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Mokgope, Precious Kgomotso. "Effect of dietry carrot meal supplementation on productivity and carcass characteristics of arbor acre broiler chickens." Thesis, University of Limpopo, Turfloop Campus, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1103.
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Thesis (MA. Agric. (Animal Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2014<br>This study determined the effect of carrot meal supplementation on productivity and carcass characteristics of Arbor acres broiler chickens aged one to six weeks. Experiment I determined the effect of carrot meal supplementation on productivity of Arbor acre broiler chicks aged one to 21 days. Two hundred unsexed Arbor acre broiler chickens were randomly assigned to five treatments with five replicates, each replicate having ten birds. A completely randomized design was used in the first experiment. The treatments were 0 (UA0), 20 (AU20), 50 (AU50), 75 (AU75) or 100 (AU100) g of carrot meal supplementation per kg DM feed. Quadratic equations were used to determine levels of carrot meal supplementation for optimal feed intake, metabolisable energy intake and nitrogen retention of Arbor acre broiler chickens aged one to 21 days. Linear equations were used to determine relationships between carrot meal supplementation and productivity variables. Dietary carrot meal supplementation had no (P>0.05) effect on growth rate, live weight and feed conversion ratio of unsexed Arbor acre broiler chickens aged one to 21 days. Carrot meal supplementation, however, improved (P<0.05) metabolisable energy intake and nitrogen retention of the chickens. Dietary metabolisable energy intake and nitrogen retention of the chickens were optimized at different carrot meal supplementation levels of 40.5 and 53.57 g/kg DM feed, respectively. No chicken deaths were recorded.
Experiment II determined the effect of carrot meal supplementation on productivity and carcass characteristics of female Arbor acre broiler chickens aged 22 to 42 days. The chickens were randomly allocated to five treatments with five replicates, each having 10 birds, in a completely randomized design. The supplementation levels were 0 (FA0), 20 (FA20), 50 (FA50), 75 (FA75), or 100 (FA100) g of carrot meal per kg DM feed. Quadratic equations were used to determine levels of carrot meal supplementation for optimal feed intake, feed conversion ratio, live weight, metabolisable energy intake and nitrogen retention of broiler chickens aged 22 to 42 days. Linear equations were used to determine relationships between carrot meal supplementation and production variables. Dietary carrot meal supplementation had no (P>0.05) effect on growth rate, live weight and carcass parts of female Arbor acre broiler chickens aged 22 to 42 days. Carrot meal supplementation improved (P<0.05) feed intake, feed conversion ratio, metabolisable energy intake and nitrogen retention of Arbor acre broiler chickens aged
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22 to 42 days. Dietary feed intake, feed conversion ratio, live weight, metabolisable energy intake and nitrogen retention were optimized at different dietary carrot meal supplementation levels of 52.8, 63.8, 38.0, 42.0 and 44.3 g/kg DM feed, respectively. Dietary carrot meal supplementation had no effect (P>0.05) on tenderness and flavour of female Arbor acre broiler meat. Broiler chickens on diets supplemented with 20, 50 or 100 g of carrot meal per kg DM feed produced meat with better (P<0.05) juiciness values than those of meat from chickens not supplemented with dietary carrot meal and those supplemented with 75 g/kg DM feed. There was a positive relationship between carrot meal supplementation and chicken meat juiciness.
It is concluded that carrot meal supplementation improved (P<0.05) metabolisable energy intake and nitrogen retention of unsexed Arbor acre broiler chickens aged one to 21 days. However, carrot meal supplementation had no effect (P>0.05) on growth rate, live weight and feed conversion ratio of unsexed Arbor acre broiler chickens aged one to 21 days. Carrot meal supplementation improved (P<0.05) intake, feed conversion ratio, metabolisable energy and nitrogen retention of female Arbor acre broiler chickens aged 22 to 42 days. However, carrot meal supplementation did not (P>0.05) improve growth rate and live weights of the chickens.
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Nagaraj, Manonmani. "Evaluation of nutrition and management factors in the etiology of pododermatitis in broiler chickens." Auburn, Ala., 2006. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/Send%206-15-07/NAGARAJ_MANONMANI_39.pdf.
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Kingsbury, Laura. "Comparisons of microbial counts in organic chickens and commercially processed chickens." Menomonie, WI : University of Wisconsin--Stout, 2006. http://www.uwstout.edu/lib/thesis/2006/2006kingsburyl.pdf.
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Nordenfors, Helena. "Epidemiology and control of the poultry red mite, Dermanyssus gallinae /." Uppsala : Swedish Univ. of Agricultural Sciences (Sveriges lantbruksuniv.), 2000. http://epsilon.slu.se/avh/2000/91-576-5907-9.pdf.
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Iji, Paul Ade. "Natural development and dietary regulation of body and intestinal growth in broiler chickens." Title page, contents and summary only, 1998. http://web4.library.adelaide.edu.au/theses/09PH/09phi25.pdf.
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Corrigenda inserted behind title page. Bibliography: leaves 275-306. The pattern of body growth and intestinal development of an Australian strain of broiler chicken, the Steggles x Ross (F1) in response to different diets was studied. Five experiments were designed to examine the pattern of growth and mechanisms involved. In four other experiments, the mechanisms underlying the gross response of the broiler chicks to dietary ingredients, anti-nutritive factors and growth enhancers were examined. Results indicated that a rapid development of the small intestine preceded significant overall body growth. Body growth would, however, depend more on the various physiological events such as those related to mucosal growth and renewal, digestive enzyme function, and nutrient transport. Some of the differences observed in productivity of broiler chickens on different diets were traced to events at the intestinal level.
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Abdelrahman, Wael Hosny Abdellatif. "Avian intestinal spirochaetosis in British egg laying flocks : molecular diagnosis, epidemiology and economic impact." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.559017.
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Molepo, Lephai Sarah. "Effect of moringa seed meal supplementation on productivity and carcass characteristics of ross 308 broiler chickens." Thesis, University of Limpopo, Turfloop Campus, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1340.
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Thesis (MSc. Agriculture (Animal Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2014<br>Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of moringa seed meal supplementation on productivity and carcass characteristics of Ross 308 broiler chickens. The first experiment determined the effect of moringa seed meal supplementation on productivity of Ross 308 broiler chickens aged one to 21 days. Two hundred and fifty unsexed day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly allocated to five dietary treatments, replicated five times, and each replication having 10 chickens. A completely randomized design was used. The chickens were fed on a grower diet supplemented with 0 (M0), 5 (M5), 10 (M10), 15 (M15) and 20 (M20) g of moringa seed meal/bird/day. Moringa seed meal supplementation had no effect (P>0.05) on feed intake, metabolisable energy intake, nitrogen retention, feed conversion ratio and live weight of unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens. Moringa seed meal supplementation improved (P<0.05) growth rates of unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens aged one to 21 days. A moringa seed meal supplementation level of 13.3 g/kg DM feed optimized growth rate of Ross 308 broiler chickens aged one to 21 days.
