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1
Liu, Hung-Wei, Chia-Hung Chen, Yao-Chuan Tsai, Kuang-Wen Hsieh, and Hao-Ting Lin. "Identifying Images of Dead Chickens with a Chicken Removal System Integrated with a Deep Learning Algorithm." Sensors 21, no. 11 (2021): 3579. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/s21113579.
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The chicken industry, in which broiler chickens are bred, is the largest poultry industry in Taiwan. In a traditional poultry house, breeders must usually observe the health of the broilers in person on the basis of their breeding experience at regular times every day. When a breeder finds unhealthy broilers, they are removed manually from the poultry house to prevent viruses from spreading in the poultry house. Therefore, in this study, we designed and constructed a novel small removal system for dead chickens for Taiwanese poultry houses. In the mechanical design, this system mainly contains walking, removal, and storage parts. It comprises robotic arms with a fixed end and sweep-in devices for sweeping dead chickens, a conveyor belt for transporting chickens, a storage cache for storing chickens, and a tracked vehicle. The designed system has dimensions of approximately 1.038 × 0.36 × 0.5 m3, and two dead chickens can be removed in a single operation. The walking speed of the chicken removal system is 3.3 cm/s. In order to enhance the automation and artificial intelligence in the poultry industry, the identification system was used in a novel small removal system. The conditions of the chickens in a poultry house can be monitored remotely by using a camera, and dead chickens can be identified through deep learning based on the YOLO v4 algorithm. The precision of the designed system reached 95.24% in this study, and dead chickens were successfully moved to the storage cache. Finally, the designed system can reduce the contact between humans and poultry to effectively improve the overall biological safety.
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Paliy, A. P., A. M. Mashkey, N. V. Sumakova, and A. P. Paliy. "Distribution of poultry ectoparasites in industrial farms, farms, and private plots with different rearing technologies." Biosystems Diversity 26, no. 2 (2018): 153–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.15421/011824.
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One of the problems in growing and keeping poultry, both in industrial and farm and kitchen garden environments is ectoparasites, which are responsible for lowering the productivity of poultry and causing economic losses. The study of the prevalence and diagnosis of bird ectoparasites on poultry farms with different maintenance technologies is important for the further development of integrated methods for combating them. Our research was conducted during 2006–2017 in 16 regions of Ukraine and the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. In total, 38 poultry farms specializing in egg production with poultry kept in battery cages, 18 poultry houses specializing in egg production with poultry kept on the floor and more than 150 farm and kitchen garden poultry houses for keeping chickens, turkeys, quails, guinea fowl and pigeons were examined. We found that, both with battery cages and when poultry are kept on the floor in poultry farms, the most common ectoparasites are chicken mites (Dermanyssus gallinae), which causes the disease of dermanyssiosis. It was determined that the extensivity of the invasion was, on average, from 56% to 80%. Also, in the chickens and turkeys, mallophages (Menopon gallinae, Menacanthus stramineus), which cause mallophagoses, were detected, and the extensivity of the invasion ranged from 27% to 45%. In farms and kitchen gardens where chickens, guinea fowl and quails were kept, the number of chicken mites in 1 g substrate was more than a thousand live mites, in dovecotes chicken mites were found in 50% to 100% of nests. In chickens and turkeys, besides the chicken mite, bird lice were found. In chickens, extensivity of invasion of M. gallinae, M. stramineus, Lipeurus variabilis, ranged from 15% to 22%, in turkeys, extensivity of invasion of M. gallinae and M. stramineus ranged from 16% to 25%. The scaly leg mite (Knemidocoptes mutans), which causes the disease knemidocoptiasis ("lame leg"), was detected in incubating hens over the age of two years, the extensivity of the invasion ranged from 5% to 7%. It was established that in poultry farms, both in battery cages and when the birds were kept on the floor, the main ectoparasite in chickens, guinea fowl and quail is red chicken mite (D. gallinae), and on poultry farms and kitchen gardens in addition to the chicken mite, three types of bird lice (M. gallinae, M. stramineus, L. variabilis) and K. mutans were found.
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Sanusi, A. R., and S. O. Oseni. "Nigerian Fulani ecotype chickens - I – Growth performance under two production systems." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 46, no. 3 (2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v46i3.2554.
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The rearing of indigenous chickens is an integral part of the smallholder farming systems in developing countries, where they are kept by the rural poor to satisfy multiple functions Thus, the growth performance of Nigerian Fulani ecotype chicken (NFEC) under intensive and pastured poultry production systems was evaluated. Two hundred, day-old chicks of Nigerian Fulani ecotype chicken (NFEC) were obtained. The chickens were separated randomly to intensive and pastured poultry production systems at 12 weeks of age. Data on body weight ® were taken weekly from day-old to 20 weeks. Data were analyzed using PROC GLM of SAS at statistical significance level of P<0.05. Results showed significant effect of sex of chicken th th from the 10 to the 20 week of age (P<0.05). Significant interaction effect was observed between sex and production system at weeks 16 and 18 (P<0.05) when the male chickens under the intensive production system outpaced their male counterparts in the pastured poultry. Average daily gain for the period of 20 weeks was 6.83g and 9.21g for female and male chickens, respectively. Weight gain pattern across weeks was not uniform. There was no significant difference in the growth rate in the two production systems (P>0.05). The study revealed that little disparity exists in growth performance of NFEC under the pastured and deep-litter production systems.
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Sanusi, A. R., and S. O. Oseni. "Nigerian Fulani ecotype chickens - I – Growth performance under two production systems." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 46, no. 3 (2019): 1–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v46i3.2552.
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The rearing of indigenous chickens is an integral part of the smallholder farming systems in developing countries, where they are kept by the rural poor to satisfy multiple functions Thus, the growth performance of Nigerian Fulani ecotype chicken (NFEC) under intensive and pastured poultry production systems was evaluated. Two hundred, day-old chicks of Nigerian Fulani ecotype chicken (NFEC) were obtained. The chickens were separated randomly to intensive and pastured poultry production systems at 12 weeks of age. Data on body weight were taken weekly from day-old to 20 weeks. Data were analyzed using PROC GLM of SAS at statistical significance level of P<0.05. Results showed significant effect of sex of chicken th th from the 10 to the 20 week of age (P<0.05). Significant interaction effect was observed between sex and production system at weeks 16 and 18 (P<0.05) when the male chickens under the intensive production system outpaced their male counterparts in the pastured poultry. Average daily gain for the period of 20 weeks was 6.83g and 9.21g for female and male chickens, respectively. Weight gain pattern across weeks was not uniform. There was no significant difference in the growth rate in the two production systems (P>0.05). The study revealed that little disparity exists in growth performance of NFEC under the pastured and deep-litter production systems.
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Jacukowicz, Anna, and Katarzyna Domańska-Blicharz. "Astroviruses in poultry." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 73, no. 6 (2017): 329–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.5710.
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Astroviruses are small, round, nonenveloped viruses with star-like morphology and a diameter of 25-35 nm, and their genome constitutes linear, positive-sense ssRNA of about 7 kb of size. Astroviruses are known to cause enteritis in humans, as well as in different animal species, including sheep, cattle, swine, dogs, cats and mice. In poultry, they cause enteritis combined with growth depression and higher mortality, but may also cause other pathological conditions. Duck astrovirus (DAstV) infections trigger hepatitis with a high morbidity and mortality of ducklings. Infections of chickens with avian nephritis virus (ANV) cause diarrhea, growth retardation, kidney damage and gout, resulting in increased mortality. Recently, another member of this group, chicken astrovirus (CAstV), has been described as the etiological factor of “white chicks” condition. Astroviruses have also been detected in domestic geese, guinea fowl, pigeons and different species of wild aquatic birds, and all of them belong to the Astroviridae family, the Avastrovirus genus. Initially, they were further divided into separate species, depending on their host of origin. According to these criteria, six different astroviruses were identified in avian species – in turkeys: turkey astrovirus type 1 (TAstV-1) and type 2 (TAstV-2), in chickens: ANV and chicken astrovirus, and in ducks: DAstV type 1 (DAstV-1) and type 2 (DAstV-2). However, since astroviruses can be transmitted between different species, this classification was replaced with one based on the amino acid structure of viral capsid protein. Currently, astroviruses detected in avian species are classified into three official avastrovirus species: 1, 2, and 3. This review presents data on the replication, pathogenesis, and diagnosis of astroviruses, as well as on the control and prevention of astrovirus infection.
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Leakalala Moloto, Mahlatse, and Solly Matshonisa Seeletse. "Some leading causes of emerging rural poultry small and medium enterprises failure in South Africa." Environmental Economics 7, no. 3 (2016): 25–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.21511/ee.07(3).2016.03.
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This study examines the factors that cause failures of many South African rural small and medium enterprises (SMEs) in poultry business. The research method was qualitative phenomenology using in-depth, semi-structured interviews to explore the factors considered by rural chicken SMEs owners to be causes of their business difficulties. The study revealed that these entrepreneurships knew chicken business only from the home-grown chickens, and the local poultry was usually providing only meat. Compared to the local chickens that were cheap to acquire and nurture, the commercial ones had to be purchased, nourished with purchased foods, supported with electricity light at night, and still, some died. It was much cheaper to raise indigenous chickens. The results indicate that rural poultry SMEs owners did not know that buying a commercial chick carries benefits that range from eggs, feathers, meat, and other chicken products. Also, after purchasing each chick, there are more additional investments needed to maintain the market standard. The study enlightens chicken entrepreneurs that they should, first, learn the insight of business, the poultry industry, and the context of the business they wish to pursue. Keywords: competition, formal market, informal business, SMEs, poultry, rural, tax. JEL Classification: Q13, O17
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Duijvesteijn, Naomi, and Louis Perrault. "180 How dual-purpose chickens can help African smallholder farmers." Journal of Animal Science 97, Supplement_3 (2019): 182. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jas/skz258.375.
