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1
CASTRO, P., T. MILLÁN, J. GIL, J. MÉRIDA, M. L. GARCÍA, J. RUBIO, and M. D. FERNÁDEZ-ROMERO. "Identification of chickpea cultivars by microsatellite markers." Journal of Agricultural Science 149, no. 4 (December 13, 2010): 451–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859610001061.
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SUMMARYCharacterization of plant varieties is traditionally based on phenotypic observation. However, some varieties have very similar morphological characteristics, which make it difficult to distinguish between them. The present study employed 15 microsatellite markers distributed across all linkage groups (LG) of the chickpea genetic map to characterize 32 commercial chickpea cultivars and determine the usefulness of these markers for cultivar identification. These markers showed a high level of polymorphism; a total of 154 different alleles were detected, with a mean of 10·3 alleles per locus. The polymorphic information content (PIC) value ranged from 0·455 to 0·897. All the markers, with the exception of TA130, TA135 and TA144, were considered to be informative (PIC>0·7), indicating their potential usefulness for cultivar identification. A subset of markers (TA186, TA200, TA106, TA113, TA117 and TA30) was sufficient to identify all the cultivars studied. In order to confirm their discriminatory power, 16 unreleased chickpea cultivars (V1–V16) were screened and all of them presented different patterns. Therefore, these microsatellites can be regarded as a reference set for chickpea cultivar identification and their profiles can be used as a DNA fingerprint for each registered cultivar, avoiding redundancy of identical cultivars as well as to protect breeders' rights.
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Lin, R., H. Yang, T. N. Khan, K. H. M. Siddique, and G. Yan. "Characterisation of genetic diversity and DNA fingerprinting of Australian chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars using MFLP markers." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59, no. 8 (2008): 707. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar07401.
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Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is one of the major grain legume crops in the world. In this study, the genetic diversity of 24 Australian chickpea cultivars released between 1987 and 2005 was investigated with microsatellite-anchored fragment length polymorphism (MFLP) DNA markers. Among the cultivars examined, 30 cultivar-specific markers were identified and all were unequivocally identified using the DNA fingerprints developed in this study. Most of the cultivars were grouped into two major clusters; cv. Flipper was separated from the rest based on total character differences of DNA polymorphism. The MFLP approach proved suitable in the analysis of genetic diversity among the chickpea cultivars studied and the genetic relationship identified will be useful for chickpea breeding programs in selecting parent materials.
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Landa, Blanca B., Juan A. Navas-Cortés, María del Mar Jiménez-Gasco, Jaacov Katan, Baruch Retig, and Rafael M. Jiménez-Díaz. "Temperature Response of Chickpea Cultivars to Races of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris, Causal Agent of Fusarium Wilt." Plant Disease 90, no. 3 (March 2006): 365–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pd-90-0365.
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Use of resistant cultivars and adjustment of sowing dates are important measures for management of Fusarium wilt in chickpeas (Cicer arietinum). In this study, we examined the effect of temperature on resistance of chickpea cultivars to Fusarium wilt caused by various races of Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris. Greenhouse experiments indicated that the chickpea cultivar Ayala was moderately resistant to F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris when inoculated plants were maintained at a day/night temperature regime of 24/21°C but was highly susceptible to the pathogen at 27/25°C. Field experiments in Israel over three consecutive years indicated that the high level of resistance of Ayala to Fusarium wilt when sown in mid- to late January differed from a moderately susceptible reaction under warmer temperatures when sowing was delayed to late February or early March. Experiments in growth chambers showed that a temperature increase of 3°C from 24 to 27°C was sufficient for the resistance reaction of cultivars Ayala and PV-1 to race 1A of the pathogen to shift from moderately or highly resistant at constant 24°C to highly susceptible at 27°C. A similar but less pronounced effect was found when Ayala plants were inoculated with F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris race 6. Conversely, the reaction of cultivar JG-62 to races 1A and 6 was not influenced by temperature, but less disease developed on JG-62 plants inoculated with a variant of race 5 of F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris at 27°C compared with plants inoculated at 24°C. These results indicate the importance of appropriate adjustment of temperature in tests for characterizing the resistance reactions of chickpea cultivars to the pathogen, as well as when determining the races of isolates of F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris. Results from this study may influence choice of sowing date and use of chickpea cultivars for management of Fusarium wilt of chickpea.
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Sefera, Tadesse, Bekele Abebie, Pooran M. Gaur, Kebebew Assefa, and Rajeev K. Varshney. "Characterisation and genetic diversity analysis of selected chickpea cultivars of nine countries using simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers." Crop and Pasture Science 62, no. 2 (2011): 177. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp10165.
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The genomic DNA profiles of 48 chickpea cultivars released in nine countries and of historical significance to the chickpea breeding programs at ICRISAT and in Ethiopia were evaluated using 48 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. Across the cultivars, a total of 504 alleles representing the 48 SSR loci were detected with frequencies ranging from three to 22 (mean 10.5) alleles per locus. The polymorphism information content (PIC) for the SSR markers varied from 0.37 to 0.91 (mean 0.77). A subset of only three highly informative SSR markers (TA176, TA2, TA180) enabled complete discrimination among all 48 chickpea cultivars tested. Hierarchical neighbour-joining UPGMA cluster analysis based on simple matching dissimilarity matrix resolved the 48 cultivars into two major clusters representing desi and kabuli types. These cluster groupings of the cultivars were consistent with the pedigree information available for the cultivars as to the phenotypic classes of chickpea types. Analysis of the temporal patterns of the SSR diversity by classifying 48 chickpea cultivars into four periods of release revealed increasing tendencies in the overall genetic diversity from 0.42 for the earliest varieties developed in the 1970s to 0.62 for those released in the 1980s, and reached a maximum and equivalent level of 0.72 for the varieties developed in the 1990s and 2000s. Overall, the study ascertained that SSRs provide powerful marker tools in revealing genetic diversity and relationships in chickpeas, thereby proving useful for selection of parents in breeding programs and also for DNA fingerprint identification of cultivars.
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Gan, Y., A. M. Johnston, J. D. Knight, C. McDonald, and C. Stevenson. "Nitrogen dynamics of chickpea: Effects of cultivar choice, N fertilization, Rhizobium inoculation, and cropping systems." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 90, no. 5 (September 1, 2010): 655–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps10019.
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Understanding N dynamics in relation to cultural practices may help optimize N management in annual legume crops. This study was conducted at six environsites (location × year combinations) in southern Saskatchewan, 2004-2006, to quantify N uptake, N2 fixation, and N balance in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in relation to cultivar choice, cropping systems, rhizobial inoculation, and soil N fertility. The cultivars Amit, CDC Anna, CDC Frontier, and CDC Xena were grown at N fertilizer rates of 0, 28, 56, 84, and 112 kg N ha-1 with no Rhizobium and at 0, 28, and 84 kg N ha-1 combined with Rhizobium inoculation, evaluated in both conventional tilled-fallow and continuously cropped no-till systems. Flax was used as a non-N-fixing reference crop. The cultivar CDC Xena had the lowest yield (1.57 Mg ha-1) and seed N uptake (54.4 kg N ha-1), with N use efficiency (NUE, 13.2 kg seed N kg-1) being 17% less than the average of the other cultivars. Consequently, N balance (N input via fertilizer and N-fixation minus N exported) was -32.4 kg N ha-1 for CDC Xena and less negative than the average of the other cultivars (-39.8 kg N ha-1). Inoculated chickpea took up 10 kg ha-1 more N into the seed and 5 kg ha-1 more N into the straw than chickpea that was not inoculated. The amount of N fixed as a percentage of total N uptake was 15% for non-inoculated chickpea and 29% for inoculated chickpea, resulting in negative N balance regardless of cropping system. Increasing N fertilizer rates decreased NUE, with the rate of decrease being greater for non-inoculated chickpea compared with inoculated chickpea. We conclude that optimum productivity of chickpea can be achieved with application of effective Rhizobium inoculants, and that best N management practices must be adopted in the succeeding crops due to a large negative N balance after a chickpea crop.Key words: Chickpea, Cicer arietinum, N fertilizer, N2 fixation, Rhizobium inoculants, N balance, nitrogen use efficiency, N uptake
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Singh, A., R. Prasad, and R. K. Sharma. "Effects of plant type and population density on growth and yield of chickpea." Journal of Agricultural Science 110, no. 1 (February 1988): 1–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859600079612.
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SummaryA field experiment was made with chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) at the Indian Agricultural Research Institute, New Delhi during the winters of 1984–5 and 1985–6 to study the effects of plant type and population density on growth and yield of chickpea. Cultivars BG 257, BG 261, BG 268 and BG 274 produced signficantly more grain with 1000 × 103 and 660 × 103 plants/ha, whereas the cultivar BG 209 produced the most at 500 × 103 plants/ha. Among the cultivars, BG 257 and BG 268 gave highest grain yield with 660 × 103 plants/ha.
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Reen, R. A., J. P. Thompson, T. G. Clewett, J. G. Sheedy, and K. L. Bell. "Yield response in chickpea cultivars and wheat following crop rotations affecting population densities of Pratylenchus thornei and arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi." Crop and Pasture Science 65, no. 5 (2014): 428. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/cp13441.