The second experiment determined the effect of moringa seed meal supplementation on productivity and carcass characteristics of female Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 22 to 42 days. The chickens weighing 558 ± 10 g/bird were randomly allocated to five treatments with five replications having 10 birds. The chickens, aged 21 days, were allocated to the treatments in a completely randomized design. The chickens were fed on a grower diet supplemented with 0 (FM0), 5 (FM5), 10 (FM10), 15 (FM15) and 20 (FM20) g of moringa seed meal per kg DM. Moringa seed meal supplementation had no effect (P>0.05) on feed intake, growth rate, feed conversion ratio, live weight, metabolisable energy intake, carcass weight, breast meat weight, abdominal fat pad weight, liver weight, heart weight, thigh weight, meat flavour, juiciness and tenderness of female Ross 308 broiler chickens. However, moringa seed meal supplementation improved (P<0.05) nitrogen retention and gizzard weights of female Ross 308 broiler chickens.
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It was concluded that moringa seed meal supplementation improved growth rate of unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens aged one to 21 days. Similarly, moringa seed meal supplementation increased nitrogen retention and gizzard weights of female Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 22 to 42 days.
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Tian, Min. "Asymmetry in farm to retail price transmission evidence from Canada and the United States /." Access to citation, abstract and download form provided by ProQuest Information and Learning Company; downloadable PDF file 2.36 Mb., 87 p, 2006. http://gateway.proquest.com/openurl?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&res_dat=xri:pqdiss&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:dissertation&rft_dat=xri:pqdiss:1435809.
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Burgess, Shane Campbell. "Investigations into host cell-virus relationships and tumour immunity in Marek's disease." Thesis, University of Bristol, 1998. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324271.
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Short, Fiona Jane. "Digestibility of amino acids from wheat by young chickens." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1997. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.243683.
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Abdel-Muttalab, Salah Ahmed. "Nutritional value of rapeseed and faba bean for poultry." Thesis, University of Newcastle Upon Tyne, 1994. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.283076.
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MacLean, Janice L. (Janice Leigh). "Genetic and nutritional factors affecting growth, nutrient utilization and body composition of broiler chickens." Thesis, McGill University, 1990. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=22395.
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Two growth trials were designed to measure the effects of: (1) dietary Virginiamycin (0 or 16.5 mg/kg) and added fat (0 or 4%), and (2) Virginiamycin (0 or 16.5 mg/kg) and dietary lysine levels (low, NRC, high) individually, and in combination on broiler performance. A third trial investigated the relationship of plasma glucose, triglyceride and phospholipid concentrations with degree of fatness/leanness in genetically lean and fat broiler chickens. A combination of supplemental fat and Virginiamycin increased protein and decreased fat content of the dressed carcass. Virginiamycin supplementation overcame the growth depression of a low lysine diet by increasing feed intake. In the low lysine diet, Virginiamycin supplementation reduced abdominal fat deposition in females and increased carcass yield in males. Carcass protein content was increased by feeding the NRC-recommended level of lysine or by Virginiamycin supplementation. (Abstract shortened by UMI.)
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Desjardins, Paule. "Characterization of adipocyte adrenergic receptors in broiler chickens." Thesis, McGill University, 1993. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=69595.
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Radioreceptor binding studies were carried out in broiler chickens in order to characterize adrenergic receptors on their abdominal fat adipocytes. The radioligands ($ sp3$H) DHA and ($ sp3$H) YOH were used to identify $ beta$- and $ alpha sb2$-adrenoceptors respectively. The determination of receptor criteria indicated that the optimal protein concentration for the simultaneous binding of both receptor types was between 0.35 and 1.0 mg/ml. Pharmacological specificity for both $ beta$- and $ alpha sb2$-adrenoceptors was demonstrated using receptor specific antagonists and an agonist. Saturation isotherms indicated that ($ sp3$H) DHA and ($ sp3$H) YOH labelled with high affinity, a homogenous population of non interacting $ beta$- and $ alpha sb2$-binding sites respectively. Scatchard analysis of the saturation data for ($ sp3$H) DHA revealed a Kd value of 8.1 nM and a Bmax value of 420 fmol/mg protein, while ($ sp3$H) YOH binding had a Kd value of 7.0 nM and a Bmax value of 68 fmol/mg protein. The variation in $ beta$- and $ alpha sb2$-adrenoceptor binding parameters was then investigated on the abdominal fat pad adipocytes of male and female broiler chickens at 4, 6 and 9 weeks of age. Scatchard analysis of the binding data for $ beta$-adrenoceptors indicated that Bmax values were greater in male and female broilers at 9 weeks of age (p $<$ 0.05) and that overall Bmax values were greater in females than in males (p $<$ 0.05). Scatchard analysis of $ alpha sb2$-adrenoceptor binding revealed that in females Bmax values remained constant but differed at all ages in males. The $ beta$-adrenoceptor Bmax values were always significantly greater (p $<$ 0.05) than the corresponding $ alpha sb2$-adrenoceptor Bmax values.<br>These results established for the first time the existence of adrenergic receptors on broiler chicken adipocytes using a radioreceptor binding assay. Although the physiological implication of these receptors is not known, it is a critical step toward the understanding of the influence of the adrenergic system on adipose tissue metabolism in avian species.
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Nelwamondo, Nditsheni Constance. "Effect of management and socio-economic factors on the performance of the Vhembe District Egg Production Project." Thesis, University of Limpopo, Turfloop Campus, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1115.
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Thesis (MA.Agricultural Management (Animal Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2013<br>The objectives of the study were to evaluate the productivity of the Vhembe egg production project and determine the management and socio-economic factors affecting productivity. The data were collected from 2005 to 2007. Thirty-two farmers from four municipalities were randomly selected. Each household received a once-off unit consisting of a cage with eighteen point of lay chickens 4x50 bags of laying mesh, feeding and drinking troughs. Production records from sampled farmers were used in the analysis. Data included monthly egg production, eggs consumed, eggs sold, income from eggs, production costs, monthly feed utilization and mortality. Primary data on educational standards, socio-economic characteristics (age and gender of the household head, farming size, level of education and alternative income, were collected using a questionnaire. The study revealed that sex, age and educational level had impact on production as low production was associated with older farmers and low level of education. These factors should be considered when planning community projects. Chicken rearing and ownership is often shared among the family members, in this study, the management was predominantly by women (63%) and children (18%). This may be an indication that if assistance efforts are targeted towards women, village poverty could be significantly reduced. It is concluded that the low income accrued from the project explains the reason for high abandonment or neglect of the project. The income received from the project is smaller than the government grants and as such not attractive. It is not surprising that presently most farmers have abandoned the project. It is noted that if labour costs had been taken into consideration, the project would be running at a serious loss and the resultant output would discourage even the most enthusiastic farmers.
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Joseph, Suman C. "Allelic variations in the chicken insulin-like growth factor-I gene : effects on traits of economic importance in poultry." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=35902.