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Abstract Poultry constitutes an important economic activity for the rural poor in many African countries. Additionally in many rural families, poultry provides the family with a low cost, highly efficient and nutritious protein. Unfortunately, the smallholder farmers in rural areas often do not have access to these improved genetics. The access to an improved low-input and dual-purpose chicken to supplement the local indigenous breeds could transform the rural poultry enterprise. In some countries, investments are made to support the African Poultry Multiplication Initiative (APMI) or other comparable structures. The APMI generally operates through capable local private companies to establish a parent stock (PS) and hatchery operation for the supply of improved dual purpose chicken breeds to farmers in their communities. The day-old-chicks from the PS farm are transported to so called “Brooder Units” who will specialize in the brooding, feeding, and proper vaccination process for the first 30–40 days of the chicks life. Through this system, local smallholder farmers have access to improved genetics and the chickens have a high chance to survive due to their good start. Recently Hendrix Genetics received a grant from the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation to further enhance the use of improved poultry genetics in rural Africa. The program named “Sustainable Access to Poultry Parent Stock for Africa (SAPPSA)” aims to 1) secure access of poultry parent stock, 2) grow the APMI-like initiatives within and across countries and 3) improve the dual purpose better breeds for African smallholder farmers. By securing access to high quality PS and improving the breeding program of dual-purpose breeds under African conditions, the APMI can be better implemented in African countries. It will result in 1) increase poultry production and productivity, 2) increase rural household income 3) improved household nutrition and 4) empowerment of women.
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Risvansuna, Francy, Yus Peisal Nur Hikmat, and Gawong Satya. "Evaluation and Response of Farmers on The Application of Biosecurity System for Layer Chicken Farming in Lendah District Kulonprogo." E3S Web of Conferences 232 (2021): 01014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1051/e3sconf/202123201014.
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Poultry farming has the risk of being attacked by various diseases. One effort to protect the poultry, particularly layer chickens is by implementing a biosecurity system to prevent death due to diseases [1]. The area where most breeders have implemented a biosecurity system is located in Lendah, Kulonprogo because, in 2015, chickens in the district were attacked by Newcastle disease called Tetelo. This study aims to evaluate the implementation of the biosecurity system by analyzing the conditions and the success rate of this system on layer chicken farming, as well as the attitudes of breeders toward the system. The respondents were gathered using census, and the data were analyzed by measuring variables in aspects of biosecurity conditions using a rating scale. The Spearman Rank measured the correlation, whereas breeders’ attitudes toward the implementation of biosecurity were measured qualitatively. The results showed that the implementation of the biosecurity system was at a moderate level, and chicken mortality was quite high. The attitudes of the breeders toward the layer chicken’s biosecurity system as a whole belonged to the good category. In conclusion, layer chicken breeders had a positive response to the biosecurity system.
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Kencana, G. A. Y., I. N. Suartha, I. A. P. Apsari, A. A. S. Kendran, and I. B. K. Suardana. "PENYULUHAN DAN VAKSINASI NEWCASTLE DISEASE PADA AYAM BURAS DI DESA MARGA KECAMATAN MARGA KABUPATEN TABANAN." Buletin Udayana Mengabdi 17, no. 1 (2018): 34. http://dx.doi.org/10.24843/bum.2018.v17.i01.p06.
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The purpose of this community service is to prevent the incidence of Newcastle Disease in domestic poultryin Marga Dauh Puri Village, Marga Subdistrict, Tabanan Regency. Newacastle disease is highly contagiousand can cause high mortality in poultry. Kampong chickens has the potential as a transmitter of Newcastledisease because the maintenance system is semi extensive. Banjar Ole is part of the village of Marga DauhPuri, where there are many kampong chickens kept extensively. The village of Marga Dauh Puri is highlypotential for contracting Newcastle disease, as it is a chicken trade traffic route from Penebel to Denpasar.Community service activities carried out on September 24, 2017, covering the ways of raising chickens andpreventing Newcastle Disease by vaccination. Noted there are 450 poultry in Banjar Ole, as many as 372(82.6%) successfully vaccinated. This is due to some kampong chickens not extensively so not all can bevaccinated. The amount is sufficient for vaccination coverage to produce group immunity. In order to proofthat the vaccination program is appropriate, ten blood samples were collected and antibody titer was testedprior vaccination (was found to have a mean antibody titer of 22.2 HI units) which means under protective titer(24 HI units).
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Kujundžić, Renata Novak, and William Lauman Ragland. "An Assay in Microtitre Plates for Absolute Abundance of Chicken Interferon Alpha Transcripts." Acta Veterinaria Brno 79, no. 3 (2010): 431–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.2754/avb201079030431.
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Immunosuppression of commercial chickens is a serious animal health and economic problem in the poultry industry. The major causes of the immunosuppression are viruses that suppress transcription of interferon genes, especially interferon alpha. There is a need for monitoring immunosuppression in commercially bred chickens. For this purpose, the absolute abundance of interferon alpha transcripts can be measured in blood of chickens by a suitable assay. Such an assay was used to estimate abundance of chicken interferon alpha in a sample of splenic cells induced with polyinosinic polycytidylic acid. The abundance measured was 29 ± 2 attomoles/µg total RNA. This assay can be performed in microtitre plates using samples collected from chickens in poultry houses.
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ZHANG, GUODONG, LI MA, and MICHAEL P. DOYLE. "Potential Competitive Exclusion Bacteria from Poultry Inhibitory to Campylobacter jejuni and Salmonella." Journal of Food Protection 70, no. 4 (2007): 867–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-70.4.867.
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The objective of this study was to isolate from chickens potential competitive exclusion bacteria (CE) that are inhibitory to Campylobacter jejuni or Salmonella, or to both, for subsequent development of a defined CE product for use in poultry. Adult chickens from family farms, commercial farms, and broiler chicken research centers were sampled to identify and select C. jejuni–free donor chickens. A challenge treatment, which included administering perorally 106 CFU C. jejuni per chicken and determining undetectable cecal shedding of campylobacters at 4 weeks, was important for identifying the best CE donor chickens. Screening of bacterial colonies obtained from nine donor chickens by using selective and nonselective media yielded 636 isolates inhibitory to six C. jejuni strains in vitro, with 194 isolates being strongly inhibitory. Of the 194 isolates, 145 were from ceca, and 117 were facultative anaerobic bacteria. One hundred forty-three isolates were inhibitory to six strains of Salmonella (including five different serotypes) in vitro. Of these, 41 were strongly inhibitory to all C. jejuni and Salmonella strains evaluated, and most were Lactobacillus salivarius. A direct overlay method, which involved directly applying soft agar on plates with discrete colonies from mucus scrapings of gastrointestinal tracts, was more effective in isolating CE than was the frequently practiced isolation method of picking and transferring discrete colonies and then overlaying them with soft agar. The best approach for obtaining bacteria highly inhibitory to Salmonella and C. jejuni from chickens was to isolate bacteria from ceca under anaerobic conditions. Free-range chickens from family farms were better donors of potential CE strongly inhibitory to both Salmonella and Campylobacter than were chickens from commercial farms and broiler chicken research centers.
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Lin, Chen-Yi, Kuang-Wen Hsieh, Yao-Chuan Tsai, and Yan-Fu Kuo. "Automatic Monitoring of Chicken Movement and Drinking Time Using Convolutional Neural Networks." Transactions of the ASABE 63, no. 6 (2020): 2029–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.13031/trans.13607.
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HighlightsA customized embedded system was built to acquire images of a chicken coop.Faster R-CNN was used to localize the chickens in the images.The accuracies in chicken detection and tracking were 98.16% and 98.94%, respectively.Movement and drinking time of chickens were quantified.Abstract. Poultry and eggs are major sources of dietary protein worldwide. Because Taiwan is located in tropical and subtropical regions, heat stress in chickens is one of the most challenging concerns of the poultry industry in Taiwan. Typical heat stress symptoms in chickens are reduced movement and increased drinking time. The level of heat stress is conventionally evaluated using the temperature-humidity index (THI) or through manual observation. However, THI is indirect, and manual observation is subjective and time-consuming. This study proposes to directly monitor the movement and drinking time of chickens using time-lapse images and deep learning algorithms. In this study, an experimental coop was constructed to house ten chickens. An embedded system was then designed to acquire images of the chickens at a rate of 1 frame s-1 and to measure the temperature and humidity of the coop. A faster region-based convolutional neural network was then trained on a personal computer to detect and localize the chickens in the images. The movement and drinking time of the chickens under various THI values were then analyzed. The proposed method provided 98.16% chicken detection accuracy and 98.94% chicken tracking accuracy. Keywords: Chicken activities, Embedded system, Faster region-based convolutional neural network, Faster R-CNN, Heat stress, Temperature-humidity index (THI).
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VAN IMMERSEEL, F., L. MEULEMANS, J. DE BUCK, et al. "Bacteria–host interactions of Salmonella Paratyphi B dT+ in poultry." Epidemiology and Infection 132, no. 2 (2004): 239–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0950268803001687.
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In recent years, a dramatic increase in incidence of the dextro-rotatory tartrate-positive variant (dT+) of Salmonella enterica subspecies enterica serovar Paratyphi B has been observed in poultry and poultry products. In the present study the interactions of this bacterium with the host were studied in vivo and in vitro in an attempt to explain the preferential association of this serotype with poultry. The ability of this organism to invade and multiply in chicken intestinal epithelial cells and the intracellular behaviour in chicken macrophages was studied in vitro using chicken cell lines. In vivo challenge experiments in specific pathogen-free chickens were carried out to determine the level of colonization of caeca and internal organs early after experimental infection. An in vivo trial with commercial broiler chickens, using a seeder model, was performed to determine whether S. Paratyphi B dT+ could persist and spread in broilers until slaughter. S. Paratyphi B dT+ invaded and multiplied in the chicken epithelial cell line and survived in a chicken macrophage cell line. The strain used colonized caeca and internal organs of chickens to a high extent 1 week after infection with a low-dose inoculum. Moreover, the strain was efficiently transmitted within a group of broilers and persisted until slaughter. It was concluded that S. Paratyphi B dT+ was well adapted to poultry and therefore it is suggested that specific control measures against this serotype should be considered.
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Jaber, S. I., and H. T. Thwiny. "Serological survey for avian influenza virus infection of backyard poultry and poultry workers in Baghdad and Basrah provinces, Iraq." BULGARIAN JOURNAL OF VETERINARY MEDICINE 23, no. 2 (2020): 187–96. http://dx.doi.org/10.15547/bjvm.2211.