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In Australia, root-lesion nematode (RLN; Pratylenchus thornei) significantly reduces chickpea and wheat yields. Yield losses from RLN have been determined through use of nematicide; however, nematicide does not control nematodes in Vertosol subsoils in Australia’s northern grains region. The alternative strategy of assessing yield response, by using crop rotation with resistant and susceptible crops to manipulate nematode populations, is poorly documented for chickpea. Our research tested the effectiveness of crop rotation and nematicide against P. thornei populations for assessing yield loss in chickpea. First-year field plots included canola, linseed, canaryseed, wheat and a fallow treatment, all with and without the nematicide aldicarb. The following year, aldicarb was reapplied and plots were re-cropped with four chickpea cultivars and one intolerant wheat cultivar. Highest P. thornei populations were after wheat, at 0.45–0.6 m soil depth. Aldicarb was effective to just 0.3 m for wheat and 0.45 m for other crops, and increased subsequent crop grain yield by only 6%. Canola, linseed and fallow treatments reduced P. thornei populations, but low mycorrhizal spore levels in the soil after canola and fallow treatments were associated with low chickpea yield. Canaryseed kept P. thornei populations low throughout the soil profile and maintained mycorrhizal spore densities, resulting in grain yield increases of up to 25% for chickpea cultivars and 55% for wheat when pre-cropped with canaryseed compared with wheat. Tolerance indices for chickpeas based on yield differences after paired wheat and canaryseed plots ranged from 80% for cv. Tyson to 95% for cv. Lasseter and this strategy is recommended for future use in assessing tolerance.
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Bazghaleh, Navid, Chantal Hamel, Yantai Gan, Bunyamin Tar'an, and Joan Diane Knight. "Genotype-Specific Variation in the Structure of Root Fungal Communities Is Related to Chickpea Plant Productivity." Applied and Environmental Microbiology 81, no. 7 (January 23, 2015): 2368–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/aem.03692-14.
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ABSTRACTIncreasing evidence supports the existence of variations in the association of plant roots with symbiotic fungi that can improve plant growth and inhibit pathogens. However, it is unclear whether intraspecific variations in the symbiosis exist among plant cultivars and if they can be used to improve crop productivity. In this study, we determined genotype-specific variations in the association of chickpea roots with soil fungal communities and evaluated the effect of root mycota on crop productivity. A 2-year field experiment was conducted in southwestern Saskatchewan, the central zone of the chickpea growing region of the Canadian prairie. The effects of 13 cultivars of chickpea, comprising a wide range of phenotypes and genotypes, were tested on the structure of root-associated fungal communities based on internal transcribed spacer (ITS) and 18S rRNA gene markers using 454 amplicon pyrosequencing. Chickpea cultivar significantly influenced the structure of the root fungal community. The magnitude of the effect varied with the genotypes evaluated, and effects were consistent across years. For example, the roots of CDC Corrine, CDC Cory, and CDC Anna hosted the highest fungal diversity and CDC Alma and CDC Xena the lowest.Fusariumsp. was dominant in chickpea roots but was less abundant in CDC Corrine than the other cultivars. A bioassay showed that certain of these fungal taxa, includingFusariumspecies, can reduce the productivity of chickpea, whereasTrichoderma harzianumcan increase chickpea productivity. The large variation in the profile of chickpea root mycota, which included growth-promoting and -inhibiting species, supports the possibility of improving the productivity of chickpea by improving its root mycota in chickpea genetic improvement programs using traditional breeding techniques.
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Gunes, Aydin, and Ali Inal. "Significance of intracellular and secreted acid phosphatase enzyme activities, and zinc and calcium interactions, on phosphorus efficiency in wheat, sunflower, chickpea, and lentil cultivars." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59, no. 4 (2008): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar07195.
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Phosphorus efficiency (PE), and its relationship with intracellular (APase) and secreted (S-APase) acid phosphatases, anthocyanin accumulation, and calcium and zinc nutrition, were compared among 8 cultivars of each of wheat, sunflower, chickpea, and lentil grown under greenhouse conditions with low and high rates of P supply in a P-deficient calcareous soil. Except for the chickpea cultivars, deficiency of P resulted in significant decreases in shoot dry weight of all the crop cultivars and led to significant decreases in root dry weight in wheat and sunflower, significant increases in root dry weight in chickpea, and no significant difference in root dry weight in lentil. PE differed greatly among species and their cultivars. On average, shoot P concentration in cultivars of wheat, sunflower, chickpea, and lentil increased by 44%, 54%, 47%, and 8%, respectively, with P supply, and the increases in P concentration differed greatly among cultivars of all species. Intracellular leaf APase activity of wheat and lentil cultivars was slightly decreased by P supply, while it was unchanged in sunflower and chickpea cultivars. However, root-secreted acid phosphatase (S-APase) activity was significantly reduced by P supply in wheat, sunflower, and chickpea cultivars. Under low-P conditions, S-APase activities of all species except sunflower were negatively correlated with PE. Phosphorus deficiency increased the anthocyanin concentration of the cultivars of wheat and sunflower, whereas it was usually decreased in cultivars of the P-efficient species chickpea and lentil. In general, concentration of Ca was found to be lower, but Zn concentration was higher, in P-efficient cultivars than in P-inefficient cultivars. The results demonstrated that PE of the cultivars clearly depends on their ability to take up P and Zn, and on secretion of acid phosphatases from their roots under P deficiency. The results also suggest that characteristics of Zn and Ca nutrition should be taken into consideration when screening cultivars of crop species for their P efficiency.
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Castillo, Pablo, María P. Mora-Rodríguez, Juan A. Navas-Cortés, and Rafael M. Jiménez-Díaz. "Interactions of Pratylenchus thornei and Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris on Chickpea." Phytopathology® 88, no. 8 (August 1998): 828–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.1998.88.8.828.
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Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris and the root-lesion nematode Pratylenchus thornei coinfect chickpeas in southern Spain. The influence of root infection by P. thornei on the reaction of Fusarium wilt-susceptible (CPS 1 and PV 61) and wilt-resistant (UC 27) chickpea cultivars to F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris race 5 was investigated under controlled and field conditions. Severity of Fusarium wilt was not modified by coinfection of chickpeas by P. thornei and F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris, in simultaneous or sequential inoculations with the pathogens. Root infection with five nematodes per cm3 of soil and 5,000 chlamydospores per g of soil of the fungus resulted in significantly higher numbers of propagules of F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris with the wilt-susceptible cultivar CPS 1, but not with the wilt-resistant one. However, infection with 10 nematodes per cm3 of soil significantly increased root infection by F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris in both cultivars, irrespective of fungal inoculum densities (250 to 2,000 chlamydospores per g of soil). Plant growth was significantly reduced by P. thornei infection on wilt-susceptible and wilt-resistant chickpeas in controlled and field conditions, except when shorter periods of incubation (45 days after inoculation) were used under controlled conditions. Severity of root necrosis was greater in wilt-susceptible and wilt-resistant cultivars when nematodes were present in the root, irrespective of length of incubation time (45 to 90 days), densities of nematodes (5 and 10 nematodes per cm3 of soil), fungal inocula, and experimental conditions. Nematode reproduction on the wilt-susceptible cultivars, but not on the wilt-resistant one, was significantly increased by F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris infections under controlled and field conditions.
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Li, Lin, Rosalind A. Bueckert, Yantai Gan, and Tom Warkentin. "Biomass and yield performance of kabuli chickpea cultivars with the fern or unifoliate leaf trait in the Northern Great Plains." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 86, no. 4 (October 10, 2006): 1089–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p05-154.
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Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) has two kinds of leaf types, the fern and unifoliate. The best leaf type to use for biomass production and yield in the short growing season of the Northern Great Plains, which has a semiarid environment with end of season rainfall, is not yet known. The objectives of this research were to determine the relationships between leaf type and crop growth rate, maximum above-ground biomass, harvest index and yield under moderate and high plant population densities. The study was conducted in the field at Saskatoon and Swift Current, Saskatchewan, in 2003 and 2004. The experimental treatments consisted of a factorial combination of six commercial kabuli chickpea cultivars representing the two leaf types and two plant population densities: 45 and 85 plants m-2. There were no cultivar and plant population interactions for crop growth rate, maximum above-ground biomass, harvest index and seed yield. Dry matter production was higher in the 2004 season, which had above-average rainfall and a longer duration of reproductive growth. Although high plant population exhibited higher maximum above-ground biomass in 3 location-years, plant population did not affect the crop growth rate. The 45 plants m-2 treatment had a higher harvest index than the 85 plants m-2 treatment in 2 location-years, but both population treatments were similar in the other two environments. Yield of chickpea was increased by higher plant population in 1 location-year, but was not affected by plant population in the other location-years. The fern leaf cultivars had a higher crop growth rate over the unifoliate leaf cultivars in 2 location-years and no significant difference in the other environment. Fern-leaf cultivars partitioned more dry matter to seed growth compared with unifoliate cultivars while sustaining similar biomass production as unifoliate cultivars. The use of fern-leaf cultivars in the Northern Great Plains appears to be an opportunity for increasing chickpea yield by its superior harvest index compared with unifoliate leaf cultivars. Key words: Cicer arietinum, fern leaf, unifoliate, plant population, seed yield
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Smiley, Richard W., Guiping Yan, and Jennifer A. Gourlie. "Selected Pacific Northwest Crops as Hosts of Pratylenchus neglectus and P. thornei." Plant Disease 98, no. 10 (October 2014): 1341–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/pdis-12-13-1296-re.