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Due to the importance of insulin-like growth factor-I (IGF-I) in regulating many physiological and metabolic processes, the IGF-I gene was chosen as a candidate gene to study trait associated polymorphisms in chickens. A PstI restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) was detected at the 5' region of the gene and mapped to about 7 Kb upstream of the published promoter sequence. Analysis for association of the marker with traits of economic importance in an unselected, random-bred population of 359 White Leghorns revealed a significant association with egg weight (P ≤ 0.05) and specific gravity (P ≤ 0.05). There was also a trend for association with juvenile body weight (P = 0.08) but not adult body weight. For egg weight the PstI (-/-) genotype was associated with lower egg weight as compared to the heterozygote or the PstI (+/+) genotype. The PstI marker also was found to be significantly associated with differences in trait correlations. A regulatory loop that co-ordinated feed consumption, body weight, egg weight and rate of egg laying was detected, and this regulatory loop differed among the IGF-I genotypic classes. In the PstI (+/-) genotype, the degree of correlation between some of the traits was time dependent, while in the PstI (+/+) genotype it remained constant through the different periods of measurement. Since IGF-I is known to play an important role in immune functions, the association of the IGF-I genotypes with immune traits was also investigated. A significant association was found for delayed type hypersensitivity, interferon production and T-cell count (P ≤ 0.05). Individuals belonging to the PstI (+/-) genotypic class exhibited higher immune response, reflected by the delayed type hypersensitivity reaction and antibody the interactive effects of marker genotypes in the GH, GH-receptor and IGF-I genes on traits and trait correlations indicated that the three are part of an epistatic pathway, wherein the phenotypic consequences of
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Mafiri, Matseko Nkele. "Effect of supplementing diets with effective microorganisms on intake, growth and carcass characteristics of ross 308 broiler chickens." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1390.
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Thesis (M.Sc. (Animal Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2014<br>Two experiments were conducted to determine the effects of supplementing diets with effective microorganisms on intake, growth and carcass characteristics of Ross 308 broiler chickens. The first experiment determined the effect of supplementing diets with effective microorganisms on performance of unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens aged one to three weeks. Two hundred unsexed day-old chicks were randomly assigned to five treatments with four replications, each replication having ten birds. A complete randomized design was used. The chickens were fed a grower diet supplemented with 0 (EM0), 30 (EM30), 50 (EM50), 70 (EM70) or 100 (EM100) ml of effective microorganisms per litre of water. Effective microorganism supplementation did not improve (P>0.05) diet and metabolisable energy intakes of the chickens. Effective microorganism supplementation reduced (P<0.05) growth rate and live weight of the chickens. Poorer (P<0.05) feed conversion ratios were observed in chickens supplemented with effective microorganisms. However, effective microorganism supplementation improved (P<0.05) crude protein retention of the chickens. Supplementation with effective microorganisms reduced (P<0.05) mortality rate of the chickens from 10 to 0 %.
The second experiment determined the effect of supplementing diets with effective microorganisms on performance of male Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 22 to 42 days. The chickens were randomly allocated to five treatments with four replications, each replication having 10 birds. The chickens aged 21 days, weighing 474 ± 2g, were allocated to the treatments in a complete randomized design. The chickens were fed a grower diet supplemented with 0 (EMM0), 30 (EMM30), 50 (EMM50, 70 (EMM70) or 100 (EMM100) ml of effective microorganisms per litre of water. Effective microorganism supplementation did not improve (P>0.05) intake, DM digestibility, metabolisable energy, feed conversion ratio, fat pad weight and meat sensory attributes of the chickens. Effective microorganism supplementation reduced (P<0.05) growth rate, live weight and carcass weight of the chickens. However, effective microorganism supplementation improved (P<0.05) crude protein retention and crude protein content of meat of the chickens. Supplementation with effective microorganisms reduced (P<0.05) mortality of the chickens from 5 to 0 %.
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It is concluded that effective microorganism supplementation to the diets of Ross 308 broiler chickens reduced growth rate and live weight of the chickens. However, effective microorganism supplementation improved crude protein retention and crude protein content of the meat of broiler chickens. Supplementation with effective microorganisms reduced mortality of the chickens to zero.
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Cruickshank, John Johnston. "Morphometric and radiographic characterization of leg disorders in broiler chickens." Thesis, University of British Columbia, 1985. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/24601.
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The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of cage density and excess vitamin D₃ on the incidence and severity of leg abnormalities in broiler chickens. In addition, sequential morphometric and radiographic
characteristics of leg bone development were described in normal and abnormal broilers in an attempt to develop a pattern recognition for leg abnormalities in poultry.
Twisted leg, characterized by a progressive medial (varus) or lateral (valgus) deviation of the distal tibiae was the predominant leg abnormality observed. Lateral deviations were more common than medial deviations (92% and 8%, repectively) and it occurred equally on the right and left leg. The incidence of twisted leg was considerably higher in cages than on litter (21% vs 4%, respectively).
High density and excess dietary vitamin D₃ resulted in a significant increase in the incidence of twisted leg. Differences in incidence could not be explained through differences in body weight or feed consumption. However, broilers fed the excess vitamin D₃ consumed more but gained less body weight, suggesting a metabolic stress may have been involved. High density appeared to increase the severity of the disorders, while excess vitamin D₃ had no effect on severity. Morphometric and radiographic comparisons of tibiae from normal broilers and those with twisted leg suggested that the development of twisted leg may be related to a structural abnormality in the distal tibiae; namely shallow distal condyle grooves. Changes in tibiae morphology associated with the progression of the disorder appeared as functional adaptations to the deformation rather than the primary cause of the bone deviations themselves.
Sequential radiography of tibae from clinically normal broilers revealed a high incidence of tibial dyschondro-plasia in the proximal metaphyses at 3, 4 and 5 weeks (60%, 20% and 20%, respectively). It was concluded that tibial dyschondroplasia may be more common than it is realized.<br>Land and Food Systems, Faculty of<br>Graduate
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Law, Man-sun. "DNA vaccine against chicken infectious bursal disease virus /." Hong Kong : University of Hong Kong, 1998. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record.jsp?B20128393.
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Gilbert, André. "The value of dietary fats for improving reproductive performance of broiler breeder chickens /." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59945.
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The effects of dietary fat on the reproductive performance of broiler breeder chickens have been studied. Individually caged broiler breeders were fed diets with or without added fat during 19-wk reproductive period. In Experiment 1, only the females were subjected to dietary treatments: control (no added fat), 3% animal-vegetable fat blend (A-V fat, 3% corn oil (CO)), while the males received a non-added fat diet. In Experiment 2, only the males were fed diets containing 0 or 3% of either A-V fat or CO while the females were provided a non-added-fat diet.<br>In Experiment 1, added dietary fat produced significantly higher fertility and early embryonic livability. In Experiment 2, inclusion of 3% CO in the males' diets significantly increased late embryo livability and total embryo survival resulting in a significantly higher hatchability. There were no differences in semen characteristics among dietary treatments. These data indicate that the contribution of the male is not restricted to the fertilization of eggs but is also related to embryonic livability. The addition of fat significantly affected the fatty acid composition of the phospholipid fraction of the spermatozoa cells.
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Sebastian, Sylvester. "The effects of supplemental microbial phytase on nutrient utilization in broiler chickens /." Thesis, McGill University, 1996. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=34448.
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The influence of microbial phytase on growth performance, availability of macro and trace minerals, apparent ileal digestibility (AID) and apparent "fecal" digestibility (AFD) of amino acids (AA) and CP were investigated. The optimum level of dietary Ca and P for the maximum efficacy of supplemental phytase in broiler chickens was also studied. Phytase supplementation (600 U/kg) to a low P diet increased $(P 0.05)$ on feed efficiency in broiler chickens at 21 d. The efficacy of phytase, particularly in stimulating growth, was higher in male than female chickens. The relative retention of Ca, P, Cu, Zn and N increased by addition of phytase to a low P diet but phytase had no effect $(P >0.05)$ on the retention of Mg, Mn and Fe. Phytase supplementation increased $(P 0.05)$ on plasma Zn, Cu, and Mg. Phytase increased $(P 0.05)$ on mineral proportions in the tibia ash; however, it increased $(P 0.05)$ on AID of any of the AA in male chickens. Addition of phytase did not have any effect $(P > 0.05)$ on AFD of any of the AA in male chickens but increased $(P 0.05)$ on either AID or AFD of CP and AA at 21-d. In summary, phytase supplementation increased the growth performance, availability of P, Ca, Cu, Zn and N, plasma P, and tibia ash and reduced plasma Ca; it also increased the AID and AFD of most of the AA, particularly in female chickens at 28-d. The efficacy of microbial phytase was high when dietary P and Ca levels were low.