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The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of avian influenza virus (AIV) subtype H5N1 among backyard birds and poultry workers. The study included backyard birds (chickens and ducks) in rural areas of Baghdad and Basrah provinces, Iraq. Rural areas were divided into wet land and dry land. Total egg samples were 368, divided into 184 eggs (92 chicken eggs and 92 duck eggs) from each province. The total number of human sera was 180 (45 poultry worker and 45 non-poultry worker samples from each province). Competitive ELISA tests were used for detection of specific antibodies against influenza A virus and influenza subtype H5N1 in all samples. Seroprevalence against AIV type A in chickens was 62.5% (115/184) while ducks showed seroprevalence of 40.8% (75/184). The seropositivity among the backyard birds in wet land rural areas was higher than that in dry land rural areas. The samples positive for subtype H5N1 in chickens were 15.7% (18/115) while in ducks: 12% (9/75) with highest seropositivity among chickens in wet land rural areas (18.8%; 12/64). The seropositivity of avian influenza H5N1 was 6% (4/67) among AIV-positive poultry workers and 2.9% (1/34) among non-poultry workers.
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DONADO-GODOY, PILAR, VIVIANA CLAVIJO, MARIBEL LEÓN, et al. "Prevalence of Salmonella on Retail Broiler Chicken Meat Carcasses in Colombia." Journal of Food Protection 75, no. 6 (2012): 1134–38. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-513.
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A cross-sectional study was performed to estimate the prevalence of Salmonella on retail market chicken carcasses in Colombia. A total of 1,003 broiler chicken carcasses from 23 departments (one city per department) were collected via a stratified sampling method. Carcass rinses were tested for the presence of Salmonella by conventional culture methods. Salmonella strains were isolated from 27% of the carcasses sampled. Logistic regression analysis was used to determine potential risk factors for Salmonella contamination associated with the chicken production system (conventional versus free-range), storage condition (chilled versus frozen), retail store type (supermarket, independent, and wet market), poultry company (integrated company versus nonintegrated company), and socioeconomic stratum. Chickens from a nonintegrated poultry company were associated with a significantly (P &lt; 0.05) greater risk of Salmonella contamination (odds ratio, 2.0) than were chickens from an integrated company. Chilled chickens had a significantly (P &lt; 0.05) higher risk of Salmonella contamination (odds ratio, 4.3) than did frozen chicken carcasses.
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Kyryliv, B. Ya, A. V. Hunchak, and О. М. Stefanyshyn. "Activity of hydrolytic enzyme in the poultry of different species." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 20, no. 89 (2018): 95–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet8918.
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In the processes of digestion and assimilation of nutrients of feed in the body a special place belongs to the digestive system. Hydrolysis of nutrients in the gastrointestinal tract of farm poultry is closely linked to its physiological state, the intensity of metabolic processes in the body and its productivity. However, there are no significant differences in the course and regulation of digestive functions between individual poultry species. At the same time, for different types of poultry, certain distinctive patterns of the course of digestive processes and, in particular, the activity of hydrolytic enzymes, due to the peculiarities of the structure and functioning of the digestive system, are characteristic. In the article is given a fragment of complex systemic researches, which is concerning the proteolytic, amylolytic and lipolytic activity of enzymes in tissues of the organs of the digestive canal (mucous membrane of the glandular and duodenum, pancreas, liver) of the quail breed “Pharaoh”, as well as chicken egg productivity direction cross “Hayseks Brown” and the Beijing Broiler Duck Cross STAR 53 (heavy) selection of the French firm “GRIMAUD FRERES SELECTION” during the critical periods of their growth and development. Namely, in the period of adaptation of the organism after hatching (day-old chicks of all species), complete resorption of residual yolk (7-day quail and 6-day chickens and ducks) and puberty (120-day chickens, 42-day quails, 180-daily ducks) All poultry was kept in poultry farms and received balanced full-fodder feeds, taking into account its species, age and physiological condition. The technology of keeping quails and chickens in cellular batteries, and ducks – on the mesh floor, with free access to the feed and water. It was established, that the nature of changes in the activity of hydrolytic enzymes had organ-tissue and species specificity. This is due not only to the particularities of digestion in quails, chickens and ducks, but also the energy value of rations used in feeding each type of farm poultry, which significantly affects metabolic processes in the body.
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Matsenko, O. V., L. L. Kusch, and Y. V. Maslak. "Functional condition of broiler chicken liver using multienzyme preparation «Natyzyme»." Veterinary science, technologies of animal husbandry and nature management, no. 6 (2020): 64–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.31890/vttp.2020.06.11.
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The results of investigation using multienzyme preparation «Natyzyme» for broiler chickens to provide ultimate digestion of feed by preventive treatment of digestive system organs, increase of poultry growth intensity and correction of physiological spectrum of homeostasis have been shown in this article. Fifty chickens of cross Ross 308 of first (experimental) group since the sixth day of growth were inserted preparation «Natyzyme» added to feed in a dose of 35 gr on 100 kg of feed during 30 days, while the poultry of second (control) group was not used that preparation. The influence of enzyme preparation «Natyzyme» was estimated on 14th and 36th day of poultry birth according to analysis of productive indices, the results of biochemical and histological researches. It was defined the chick livability and liveweight gain of poultry during the period of growth, feed conversion ratio and EEI (European efficiency index) of poultry operation. Blood sampling was carried out in above mentioned period to define indices, characterized functional liver state: protein contain, albumin, alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase, cholinesterase, that were investigated spectrophotometrically. The liver samples were taken for histological research on the 36th day of poultry birth. Obtained digital data were processed mathematically of variation statics. The use of preparation «Natyzyme» contributed to broiler body weight gain on 5.1 % (р ≤ 0,05), viability – on 4.0 %. The results of biochemical researches of blood serum showed higher protein content in chickens of experimental group to 14 and 36th day of experience on 3.2 and 8.9 % (р ≤ 0,05) accordingly. In connection with increasing protein content the index of synthetic activity of liver has grown – cholinesterase contain: on 14th day of birth on 7.1 %, 36th day of birth – on 14.6 % (р ≤ 0,05). The indices of enzymes transamination activity - alanine transaminase, aspartate aminotransferase in blood serum of experimental chicken group on 14th and 36th day of birth accurately have not differed from control data. According to the histological analysis of liver the positive influence of multienzyme preparation on the chicken broilers body has been diagnosed. Unlike the chicken liver of control group, where the presence of liver beam decomplexation in the composition of particles and fatty degeneration of hepatocytes was detected, the chickens of experimental group did not have the such features of the microscopic structure. As a result, the use of preparation «Natyzyme» contributed to greater growth and safety of broiler chickens, reducing of feed costs per 1kg of poultry gain, increasing the European efficiency index of poultry, had a positive effect on the functional state of the liver, that blood biochemical results and data of histological researches have been proved, that shows the advantages of its use in the feeding of broiler chickens.
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McCREA, B. A., K. H. TONOOKA, C. VanWORTH, E. R. ATWILL, and J. S. SCHRADER. "Colonizing Capability of Campylobacter jejuni Genotypes from Low-Prevalence Avian Species in Broiler Chickens." Journal of Food Protection 69, no. 2 (2006): 417–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x-69.2.417.
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Genetic variations in Campylobacter jejuni or host factors result in low prevalence rates among nonchicken poultry species. The objective of this study was to determine the colonizing potential, in broiler chickens, of C. jejuni that was recovered from low-prevalence avian species. Twenty-day-old Campylobacter-negative broiler chicks were inoculated by oral gavage with genetically different primary isolates of C. jejuni recovered from squab, duck, or chicken. Serial sampling and microbiologic testing of ceca were used to determine the level of colonization and the prevalence of positive chickens. All isolates were recovered from chickens by 10 days postinoculation. The C. jejuni strains recovered from challenged birds were genetically identical to the inoculated strains. By 10 days postinoculation, treatment groups inoculated with duck or control chicken isolates were 100% positive. The level of colonization by the squab isolate on day 2 postinoculation was significantly less than the duck or chicken isolates and had not colonized all birds by day 10 postinoculation.
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Afroz, Farzana, Md Mostafizer Rahman, Md Fakhruzzaman, and Mezabh Uddin. "Lethal Effects of Salmonella Toxin Isolated from Layer Chickens." Microbes and Health 1, no. 1 (2013): 19–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/mh.v1i1.13708.
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This study was conducted to determine lethal effects of Salmonella toxin isolated from layer chickens. The chickens were collected from Paragon Poultry Farm, Rangpur and Ahana Poultry Farm, Dinajpur and brought to the Microbiology Laboratory at the Hajee Mohammad Danesh Science and Technology University, Dinajpur, to isolate and identify Salmonella spp., and subsequent toxin separation from the isolated organisms for the detection of lethal effects of the toxin. The lethality of isolated toxin was evaluated in day-old-chick. The toxicity in case of oral administration was 50%, whereas the rate was 80% when chicks were administered through intra-peritoneal route. The chick mortality rate was 65%. For toxin extraction, Salmonellae were isolated and identified from layer chickens. Out of 196 organ samples, 51 were found to be positive for Salmonella spp., of which 33 and 18 were of Paragon Poultry Farm and Ahana Poultry Farm, respectively. Total 60 chickens (27 pullets and 33 layers) were screened. The percentages of positive samples (liver, spleen, lung, heart) from these farms were 29.82 and 20.73%, respectively and the average prevalence of Salmonellae was 26.02%. In case of Paragon Poultry Farm, the prevalence of salmonellosis in pullet was 23.08% and in layer, it was 35.48%, whereas in case of Ahana Poultry Farm, the prevalence was 16.67 and 23.91%, respectively.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/mh.v1i1.13708 Microbes and Health Vol.1(1) June 2012 pp.19-22
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Klemeshova, I. Yu, V. A. Reimer, E. V. Tarabanova, and Z. N. Alekseeva. "Theoretical basis of obtaining poultry products of «organic» status." Bulletin of NSAU (Novosibirsk State Agrarian University), no. 2 (July 13, 2021): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.31677/2072-6724-2021-59-2-125-131.