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Thirty crop species and cultivars were assayed in the greenhouse for efficiency as hosts of Pratylenchus neglectus and P. thornei. Hosting ability ratings were assigned using the ratio of final versus initial nematode density and also by comparing the final nematode density to that of a susceptible wheat control. Good hosts of both Pratylenchus spp. included oat ‘Monida’, chickpea ‘Myles’, and lentil ‘Athena’ and ‘Morton’. Good hosts of P. neglectus but not of P. thornei included 10 Brassica spp. (5 canola, 2 mustard, and 3 camelina cultivars), chickpea ‘Sierra’, sudangrass ‘Piper’, and sorghum/sudangrass hybrid ‘Greentreat Plus’. Good hosts of P. thornei but not of P. neglectus included lentil ‘Skyline’ and pea ‘Granger’, ‘Journey’, and ‘Universal’. Poor or minor hosts of both Pratylenchus spp. included chickpea ‘Dwelley’, pea ‘Badminton’, safflower ‘Gila’, ‘Girard’, and ‘KN 144’, sunflower ‘2PD08’, flax ‘Pembina’, eastern gamagrass ‘Pete’, and switchgrass ‘Blackwell’. Results of these assays will provide guidance for improving crop rotation and cultivar selection efficiencies.
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Thavarajah, Dil, and Rosalind A. Ball. "Drought-induced changes in free amino acid and ureide concentrations of nitrogen-fixing chickpea." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 86, no. 1 (January 1, 2006): 149–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p05-054.
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The metabolic products of nitrogen (N) fixation in a legume can be amides or ureides. Chickpea (Cicer arientinum L.) is a cool-season legume which transports both ureides and amides from N fixation. Ureides are purine derivatives which are synthesized solely in the nodules. Drought-sensitive legumes accumulate ureides, but the regulation of these N fixation products during drought in chickpea is not yet known. The objectives of this study were (1) to measure the metabolic products of N fixation during drought and (2) to quantify the differences in N fixation among chickpea cultivars during drought by acetylene reduction activity under controlled environment conditions. Five chickpea cultivars were exposed to drought by soil dehydration. Plants were harvested at 1, 5, 10 and 15 d after drought and were analyzed for leaf and stem ureide concentrations and total N. In separate growth chamber experiments, N fixation was quantified daily. Leaf ureide and free amino acid concentrations were analyzed at 1, 5, and 15 d after drought. Drought increased ureide accumulation in drought-sensitive cultivars and decreased total N, alanine and asparagine concentrations over time. Drought-tolerant chickpea cultivars maintained ureide and amide concentrations during drought. Of the chickpea cultivars examined, Myles was the most drought tolerant and CDC Chico was the least. Further research on leaf ureides, alanine and asparagine concentrations would be valuable to determine if these metabolic products could serve as measures for screening chickpea germplasm for drought-tolerant N fixation. Key words: Ureides, N fixation, Asparagine, Acetylene reduction
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Chauhan, Yash, Graeme Wright, Nageswararao Rachaputi, and Kevin McCosker. "Identifying chickpea homoclimes using the APSIM chickpea model." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59, no. 3 (2008): 260. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar07380.
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Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) has been traditionally grown in India but is a relatively new export crop in Australia where its cultivation is expanding into new areas. The objective of this study was to identify homoclimes (i.e. similar chickpea-growing environments) in the major chickpea-growing areas of the 2 countries, using the Agricultural Production Systems Simulator (APSIM) chickpea model. The model, which processes climatic, soil, and plant information on a daily time step, was first validated and then used to simulate flowering, maturity, and grain yield of Amethyst, a mid-season cultivar, and Barwon, a full-season cultivar, on low (100 mm), medium (150 mm), and high (190 mm) water-holding capacity soils, using historical climatic data of 67 Australian and 24 Indian locations. The mean of annual outputs of flowering, maturity, and grain yield of the 2 cultivars on 3 soils was then clustered using Ward’s hierarchical complete linkage clustering procedure. At a 90% level of similarity, all the locations could be grouped into 6 homoclime clusters. The Australian locations appeared more diverse as they were present in all the clusters, whereas the Indian locations were present only in clusters 1, 2, and 6. While there were clear geographical patterns of spread of these clusters, in Australia they were not entirely related to latitude. The cluster 1 and 2 locations, which represent the largest chickpea-growing area in Australia, had homoclime locations in common with northern India. The clustering of locations appeared generally consistent with the known adaptation of chickpea in different environments of the 2 countries and therefore suggests that the methodology could be potentially used for complementing conventional approaches of introducing or exchanging germplasm, as well as determining appropriateness of breeding/testing sites.
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Li, Lin, Rosalind A. Bueckert, Yantai Gan, and Tom Warkentin. "Light interception and radiation use efficiency of fern- and unifoliate-leaf chickpea cultivars." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 88, no. 6 (November 1, 2008): 1025–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps07056.
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A chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) crop with rapid leaf development, high solar radiation interception, and efficient use of radiation can maximize the yield potential in a short-season typical of the Northern Great Plains. This study determined the effects of cultivars varying in leaf architecture on light interception (LI) and radiation use efficiency (RUE) in chickpea. Six kabuli chickpea cultivars with fern and unifoliate-leaf traits were grown under low (45 plants m-2) and high (85 plants m-2) population density at Saskatoon and Swift Current, Saskatchewan, in 2003 and 2004. Fern-leaf cultivars achieved consistently higher maximum LI, and greater cumulative intercepted radiation than cultivars with the unifoliate-leaf. Estimated RUE varied largely with growing season, but did not differ among cultivars or between plant populations. Compared with low plant population, high plant population resulted in greater maximum LI in only 1 out of 4 location-years, but higher cumulative intercepted radiation in 3 out of 4 location-years. Our results indicated that future high-yielding kabuli chickpea cultivars for short seasons will benefit from increased canopy LI and seasonal cumulative intercepted radiation via the fern-leaf trait, although the fern-leaf does not further increase RUE. Use of fern-leaf cultivars, coupled with adoption of strategies that promote a rapid canopy development and improved radiation interception are keys to maximizing chickpea yield potential in the short-seasons experienced in the Northern Great Plains. Key words: Cicer arietinum, pinnate fern-leaf, unifoliate, plant population, canopy, radiation interception
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Nleya, T. M., G. C. Arganosa, A. Vandenberg, and R. T. Tyler. "Genotype and environment effect on canning quality of kabuli chickpea." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 82, no. 2 (April 1, 2002): 267–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p01-082.
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Chickpea (Cicer arietinum) has become an important pulse crop in Saskatchewan where both the large-seeded (kabuli) and small-seeded (desi) market classes are grown. In North America, kabuli chickpea is mainly used for canning and in salad bars. Both the genotype and the environment affect the canning quality. This study was conducted to determine the effect of genotype, environment and genotype × environment interactions on canning quality traits of three kabuli chickpea cultivars. The three cultivars were grown in 17 environments in Saskatchewan and Alberta during 1996, 1997 and 1998. The genotype, environment and genotype × environment interactions were significant for most canning quality traits. Significant genotype × environment interactions suggest that chickpea cultivars did not perform consistently relative to each other in different environments. This suggests that breeders must give due consideration to quality traits of both the dry and the canned product during the selection process. The results make apparent the magnitude of genotype × environment interactions that chickpea breeders must confront and indicate that extensive testing of chickpea for canning quality traits over different environments is required. Key words: Cicer arietinum, kabuli chickpea, genotype, environment, canning quality
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Ilarslan, H., and B. F. S. Dolar. "Histological And Ultrastructural Changes In Leaves Of Resistant And Susceptible Chickpea Cultivars To Ascochyta Rabiei (Pass.) Labr." Microscopy and Microanalysis 5, S2 (August 1999): 1250–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1431927600019577.
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The Ascochyta blight caused by Ascochyta rabiei ( Pass.) Labr. is a serious foliar fungal disease of chickpea (Cicer arientinum L.). The histo- and cytopathological examination of hostpathogen interactions was conducted in resistant ( ELC-195) and susceptible (Canitez-87) cultivars of chickpea at 3, 5, 7 days after inoculation with A. rabiei. Several histological studies have been made with A. Rabiei. No ultrastructural studies comparing the resistant and susceptible reactions of chickpea to A. rabiei have been reported.The hypersensitive response (HR) is a very common reaction in resistant chickpea plants challenged with A. Rabiei. The FfR has also been associated with defence reactions which is phytoalexin synthesis. Phytoalexins are compounds, synthesised in host plant cells, after infection, which have antimicrobial properties. Fligh concentrations are often found in nearby necrotic cells which prevents further growth of the A. Rabiei in resistance chickpea.A. rabiei produce typical appressorium formation for cuticle penetration but stomata penetration have been observed in some micrographs (Fig.l).
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Azimi, Seyed Mostafa, Nasroallah Moradi Kor, Madeh Ahmadi, Morad Shaaban, Zahra Rahmati Motlagh, and Morteza Shamsizadeh. "Investigation of growth analysis in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars under drought stress." International Journal of Life Sciences 9, no. 5 (June 14, 2015): 91–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v9i5.12705.