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Stringfellow, Kendre Duaron. "Evaluation of agricultural disinfectants and necrotic enteritis preventatives in broiler chickens." [College Station, Tex. : Texas A&M University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1969.1/ETD-TAMU-3237.
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Yip, Chi-wai. "Characterization of cellular receptors of infectious bursal disease virus in chickens." Click to view the E-thesis via HKUTO, 2005. http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkuto/record/B36759533.
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Van, Niekerk S. J. (Sarel Johannes). "Actual and predicted performance of broiler chickens." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49817.
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Assignment (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.<br>ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance and profitability of different dietary specifications for
broiler chickens slaughtered at 35 days of age. Two trials were performed to evaluate different production
parameters. The results of these trials were compared to the predicted results of the EFG broiler model. No
carcass data were available for the two trials mentioned above. Therefore, in order to evaluate the accuracy
of the broiler model when predicting carcass characteristics, two published data sets (Leeson et al., 1996a)
were used. Predicted and actual values were compared, evaluated and discussed.
Two broiler trials were performed. In Trial One the amino acid density decreased throughout the range of
three treatments from prestarter to finisher diets. In Trial Two the amino acid density decreased only in the
four finisher diets. The main difference between predicted and actual results was the response to body
weight. The model predicted a steady increase in feed intake to compensate for the lower dietary
specifications while body weight did not change significantly. This increase in feed intake seems to be
enough to maintain body weight. Trial birds also increased their feed intake as dietary amino acid density
decreased, but this compensation seemed to be too low to maintain body weight compared to the control diet.
The birds may find it easier to compensate when they have time to adapt to the specification.
There is evidence in the literature that birds need seven days to adapt their feed intake to a lower feed
specification (Leeson et al., 1996a). It can be speculated that the trial birds started to loose body weight due
to a lower amino acid intake in this period. The model seems to adapt feed intake immediately after a
change in diet specification.
The simulation on literature data lead to the following conclusions:
1) Broilers posses the capacity to increase their feed intake with at least 65% should finisher diets with
lower amino acid and energy concentrations be supplied. If only the energy concentration of finisher
diets were decreased, the increase in feed intake will be around 30%. (see Table 16 and 23)
2) The accurate prediction of feed intake from the given dietary specification has a major influence on
the accuracy of the prediction of broiler performance.
3) Amino acid density and DLys:ME ratio plays a significant role in the control and prediction of feed
intake.
The EFG broiler model is based on sound scientific principles. The model is comprehensive and can be
used for a wide range of environmental and management conditions as well as dietary conditions. The
nutritionist can use the model with confidence to assist in practical feed formulation. The actual strength of
the model lies in the time and money being saved compared to practical trials.<br>AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie is om die prestasie en winsgewendheid van braaikuikens te bepaal wanneer voere
met verskillende digthede tot op 35 dae gevoer word. Twee eksperimente is uitgevoer om produksieresultate
te evalueer. Die resultate van hierdie eksperimente is met die voorspelde waardes uit die EFG
simulasie-model vergelyk. Aangesien geen karkasdata vir bogenoemde eksperimente beskikbaar was nie, is
twee gepubliseerde datastelle gebruik om hierdie deel van die model te evalueer (Leeson et al., 1996a).
Twee braaikuiken eksperimente is uitgevoer. Eksperiment Een het uit drie behandelings bestaan waarvan die
aminosuur-konsentrasie vanaf dag een tussen behandelings verskil het. In Eksperiment Twee het die
aminosuur-konsentrasie net in die vier afrondingsdiëte verskil. Liggaamsmassa op 35 dae het die grooste
verskil tussen voorspelde- en werklike waardes getoon. Beide voorspelde en werklike innames het in albei
eksperimente verhoog soos wat aminosuur-konsentrasie afgeneem het. Voorspelde liggaamsmassa het egter
konstant gebly terwyl werklike data 'n afname in liggaamsmassa getoon het. Dit bleik dat die voorspelde
toename in innames voldoende was om massa te onderhou terwyl die voëls in werklikheid nie genoeg
gekompenseer het nie. Leeson et al., 1996a het tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat braaikuikens minstens
sewe dae benodig om hul voeriname by 'n nuwe spesifikasie aan te pas. So 'n stadige aanpassing kan
daartoe lei dat energie- en aminosuur-inname daal indien 'n dieet met laer spesifikasie gevoer. Dit sal
daartoe lei dat die kuikens liggaamsmassa verloor.
Uit die literatuur simulasies is die volgende afleidings gemaak:
1) Braaikuikens besit die vermoeë om voerinname in die afrondingstyd met minstens 65% te verhoog
indien 'n afrondingvoer met laer amiosuur- asook energiekonsentrasie gevoer word. Indien net die
energiekonsentrasie verlaag word, sal die inname met sowat 30% verhoog.
2) Die akkurate voorspelling van inname is krities vir die akkurate voorspelling van produksieparameters.
3) Aminosuur-digtheid en DLys:ME speel 'n belangrike rol in die beheer en voorspelling van
voerinname by braaikuikens.
Die EFG braaikuikenmodel is op suiwer wetenskaplike beginsels geskoei. Die model is omvattend en kan
vir 'n wye reeks van omgewings- en bestuurstoestande asook dieet-spesifikasies gebruik word. Die
voedingkundige kan die model met vertroue gebruik om met praktiese voerformulering by te staan. Die
model kan die formuleerder baie tyd spaar aangesien praktiese eksperimente ingeperk kan word.
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Petersen, Suzanne Tove. "The implications of cereal non-starch polysaccharides for broiler chickens." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 1995. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.339600.
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Molepo, Lephai Sarah. "Effect of moringa seed meal supplementation on productivity and carcass characterictics of ross 308 broiler chickens." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1363.
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Thesis (MSC. Agriculture (Animal Production)) --University of Limpopo, 2014<br>Two experiments were conducted to determine the effect of moringa seed meal supplementation on productivity and carcass characteristics of Ross 308 broiler chickens. The first experiment determined the effect of moringa seed meal supplementation on productivity of Ross 308 broiler chickens aged one to 21 days. Two hundred and fifty unsexed day-old Ross 308 broiler chicks were randomly allocated to five dietary treatments, replicated five times, and each replication having 10 chickens. A completely randomized design was used. The chickens were fed on a grower diet supplemented with 0 (M0), 5 (M5), 10 (M10), 15 (M15) and 20 (M20) g of moringa seed meal/bird/day. Moringa seed meal supplementation had no effect (P>0.05) on feed intake, metabolisable energy intake, nitrogen retention, feed conversion ratio and live weight of unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens. Moringa seed meal supplementation improved (P<0.05) growth rates of unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens aged one to 21 days. A moringa seed meal supplementation level of 13.3 g/kg DM feed optimized growth rate of Ross 308 broiler chickens aged one to 21 days.