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The authors considered organic poultry production and presented a qualitative analysis of the diets used in raising broiler chickens. The authors also evaluated the possibility of switching from traditional diets to diets without chemical and microbial synthesis ingredients based on comparative data on the performance and economics of broiler chicken meat production. Organic requirements prohibit the use of microbial and chemical synthesis and genetically modified products in poultry feed. Obtaining large quantities of poultry products in a short period and at an affordable price involves using all kinds of additives that do not allow the products to qualify as organic. Surveys and opinion polls show that a new layer of consumers is today willing to buy organic poultry meat at a higher price. The aim of this work is to evaluate the possibility of producing organic meat from broiler chickens. The research was carried out at the Berdskaya poultry farm, and the test object was broiler chickens of the Iza cross. The age of broiler chickens ranged from one to 40 days old. The authors compared the effectiveness of traditional industrial diets and diets without microbial and chemical synthesis products. During the experiment, live poultry weight, average daily and gross gains, survival, feed costs and cost-effectiveness were considered. In commercial broiler chickens raised on diets without chemical and microbial synthesis ingredients during slaughter, the average live weight was 64.0% lower than that of broiler chickens in the experimental group. The average daily gain of these same broilers was also 52.9% lower. Feed costs per unit of production in industrial broiler chickens increased 1.7 times with the same survival rate of young animals (92.2%). Increasing the rearing period to 70 days resulted in a 1.4-fold increase in feed costs. The level of profitability decreased by 61.2 %, with a decrease in productivity. Increasing the price per kg of meat by 25 50 100 % would increase the profitability level by 22.4 4.7 -133.5 %, respectively, compared to the traditional method.
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Shkodyak, N., M. Zhyla, O. Pyatnychko, I. Avdosyeva, and V. Dmitrotsa. "INFLUENCE OF BAFASAL FEED ADDITIVE ON MORPHO-BIOCHEMICAL INDICES OF CHICKENS-BROILER’S BLOOD." Scientific and Technical Bulletin оf State Scientific Research Control Institute of Veterinary Medical Products and Fodder Additives аnd Institute of Animal Biology 21, no. 2 (2020): 213–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.36359/scivp.2020-21-2.28.
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Recently, interest in the use of bacteriophage therapy in poultry has arisen in the context of the growing problem of antibiotic-resistant microorganisms, as the need to find alternative antibacterial agents is urgent. In addition, EU legislation prohibits the use of antibiotics in feed to stimulate the growth of animals and poultry. Bafasal – a new and innovative agent based on natural components of the ecosystem, has a high specificity to Salmonella serovars, in particular, S. enteritidis, S. typhimurium, S. mbandaka, S. gallinarum, S. іnfantis, which are most often diagnosed in poultry farming. This is the first bacteriophage product on the poultry market, which is recommended as a feed additive for broiler chickens.
 The article presents the results of studies on the safety of Bafasal under the application as a feed additive for the prevention of bacterial diseases in poultry breeding. Bafasal was used for chickens of the experimental group according to the following scheme: from 1 to 14 days of the experiment – per 10 chickens – 50 cm3 of feed additive dissolved to 0,5% concentration; and from 15 to 35 days – 100 cm3 of the drug dissolved to 0,25 % concentration. Feeding of poultry of the control and experimental groups was carried out with identical feeds in accordance with regulatory requirements, taking into account the age of the bird. The clinical condition of the bird’s body was monitored daily, on the 35th day of the experiment; ten chickens from each group were taken blood samples for further laboratory tests. The morphological and biochemical parameters of the broiler chicken’s blood under the application of Bafasal feed additive were studied.
 It was found that the hematological and biochemical parameters of broiler chickens in the experimental group were within the physiological norm for poultry of this age on fattening, and therefore corresponded to the status of a conditionally healthy organism without signs of pathophysiological abnormalities. There was a reliable increase, within the physiological norm, in the relative number of lymphocytes by 11, 9 % (p <0,05) and a tendency to increasing the number of leukocytes, which showed a sufficient immune potential of the birds and an increase in cellular factors of natural resistance, compared with control chickens. According to the parameters of mineral metabolism, the serum content of Calcium and Phosphorus within the physiological norm was noted, which indicated a sufficient level of mineral supply of the organism of the experimental birds as a whole. In addition, in chicken fed Bafasal throughout the fattening period, the serum enzyme’s ALT, AST and creatine kinase activities and the content of total cholesterol not differ significantly from the control group, indicating the absence of signs of hepatotoxic effects of the studied feed additive.
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Szymańska-Czerwińska, Monika, Agata Mitura, Kinga Zaręba, Christiane Schnee, Andrzej Koncicki, and Krzysztof Niemczuk. "Poultry in Poland as Chlamydiaceae carrier." Journal of Veterinary Research 61, no. 4 (2017): 411–19. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jvetres-2017-0072.
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AbstractIntroduction: The study was conducted to investigate the prevalence and genetic diversity of Chlamydia spp. in poultry in Poland and estimate possible transmission to humans.Material and Methods: Molecular diagnostic methods followed by sequencing and strain isolation were used on cloacal/faecal swabs collected from 182 apparently healthy poultry flocks including chickens, turkeys, ducks, and geese. Serum samples obtained from people exposed (study group) and non-exposed (control group) to birds were tested by complement fixation test to acquire data on Chlamydia spp. antibody level.Results: Overall, 15.9% of the tested flocks were Chlamydiaceae-positive and three Chlamydia spp. were identified. Predominant chlamydial agent found was C. gallinacea occurring in 65.5% of all positive poultry flocks and in 73.0% of positive chicken flocks. The sequences from four chicken flocks were assigned to C. abortus, whereas C. psittaci was confirmed in one duck and one goose flock. The analysis of ompA variable domains revealed at least nine genetic variants of C. gallinacea. Chlamydial antibodies were detected in 19.2% of human serum samples in the study group in comparison with 10.8% in the controls.Conclusion: The obtained results confirm that chlamydiae are common among chicken flocks in Poland with C. gallinacea as a dominant species. Moreover, the presence of C. abortus in chickens is reported here for the first time. Further investigation should focus on possible zoonotic transmission of C. gallinacea and C. abortus as well as potential pathogenic effects on birds’ health and poultry production.
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Jones, R. B. "Environmental enrichment for poultry welfare." BSAP Occasional Publication 28 (2001): 125–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s146398150004108x.
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AbstractEnvironmental enrichment can significantly improve poultry welfare, productivity and profitability by reducing the expression of harmful behaviours, like fear or feather pecking. However, some studies have yielded inconsistent results and many so-called enrichment stimuli elicited little or no interest. This probably reflected the wide array of stimuli used and the paucity of thought given to what a chicken (Gallus gallus domesticus) might find enriching. Clearly, the design of enrichment devices required more critical thought. Our immediate objectives were to establish chickens' specific preferences and thereby guide the development of practical enrichment strategies. First, we established that chicks showed increased use of an environment when it was enriched with simple, manipulable objects. Our use of video playback to assess chickens' responses to specific attributes of selected images then revealed that visual enrichment stimuli should incorporate movement, brightness, colour, and moderate complexity. Next, a survey revealed that almost 50% of the farmers who replied routinely played the radio to their flocks and that the perceived benefits included reduced aggression, improved health and increased productivity. Finally, we showed that a simple device consisting of a bunch of white strings is an extremely attractive pecking stimulus for chicks and adults of various strains of laying hens. Rather than rapidly losing interest in the devices the birds pecked progressively more at them with repeated exposure in short-term experiments. Furthermore, they were still being pecked at 17 and 2 weeks after their incorporation in the home pens of groups of 1-day-old chicks and adult hens, respectively. Even more encouragingly, the provision of string reduced feather pecking in birds of an experimental line showing high levels of this behavioural vice. It also reduced feather damage in caged layers at a commercial farm. The provision of string devices increases the opportunity for the birds to engage in behaviours that are fundamental to their nature, such as exploration and foraging. By maintaining lengthy interest and apparently reducing the expression of damaging feather pecking, string devices also satisfy other critical requirements of effective environmental enrichment. They have the added advantages of low cost, ready availability, ease of installation, and durability.Collectively, these findings strongly support the hypotheses that extraneous stimulation is important to chickens and that the provision of appropriate visual, auditory and tactile enrichment stimuli can improve their welfare. Projecting images onto the walls of a poultry house could perhaps provide an additional source of visual stimulation, but this requires further investigation. Playing the radio was not only beneficial in terms of welfare and performance but it is probably one of the easiest and most practicable ways of enriching the environment for the birds and the stockpersons. The routine incorporation of string devices in rearing and laying cages is also considered likely to reduce boredom and feather pecking and thereby improve the birds' welfare and productivity. In conclusion, I wholeheartedly recommend the integrated application of string pecking devices and auditory enrichment.
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Fahrozi, Wirhan, and Samsir Samsir. "Penerapan Analytical Network Process Dalam Menentukan Ras Ayam Serama Simple Additive Weighting (SAW)." U-NET Jurnal Teknik Informatika 3, no. 1 (2019): 28–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.52332/u-net.v3i1.19.
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Serama chicken is the result of dwarf chicken crossing and is a new type of ornamental poultry currently popular in Indonesia. So it becomes a consideration for lovers of serama to get information about quality of serama chickens that need to get accurate information about quality of serama chickens that still needs to be discussed for the assessment of serama chickens, therefore the author tries to implement it in the form of a Decision Support System in determining chicken breeds as well as by applying the Simple Additive Weighting method to assist in optimal decision making. So that the expected results of the quality of the serama chicken can help in determining the standard of serama chicken assessment.
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Новгородова and Inna Novgorodova. "EVALUATION OF GENETIC PARAMETERS IN HENS USING MICROSATELLITE MARKERS." Bulletin Samara State Agricultural Academy 1, no. 1 (2016): 41–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.12737/18327.
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The purpose of the study is improvement of pedigree accessory of identification process of poultry with use of microsatellite markers. The analysis was performed with 9 breeds of chickens (n=268) for 16 markers. The studies were performed with the chicken breeds, such as: the Black and White Аustralorp (BWAus), Black Australorp (BAus), Kulangi (Kul), Czech Gold (CzG), Blue Andalusian (BAnd), Naked Neck (NN), Silver Campine (Breukel) (SC), Black Bearded Russian (BBRus), and Minorca (Min). There were 29 to 30 poultry in each experimental group. The researches were carried out at the Molecular Genetics Laboratory, Ernst All-Russia Research Institute of Animal Husbandry. Separation and detection of amplification products were performed on an Applied Biosystems АВI3130xl Genetic Analyzer (USA). Statistical data processing was performed using GenAlEx software version 6.4. The work examined genetic diversity of chickens (average number of alleles, number of effective alleles, the level of homo - and heterozygosity, etc.), using microsatellite loci. It should be noted that the average number of alleles in the study ranged from 6.06±0.050 in the BAnd bantams to 7.81±0.73 in the NN chickens, while the number of informative alleles ranged from 3.63±0.30 in the BAnd bantams to 5.44±0.34 in the SC chickens. High informativeness of 16 selected loci performance was noted during the research; the number of alleles ranged from 8 (locus MCW0037) to 25 alleles (locus MCW0183), depending on the locus. The conducted research allowed us to identify the presence of private alleles in the studied breeds of chickens, which were discovered in poultry within 7 of 9 breeds with frequencies of 1.7 to 67.7%. The expected and observed levels of heterozygosity were calculated to assess the variation of the investigated species more accurately; their mean values reached 66.9 and 37.1%, respectively. Breeds of chickens affiliated to their populations were identified based on analysis of 16 microsatellite markers; the estimates varied from 79.3% to 100.0%. Therefore, the use of microsatellite loci in chicken breeding can give more opportunities to create pedigree poultry flocks within the genetic pool of breeds.