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A field experiment performed in order to evaluate the effects of drought stress on growth indices of chickpea cultivars. This experiment was performed in factorial using randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments were drought stress treatment in in three levels consisting of no drought stress (control), moderate drought stress (irrigation at planting and early flowering) and severe drought stress (no irrigation) and cultivar treatment (three cultivars Azad, Grit and ILC482). Results showed that LAI, CGR, RGR and NAR reduced with increased in drought stress level. Also, LAR decreased after short time increasing. Non stress condition caused to improve growth stages and increase accumulation of dry matter and yield in chickpea. Maximum LAI, LAR and CGR obtaind at 56 days after sowing under non irrigation condition, but under complete irrigation they were observed at 77 days after sowing. RGR and NAR reduced with increasing the age of the plant. Thus we concluded that drought stress decreased growth of chickpea and final yield of it.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/ijls.v9i5.12705
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Sosulski, F. W., and H. M. Gadan. "Variations in lipid composition among chickpea cultivars." Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society 65, no. 3 (March 1988): 369–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/bf02663079.
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Pimenta, Amanda Maria Leal, Nelson de Abreu Delvaux Júnior, Sérgio Manoel da Silva Fernandes, Josiane Cantuária Figueiredo, Samy Pimenta, Maria Josiane Martins, and Danúbia Aparecida Costa Nobre. "Physiological quality of seeds and growth of seedlings of chickpea under salt stress." Research, Society and Development 10, no. 11 (September 11, 2021): e597101119940. http://dx.doi.org/10.33448/rsd-v10i11.19940.
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Salt stress is a condition that causes physiological changes in several species, the identifying cultivars tolerant to such conditions is essential to high salinity environments. The objective was to evaluate the physiological quality of seeds of chickpea cultivars to salt stress during germination and seedling growth. Two cultivars (‘BRS Cícero’ and ‘BRS Aleppo’) and five osmotic potentials simulated with sodium chloride solutions (0.0; -0.2; -0.4; -0.6 and -0.8 MPa), were evaluated by the test of germination speed index, mean germination time, epicotyl and primary root length, epicotyl and primary root fresh mass, epicotyl and the primary root dry mass of the seeds were evaluated. Significant interactions were found for all variables, indicating that there are cultivars with specific performance for a particular salt condition, and the simulated salt stress conditions negatively affected germination and seedling growth. Osmotic potentials of less than -0.4 MPa are harmful to the germination and growth of chickpea seedlings. The ‘BRS Cícero’ seeds showed a higher salt tolerance than ‘BRS Aleppo’. The cultivar BRS Aleppo has a longer epicotyl length compared to 'BRS Cícero' when subjected to the same conditions of salt stress.
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Thoma, s., and S. Fukai. "Growth and yield response of barley and chickpea to water stress under three environments in southeast Queensland. III. Water use efficiency, transpiration efficiency and soil evaporation." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 46, no. 1 (1995): 49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar9950049.
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Two cultivars of barley and one cultivar of chickpea were grown in both well-watered and water stress conditions in three experiments. Water use efficiency (biomass produced per unit evapotranspiration) was lower in chickpea than in barley, and between two barley cultivars it was higher in early-maturing Corvette than in late-maturing Triumph. These differences in water use efficiency were mostly related to the differences in transpiration efficiency (biomass produced per unit transpiration). The latter appeared to reflect the differences in biomass production under well-watered conditions, as similar differences were found in light use efficiency (biomass produced per unit of photosynthetically active radiation intercepted) among the three crops. Transpiration efficiency was inversely related to vapour pressure deficit of the air. In three experiments soil evaporation accounted for about 55% and 10-30% of total water use for chickpea and barley respectively during observation periods, when rainfall was excluded from the plots. Slow canopy development of chickpea was a reason for such a high proportion of soil evaporation, and this contributed to its lower water use efficiency compared to barley. The amount of radiation transmitted to the soil surface appeared to be an important factor determining soil evaporation, even when soil water was not fully available and limiting soil evaporation.
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Gholipoor, M., A. Soltani, F. Shekari, and Fb Shekari. "Effects of salinity on water use efficiency and its components in chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)." Acta Agronomica Hungarica 50, no. 2 (July 1, 2002): 127–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1556/aagr.50.2002.2.2.
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In order to investigate the effects of salinity on water use efficiency (WUE) and its components, i.e. transpiration efficiency (TE), uptake efficiency (UE) and harvest index (HI), in chickpea, four chickpea cultivars were grown in pots containing soils with 0.8 (C=control), 2 (S1) and 3.9 (S2) dSm-1 salinity. At S1, the WUE of all cultivars increased, but subsequently decreased with increasing salinity. The relative contribution of TE to the sum of squares of WUE was relatively higher than UE and HI. Therefore, the TE component had a more crucial improving effect on WUE than the other two WUE components. At the S2 level, UE and HI were lower than in the control. Path analysis revealed that the simultaneous selection of non-stressed cultivars for higher TE and HI, and of salt-stressed cultivars for better TE and UE should be practised to improve WUE under non-stressed and high stress conditions, respectively. With respect to ion contents, the screening of salt-subjected cultivars for higher K+ content in the roots might result in an increase in both the total dry matter (TDM) and WUE of chickpea under stress conditions. Additionally, the selection of non-stressed cultivars on the basis of higher shoot Ca2+ concentration might stimulate the TDM and WUE of chickpea under non-stressed conditions.
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PARSA, Mehdi, Akbar ALIVERDI, and Hossein HAMMAMI. "Activity of the Recommended and Optimized Rates of Pyridate on Chickpea - Mesorhizobium mediterraneum Symbiosis." Notulae Scientia Biologicae 6, no. 1 (March 12, 2014): 92–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.15835/nsb619221.
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Crop-rhizobium symbiosis can be influenced by leaching of herbicides which is unavoidable after their application. Due to an adjuvant which might help to develop the low-use-rate of herbicide, an experiment was carried out to compare the impact of the recommended rate (1200 g active ingredient ha-1) and the optimized rate (282.15 g active ingredient ha-1) of pyridate on the biological properties of eight chickpea cultivars inoculated with Mesorhizobium mediterraneum, grown in pots. Based on the required rate of herbicide to give 95% control of common lambsquarters (Chenopodium album L.) value, the efficacy of pyridate improved up to 3.87-fold by adding methylated rapeseed oil to spray solution. The ‘Desi’ cultivar had significantly higher nodulation than ‘Kabuli’ cultivar. In general, toxicity of the recommended rate was higher than the optimized rate. With the exception of root dry weight, all of the measured parameters were significantly affected by the recommended rate of pyridate in varying degrees. The symbiotic properties of chickpea cultivars were affected more than 10% at the recommended dose. The reduced nodulation ranged from 29% to 73% among cultivars exposed to pyridate at the recommended dose. The ‘Desi’ cultivar was more sensitive than the ‘Kabuli’ to the recommended rate of pyridate. We may conclude that effective low-use-rate of pyridate via applying of activator adjuvants should be noted.
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Karacan, Ilknur, Ozlem Senvar, Ozlem Arslan, Yasemin Ekmekçi, and Serol Bulkan. "A Novel Approach Integrating Intuitionistic Fuzzy Analytical Hierarchy Process and Goal Programming for Chickpea Cultivar Selection under Stress Conditions." Processes 8, no. 10 (October 14, 2020): 1288. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/pr8101288.
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Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) is a quite high nutrient and widespread legume that is consumed globally. Similar to many plants, chickpea is sensitive to environmental stresses. The major goal of the breeders is to achieve the most tolerant cultivars. This study aims to determine the tolerance level of chickpea cultivars against cold and drought stresses. The cultivars in the scope of this study are the ones that are officially identified and grown in Turkey. Ranking alternatives according to multiple criteria is difficult and requires a systematic approach. Thus, a coherent multi criteria decision making (MCDM) methodology is proposed in order to ease the ranking process. The methodology includes integration of intuitionistic fuzzy analytical hierarchy process (IF-AHP) with group decision making (GDM) and goal programming (GP). This integration presents a robust ranking according to criteria that are appraised by talented experts. Applying the methodology to the data, results in the order of chickpea cultivars with regard to their cumulative tolerance to cold and drought stresses. Diyar 95 spearheads this list with its utmost performance. The main contribution of this study is the proposition of the powerful MCDM approach with systematic procedure for the ranking process of cultivars. The proposed methodology has a generic structure that can be applied to various stress problems for different plants.
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Yururdurmaz, Cengiz, Mehmet Çağatay Çerikçi, Rukiye Kara, and Ali Turan. "DETERMINATION OF SUITABLE WINTER CHICKPEA (CICER ARIETINUM L.) CULTIVARS UNDER KAHRAMANMARAŞ CONDITIONS." Current Trends in Natural Sciences 10, no. 19 (July 31, 2021): 246–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.47068/ctns.2021.v10i19.032.
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This study was conducted with the chickpea cultivars of Işık-05, Azkan, Sarı 98, Hisar, Çakır, Aydın 92, Yaşa-05, Menemen 92, Cevdetbey, Çağatay, Aksu and two local cultivars over the experimental fields of Kahramanmaraş Eastern Mediterranean Transitional Zone Agricultural Research of Institute in 2014-2015 cropping years. Experiments were conducted in randomized blocks design with 3 replications. Quality traits of plant height, the first pod height, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of kernels per plant, kernel weight per plant, kernel yield, 100-kernel weights were investigated. The differences in plant height, the first pod height, number of branches per plant, number of pods per plant, number of kernels per plant, kernel weight per plant, kernel yield and 100-kernel weight of the genotypes were found to be significant. Kernel yields of the genotypes varied between 425.40 - 267.93 kg da-1 with the greatest value from Çakır cultivar and the lowest value from Hisar cultivar.