The second experiment determined the effect of moringa seed meal supplementation on productivity and carcass characteristics of female Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 22 to 42 days. The chickens weighing 558 ± 10 g/bird were randomly allocated to five treatments with five replications having 10 birds. The chickens, aged 21 days, were allocated to the treatments in a completely randomized design. The chickens were fed on a grower diet supplemented with 0 (FM0), 5 (FM5), 10 (FM10), 15 (FM15) and 20 (FM20) g of moringa seed meal per kg DM. Moringa seed meal supplementation had no effect (P>0.05) on feed intake, growth rate, feed conversion ratio, live weight, metabolisable energy intake, carcass weight, breast meat weight, abdominal fat pad weight, liver weight, heart weight, thigh weight, meat flavour, juiciness and tenderness of female Ross 308 broiler chickens. However, moringa seed meal supplementation improved (P<0.05) nitrogen retention and gizzard weights of female Ross 308 broiler chickens.
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It was concluded that moringa seed meal supplementation improved growth rate of unsexed Ross 308 broiler chickens aged one to 21 days. Similarly, moringa seed meal supplementation increased nitrogen retention and gizzard weights of female Ross 308 broiler chickens aged 22 to 42 days.
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Brümmer, Mieke. "The effect of yeast cell wall preparations on salmonella colonisation, gastrointestinal health and performance of broiler chickens." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-04212008-112014.
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Mkhize, Felicity Nomfuzo. "Investigating the high incidence of bone disorders in a broiler farm : a case study /." Link to the online version, 2005. http://hdl.handle.net/10019/1116.
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Stevenson, Lindsay Marie. "Effects of soy phytoestrogen genistein on the reproductive development of immature female broiler chickens." Auburn, Ala., 2007. http://repo.lib.auburn.edu/2007%20Spring%20Theses/STEVENSON_LINDSAY_35.pdf.
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Sherlock, Louise. "Gene expression and behavioural responses of broiler chickens to production-based stressors." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2010. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.558989.
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Anthony, Nicholas B. "Gene action involved with reproduction and growth of brain and muscle in weight-selected lines of chickens." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53673.
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Genetic Variation influencing reproduction and growth of White Rock chickens was studied. The populations used were lines high (HH) and low (LL) selected for 56-day body weight, reciprocal F₁ crosses (HL and LH), F₂ crosses of the F₁ and dwarf populations (HD and LD) originating from lines HH and LL.
Inheritance of egg production and egg composition was examined (Experiment 1). Although reciprocal effects were generally unimportant, nonadditive genetic variation was evident for reproductive traits and egg component measures of shell and yolk. Comparisons in Experiment 2 involved dwarf and normal chickens from lines HH and LL. Yolk weight increased while the ratio of albumen to yolk decreased with age. Line and genotype differences were evident for egg shell and yolk traits while line by genotype interactions showed that genetic background influenced expression of dw.
Embryo growth of dwarfs was similar to that of nondwarfs at all ages (Experiment 3). Reduced egg size of dwarf pullets did not reduce embryonic weights. Embryo length and weight and yolk sac weight were greater for line HH than LL. In Experiment 4, allometric growth and cellular content of brains were measured in normal and dwarf chickens from lines HH and LL and reciprocal F₁ crosses from hatch to maturity. Allometric slopes were similar for lines HH and LL with significant heterosis. Within an age, DNA, RNA and protein content (mg/g) were similar for all populations. Brain weight differences were due to equal filling of a greater number cells for line HH than LL. Final brain size was influenced more by embryonic hyperplasia than postembryonic hypertrophy.
The final experiment measured growth and cellular content of pectoralis and gastrocnemius muscles in populations HH, LL and F₁ from hatch to day 273. HH chicks had a smaller DNA unit size and a greater unit number than LL chicks at hatch. During rapid muscle growth, cell size was larger for HH than LL chickens. Pectoralis muscle grew at a faster rate than gastrocnemius muscle. Also cellular filling as measured by the DNA unit size was higher for pectoralis than gastrocnemius muscle through day 4. By day 10 the pattern reversed with values greater for gastrocnemius than pectoralis muscle.<br>Ph. D.
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Dunaway, Andrew E. "METABOLIZABLE ENERGY DETERMINATION IN BROILER CHICKENS." UKnowledge, 2019. https://uknowledge.uky.edu/animalsci_etds/105.
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Feed accounts for the highest cost associated in poultry production, with energy-containing feedstuffs being the most expensive portion of the cost of feeding. The increasing demand for poultry meat gives reason to determine accurate apparent metabolizable energy (AME) values for various feedstuff through measuring energy utilization in the birds. The adaptation length of birds fed an experimental diet may affect the determined AME value due to the diet matrix and physiochemical properties of the feedstuff. Therefore, the objective of this thesis was to evaluate a select group of energy-containing feedstuff with different diets and with factors such as coccidia challenge and exogenous enzyme supplementation that may influence the determined AME values in broiler chickens.
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Paxton, Heather. "Locomotor design constraints and musculoskeletal compromises in the broiler chicken." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2011. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.572144.
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Rathore, Dinesh Singh. "Effect of allopurinol and hemin on some biological markers of aging in broiler chickens." Morgantown, W. Va. : [West Virginia University Libraries], 1999. http://etd.wvu.edu/templates/showETD.cfm?recnum=784.
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Thesis (M.S.)--West Virginia University, 1999.<br>Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 77 p. : ill. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.
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Ramasawmy, Melanie. "Do 'chickens dream only of grain'? : uncovering the social role of poultry in Ethiopia." Thesis, University of Roehampton, 2017. https://pure.roehampton.ac.uk/portal/en/studentthesis/do-chickens-dream-only-of-grain-uncovering-the-social-role-of-poultry-in-ethiopia(1fefe32d-93cd-42f5-8401-94b0f2848d60).html.
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The Amharic proverb 'Chickens dream only of grain' could easily describe our own lack of imagination when thinking about poultry. In the sectors of agriculture and development, there is growing recognition of how chickens could be used in poverty alleviation, as a source of income and protein, and a means of gender empowerment. However, interventions do not always achieve their goals, due to a lack of understanding of the local context in which chickens will be consumed. In Ethiopia, chickens have an ongoing role not just as economic tools, but in relationships between people and with the religious and spiritual realm. During a period of fieldwork of one year in the Amhara region, in the northern highlands of Ethiopia, I explored the roles that chickens play in the household and wider society. The association between poultry and women, reflected in both practice and language, is changing in peri-urban areas, where production is commercialised, bringing into question the feasibility of improved poultry breeds as a means of empowerment of women. Beyond their economic use, the slaughter of chickens plays an important role in mediating relationships with the spirits that populate the landscape in Amhara. The consumption of chickens reinforces relationships within a household, social networks, and ultimately as a form of building nationality. The types of chickens chosen for these forms of consumption demonstrates strong preferences, and may explain the resistance to improved chicken breeds that have been introduced since the 1950s. The practices around chickens also give some insight into some of the ways in which Amhara society is changing.
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Misner, Scottie, and Evelyn Whitmer. "Egg and Egg Product Safety and Quality." College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, University of Arizona (Tucson, AZ), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/146664.
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2 pp.<br>Revision of 1997 title by Meer and Misner<br>From 1988 to 1992, 66% of all food-borne illnesses caused by salmonella enteritidis involved eggs or foods containing eggs. Contamination of eggs may occur on the inside as well as the outside of the shell. This article outlines the proper refrigeration, cooking and handling methods to prevent most egg safety problems.