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Simpson, C. J. "Wensleydale." Psychiatric Bulletin 15, no. 12 (1991): 768–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/pb.15.12.768.
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One morning last week, I had said goodbye to my family, and as usual went to feed my chickens. They were excited to see me except for one, which was lying on its back with its feet up in the air, motionless and stiff. My medical training helped me diagnose death, and after I recovered from the initial shock, I had to consider the aetiology. Unfortunately, a few days earlier, I had found some tunnelling into the chicken shed and eggs had gone missing. I thought this was most likely to be rats. Can rats kill chickens? I was able to clarify the position later in the day, from a patient who was a poultry farmer, who informed me that rats do not kill chickens, but only baby chicks and that it was common for chickens at the age of nine months to suffer from sudden death.
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Nwanta, J. A., J. K. Ali-Balogun, J. U. Umoh, P. A. Abdu, and I. Ajogi. "Management of losses and Newcastle disease in rural poultry in Kaduna State, Nigeria." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 33, no. 2 (2021): 274–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v33i2.937.
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Causes of losses in rural poultry and measures adopted by farmers for the management of Newcastle disease (ND) were identified. The study was conducted in 13 local governments, in 33 villages and 223 households. Data on the population, health, causes of losses, management system, productivity, extension services and ethnoveterinary practices were collected using interview and a structured questionnaire. Of the three species of local poultry investigated, the chicken was raised by all respondents. A mean flock size of 18 local chickens, 16 guinea fowls and 7 ducks were recorded per household. Over 50% of the households kept 2 0r more species of poultry with chickens and guinea fowls being the most frequent (79%). All farmers provided supplementary food and water for birds but none offered commercial feed. The duck was a better hatcher than the chicken. ND was the major cause of losses of rural poultry. Poultry extension service was lacking. Majority (79.4%) of the respondents provided houses for their stock at night and 78% used traditional medicines for the management of diseases. Very few (1.38%) consulted veterinary clinics. As ND was reported to be a major threat to the development and survival of local poultry, adequate management measures in the form of improved feeding, housing, extension services and vaccination must be put in place to improve their productivity.
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KURSA, OLIMPIA, GRZEGORZ TOMCZYK, and ANNA SAWICKA. "Effect of Mycoplasma synoviae strains isolated from the respiratory and reproductive tracts of chicken on SPF chicken embryos." Medycyna Weterynaryjna 74, no. 10 (2027): 6142–2027. http://dx.doi.org/10.21521/mw.6142.
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Mycoplasma synoviae (MS) infections in poultry are an important epidemiological and economic problem in poultry production all over the world. The differences between M. synoviae strains are related to the pathogenicity and the course of the disease. In recent years, the pathogenicity of M. synoviae strains has increased, and some of them are capable of causing serious infections. Both horizontal and vertical transmission routes play an important role in MS infection in flocks. The aim of the study was to determine the impact of infection with selected MS strains obtained from chickens showing a clinical form of MS infection on SPF chicken embryos. Ten strains of M. synoviae were used for this purpose. The strains were isolated from the respiratory tract and the oviduct of chickens with symptoms typical of infection with this pathogen. Genetic material isolated from liquid cultures of these strains was confirmed by molecular (PCR and LAMP) and microbiological methods. The selected M. synoviae strains belonged to six different genotypes. Significant differences in virulence between the strains were demonstrated. In nine infected groups of embryos, M. synoviae strains caused weight loss, and in seven groups they produced anatomopathological changes characteristic of mycoplasma infections. The most pathogenic for SPF chicken embryos turned out to be strains characterized as genotype F isolated from the chicken oviduct and strains of genotype C isolated from the respiratory tract. One strain of genotype H isolated from the respiratory tract showed no pathogenic effect on SPF chicken embryos. The study showed that infections with M. synoviae can have a significant impact on the production of chicken chicks in commercial hatcheries and the economy of the poultry industry.
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Mezali, Lynda, Faiza Mebkhout, Siham Nouichi, Sofiane Boudjellaba, and Taha-Mossadak Hamdi. "Serotype diversity and slaughterhouse-level risk factors related to Salmonella contamination on poultry carcasses in Algiers." Journal of Infection in Developing Countries 13, no. 05 (2019): 384–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.3855/jidc.10450.
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Introduction: In Algeria, the latest studies on Salmonella demonstrated warning contamination rates in farms and slaughterhouses. This pathogen can contaminate poultry meat and put humans at risk especially that such product is nowadays widely consumed.
 Methodology: a cross-sectional study was conducted in Algiers to evaluate prevalence, determine serotypes and quantify risk for Salmonella contamination in broiler chickens and turkeys at the post-chill stage of slaughter process.
 Results: batch prevalence was 63.1% for chickens and 34.9% for turkeys. Eleven serotypes were isolated from chickens and five from turkeys. The most predominant at both sample and batch levels was S. Kentucky either in chicken (65.1%) or in turkey carcasses (63.2%). Univariate analysis screened 3 variables for chickens and 5 variables for turkeys. Final multivariate regression models provided one potential risk factor for Salmonella contamination in each poultry species. Presence of less than 6 broilers simultaneously in the traditional scalding tank of small scale slaughterhouses had a significantly reduced contamination risk (OR = 0.31; p < 0.05). Slaughtering turkeys in sites processing only this specie than in mixed poultry slaughterhouses increased significantly the contamination probability (OR = 4.44; p < 0.05).
 Conclusions: Our study indicates a high prevalence of Salmonella-contaminated poultry carcass with wide diversity of serotypes. Moreover, two potential risk factors identified for the first time in Algeria are found to be associated with the lack in hygienic management on production sites. A real threat for consumers exists highlighting the imperative need for improved safety throughout the local poultry meat supply chain.
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Cheng, Ying, Adriana Ayres Pedroso, Steffen Porwollik, et al. "rpoS-Regulated Core Genes Involved in the Competitive Fitness of Salmonella enterica Serovar Kentucky in the Intestines of Chickens." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 2 (2014): 502–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03219-14.
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ABSTRACTSalmonella entericaserovar Kentucky has become the most frequently isolated serovar from poultry in the United States over the past decade. Despite its prevalence in poultry, it causes few human illnesses in the United States. The dominance ofS. Kentucky in poultry does not appear to be due to single introduction of a clonal strain, and its reduced virulence appears to correlate with the absence of virulence genesgrvA,sseI,sopE, andsodC1. S. Kentucky's prevalence in poultry is possibly attributable to its metabolic adaptation to the chicken cecum. While there were no difference in the growth rate ofS. Kentucky andS. Typhimurium grown microaerophilically in cecal contents,S. Kentucky persisted longer when chickens were coinfected withS. Typhimurium. Thein vivoadvantage thatS. Kentucky has overS. Typhimurium appears to be due to differential regulation of coreSalmonellagenes via the stationary-phase sigma factorrpoS. Microarray analysis ofSalmonellagrown in cecal contentsin vitroidentified several metabolic genes and motility and adherence genes that are differentially activated inS. Kentucky. The contributions of four of these operons (mgl,prp,nar, andcsg) toSalmonellacolonization in chickens were assessed. Deletion ofmglandcsgreducedS. Kentucky persistence in competition studies in chickens infected with wild-type or mutant strains. Subtle mutations affecting differential regulation of coreSalmonellagenes appear to be important inSalmonella's adaptation to its animal host and especially forS. Kentucky's emergence as the dominant serovar in poultry.
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Siianova, I. V. "MONOCHROMATIC LIGHTING IN THE POULTRY HOUSE." Bulletin of NSAU (Novosibirsk State Agrarian University), no. 1 (March 27, 2019): 161–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.31677/2072-6724-2019-50-1-161-170.
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The paper explores the impact of monochromatic illumination on replacement chickens of Decalb White cross-breed in the conditions of the Amur region. The chickens were grown from 1 day to 115 days age. The research was conducted in the conditions of the poultry farm “Belogorskaya”. The authors arranged four groups according to the principle of steam-analogues; each group contained 200 chickens and the experiment was carried out in the production unit. The researchers used luminous tube lamp with different colour temperatures for lighting. White lighting was used in the control group, yellow - in the first experimental group, green - in the second experimental group and blue - in the third experimental group. The researchers made blood test of chickens aged 30, 60 and 90 days for morphological and biochemical analysis. The authors carried out control weighing of the poultry at that time. At the end of the experiment, three pullets from each group were slaughtered in order to study the organs. The paper highlights morphological and biochemical blood parameters of replacement chickens at the white light had lower deviations from the physiological rate than at yellow, green and blue lamps. At the beginning of growing under yellow lamps, the concentration of gamma-globulin fraction of protein in the blood serum of chickens was higher than the age rate and the content of albumins was lower. Compared to the control group, the amount of bilirubin (P<0.05) and the activity level of asparagine aminotransferase (P<0.001) were higher under green and blue lamps. In the middle and at the end of the growing period, the number of leukocytes, creatinine, uric acid and asparagine aminotransferase may have increased in chickens under green and blue light. The difference among the results of blood tests of chickens grown under white light was, mostly reliable. When controlling the growth and development of replacement chickens aged 30 and 60 days the authors observed that the average body weight of chickens in white light was 1.5-3.9% higher than in the poultry of experimental groups. The average body weight of the chickens aged 90 days from all the groups was at the same level. The results of the control slaughter of pullets aged 115-days and grown under different lighting conditions were similar, and their sexual maturity was the same.
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Adaszyńska-Skwirzyńska, Michalina, and Danuta Szczerbińska. "Use of essential oils in broiler chicken production – a review." Annals of Animal Science 17, no. 2 (2017): 317–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/aoas-2016-0046.