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Dale, ML, and JAG Irwin. "Glasshouse and field screening of chickpea cultivars for resistance to Phytophthora megasperma f.sp. medicaginis." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 31, no. 5 (1991): 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9910663.
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The resistance expressed by a range of chickpea cultivars to phytophthora root rot in glasshouse and field trials was examined. Van der Plank's compound interest equation was the most suitable transformation for providing parameters to describe epidemic development for most of the cultivars when compared to the simple interest equation by plotting residuals and coefficients of determination. The area under the disease progress curve (AUDPC) was significantly correlated with the final disease incidence (FDI), which was also significantly correlated with the apparent infection rate (r), but r and AUDPC were not significantly correlated. The AUDPC proved to be relatively indiscriminate in this study for selecting resistant cultivars, since the value for the susceptible control cultivar was high, and many cultivars therefore had statistically lower AUDPC values. Several cultivars (i.e. CQ1591, ICC7568 and 232-4) were resistant on the basis of both the FDI and r parameters in the field trial and considered worthy of further investigation. When the parameters FDI or r were used to categorise the disease reactions of cultivars in the field, only half of the 30 cultivars assessed showed similar responses in both the glasshouse and field trials. The glasshouse assay used here does not allow the detection of all potentially useful forms of field resistance, and further work is needed in the development of a glasshouse assay which gives an accurate representation of field response to Phytophthora megasperma Drechs. f. sp. medicaginis Kuan and Erwin.
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Jefferies, M. Laura, Christian J. Willenborg, and Bunyamin Tar'an. "Response of conventional and imidazolinone-resistant chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars to imazamox and/or imazethapyr applied post-emergence." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 96, no. 1 (February 1, 2016): 48–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjps-2015-0144.
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Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) production in the Northern Great Plains is limited by very few broadleaf weed control options. Field experiments were conducted at two locations in 2012 and at three locations in 2013 in Saskatchewan, Canada, to examine the performance of the conventional and the imidazolinone (IMI) resistant chickpea cultivars to post-emergence application of imazamox or imazethapyr applied alone or in tank-mix. Treatments included imazamox (20 and 40 g a.i. ha−1), imazethapyr (50 and 100 g a.i. ha−1), and a tank-mixture of imazamox (35%) + imazethapyr (35%) (30 and 60 g a.i. ha−1). Conventional cultivars, CDC Luna and CDC Corinne, showed moderate to severe injury compared with resistant cultivars, CDC Alma and CDC Cory, which showed minimal to no injury. Plant height was arrested and node development slowed for conventional cultivars treated with IMI herbicides. This susceptibility to IMI herbicides was also noted with a delay in flowering and maturity. Despite a significant negative response, CDC Luna and CDC Corinne were able to recover throughout the growing season resulting in no yield loss from IMI treatments at all locations, except one. Resistant cultivars, CDC Alma and CDC Cory, demonstrated no significant injury from IMI herbicide compared with the untreated controls. These results show the potential to use IMI herbicides in the resistant chickpea cultivars, expanding the currently limited options for broadleaf weed control in chickpea cultivation.
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Yadav, Neelam, Devinder Kaur, Ritika Malaviya, Pinki Saini, and Saba Anjum. "Enhancement in mineral bioavailability of extruded pulses with reduced antinutrients." British Food Journal 121, no. 11 (October 24, 2019): 2967–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/bfj-04-2019-0236.
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Purpose Iron deficiency anaemia and zinc deficiency are major public health problems across the globe. Cereals and pulses are important vegetarian source of minerals like zinc (Zn) and iron (Fe), however, poor digestibility impairs proper availability of micro minerals in the body. Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp) were selected for study as they are important pulse crops consumed worldwide. Therefore, in order to remove antinutrients and enhance bioavailability of nutrients in chickpea and cowpea, extrusion cooking was selected as a technology and its impact was studied by an in vitro method. The paper aims to discuss this issue. Design/methodology/approach Four chickpea cultivars, two desi (K 850 and PUSA 362) and two kabuli (PUSA 1108 and PUSA 1053) and one cowpea (Gomati) cultivars were selected for the study. Pulses were processed in a laboratory using a single screw food extruder. Raw and extruded pulses were analysed for antinutrients content, micronutrients content (Fe, Zn) and their bioavailability. Findings Extrusion cooking significantly decreased phytate in all cultivars of chick pea and cowpea with highest reduction (72.92 per cent) in PUSA 362; similarly, tannin and trypsin inhibitor decreased by 87.5 and 71.54 per cent, respectively, in Gomati cultivar of cowpea. All cultivars showed significant increase in protein digestibility. Iron bioavailability in all samples enhanced significantly; however, only 50 per cent cultivars (K 850, PUSA 362 and PUSA 1108) showed improvement in Zn bioavailability. Originality/value The present research therefore brought the outcome as an enhanced in vitro protein digestibility and bioavailability of micro mineral and protein in certain pulses having minimized antinutrients. Therefore, it is concluded that extrusion cooking is an effective tool in enhancing protein and micro mineral bioavailability.
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Sabaghpour, Sayyed Hossain, Farhang Razavi, Seyyedeh Fatemeh Danyali, Davood Tobe, and Asghar Ebadi. "Additive Main Effect and Multiplicative Interaction Analysis for Grain Yield of Chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in Iran." ISRN Agronomy 2012 (July 30, 2012): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.5402/2012/639381.
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Selection of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars with wide adaptability across diverse farming environments is important before recommending them to achieve a high rate of cultivar adoption. Multienvironment trials including 3 years and 5 locations for 17 genotypes of autumn chickpea were carried out in Iran. Additive main effect and multiplicative interaction (AMMI) were used to understand the GE interaction pattern. Analysis of variance of grain yield showed that 68.36% of the total sum of squares was attributable to environmental effects, only 15.9% to genotypic effects and 13.55% to GE interaction effects. Biplot of the first principal component and mean grain yields for genotypes and environments revealed that high yielding genotypes were not stable cultivars regarding final yield. The AMMI2 mega-environment analysis identified four chickpea megaenvironments in Iran. The first megaenvironment contained locations, Ghachsaran and Lorestan, where genotype Arman was the winner; the second megaenvironment contained locations Gorgan, where genotype FLIP 98-126C was superior. The tertiary megaenvironment contained locations in Ilam, where genotype FLIP 98-82C was superior and the location of Kermanshah made up the other megaenvironment, with FLIP 98-201C as superior.
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Ptashnik, O. A. "Development of the main elements of the crop structure of pea and chickpea at different rates and methods of seeding under the conditions of the steppe Crimea." Bulletin of the State Nikitsky Botanical Gardens, no. 133 (December 18, 2019): 194–99. http://dx.doi.org/10.36305/0513-1634-2019-133-194-199.
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In this article, we present research results on studying the effect of rates and methods of seeding on the seed productivity of new cultivars of pea (Pisum sativum L .) and chickpea (Cicer arietinum L. ) under conditions of the Crimea. The field trials were conducted during the period 2016-2018. Studies have shown that the optimum seeding rate for the pea cultivar Pharaoh (leafless morphotype) was 1.2-1.4 million pieces per hectare. The best seeding rate for the chickpea cultivar Zolotoy Yubiley both under closely spaced rows (15cm) and wide-row sowing with the 45 cm row-width spacing was 400 thousand seeds per hectare, and under wide-row sowing with the 60 cm row-width spacing was 200 thousand seeds/ha. For the cultivation chickpea Zolotoy Yubiley, the most productive was the wide-row sowing with the 45 cm row-width spacing because the yield, in this case, was 1.23 t/ha.
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Knights, E. J., R. J. Southwell, M. W. Schwinghamer, and S. Harden. "Resistance to Phytophthora medicaginis Hansen and Maxwell in wild Cicer species and its use in breeding root rot resistant chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.)." Australian Journal of Agricultural Research 59, no. 4 (2008): 383. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ar07175.
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Phytophthora root rot caused by Phytophthora medicaginis is a major disease of chickpea in Australia. Only partial resistance, derived from chickpea, is available in Australian cultivars. Five wild Cicer species were compared with chickpea cv. Jimbour (moderately resistant) in a field experiment. The proportions of accessions with significantly lower (P < 0.05) disease scores, where lower scores equate to higher resistance, were 9/9 for C. echinospermum, 9/21 for C. bijugum, 1/4 for C. judaicum, 1/29 for C. reticulatum, and 0/3 for C. pinnatifidum. The resistance of C. echinospermum (7/7 accessions) but not the other Cicer species was reproduced in a greenhouse test. Nine out of 30 chickpea × C. echinospermum-derived lines were as resistant as the C. echinospermum parents in a separate greenhouse experiment. C. echinospermum appears to be the best of the sources we examined for breeding chickpea cultivars resistant to P. medicaginis.