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Alabi, Olushola John. "Effect of lysine to energy ratio on the productivity and carcass characteristics of indigenous Venda chickens aged one to thirteen weeks and raised in closed confinement." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1397.
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Thesis (Ph. D. (Animal Production )) -- University of Limpopo, 2013<br>Eight experiments were conducted to determine the effect of dietary lysine to energy ratio on the productivity and carcass characteristics of indigenous Venda chickens aged one to thirteen weeks and raised in closed confinement. The eight experiments were based on four different energy levels of 11, 12, 13 and 14 MJ of ME/kg DM. Each dietary energy level had four different levels of dietary lysine (8, 9, 11 and 14 g lysine/kg DM). Thus, different dietary lysine to energy ratios were calculated. Experiments 1 to 4 determined the effect of dietary lysine to energy ratio on productivity of unsexed Venda chickens aged one to seven weeks. Each experiment commenced with 160 unsexed day-old indigenous Venda chicks with an initial live weight of 30 ± 3 g per bird and was carried out for seven weeks. In each experiment, the chicks were randomly assigned to four treatments with four replications, each having 10 chicks. A complete randomized design was used for each experiment. All data were analysed by one-way analysis of variance. Where there were significant differences, the Duncan test for multiple comparisons was used to test the significance of differences between treatment means. A quadratic regression model was used to determine the ratios for optimum productivity in each experiment while a linear model was used to determine the relationships between dietary lysine to energy ratio and optimal responses in the variables measured. Results indicated that dietary lysine to energy ratio for optimal responses depended on the variable of interest. In Experiment 1, feed intake, growth rate, live weight, ME intake and nitrogen retention were optimized at different dietary lysine to energy ratios of 0.722, 0.719, 0.719, 0.670 and 0.712, respectively. There was a positive and strong relationship (r2 = 0.950) between dietary lysine to energy ratio and feed conversion ratio (FCR). Results from Experiment 2 indicated that feed intake, growth rate, FCR, live weight, ME intake and nitrogen retention were optimized at dietary lysine to energy ratios of 0.719, 0.742, 0.788, 0.742, 0.734 and 0.789, respectively. In Experiment 3, dietary lysine to energy ratio did not have any effect (P>0.05) on all the parameters measured. However, quadratic analysis indicated that dietary lysine to energy ratios of 0.817, 0.883, 0.920, 0.898, 0.895 and 0.955 optimized feed intake, growth rate, FCR, live weight, ME intake and nitrogen retention of the chickens, respectively. Experiment 4 results showed that feed intake, growth rate, FCR, live weight ME intake and nitrogen retention were
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optimized at different dietary lysine to energy ratios of 0.906, 0.964, 1.023, 0.966, 0.963 and 0.951, respectively.
Experiments 5 to 8 determined the effect of dietary lysine to energy ratio on productivity, carcass characteristics, sensory attributes and haematological values of female indigenous Venda chickens aged eight to thirteen weeks. The layouts, treatments, design and execution were similar to those described for Experiments 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively, except that Experiments 5 to 8 were for female indigenous Venda chickens aged eight to 13 weeks. These chickens were different from those used in Experiments 1 to 4. They were raised on a grower mash (16 % crude protein, 11 MJ of ME/kg DM and 180 g of lysine) prior to commencement of the study. Each experiment commenced with 120 eight weeks old female Venda chickens with an initial live weight of 412 ± 3 g per chicken. In each experiment, the chickens were randomly assigned to four treatments with five replicates, each having six chickens. Results obtained from Experiment 5 showed that feed intake, growth rate, FCR, live weight, ME intake, carcass weight, dressing percentage, breast meat, drumstick, wing weight, breast meat drip loss, juiciness, flavour, haemoglobin and pack cell volume were optimized at different dietary lysine to energy ratios of 0.672, 0.646, 0639, 0.649, 0.655, 0.656, 0.664, 0.669, 0.665, 0.663, 0.631, 0.708, 0.623, 0.556 and 0.609, respectively. In Experiment 6, the diets were formulated to have higher lysine to energy ratios than those in Experiment 5 by using a dietary lysine level of 9 g lysine/kg DM. Results from this experiment showed that feed intake, FCR, nitrogen retention, carcass weight, dressing percentage, breast meat, gizzard weights and breast meat pH at 2, 12 and 24 hours after slaughter were optimized at dietary lysine to energy ratios of 0.798, 0.613, 0.777, 0.742, 0.753, 0.729, 0.758, 0.752, 0.802 and 0.797, respectively. Red blood cell and haemoglobin values in this experiment were optimized at dietary lysine to energy ratios of 0.480 and 0.624, respectively.
In Experiment 7, dietary lysine to energy ratios of 0.79, 0.85, 0.92 and 1.00 g lysine/ MJ of ME were used. Dietary treatments in this experiment had no effect (P>0.05) on all the production parameters measured except feed and apparent metabolisable energy intakes. Quadratic analysis of the results indicated that dietary lysine to energy ratios of 0.964, 0.912, 0.900, 0.890, 0.910, 1.090, 0.934 and 0.895 optimized feed intake, apparent metabolisable energy, carcass, breast meat, drumstick weights and
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breast meat drip loss, juiciness and flavour, respectively. A positive and very strong relationship (r2 =0.998) was observed between dietary lysine to energy ratio and pack cell volume.
Experiment 8 diets were formulated to have higher dietary lysine to energy ratios than the other experiments. Results of this experiment indicated that all the production parameters were influenced (P<0.05) by dietary lysine to energy ratio except mortality. Feed intake, growth rate, feed conversion ratio, live weight, apparent metabolisable energy and nitrogen retention were optimized at dietary lysine to energy ratios of 0.996, 0.980, 0.991, 1.010, 0.957 and 0.993, respectively. Dietary lysine to energy ratios of 0.992, 0.974, 0.991, 0.992, 1.023, 0.981, 0.979 and 0.815 optimized carcass weight, dressing percentage, breast meat, drumstick, liver weights and breast meat tenderness, juiciness and flavour, respectively.
There were variations in the optimal lysine to energy ratios for different parameters investigated. In a diet containing 8 g of lysine per kg DM, 11.13 MJ of ME/kg DM and 150 g of CP/kg DM, dietary lysine to energy ratios of 0.719 and 0.649 are recommended for optimal live weight of Venda chickens aged one to seven and eight to 13 weeks, respectively. In a diet containing 9 g of lysine per kg DM, 12.13 MJ of ME/kg DM and 180 g of CP/kg DM, dietary lysine to energy ratios of 0.742 and 0.712 are recommended for optimal live weight of Venda chickens aged one to seven and eight to 13 weeks, respectively. In a diet containing 11 g of lysine per kg DM, 12.51 MJ of ME/kg DM and 220 g of CP/kg DM, dietary lysine to energy ratios of 0.878 and 0.894 are recommended for optimal live weight of Venda chickens aged one to seven and eight to 13 weeks respectively. In a diet containing 12 g of lysine per kg DM, 12.05 MJ of ME/kg DM and 240 g of CP/kg DM, dietary lysine to energy ratios of 0.996 and 1.010 are recommended for optimal live weight of Venda chickens aged one to seven and eight to 13 weeks, respectively.
