail, Multigain and others. These feeds include different percentage mixtures of corn, oats, wheat, barley, meals and various types of flour (soy, fish, rice, etc.), yeast, chalk, phosphates, sodium chloride and other minerals. In the Amur Region, the balanced feed ration for poultry is produced by local companies “Amuragrocenter” and “Grinodir". These products have been used for feeding the chicks. The study of the Estonian quail bred at a private farmstead using the Amur feeds revealed some changes. According to the literary sources, the average weight of the Estonian breed is 180–200 g. The weight of the quails grown under the specified conditions was significantly higher — up to 200–260 g. In many regions, consumers prefer local products that they trust.
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Mathlouthi, N., N. Ballet, and M. Larbier. "Influence of Beta-glucanase Supplementation on Growth Performances and Digestive Organs Weights of Broiler Chickens Fed Corn, Wheat and Barley-based Diet." International Journal of Poultry Science 10, no. 2 (January 15, 2011): 157–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.3923/ijps.2011.157.159.
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Philip, J. S., H. J. Gilbert, and R. R. Smithard. "Growth, viscosity and beta‐glucanase activity of intestinal fluid in broiler chickens fed on barley‐based diets with or without exogenous beta‐glucanase." British Poultry Science 36, no. 4 (September 1995): 599–603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00071669508417805.
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