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Gunes, A., N. Cicek, A. Inal, M. Alpaslan, F. Eraslan, E. Guneri, and T. Guzelordu. "Genotypic response of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars to drought stress implemented at pre- and post-anthesis stages and its relations with nutrient uptake and efficiency ." Plant, Soil and Environment 52, No. 8 (November 17, 2011): 368–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.17221/3454-pse.
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Uptake of mineral nutrients in chickpea cultivars might be an important response in drought tolerance. An experiment under controlled conditions was carried out to study the genotypic response of 11 chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars to drought and its relations with N, P, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Zn, Mn and B uptake and uptake efficiency. Plants were grown either optimal or drought stress implemented at pre- (early drought stress, EDS) and post-anthesis (late drought stress, LDS) stages. Growth reduction of the cultivars as a response to drought significantly differed. The results of the study indicated that EDS had less detrimental effects on growth and nutrient uptake than LDS conditions. In general, drought tolerant chickpea cultivars accumulated more N, P, K, Ca, Zn, Mn and B in both drought stress treatments except for Zn and Mn uptake in LDS treatment. The total nutrient uptake efficiency of the cultivars were also very significantly correlated with the growth reduction ration (GR) both in EDS and LDS treatments giving correlation coefficients (r) of –7859 and –0.7678, p < 0.01, respectively.
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Sivakumar, M. V. K., and Piara Singh. "Response of Chickpea Cultivars to Water Stress in a Semi-arid Environment." Experimental Agriculture 23, no. 1 (January 1987): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700001125.
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SUMMARYThe combined effect of soil moisture stress in the root zone and atmospheric evaporative demand on the growth and yield of two chickpea cultivars was investigated using four sowing dates and three irrigation regimes within each sowing date during the 1980–81 and 1981–82 seasons at the ICRISAT research centre. Total water use was different for different irrigation regimes and sowing dates and there were differences in the total dry weight and seed yield of chickpea between the sowing dates and the irrigation regimes. The cultivars did not differ in dry matter production. However, cv. Annigeri yielded more than cv. L-550 under all irrigation regimes. Differences in seed weight were observed between irrigation regimes and sowing dates and there were interactions between sowing dates and cultivars and between irrigation regimes, sowing dates and cultivars. High air temperatures during the period from flowering to maturity reduced the time to maturity of late-sown chickpea and led to reduced seed size and lower yields. The efficiency of use of applied water was also low for the late-sown crop.
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Sivakumar, M. V. K., and Piara Singh. "Response of Chickpea Cultivars to Water Stress in a Semi-arid Environment." Experimental Agriculture 23, no. 1 (January 1987): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0014479700003409.
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SUMMARYThe combined effect of soil moisture stress in the root zone and atmospheric evaporative demand on the growth and yield of two chickpea cultivars was investigated using four sowing dates and three irrigation regimes within each sowing date during the 1980–81 and 1981–82 seasons at the ICRISAT research centre. Total water use was different for different irrigation regimes and sowing dates and there were differences in the total dry weight and seed yield of chickpea between the sowing dates and the irrigation regimes. The cultivars did not differ in dry matter production. However, cv. Annigeri yielded more than cv. L-550 under all irrigation regimes. Differences in seed weight were observed between irrigation regimes and sowing dates and there were interactions between sowing dates and cultivars and between irrigation regimes, sowing dates and cultivars. High air temperatures during the period from flowering to maturity reduced the time to maturity of late-sown chickpea and led to reduced seed size and lower yields. The efficiency of use of applied water was also low for the late-sown crop.
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Chang, K. F., H. U. Ahmed, S. F. Hwang, B. D. Gossen, R. J. Howard, T. D. Warkentin, S. E. Strelkov, and S. F. Blade. "Impact of cultivar, row spacing and seeding rate on ascochyta blight severity and yield of chickpea." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 87, no. 2 (April 1, 2007): 395–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/p06-067.
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Field trials to assess the impact of chickpea type (desi vs. kabuli), row spacing and seeding rate on ascochyta blight of chickpea were conducted over 2 yr at Brooks, Alberta. A compound-leaved desi chickpea cultivar and unifoliate kabuli cultivar were sown at 20, 30 and 40 cm row spacing, and at three seeding rates (20, 40 and 60 seeds per 3 m row). Most of the variation in disease severity was associated with differences between the cultivars. Seeding rate, row spacing and their interactions had substantially smaller effects on ascochyta blight in comparison with cultivar effects. Late in the growing season, blight severity was consistently lower in the desi than the kabuli cultivar. Wide row spacing and low seeding rate reduced ascochyta blight severity and increased seed yield per plant. Wide row spacing in the first year reduced the seed yield per hectare, but row spacing did not significantly affect yield in 2005. Low in-row seeding rates increased yield only in 2004. There was a positive linear relationship between plant density and blight severity, and a negative relationship between yield per plant and both plant density and disease severity. We conclude that reduced plant population density could be one tool in a program to manage ascochyta blight of chickpea. Key words: Cicer arietinum, plant population density, ascochyta blight, yield
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Akinina, G. E., and V. N. Popov. "Polymorphism of microsatellite loci of European chickpea cultivars." Cytology and Genetics 46, no. 1 (February 2012): 21–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.3103/s0095452712010021.
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Ghosh, Alokesh, Abhishek Dadhich, Prakhar Bhardwaj, J. Nagendra Babu, and Vinay Kumar. "Comparative analysis of metabolites in contrasting chickpea cultivars." Journal of Plant Biochemistry and Biotechnology 29, no. 2 (September 16, 2019): 253–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s13562-019-00530-2.
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Ghassemi-Golezani, Kazem, and Saeid Ghassemi. "Effects of Water supply on Seed Development and Quality of Chickpea Cultivars." Plant Breeding and Seed Science 67, no. 1 (August 8, 2014): 37–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/v10129-011-0068-0.
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AbstractA split plot experiment (using RCB design) with three replications was conducted in 2012 and seed physiological quality of three chickpea (Cicer arietinumL.) cultivars (Azad, Arman and Jame) was evaluated at seven stages under well and limited irrigation conditions. Maximum seed weight (mass maturity) was achieved at 40–45 days after flowering. However, maximum seed quality was obtained 7 to 10 days after mass maturity, depending on irrigation intervals and cultivars. At earlier harvests, because of immaturity, and at later harvests, due to ageing, seed quality was low. Seed filling rate and maximum seed weight of chickpea decreased with decreasing water supply, but water deficit had no significant effects on seed quality as measured by germination percentage, germination rate and seedling dry weight. Significant differences in seedling dry weight among chickpea cultivars were attributed to significant variation in seed weight affected by genetic constitution.
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Jefferies, M. Laura, Christian J. Willenborg, and Bunyamin Tar'an. "Response of Chickpea Cultivars to Imidazolinone Herbicide Applied at Different Growth Stages." Weed Technology 30, no. 3 (September 2016): 664–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1614/wt-d-15-00156.1.
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POST broadleaf weed control options in chickpea are very limited on the Northern Great Plains. Field experiments were conducted in 2012 and 2013 in Saskatchewan to evaluate the response of chickpea cultivars to imidazolinone (IMI) herbicides applied at different growth stages. Conventional cultivars ‘CDC Luna’ and ‘CDC Corinne’ were compared with IMI-resistant cultivars ‘CDC Alma’ and ‘CDC Cory’. Treatments comprised a combination of imazethapyr + imazamox herbicides at 30 and 60 g ai ha−1(1× and 2× rates, respectively) applied at the 2 to 4-, 5 to 8-, and 9 to 12-node growth stages. Visual injury estimates were > 50% for CDC Luna and CDC Corinne for all growth stage applications. Conventional cultivars also experienced height reduction and decreased rate of node development compared with the nontreated controls. Flowering and maturity of CDC Luna and CDC Corinne were delayed for herbicide applications at all growth stages; however, application at the 9 to 12-node stage caused the most severe delay. All treatments of IMI herbicide caused yield reduction in the conventional cultivars in 2013. In contrast, IMI-resistant cultivars CDC Alma and CDC Cory demonstrated no negative response at any growth stage of IMI herbicide application. Visual injury estimates were negligible, and height, node development, days to flowering, maturity, and yield did not differ significantly between IMI-treated plants and the respective controls. These results demonstrated the potential of in-crop use of IMI herbicide on resistant chickpea cultivars to control broadleaf weeds.
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Dias, Letícia Betânia Xavier, Pedro Afonso de Melo Queiroz, Lara Bernardes da Silva Ferreira, Marco Antônio Moreira de Freitas, Érica Fernandes Leão Araújo, Patrícia Pereira da Silva, and Warley Marcos Nascimento. "Accelerated ageing as a vigour test on chickpea seeds." February 2020, no. 14(02):2020 (February 20, 2020): 339. http://dx.doi.org/10.21475/ajcs.20.14.02.p1957.