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Abstract Biological activity of volatile plant metabolites is the property that can potentially find application in animal nutrition. Nowadays, the use of bioactive compounds is encouraged in many areas of industry and agriculture, since these substances have similar properties as withdrawn antibiotic growth promoters. Meat poultry production is focused on the maximization of performance parameters, namely rapid chicken growth with low feed consumption, and with the optimum health status of the flock. Essential oils can stimulate the growth and functioning of the body, which translates into both chicken’s health and enhanced production parameters. The substances are characterized by a range of effects, are easily biodegradable, and do not usually require a waiting period - hence they can be used in breeding broiler chickens. Given the increasing restrictions imposed on poultry production in terms of food safety and ethical aspects of husbandry, it seems appropriate to look for the use of new, natural substances to be applied in animal production. The article presents the characteristics of essential oils in this context, with a particular focus on their antimicrobial and immunostimulatory properties. The paper also describes production applications of essential oils tested in experiments on hybrid Ross 308 and Cobb 500 chickens.
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Ma, Chi, Tommy Tsan-Yuk Lam, Yujuan Chai, et al. "Emergence and Evolution of H10 Subtype Influenza Viruses in Poultry in China." Journal of Virology 89, no. 7 (2015): 3534–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/jvi.03167-14.
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ABSTRACTThe cases of human infections with H10N8 viruses identified in late 2013 and early 2014 in Jiangxi, China, have raised concerns over the origin, prevalence, and development of these viruses in this region. Our long-term influenza surveillance of poultry and migratory birds in southern China in the past 12 years showed that H10 influenza viruses have been introduced from migratory to domestic ducks over several winter seasons at sentinel duck farms at Poyang Lake, where domestic ducks share their water body with overwintering migratory birds. H10 viruses were never detected in terrestrial poultry in our survey areas until August 2013, when they were identified at live-poultry markets in Jiangxi. Since then, we have isolated 124 H10N8 or H10N6 viruses from chickens at local markets, revealing an ongoing outbreak. Phylogenetic analysis of H10 and related viruses showed that the chicken H10N8 viruses were generated through multiple reassortments between H10 and N8 viruses from domestic ducks and the enzootic chicken H9N2 viruses. These chicken reassortant viruses were highly similar to the human isolate, indicating that market chickens were the source of human infection. Recently, the H10 viruses further reassorted, apparently with H5N6 viruses, and generated an H10N6 variant. The emergence and prevalence of H10 viruses in chickens and the occurrence of human infections provide direct evidence of the threat from the current influenza ecosystem in China.IMPORTANCEAfter the outbreak of avian-origin H7N9 influenza viruses in China, fatal human infections with a novel H10N8 virus were reported. Utilizing data from 12 years of influenza surveillance in southern China, we showed that H10 viruses were regularly introduced by migratory ducks to domestic ducks on Poyang Lake, a major aggregative site of migratory birds in Asia. The H10 viruses were maintained and amplified in domestic ducks and then transmitted to chickens and reassorted with enzootic H9N2 viruses, leading to an outbreak and human infections at live-poultry markets. The emergence of the H10N8 virus, following a pathway similar to that of the recent H7N9 virus, highlights the role of domestic ducks and the current influenza ecosystem in China that facilitates influenza viruses moving from their reservoir hosts through the live-poultry system to cause severe consequences for public health.
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El-Sayed, Moataz Mohamed, Abdel Satar Arafa, Marwa Abdelmagid, and Ahmed Ibrahim Youssef. "Epidemiological surveillance of H9N2 avian influenza virus infection among chickens in farms and backyards in Egypt 2015-2016." Veterinary World 14, no. 4 (2021): 949–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.14202/vetworld.2021.949-955.
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Background and Aim: LPAI H9N2 infection among the poultry population in Egypt constitutes an additional risk factor in the poultry industry. This study aimed to determine the prevalence of H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) in commercial and backyard chickens in Egypt. A 2-year survey of H9N2 AIV in chickens in farms and backyards was carried out in 2015 and 2016. Materials and Methods: Direct detection of H9N2 AIV was performed by detecting the virus in tracheal and cloacal swabs using real-time polymerase chain reaction assays. A total of 20,421 samples were collected from chickens in farms and backyards in 26 Egyptian governorates. Results: In 2015, cases positive for H9N2 AIV numbered 388 (3.9%) out of 10,016 examined cases. However, in 2016, the total positive cases numbered 447 (4.3%) out of 10,405 examined cases. The prevalence of H9N2 AIV among chickens on commercial farms was 4.6% out of the 16,666 chickens examined. The rates of positive cases in 2015 and 2016 were 4.4% (349/7884) and 4.7% (417/8782), respectively. The prevalence of H9N2 AIV in backyard chickens was 1.8% (69/3755). The rates of positive cases in backyard chickens were 1.8% (39/2132) in 2015 and again 1.8% (30/1623) in 2016. The highest positivity rate of H9N2 in chicken farms was in Beni-Suef (61.5%) (8/13), whereas the highest positivity rate in backyard chickens was in Fayoum (8.2%) (8/97). Conclusion: The analysis of H9N2 infections among chicken farms and in backyard chickens in the different governorates of Egypt over 2 years indicated widespread infection throughout the country. Thus, continuous surveillance and implementation of control programs are warranted.
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Henuk, Yusuf L., and Darma Bakti. "Benefits of Promoting Native Chickens for Sustainable Rural Poultry Development in Indonesia." Talenta Conference Series: Agricultural and Natural Resources (ANR) 1, no. 1 (2018): 69–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.32734/anr.v1i1.98.
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There are many benefits of promoting of native chickens for rural poultry development in Indonesia. They are commonly raised in many areas of Indonesia and play a major role in food production, providing the main source of dietary animal protein for many people. They are often called “non-breed chickens"— (“or (“buras") to differentiate them from modern commercialized chicken breeds. There are at least 34 kinds of native chickens in Indonesia. Some of the more common native chickens, namely Ayunai, Balenggek, Banten, Bangkok, Burgo, Bekisar, Cemani, Ciparage, Gaok, Kampung, Kasintu, Kedu, Pelung, Lamba, Maleo, Merawang, Nagrak, Nunukan, Nusa Penida, Olagan, Sedayu, Sentul, Sumatera, Tolaki, Tukung, Wareng, Sabu, and Semau. Some of them are used for non-food purposes. Indonesia with its population is over 258.71 million people in 2016 has an annual level of protein consumption from poultry meat of 12.97 kg/capita/year and poultry eggs exceeded 190 eggs/capita/year. They accounted for about 10% of Indonesia‘s total meat consumption compared to broiler (55%), beef (19%), pork (8%), goat (7%), and others (1%) with its per capita meat consumption from livestock is still lower compared to many countries. There are three types of husbandry systems are used to raise native chickens in Indonesia. First, the extensive traditional system, farmers usually reared them ranged between 2 to 20 birds. Second, the semi-intensive with the bird numbers typically range from the least ownership of 25 birds to hundreds. Finally, there is professionally managed intensive system. The number of chickens reared is varies from hundreds to thousands.
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Benabdeljelil, K., and T. Arfaoui. "Characterization of Beldi chicken and turkeys in rural poultry flocks of Morocco. Current state and future outlook." Animal Genetic Resources Information 31 (April 2001): 87–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1014233900001516.
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SummaryThe main characteristics of Beldi (meaning “native” in Arabic) poultry raised in rural areas were studied in the Khenifra Region through extensive surveys.Beldi chickens have large phenotypic variability. Black, brown, grey and white colours, pure or mixed, are frequently observed in chickens' featherings while turkeys are predominantly bronze. Plumage types were fairly homogeneous in both species. Single combs and dented combs were respectively predominant in chicken hens and roosters.Sexual maturity was reached at 154 days for roosters, 168 for hens in chicken, around 217 days for toms and 231 for turkey hens. The age at first egg averaged 5.8 months for hens and 8.4 months for turkey hens. The number of eggs laid per hen per year was 78 for chicken and 69 for turkey. Hatchability rate was 78 and 80 percent for chicken and turkeys, respectively. Diseases were the main cause of mortality, which could affect up to 77 percent of chicken flocks.Few preliminary urgent steps for the conservation of Beldi poultry are discussed with other production improvement proposals.
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Sahin, Orhan, Qijing Zhang, Jerrel C. Meitzler, Brian S. Harr, Teresa Y. Morishita, and R. Mohan. "Prevalence, Antigenic Specificity, and Bactericidal Activity of Poultry Anti-Campylobacter Maternal Antibodies." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 67, no. 9 (2001): 3951–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.67.9.3951-3957.2001.
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ABSTRACT Poultry are considered the major reservoir for Campylobacter jejuni, a leading bacterial cause of human food-borne diarrhea. To understand the ecology of C. jejuni and develop strategies to control C. jejuni infection in the animal reservoir, we initiated studies to examine the potential role of anti-Campylobacter maternal antibodies in protecting young broiler chickens from infection by C. jejuni. Using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), the prevalence of anti-C. jejuni antibodies in breeder chickens, egg yolks, and broilers from multiple flocks of different farms were examined. High levels of antibodies to the organism were detected in serum samples of breeder chickens and in egg yolk contents. To determine the dynamics of anti-Campylobacter maternal antibody transferred from yolks to hatchlings, serum samples collected from five broiler flocks at weekly intervals from 1 to 28 or 42 days of age were also examined by ELISA. Sera from the 1-day and 7-day-old chicks showed high titers of antibodies to C. jejuni. Thereafter, antibody titers decreased substantially and were not detected during the third and fourth weeks of age. The disappearance of anti-Campylobacter maternal antibodies during 3 to 4 weeks of age coincides with the appearance of C. jejuniinfections observed in many broiler chicken flocks. As shown by immunoblotting, the maternally derived antibodies recognized multiple membrane proteins of C. jejuni ranging from 19 to 107 kDa. Moreover, in vitro serum bactericidal assays showed that anti-Campylobacter maternal antibodies were active in antibody-dependent complement-mediated killing of C. jejuni. Together, these results highlight the widespread presence of functional anti-Campylobacter antibodies in the poultry production system and provide a strong rationale for further investigation of the potential role of anti-C. jejunimaternal antibodies in protecting young chickens from infection byC. jejuni.