The results obtained in this study showed that different production parameters of Venda chickens were optimized at different lysine to energy ratios. This implies that the nutritional requirements of these chickens are dynamic and thus, dietary lysine to energy for optimal production depends on the production parameter of interest. This has implications on ration formulation for indigenous chickens.
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Drakley, Catherine. "The dietary energy value of wheat for young broiler chickens." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2001. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.391650.
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Yip, Chi-wai, and 葉志偉. "Characterization of cellular receptors of infectious bursal disease virus in chickens." Thesis, The University of Hong Kong (Pokfulam, Hong Kong), 2005. http://hub.hku.hk/bib/B36759533.
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Friedman, Genevieve W. "Campylobacter jejuni infection versus contamination of turkeys and chickens." Thesis, This resource online, 1992. http://scholar.lib.vt.edu/theses/available/etd-12232009-020444/.
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Kamba, Evelyn Tatenda. "Effects of Aloe ferox in drinking water, on growth performance, blood parameters, meat quality, fatty acid profile and oxidative stability of broiler meat." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1020202.
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The objective of the study was to determine the effects of Aloe ferox inclusion in drinking water on growth performance, blood biochemistry, physico-chemical characteristics, fatty acid profile and oxidative stability of broiler meat. The importance of A. ferox as a medicinal plant and factors that influence its utilization by communal poultry farmers were also investigated by use of a questionnaire survey. The survey revealed that the majority of respondents (84.6%) faced health challenges in their chickens and many relied (96.2%) on A. ferox to treat diseases and control parasites. The study also revealed that the choice of medicine (traditional or conventional) was influenced (P<0.05) by level of education and income. In the second phase of the research, a total of 600 Ross 308 day-old broilers, were randomly put in 6 treatment groups with 4 replicates, each having 25 birds. Fresh aqueous A. ferox leaf juice (ALJ) was administered in drinking water at a dosage of 20ml/litre to T1, T2 and T3 from day one to day 35, day one to day 14 and day 15 to day 28, respectively. Birds in T4 and T5 (positive controls) were treated with terramycin at the recommended dosage of 14g/litre of drinking water from day one to day 6 and from day 15 to 20, respectively; and birds in T6 (negative control) received distilled water from day 1 to 35. Feed Intake (FI), average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated for the 5 week trial. After slaughter, carcass characteristics particularly dressing percentage (DP) and relative organ weight (ROW) were calculated. Serum biochemistry was also determined. For meat quality, pH and color were recorded 45 minutes and 24 hours after slaughter from the breast muscle. Fatty acid profiling and oxidative stability were determined using meat samples from the breast and thigh muscles. The results for growth performance showed that thebirds which were given A. ferox for the first two weeks (T2) consumed significantly (P>0.05) more feed (189.4g) than those in the negative control (159.6g) at the beginning of the starter phase. Subsequently, their ADG recorded on day 7 (27.1g) and day 14 (43.1g) were significantly (P<0.05) higher than the negative control (22.8g and 36.2g, respectively). Significant treatment effects (P<0.05) for FCR were reported in the 4th week for the birds that received A. ferox throughout (T1: 3.5). Carcass characteristics were not significantly (P>0.05) affected by A. ferox inclusion in drinking water. The highest high density lipoprotein (HDL) values (2.78 mmol/L) were yielded in T2and T3 had the lowest values (0.61mmol/L) for low density lipoprotein (LDL). For physico-chemical properties, no significant effects (P>0.05) of treatment on pH, colour, cooking loss and tenderness were observed. However, the group treated with A.ferox throughout the production cycle, had the highest pH (6.2), lowest lightness (38.5), highest redness (4.1), highest tenderness (13.86N) and the lowest cooking loss (12.6%). Significant treatment effects (P<0.05) were observed on the composition of the PUFA eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3c8, 11, 14(n-6)) of the breast muscle which was significantly lower in the A. ferox treatment groups than the positive controls. For the thigh muscle, there were significant (P<0.05) treatment effects on composition of palmitoleic acid (C16:1c9) and g-linolenic acid (C18:3c6, 9, 12 (n-3)). No significant (P>0.05) effects were found on oxidative stability of both thigh and breast muscles. In conclusion, the wide use of A. ferox by communal chicken farmers showed its importance as a medicinal plant. Apart from it being an effective medicinal plant, A. ferox inclusion in drinking water results in improved FI, ADG, reduced in LDLC and better g-linolenic and palmitoleic acid composition in the meat.
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Abeyesinghe, Siobhan Maya. "Aversion of the domestic fowl to concurrent stressors : methodology." Thesis, University of Bristol, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.324313.
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Tong, Qin. "Optimising incubation of broiler eggs using external stimuli." Thesis, Royal Veterinary College (University of London), 2015. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.701661.
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Cooper, Kerry Kevin. "Necrotic Enteritis in Broiler Chickens: Studies in Disease Reproduction and Pathogenesis." Diss., The University of Arizona, 2007. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/195545.
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Necrotic enteritis in poultry is caused by Clostridium perfringens type A, and is estimated to cost the worldwide poultry industry approximately $2 billion dollars a year, due to increased mortality and decreased feed conversion and weight gain. Very little is known about the pathogenesis of this disease due to the lack of a consistently reproducible experimental model. This dissertation outlines the development of an effective and consistent experimental model for necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens. It was also found that in vivo passage through the chicken's intestinal tract let to increased virulence; we increased the proportion of birds developing disease from 34.6% to 81.4%. Researchers have proposed that alpha toxin (CPA) is believed to be the critical virulence factor of the disease. All type A isolates have the potential to produce CPA, thus we challenged birds with numerous type A isolates that are virulent in other animal hosts. However, we found that they did not produce necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens. In addition, challenge with culture supernatant alone failed to produce gross lesions in the birds, although challenging with washed whole cell cultures did do so. Vaccinating birds with HIS-tagged recombinant CPA provided partial protection against disease; there was a 42.0% decrease in lesion development. The conclusion of this doctoral research is that CPA does have a role in the pathogenesis of necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens, but there are apparently other critical virulence factors involved in the development of disease.
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Gunawardana, Gnanalatha Abeywickramasinghe. "Pasteurellosis in chickens : studies on the humoral response of chickens to Paseurelle multocida and the genetic analysis of causative strains of fowl cholera /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2001. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe17050.pdf.
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Queiroz, MarÃlia Lessa de Vasconcelos. "Thermal comfort of broiler chickens in sheds with misting system." Universidade Federal do CearÃ, 2014. http://www.teses.ufc.br/tde_busca/arquivo.php?codArquivo=12708.