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The objective of this work was to establish the temperature and the period of exposure needed to perform the traditional accelerated ageing test with saturated NaCl salt solution on chickpea seeds. Eight seed lots from two cultivars, including four seeds each, were subjected to germination and vigour tests for initial characterization. Following the methodology of the traditional accelerated ageing test. The seeds were placed on stainless steel screens in boxes with 40 mL deionized water. They were kept at 41 and 45º Celsius for 24 and 48 hours. Furthermore, the accelerated ageing test using [40 g of NaCl in 100 mL of water, thus providing 76% of relative humidity in air] NaCl (salt) solution in place of the deionized water was performed. Aged seeds were sowed in germination paper and kept in a germination chamber at 41º and 45º Celsius. The evaluations were performed five and eight days after sowing. The statistical analysis was performed with a completely randomized design and four replications. The traditional ageing of both cultivars showed a water content higher than the tolerated limits at 48 hour period and 41 and 45 °C. In the saturated saline test, the cultivar BRS Aleppo produced consistent results at temperatures 45 °C for 24 h. The cultivar Cícero showed a low correlation with the initial characterization as the results of accelerated ageing. Thus, for ‘BRS Aleppo’, the recommended accelerated ageing methodology was application of saturated saline solution, when seed exposed to 41 °C for 24 hours with germination evaluation at the first count date. For 'Cicero', satisfactory results were not obtained, and new studies are required to establish a methodology.
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Sweetman, Crystal, Troy K. Miller, Nicholas J. Booth, Yuri Shavrukov, Colin L. D. Jenkins, Kathleen L. Soole, and David A. Day. "Identification of Alternative Mitochondrial Electron Transport Pathway Components in Chickpea Indicates a Differential Response to Salinity Stress between Cultivars." International Journal of Molecular Sciences 21, no. 11 (May 28, 2020): 3844. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/ijms21113844.
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All plants contain an alternative electron transport pathway (AP) in their mitochondria, consisting of the alternative oxidase (AOX) and type 2 NAD(P)H dehydrogenase (ND) families, that are thought to play a role in controlling oxidative stress responses at the cellular level. These alternative electron transport components have been extensively studied in plants like Arabidopsis and stress inducible isoforms identified, but we know very little about them in the important crop plant chickpea. Here we identify AP components in chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and explore their response to stress at the transcript level. Based on sequence similarity with the functionally characterized proteins of Arabidopsis thaliana, five putative internal (matrix)-facing NAD(P)H dehydrogenases (CaNDA1-4 and CaNDC1) and four putative external (inter-membrane space)-facing NAD(P)H dehydrogenases (CaNDB1-4) were identified in chickpea. The corresponding activities were demonstrated for the first time in purified mitochondria of chickpea leaves and roots. Oxidation of matrix NADH generated from malate or glycine in the presence of the Complex I inhibitor rotenone was high compared to other plant species, as was oxidation of exogenous NAD(P)H. In leaf mitochondria, external NADH oxidation was stimulated by exogenous calcium and external NADPH oxidation was essentially calcium dependent. However, in roots these activities were low and largely calcium independent. A salinity experiment with six chickpea cultivars was used to identify salt-responsive alternative oxidase and NAD(P)H dehydrogenase gene transcripts in leaves from a three-point time series. An analysis of the Na:K ratio and Na content separated these cultivars into high and low Na accumulators. In the high Na accumulators, there was a significant up-regulation of CaAOX1, CaNDB2, CaNDB4, CaNDA3 and CaNDC1 in leaf tissue under long term stress, suggesting the formation of a stress-modified form of the mitochondrial electron transport chain (mETC) in leaves of these cultivars. In particular, stress-induced expression of the CaNDB2 gene showed a striking positive correlation with that of CaAOX1 across all genotypes and time points. The coordinated salinity-induced up-regulation of CaAOX1 and CaNDB2 suggests that the mitochondrial alternative pathway of respiration is an important facet of the stress response in chickpea, in high Na accumulators in particular, despite high capacities for both of these activities in leaf mitochondria of non-stressed chickpeas.
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ANWAR, M. RAJIN, B. A. McKENZIE, and G. D. HILL. "Water-use efficiency and the effect of water deficits on crop growth and yield of Kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) in a cool-temperate subhumid climate." Journal of Agricultural Science 141, no. 3-4 (November 2003): 285–301. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021859603003630.
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The present study was conducted from 1998 to 2000, to evaluate seasonal water use and soil-water extraction by Kabuli chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.). The response of three cultivars to eight irrigation treatments in 1998/99 and four irrigation treatments in 1999/2000 at different growth stages was studied on a Wakanui silt loam soil in Canterbury, New Zealand. Evapotranspiration was measured with a neutron moisture meter and water use efficiency (WUE) was examined at crop maturity. Water use was about 426 mm for the fully irrigated treatment and at least 175 mm for the non-irrigated plants. There was a significant correlation (P<0·001) between water use and biomass yield (R2=0·80) and water use and seed yield (R2=0·75). There were also highly significant (P<0·001) interacting effects of irrigation, sowing date and cultivar on WUE and the trend was similar to that for seed yield. The estimated WUE ranged from 22–29 kg DM/ha per mm and 10–13 kg seed yield/ha per mm water use.The three chickpea cultivars were capable of drawing water from depths greater than 60 cm. However, most of the water use (0·49–0·93 mm/10 cm soil layer per day) came from the top 0–30 cm, where most of the active roots were concentrated. The study has shown that using actual evapotranspiration and water-use efficiency, the biomass yield and seed yield of Kabuli chickpeas can be accurately predicted in Canterbury. Soil water shortage has been identified as a major constraint to increasing chickpea production. Drought was quantified using the concept of maximum potential soil moisture deficit (Dpmax) calculated from climate data. Drought responses of yield, phenology, radiation use efficiency and yield components were determined, and were highly correlated with Dpmax. The maximum potential soil moisture deficit increased from about 62 mm (irrigated throughout) to about 358 mm (dryland plots). Chickpea yield, intercepted radiation and the number of pods per plant decreased linearly as the Dpmax increased. Penman's irrigation model accurately described the response of yield to drought. The limiting deficit for this type of soil was c. 165 and 84 mm for the November and December sowings in 1998/99 and 170 mm in 1999/2000. Beyond these limiting deficits, yield declined linearly with maximum potential soil moisture deficits of up to 358 mm. There was little evidence to support the idea of a moisture sensitive period in these Kabuli chickpea cultivars. Yield was increased by irrigating at any stage of crop development, provided that the water was needed as determined by the potential soil moisture deficit and sowing early in the season.
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Taran, B., F. Holm, and S. Banniza. "Response of chickpea cultivars to pre- and post-emergence herbicide applications." Canadian Journal of Plant Science 93, no. 2 (March 2013): 279–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.4141/cjps2012-167.
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Taran, B., Holm, F. and Banniza, S. 2013. Response of chickpea cultivars to pre- and post-emergence herbicide applications. Can. J. Plant Sci. 93: 279–286. Weed control is one of the major constraints of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) production in western Canada. There are no highly selective herbicides registered for broadleaf weed control in this crop in western Canada, consequently herbicide injury to the crop is an issue in many situations. Experiments were conducted at Saskatoon and Elrose, SK, to examine the effects of herbicide treatments on ascochyta blight severity, days to flowering, days to maturity, plant height and yield of several chickpea cultivars. Results in 2008 and 2009 showed that sulfentrazone was the safest option evaluated for broadleaf weed control in chickpea. The results also showed that although a pre-emergence application of low-rate imazethapyr caused minor levels of injury to the plants and slightly increased ascochyta blight severity, it had only minor effects on plant development and yield compared with sulfentrazone. In contrast, post-emergence applications of imazethapyr, imazamox and metribuzin increased ascochyta blight severity significantly, delayed flowering and maturity and reduced yield. The extent of the effects of pre- and post-emergence herbicide applications varied with cultivars.
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Harveson, Robert M., Carlos A. Urrea, and David D. Baltensperger. "Evaluating Chickpea Genotypes for Resistance to Ascochyta Blight in Nebraska." Plant Health Progress 10, no. 1 (January 2009): 12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/php-2009-0720-01-rs.
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Ten irrigated or dryland chickpea field trials in the Nebraska Panhandle over the three year period (2005-2007) assessed parental genotypes and cultivars for disease resistance to Ascochyta blight caused by Aschochyta rabiei. The most promising genotypes for all aspects of disease resistance were the breeding lines PI 17256 and CA0090B347C. PI 17256 had significantly better disease ratings in two of the four dryland trials and five of the six irrigated trials compared to the three standard commercial cultivars (Dylan, Dwelley, and Sierra). Overall, breeding line CA0090B347C was intermediate between PI 17256 and the other entries in terms of disease resistance, with similar ratings to PI 17256 but better than the commercial cultivars in two of the four dryland trials and two of the six irrigated trials. PI 17256 produced the highest yields in three trials, while CA0090347C produced significantly higher yields than the commercial cultivars in three other trials. These two lines should be useful as germplasm sources for ongoing breeding efforts to develop new, adapted blight-tolerant cultivars for Nebraska. Accepted for publication 11 May 2009. Published 20 July 2009.
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Silsbury, JH. "Nodulation and nitrogen fixation (acetylene reduction) of four cultivars of chickpea." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 29, no. 5 (1989): 663. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea9890663.