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GEORGOPOULOU (Ι. ΓΕΩΡΓΟΠΟΥΛΟΥ), J., P. IORDANIDIS (Π. ΙΟΡΔΑΝΙΔΗΣ), and P. BOUGIOUKLIS (Π. ΜΠΟΥΠΟΥΚΛΗΣ). "The frequency of respiratory diseases in broiler chickens during 1992-2001." Journal of the Hellenic Veterinary Medical Society 56, no. 3 (2017): 219. http://dx.doi.org/10.12681/jhvms.15082.
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The respiratory diseases of broiler chickens are included among the very important problems in the poultry industry. The pathogenic causes of these diseases are viruses (NDV, IBV, ILTV, etc), bacteria (Mycoplasma spp, Haemophilus paragallinarum, E.coli, ORT, etc), fungi and parasites. These factors can act either alone, leading in complete disease or in combinations, causing respiratory syndromes. In broiler flocks the most frequent respiratory disease with considerable economic losses is Colibacillosis. It is either the result of primary infection of the birds with the pathogenic E.coli or secondary as complicated agent leading in the CDR syndrome. The evaluation of the respiratory diseases incidents in the Clinic of Avian Medicine showed that there has been a gradual decline in the number of the respiratory diseases during the last decade 1992 - 2001. More specifically, the percentages of the incidents of respiratory diseases were: 26,49% (1992), 22,14% (1993), 17,24% (1994), 18,00% (1995), 10,04% (1996), 9,93% (1997), 11,92% (1998), 7,79% (1999), 7,77% (2000) and 6,99% (2001). This significant reduction of the respiratory disease percentages was probably caused by factors relative with a series of measures applied in breeder flocks, in hatcheries and in poultry houses. These measures concern the continuous improvement of the poultry houses and equipment, the application of systematic vaccination programs in breeders and chicks, the good collaboration between farmers and veterinarians, the improvement of nutrition, the supplying of chicks free of bacteria, such as Mycoplasma spp, Salmonella spp, etc, and viruses, such as Reovirus, Chicken anemia virus, e.t.c, and the strict application of appropriate disinfections. The application of the above measures reduces the poultry stress, enhances their immunity, eliminates the presence and the spread of pathogens and secures better health and growth in the birds of the poultry industry. Keywords: Respiratory diseases, broilers, incidents' frequency, decade 1992-2001
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BESTER, LINDA A., and SABIHA Y. ESSACK. "Observational Study of the Prevalence and Antibiotic Resistance of Campylobacter spp. from Different Poultry Production Systems in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." Journal of Food Protection 75, no. 1 (2012): 154–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.4315/0362-028x.jfp-11-237.
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Campylobacter bacteria are important foodborne pathogens that cause acute diarrheal illness, and infection is often associated with contaminated poultry. In a blind observational study, the prevalence and resistance profiles of thermophilic Campylobacter strains collected from different poultry production systems were tested against the clinically used antibiotics ciprofloxacin, tetracycline, erythromycin, gentamicin, and streptomycin. Campylobacter strains were isolated from chickens in rural production systems, a free-range commercial facility, and industrially raised broiler and egg-laying chickens all situated in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa. Isolates were collected from the chicken cecae and were identified with conventional methods and tested for antibiotic resistance with the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute agar dilution method. The prevalence of Campylobacter spp. isolates in chickens was 68% (56 samples) in rural production, 47% (140 samples) in commercial free-range broilers, 47% (133 samples) in industrial broilers, and 94% (34 samples) in industrial layer hens. Isolates from the rurally raised chickens showed significantly (P &lt; 0.01) less resistance against ciprofloxacin (7.9%), erythromycin (0%), and tetracycline (21.6%) than those from commercially produced chickens. Isolates from the commercially raised chickens (free range and industrial) were highly resistant to tetracycline (98.9 to 100%). The incidence of gentamicin and streptomycin resistance was 1.6 and 11.5%, respectively, in commercial free-range broilers, 1.7 and 16.4%, respectively, in industrially raised broilers, and 12.9 and 40%, respectively, in industrially raised layers. It is possible that variations among the poultry production systems, including antimicrobial usage, result in differences in antibiotic resistance profiles in Campylobacter.
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Campitelli, Laura, Concetta Fabiani, Simona Puzelli, et al. "H3N2 influenza viruses from domestic chickens in Italy: an increasing role for chickens in the ecology of influenza?" Journal of General Virology 83, no. 2 (2002): 413–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1099/0022-1317-83-2-413.
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In Italy, multiple H3N2 influenza viruses were isolated from chickens with mild respiratory disease and were shown to replicate in the respiratory tracts of experimentally infected chickens; this finding is the first to show that H3N2 influenza viruses can replicate and cause disease in chickens. H3N2 influenza viruses in pigs on nearby farms seemed a likely source of the virus; however, antigenic and molecular analyses revealed that the gene segments of the viruses in chickens were mainly of Eurasian avian origin and were distinguishable from those isolated from pigs and wild aquatic birds in Italy. Thus, several different H3 influenza viruses were circulating in Italy, but we failed to identify the source of the chicken H3N2 influenza viruses that have disappeared subsequently from Italian poultry. Until recently, the transmission of influenza viruses (other than the H5 and H7 subtypes) from their reservoir in aquatic birds to chickens was rarely detected and highly pathogenic and non-pathogenic viruses were considered to be restricted to poultry species. However, the recent reports of the transmission of H9N2 and H5N1 influenza viruses to chickens in Hong Kong and, subsequently, to humans and our findings of the transmission of H3N2 influenza viruses to domestic chickens in Italy suggest an increased role for chickens as an intermediate host in the ecology of influenza.
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Garbazhii, K. S., and O. J. Karunskii. "The effect of Chlorella suspension on productivity of chickens." Scientific Messenger of LNU of Veterinary Medicine and Biotechnologies 21, no. 90 (2019): 63–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.32718/nvlvet-a9011.
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The full feeding is one of the most important conditions that form the level of productivity in poultry industry. The value of feeding rations is known to depend not only on the presence of all essential substances in them, but also on the degree of its biological availability. Due to a wide range of vitamins, including fat-soluble, as well as macro- and micro elements in a biologically accessible form in Chlorella composition, Chlorella suspension can be become the useful component in feeding of poultry farming. Therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the influence of the Chlorella water suspension on growth, daily weight increment and amount of eggs of chicken. The Chlorella suspension was produced by “Samvel Farm Enterprise” in Bilyaivka district of Odessa region, Ukraine. The investigation was carried out on layer chickens of “Brown” breed at the age of 360 days, which were divided into 3 experimental groups: one of them was control group and two were research groups with 300 heads of layer chickens in each. Despite of Chlorella suspension chickens were fed by ordinary animal feeding stuff. Most of the feed composition for all chicken groups consisted of wheat, barley and limestone. The nutritional value of this complete feed involved the presence of the crude protein, crude fiber and necessary amino acids including lysine, methionine. The second chicken group, throughout the experiment during 160 days was fed with a suspension of Chlorella in a concentration of 50 million, and in the 3d experimental group – 60 million cells in 1 milliliter of fluid. The results of research showed that the use of Chlorella suspension positively influences the raise of growth of chickens in the 2nd and 3rd experimental groups, which is characterized by the higher absolute, relative and average daily increments. The maximum result was achieved in 2nd experimental group, where the optimal cell concentration in the Chlorella suspension was 50 million cells in 1 milliliter of fluid and daily rate of increment was 30 grams per 1 head. Also after feeding with Chlorella suspension egg-laying increased by 12.4% compared to egg-laying of chickens in control group. Consequently, the inclusion of Chlorella suspension in chicken feeding allows obtaining poultry products with the maximum consumer qualities.
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Grozina, A. "INFLUENCE OF VARIOUS FEED ADDITIVES ON THE ACTIVITY OF CHYME AND BLOOD PLASMA ENZYMES OF YOUNG MEAT CHICKEN OF ORIGINAL LINE." BULLETIN 2, no. 390 (2021): 12–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.32014/2021.2518-1467.45.
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The research aimed to determine the effect of a mixture of low molecular weight organic acids and complex phytobiotics when replacing a feed antibiotic with them on the activity of digestive enzymes in the duode-nal chyme and the activity of pancreatic enzymes in the blood plasma of young stock B5 and B9 meat chicken lines. The experiments were carried out on the original lines of meat poultry lines B5 (Cornish) and B9 (Plymouth rock). There was an operation to insert a cannula into the duodenum at the age of 6 weeks. The enzymatic activity of the duodenum chyme and the content of pancreatic enzymes in the blood plasma in the groups of chickens receiving antibiotics, low molecular weight organic acids, and phytobiotics with the diet. The data showed that the influence of feed additives on the physiological status of poultry was different. The use of low molecular weight organic acids of the B5 and B9 chicken lines had a significant effect on the production of digestive enzymes due to an increase in the activity of chyme lipase (by 98.3%) and blood plasma lipase (by 26.6%) in B9 chickens and an increase in chyme proteases (by 30.9%) in B5 chickens compared with the control group, where the antibiotic was used. The introduction of complex phytobiotics into the diet had a negative effect on chickens of the B5 line (Cornish), reducing the activity of amylase and lipase of the duodenal chyme (by 29.2 and 26.9%) compared with the control group. In B9 (Plymouth rock) chickens, only the chyme amylase activity increased by 30.8% that indicates an improvement in the availability of feed carbohydrates. These data confirm the need to take into account the different effects of feed additives on the digestion processes in different poultry crosses.
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Mappigau, Palmarudi, and Muhammad Yunus Amar. "Knowledge of Technology Poultry Production and Entrepreneurship For Development of Indigenous Chicken Farms in Indonesia." Journal of Business Management Review 1, no. 6 (2020): 373–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.47153/jbmr16.602020.
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The objective of this study is to analyze the knowledge of technology poultry production and entrepreneurship for the development of indigenous chicken farms. The research location Sidrap and Bone regencies, South Sulawesi Province, Indonesia. The data collected through direct observation and structured interviews with 96 indigenous chicken farmers. The data analyzed by descriptive statistics and Spearman's Rank correlation. The results showed that the development of indigenous chicken farms was decreasing and not increasing in the number of chickens, the knowledge of farmer respondents in technology poultry production and entrepreneurship was categorized as inadequate. The results show that in the technology poultry production, knowledge of suitable feed, and control and prevention of disease have a positive and significant relationship with the development of indigenous chicken farms. In entrepreneurial knowledge, knowledge of results-oriented and opportunity-seeking have a positive and significant relationship with the development of indigenous chicken farms. The conclusion, the technology poultry production, and entrepreneurship knowledge have an important role in the development of indigenous chicken farms
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Lira, Rosa Cavalcante, Carlos Bôa-Viagem Rabello, Maria do Carmo Mohaupt Marques Ludke, Paulo Vanderlei Ferreira, Geraldo Roberto Quintão Lana, and Sandra Roselí Valerio Lana. "Productive performance of broiler chickens fed tomato waste." Revista Brasileira de Zootecnia 39, no. 5 (2010): 1074–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/s1516-35982010000500018.