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Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento CientÃfico e TecnolÃgico<br>Para os animais expressarem melhor suas caracterÃsticas genÃticas à necessÃrio que estejam em um ambiente favorÃvel para isso. Apesar de no Estado do Cearà haver condiÃÃes ambientais favorÃveis à produÃÃo de frangos de corte, as temperaturas elevadas predominam durante todo o ano. O mecanismo de controle da temperatura corporal das aves sà à eficiente quando a temperatura do ambiente se encontra dentro de certos limites. A combinaÃÃo de elevadas temperaturas e elevada umidade relativa do ar pode afetar o bem-estar das aves e se tornar um fator limitante para a produÃÃo. Sendo assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o ambiente de galpÃes avÃcolas, medindo temperatura e umidade relativa do ar para o cÃlculo do Ãndice Entalpia de Conforto, assim tambÃm como a mediÃÃo da temperatura da cama das aves, luminosidade e velocidade do vento para elaboraÃÃo de mapas de krigagem, assim tambÃm como monitorar variÃveis fisiolÃgicas (temperatura retal e frequÃncia respiratÃria), o comportamento das aves e o ganho de peso. As avaliaÃÃes foram feitas durante a Ãpoca seca, no perÃodo da manhà e da tarde, em dois galpÃes idÃnticos, atravÃs de ferramentas da zootecnia de precisÃo. Os dados de temperatura da cama, luminosidade e velocidade do vento foram analisados atravÃs da geoestatÃstica e, posteriormente, foram elaborados mapas com os perfis da distribuiÃÃo espacial destas variÃveis ao longo dos galpÃes. Com os mapas foi possÃvel observar que em alguns locais a temperatura da cama das aves apresentou valores muito elevados, chegando a 33,8 oC aos 42 dias de uso do galpÃo, temperatura considerada elevada e que pode gerar desconforto tÃrmico Ãs aves e prejudicar as trocas tÃrmicas por conduÃÃo. Os mapas de krigagem tambÃm mostraram que o sistema de ventilaÃÃo nÃo distribuiu a ventilaÃÃo de forma homogÃnea. A maior mÃdia da velocidade do vento foi 2,6 m.s-1. As medidas da temperatura retal e da frequÃncia respiratÃria das aves na 5 e 6 semana foram consideradas elevadas e indicaram uma condiÃÃo de estresse tÃrmico. A avaliaÃÃo do etograma demonstrou que as aves diminuÃram o tempo gasto na alimentaÃÃo e aumentaram o tempo de Ãcio, da 5 para a 6 semana. Esta queda no consumo provavelmente aconteceu devido à condiÃÃo de estresse tÃrmico a que as aves estavam submetidas. Todos esses fatores avaliados refletiram negativamente no ganho de peso dos animais, que tiveram o peso abaixo do esperado para a linhagem estudada.<br>For animals express their best genetic traits, they need to be in a favorable environment. The state of the Cearà has favorable environmental conditions for the production of broilers, but high temperatures prevail throughout the year. The mechanism control of the temperature of the body of birds is only effective when the ambient temperature is within limits. The
combination of high temperatures and high relative humidity can affect the welfare of the birds and become a limiting factor for production. Thus, the aim of this study was to evaluate the environment in shed
of the birds, realize measuring of the temperature and relative humidity for the calculate the Enthalpy
Comfort Index (IEC), also measure the temperature of
the Litter, wind speed and luminosity for drafting of kriging maps, also monitor physiological variables
(rectal temperature and respiratory rate), the birds' behavior and weight gain. Evaluations were made during the dry season, during the morning and afternoon, in two similar shed of the birds, through tools of animal precision. The temperature data of
Litter, wind speed and luminosity were analyzed using geostatistics and subsequently maps with
profiles of the spatial distribution of these variables over the sheds were prepared. With the
maps it was observed that in some places the temperature of the Litter showed very high
values, reaching 33.8 ÂC after 42 days. This temperature was considered high and can cause thermal discomfort to birds and harm the exchanges thermal by conduction. The kriging maps also showed that the ventilation system not distributed homogeneously the ventilation. The
highest average wind speed was 2.6 ms -1. Measurements of rectal temperature and respiratory rate of birds in the 5th and 6th week were considered high and indicated a heat stress condition. The evaluation of the ethogram showed that the birds reduced the time spent feeding and increased leisure time, between the 5th to 6th week. This fall in consumption probably happened due to condition of heat stress that birds were submitted. All these factors
evaluated negative ly reflected in weight gain of the animals, which had the weight lower than expected.
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Volkova, Victoriya. "Risk factor analysis of pre-harvest Salmonella status of broiler flocks." Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2007. http://sun.library.msstate.edu/ETD-db/ETD-browse/browse.
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Huang, Ming-Kuei 1969. "The effect of two Lactobacillus strains and an acidophilic fungus on production and immune responses of broiler chickens /." Thesis, McGill University, 2003. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=78383.
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Three potential probiotics, Lactobacillus acidophilus, Lactobacillus casei and the fungus Scytalidium acidophilum were prepared in different ways. They were evaluated for their effects on performance and immune responses in broiler chickens in two 6-week trials. In the first trial, probiotics were orally administered at the ages of day 1 and day 8. There were no differences between live and disrupted cells. However, cobalt-containing cells had improved effects numerously in comparison with non cobalt-containing cells. As a result, these three disrupted probiotics, each in two different concentrations, were sprayed onto a mash basal feed before pelleting in the second trial. Improved feed intake (up to 6%) and body weight gain (up to 7%) were observed in all probiotic treatments. The anti-KLH IgA and IgG titers of probiotic-treated chickens were not significantly different from the negative controls in both trials. In summary, disrupted and cobalt-containing probiotics were proved to enhance the performance of broiler chickens and are promising for commercial application. In addition, a new fungal mycelium, Scytalidium acidophilum, was suggested to be a good probiotic to improve the growth of broilers.
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Johansson, Anders. "Clostridium perfringens the causal agent of necrotic enteritis in poultry /." Uppsala : Department of Biomedical Sciences and Veterinary Public Health, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2006. http://epsilon.slu.se/200634.pdf.
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Katanbaf, Manouchehr N. "Resource allocation in chickens: genetic and nongenetic influences on development, growth and reproduction." Diss., Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, 1988. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/53545.
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Genetic and nongenetic influences on organ development in chickens were studied. Populations included lines divergently selected for juvenile body weight, reciprocal F₁ crosses between them, and a commercial broiler-breeder parent line segregating for early and late feathering alleles. Nongenetic influences included restricted and <i>ad libitum</i> (AL) feeding regimes.
Positive correlated responses to selection for body weight included proportionally larger breast, legs, fat depots and small intestine. Negative responses included fecundity, feather and gizzard weights. The degree of non-additive genetic variation differed among traits but reciprocal effects were negligible. Weights and lengths of organs at specific ages did not necessarily reflect the situation at common body weights suggesting differences in resource allocations among populations. In commercial meat-type chickens, AL feed consumption was near gut capacity and increased rapidly to approximately 140 days of age. Concomitantly, body weights increased to approximately 130 days and then plateaued.
Influences of early and late feathering alleles were minor except for weights of feathers. Alternate-day feeding prior to sexual maturity reduced weights of fat depots, feathers and muscles and increased size of the gastrointestinal tract. Effects of every day, skip-one-day and skip-two-day restrictions of feed were generally similar. Chickens adapted quickly to restricted feeding but, when released to AL feeding allocated resources into growth. This reallocation reduced their resistance to an <i>Escherichia coli</i>challenge. Prior to sexual maturity, relative weights and lengths of the gastrointestinal tract decreased with age and relative sizes of fat depots and muscle increased with age. Thereafter relationships of most organs to body weight remained stable. Restricted chickens adapted to fasts by maintaining exogenous energy stores (gastrointestinal tract contents) for longer periods. Unlike those fed AL, they did not became obese and their livability and fecundity were greatly enhanced.<br>Ph. D.
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Orhan, Sahin. "Ecology of Campylobacter Colonization in Poultry: Role of Maternal Antibodies in protection and Sources of Flock Infection." The Ohio State University, 2003. http://rave.ohiolink.edu/etdc/view?acc_num=osu1047067618.
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