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The capacities of 4 Australian cultivars of chickpea to nodulate, grow and to fix N2 after inoculation with commercial peat inoculant (Group N, strain CC1192) were examined up to flowering in 2 experiments. One was a field experiment and the other a glasshouse pot experiment involving application of mineral (NO-3) N. Nodule activity was estimated by acetylene reduction assay (AR). The study was conducted in response to recent reports and field observations of apparently poor fixation by chickpea crops in South Australia and of poor cereal yield following a chickpea crop. The cultivars Dooen, Tyson, Opal and Amethyst all nodulated successfully with the inoculant and fixed N2 actively over the vegetative period, although plants were slow to nodulate under warm conditions. A sharp decline in nodule activity was not observed at flowering but observations were not continued into the grain-filling period. A nutrient solution 2.5 mmol/L for NO-3 (compared with no NOT) applied 14 days after sowing, delayed nodulation, had no effect on total nodule number 50 days after sowing but markedly reduced nodule activity of all cultivars. Cultivars showed only small differences in nodule number and in nodule activity; but all showed a strong, positive, growth response to NO-3 and accumulated more N when NO-3 was applied than when only N2 was fixed. It was concluded that all 4 cultivars were adequately nodulated by strain CC1192, which led to active N2 fixation during the vegetative period. Poor apparent fixation by chickpea crops in the field may be due to decline in nodule activity during grain filling and mobilisation of plant N to the grain, or to the use of soil mineral N rather than fixed N2. If chickpea is to gain a useful place in cereal-grain legume rotations in southern Australia, grain yield needs to be increased, dependence on soil N reduced and nodule activity prolonged into the grain filling period. These objectives may be achievable in part through the identification and eventual use of an inoculant other than CC1192.
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Bazghaleh, Navid, Chantal Hamel, Yantai Gan, Bunyamin Tar’an, and Joan Diane Knight. "Genotypic variation in the response of chickpea to arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and non-mycorrhizal fungal endophytes." Canadian Journal of Microbiology 64, no. 4 (April 2018): 265–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1139/cjm-2017-0521.
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Plant roots host symbiotic arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and other fungal endophytes that can impact plant growth and health. The impact of microbial interactions in roots may depend on the genetic properties of the host plant and its interactions with root-associated fungi. We conducted a controlled condition experiment to investigate the effect of several chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) genotypes on the efficiency of the symbiosis with AM fungi and non-AM fungal endophytes. Whereas the AM symbiosis increased the biomass of most of the chickpea cultivars, inoculation with non-AM fungal endophytes had a neutral effect. The chickpea cultivars responded differently to co-inoculation with AM fungi and non-AM fungal endophytes. Co-inoculation had additive effects on the biomass of some cultivars (CDC Corrine, CDC Anna, and CDC Cory), but non-AM fungal endophytes reduced the positive effect of AM fungi on Amit and CDC Vanguard. This study demonstrated that the response of plant genotypes to an AM symbiosis can be modified by the simultaneous colonization of the roots by non-AM fungal endophytes. Intraspecific variations in the response of chickpea to AM fungi and non-AM fungal endophytes indicate that the selection of suitable genotypes may improve the ability of crop plants to take advantage of soil ecosystem services.
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Biçer, B. T. "The Effect of Phosphorus Doses on Chickpea Cultivars Under Rainfall Conditions." Cercetari Agronomice in Moldova 47, no. 2 (July 8, 2014): 89–95. http://dx.doi.org/10.2478/cerce-2014-0019.
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abstract This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different phosphorus doses (0, 15, 30, 40 and 70 kg ha-1) on chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) cultivars at Diyarbakir, Southeast Anatolia of Turkey over two years at late spring. The effect of phosphorus on plant height and number of branches plant-1 was nonsignificant. Number of branches plant-1 was different response to phosphorus doses, although statistically was not significant. Number of pods and seeds plant-1 were affected by phosphorus treatment. Although 100 seed weight was not affected by phosphorus applications, cultivar x doses interaction was important. Phosphorus doses were significant for yield, but yield apparently did not increase. Start dose, 15 kg phosphorus ha-1, was initially increased the yield, and 30 kg phosphorus ha-1 application slightly was increased. The highest number of pods and seeds at 30 and 70 kg P ha-1, compared only one of these control and 15 kg P ha-1. Grain yield was increased to 16 and 12% with the application of 30 and 40 kg P ha-1, respectively, when compared with control dose. Chickpea cultivars showed low response to P application. Phosphorus fertilization could not be effective due to late sown. Early sown and irrigation supply can be advisable for more effectiveness phosphorus intake in this region.
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Navas-Cortés, Juan A., Bernhard Hau, and Rafael M. Jiménez-Díaz. "Yield Loss in Chickpeas in Relation to Development of Fusarium Wilt Epidemics." Phytopathology® 90, no. 11 (November 2000): 1269–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1094/phyto.2000.90.11.1269.
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Development of 108 epidemics of Fusarium wilt of chickpea caused by Fusarium oxysporum f. sp. ciceris were studied on cvs. P-2245 and PV-61 in field microplots artificially infested with races 0 and 5 of F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris in 1986 to 1989. Disease progression data were fitted to the Richards model using nonlinear regression. The shape parameter was influenced primarily by date of sowing and, to a lesser extent, by chick-pea cultivars and races of F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris. Fusarium wilt reduced chickpea yield by decreasing both seed yield and seed weight. These effects were related to sowing date, chickpea cultivar, and virulence of the prevalent F. oxysporum f. sp. ciceris race. Regression models were developed to relate chickpea yield to Fusarium wilt disease intensity with the following independent variables: time to initial symptoms (tis), time to inflection point (tip) of the disease intensity index (DII) progress curve, final DII (DIIfinal), standardized area under DII progress curve (SAUDPC), and the Richards weighted mean absolute rate of disease progression (rho). Irrespective of the chickpea cultivar × pathogen race combination, the absolute and relative seed yields decreased primarily by delayed sowing. The relative seed yield increased with the delay in tis and tip and decreased with increasing DIIfinal, SAUDPC, and rho. A response surface as developed in which seed yield loss decreased in a linear relationship with the delay in tis and increased exponentially with the increase of rho.
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Pasqualone, Antonella, Davide De Angelis, Giacomo Squeo, Graziana Difonzo, Francesco Caponio, and Carmine Summo. "The Effect of the Addition of Apulian black Chickpea Flour on the Nutritional and Qualitative Properties of Durum Wheat-Based Bakery Products." Foods 8, no. 10 (October 16, 2019): 504. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/foods8100504.
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Historically cultivated in Apulia (Southern Italy), Apulian black chickpeas are rich in bioactive compounds such as anthocyanins. This type of chickpea is being replaced by modern cultivars and is at risk of genetic erosion; therefore, it is important to explore its potential for new food applications. The aim of this work was to assess the effect of the addition of Apulian black chickpea wholemeal flour on the nutritional and qualitative properties of durum wheat-based bakery products; namely bread, “focaccia” (an Italian traditional bakery product similar to pizza), and pizza crust. Composite meals were prepared by mixing Apulian black chickpea wholemeal flour with re-milled semolina at 10:90, 20:80, 30:70, and 40:60. The rheological properties, evaluated by farinograph, alveograph, and rheofermentograph, showed a progressive worsening of the bread-making attitude when increasing amounts of chickpea flour were added. The end-products expanded less during baking, and were harder and darker than the corresponding conventional products, as assessed both instrumentally and by sensory analysis. However, these negative features were balanced by higher contents of fibre, proteins, and bioactive compounds, as well as higher antioxidant activity.
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Mirza, Babur Saeed, M. Sajjad Mirza, Asghari Bano, and Kauser A. Malik. "Coinoculation of chickpea with Rhizobium isolates from roots and nodules and phytohormone-producing Enterobacter strains." Australian Journal of Experimental Agriculture 47, no. 8 (2007): 1008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ea06151.
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The aim of the present study was to isolate plant-beneficial bacteria (both Rhizobium and plant growth promoting rhizobacteria) from roots and nodules of chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) and to study the effect of coinoculations on growth of two cultivars of chickpea. Four Rhizobium strains were obtained from roots and four from the nodules of field-grown chickpea cv. Parbat and identified on the basis of morphological characteristics, and biochemical and infectivity tests on the host seedlings. Only one type of nitrogen and carbon source utilisation pattern and DNA banding pattern of random amplified polymorphic DNA was observed in all isolates (Rn1, Rn2, Rn3, Rn4) from nodules, while two types of such patterns were detected among the isolates from roots. The isolate Rr1 from roots also exhibited a pattern identical to those of the isolates from nodules, whereas the remaining three isolates (Rr2, Rr3 and Rr4) from roots showed a different pattern. Two strains of plant growth-promoting rhizobacteria belonging to genus Enterobacter were also isolated from chickpea roots. All the Rhizobium strains and Enterobacter strains produced the plant growth hormones indole acetic acid and gibberellic acid in the growth medium. Effects of the bacterial isolates as single- or double-strain inocula were studied on two chickpea cultivars (NIFA 88 and Parbat) grown in sterilised soil. In cultivar NIFA 88, coinoculation of Rhizobium strain Rn1 with Enterobacter strain B resulted in maximum increase in plant biomass and nodulation, as compared with the control treatment (non-inoculated as well as inoculated with Rhizobium strain Rn1 only), whereas the combination of Rhizobium Rn1 with Enterobacter A was more efficient in growth promotion of chickpea cv. Parbat. In non-sterilised soil, the same combinations of the Rhizobium strain Rn1 with Enterobacter strains A and B were found to be the most effective inoculants for cvv. Parbat and NIFA 88, respectively. However, some negative effects on plant growth were also noted in cv. Parbat coinoculated with Rhizobium strain Rr2 and Enterobacter strain B.