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Aiming to evaluate the effect of tomato waste inclusion on productive performance and characteristics of carcass and main broiler chicken cuts, an experiment was carried out using 300 male Cobb chicks, distributed in a complete randomized design, with five rations and five replicates. Diets consisted of control ration based on corn and soybean meal and four rations with 5, 10, 15 and 20% of tomato waste. Feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion and, at the end of experiment, slaughter weight, gutted carcass without feet and head, breast, drumstick, thigh, wing, back, edible guts and belly fat were evaluated every week, as well as it was the yield. Tomato waste increased feed intake in the periods from 1 to 7, 8 to 14 and 29 to 36 days of age and worsened gain weight and feed conversion of broiler chickens up to 29 days of age. Regarding carcass weight (g) and weight of the noble parts, breast, drumstick and thighs decreased linearly in function of the use of tomato waste in poultry on pre- initial and initial phase, that is, up to 28 days old, but yield (%) was not affected except for yield of heart and liver. Use of tomato waste in ration of broiler chickens during the period from 1 to 28 days may decrease weight gain and worsen food conversion. Tomato waste may be used as ration ingredient in ration of broiler chicken in the breeding period from 29 to 42 days of age up to the level of 20% without harming weight gain and feed conversion of poultry.
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Pereira, C. G., S. Y. Marin, B. M. Santos, et al. "Occurrence of Aviadenovirus in chickens from the poultry industry of Minas Gerais." Arquivo Brasileiro de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia 66, no. 3 (2014): 801–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/1678-41625899.
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The occurrence of Aviadenovirus (FAdV) was investigated in chickens from the poultry industry of Minas Gerais state, Brazil. The investigation was conducted due to the scarcity of recent data in the country and its description in neighboring countries. For this purpose, livers were collected from layer chicks (n=25), older layers (n=25), broilers (n=300), and livers (n=25) and stool (n=25) samples from broiler breeders, representing the major poultry regions of the state. FAdV DNA was demonstrated using a previously described PCR protocol for amplifying part of the hexon gene encoding sequence. FAdV was found in layer chicks (36%), widespread (100%) in older layers, and with regional differences in broilers (24-86%). Although all broiler breeder stools were negative, FAdV DNA was detected in livers (16%, 4/25) of stool-negative birds. In order to obtain additional information on the circulation of the infection, livers of subsistence chickens collected from one poultry intensive region, were evaluated (n = 12), with FAdV being detected in all samples. FAdV was found in young and old layers, broilers, broiler breeders and free-range chickens, and results suggest the circulation of FAdV among different types of chickens. The detection in older layer chickens may indicate an extended risk of horizontal transmission in regions of Minas Gerais with mixed activity of egg and meat type chickens and poor biosecurity strategies. The infection in breeders may indicate vertical transmission and the continuous production of infected progenies. The hexon-gene-targeted PCR amplicon sequences aligned with FAdV of species D of Aviadenovirus. Results indicate the necessity for biosecurity, especially for breeders, separating flocks according to origin, age and health status, which will be an advantage regarding any pathogen.
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Fathy, Marwa, Mounir M. El-safty, Jakeen K. El-jakee, Howaida I. Abd-alla, and Hala Mahmoud. "STUDY THE EFFECT OF MYCOPLASMA CONTAMINATION OF EGGS USED IN VIRUS TITRATION AND EFFICACY OF SOME LIVE ATTENUATED POULTRY VIRAL VACCINES." Asian Journal of Pharmaceutical and Clinical Research 10, no. 1 (2016): 216. http://dx.doi.org/10.22159/ajpcr.2017.v10i1.14930.
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ABSTRACTObjective: The study of Mycoplasma gallisepticum (MG) infection is needed, not only to understand the disease process but also to understand theinterference with the evaluation of some live viral poultry vaccines. This study aims to investigate the titration and potency of some live attenuatedpoultry viral vaccines; Newcastle disease, infectious bronchitis, infectious bursal disease, and Reo in both specific pathogen-free (SPF) embryonatedchicken eggs (ECEs) and chickens.Methods: Titration of live attenuated viral poultry vaccines in ECEs was carried out by dividing the inoculated eggs into four groups; the pre-,simultaneously-, post-, and non-MG contaminated. MG effect on the potency test was carried out using seventeen groups of SPF chickens (25 chicken/group) placed into separate isolators. Each live attenuated viral poultry vaccine was inoculated into 4 groups.Results: The highest titer of these vaccines that appeared in MG pre- contaminated ECEs were 1011, 107.5, 107.9, and 10, respectively. The lowest vaccinetiters that appeared in non-MG contaminated ECEs were 108, 106, 106.8, and 1067.5, respectively. Although the potency of these previous vaccines indicated thatthe highest antibodies titer that appeared in MG pre-infected vaccinated chickens were 7.5 log, 36 enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay unit (EU), and42 EU, respectively; the lowest antibodies titer that appeared in non-MG infected vaccinated chickens were 6.5 log22, 12 EU, 17 EU, and 10 EU, respectively.Conclusion: The present study findings underline the importance of using Mycoplasma -free eggs or chicken for the production of virus vaccines.Keywords: Mycoplasma gallisepticum, Newcastle disease virus, Infectious bronchitis virus, Infectious bursal disease virus, Reo virus, Chicken, Specificpathogen-free eggs.
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Busse, Maria, Maria Lee Kernecker, Jana Zscheischler, Felix Zoll, and Rosemarie Siebert. "Ethical Concerns in Poultry Production: A German Consumer Survey About Dual Purpose Chickens." Journal of Agricultural and Environmental Ethics 32, no. 5-6 (2019): 905–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10806-019-09806-y.
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Abstract The paper offers insights into the acceptability of ethical issues in poultry production and how this situation provides an opportunity to transform the prevailing system into a more sustainable one. The survey among German consumers reveals that killing day-old chicks is a well-known practice and is rated as “very problematic”. In contrast, dual-purpose chickens are mostly unknown but are considered a positive alternative to killing day-old chicks (after the concept has been explained). Consumer clusters were identified regarding purchasing criteria for dual-purpose chickens, purchasing routines and socio-economic factors. Three of the five clusters—the perfectionists, idealists, and realists—turned out to be potential buyers. To develop a suitable marketing strategy, it is recommended that the added value of dual-purpose chickens be comprehensibly communicated. From a multi-level perspective, rearing dual-purpose chickens has a competitive disadvantage compared to system-compliant alternatives (in-ovo sexing, “lay hen brothers”). Through increasing external pressure, the different alternatives can jointly contribute to a regime shift.
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Savvidou, S. E., J. D. Beal, P. H. Brooks, and R. M. La Ragione. "Liquid feed fermented with Lactobacillus salivarius reduces susceptibility of broiler chickens to Salmonella enterica typhimurium Sal 1344 nalr." Proceedings of the British Society of Animal Science 2009 (April 2009): 201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1752756200030404.
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Consumption of poultry meat is associated with human Salmonella infections (Revolledo etal. 2006). One way to control the presence of these bacteria in broiler flocks is to make chickens less susceptible to colonisation. Fermented liquid feed may be a potential tool to reduce the Salmonella carriage in broiler chickens (Heres etal. 2003). Fermented liquid feed is a moistened feed with high numbers of lactobacilli (=109cfu/gr), high concentration of lactic acid (= 150mM) and a low pH (<4.5) (Brooks etal. 2003). In the present experiment, a strain identified as Lb. salivarius that has been isolated from chicken gut and has been selected for its probiotic and fermentation properties after a screening method, was assessed for its efficacy in reducing the shedding of Salmonellatyphimurium in poultry.
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Ren, Fangzhe, Wenbin Yang, Juanjuan Hu, Pingyu Huang, Xin-An Jiao, and Jinlin Huang. "Feeding Malic Acid to Chickens at Slaughter Age Improves Microbial Safety with Regard to Campylobacter." Animals 11, no. 7 (2021): 1999. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ani11071999.
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This study supplied malic acid-supplemented drinking water to flocks that were naturally Campylobacter-positive and assessed the effect of feeding malic acid to chickens on Campylobacter reduction and poultry production. In Experiment 1, chickens were provided with malic acid-supplemented drinking water for three weeks. The contamination loads of Campylobacter were decreased by 0.91–0.98 log after the first week of use (p < 0.05). However, this effect did not persist over time and significant decontamination could not be found in the second and third weeks of application. Thus, in Experiment 2 malic acid-supplemented drinking water was given to chickens for a period of five days at slaughter age. The Campylobacter carriage was found to be effectively decreased by 1.05–1.55 log (p < 0.05). Malic acid had no adverse effects on chicken body weight, weight gain, intestinal indices, or the microbiota. In addition, it could change the composition of chicken meat since the moisture content was increased by 5.12–5.92% (p < 0.05) and the fat content was decreased by 1.60% (p < 0.05). Our study provides an effective means for reducing the contamination of Campylobacter during the chicken rearing period and this method can be applied to promote the safe development of poultry farming and its products.
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Bell, J. G., and I. Abodu. "DYNAMICS OF VILLAGE POULTRY PRODUCTION IN THE KEITA REGION OF NIGER." Nigerian Journal of Animal Production 22, no. 2 (2021): 141–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.51791/njap.v22i2.2428.
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The dynamics of the village poultry population was studied in the region of Keita in Niger. A weekly survey was carried out for 8 weeks in the dry season and 8 weeks in the rainy season in 47 families chosen at random in five villages. The principal species raised were: chickens, guinea fowl, pigeons and ducks. In 85% of cases, poultry was owned by men and in 15% by women. Pigeons were kept by children. Feed and housing were rudimentary. Mortality was essentially due to predation of chicks and of growers while other losses were through trampling, drowning and rain. Mortality due to disease was negligible during the periods of the survey. Mortality and predation were responsible for 83% of offtakes from chickens and 43% from guinea fowl. A greater proportion of guinea fowl (57%) were consumed and sold than chickens (14%).