Dissertations / Theses: 'Chicks - Performance'

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Kelly, Jack D. "Effect of Overall Indispensible Amino Acid Levels on Performance of Broiler Chicks." DigitalCommons@USU, 1985. https://digitalcommons.usu.edu/etd/4115.

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An attempt was made to determine the effect of overall indispensible amino acids (IAAs} level on growth rate and efficiency of broiler chicks. There were two overall levels: the low (8.33% IAA, 17.6% CP containing all IAAs at the minimum requirement found in preliminary studies), and the high (10.77% IAA, 21.5% CP with IAAs increased by 28%). Both diets contained 13.7 Mega joules ME (3277 Kcal) per kilogram. These two diets along with other variations of the two diets were fed to Hubbard chicks. Growth rate , with the low IAA diet was as good as with the high, but feed efficiency was significantly better for the high. When one of the IAAs was reduced from the higher to the minimum estimate, feed efficiency was better than the low overall diet. Two additional diets with the low levels of IAAs and dispensible amino acids increased were fed to male Hubbards. Protein level was increased by the addition of DAAs but did not improve either growth rate or feed efficiency. Therefore, it was concluded that feed efficiency was not improved by increasing DAAs alone.

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Daunt, Francis H. J. "The effects of parental age on reproductive performance in the shag Phalacrocorax aristotelis." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340330.

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Rude, Christopher M. "Effects of corn starch on growth performance of broiler chicks during the early growth period." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/12198.

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Master of Science
Department of Animal Sciences and Industry
R. Scott Beyer
Three experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of gelatinized starch created during the pelleting process. Effects of gelatinization were first broadly tested to find if either increased or decreased gelatinization levels would increase broiler weight gain and feed efficiency during the starter period, 0 to 21 days of age. Results of the first experiment indicated a decrease (P<0.05) in broiler performance with increased levels of gelatinization, and a significant effect when the inclusion of gelatinized starch in the diet increased from 0 to 35%. A second experiment was conducted using a smaller range, 0 to 21% versus 0 to 35% inclusion of gelatinized starch in the diet and a smaller increment of increase, 3 versus 5%. Results of this experiment confirmed the results of the first experiment, and regression analysis was performed on the data. A linear decrease in body weight gain and quadratic increase in feed:gain (P<0.05) was observed as gelatinized starch was increased from 0 to 21% of the diet. A survey of the literature was conducted showing that most of the simulated levels of gelatinization were larger than those achieved with typical pelleted broiler diets. A third experiment was designed to investigate the levels of gelatinization observed in a pelleted diet and combined with three corn particle sizes, small (466 μm), medium (878 μm), and large (1240 μm), to find if any interactions existed. Chicks fed with the highest gelatinization level of 20%, (7.86% inclusion of pregelatinized starch) had lower body weight gains (P<0.05), and higher feed:gain (P<0.05) compared to chicks fed with 0% gelatinization. Small particle size had the lowest live body weight gain and lowest pen feed intake (P<0.05). There were no interactions found between gelatinization level and particle size (P>0.10). The results demonstrated a negative effect on chick body weight gain and feed efficiency by gelatinization of starch.

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Cox, Chasity Marie. "The effects of dietary β-glucan supplementation on performance and immune response of broiler chicks during an Eimeria challenge." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/46327.

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Escalating consumer concerns have placed the poultry industry under mounting pressure to reduce the use of chemotherapeutic agents as feed additives. One possible alternative receiving increased attention is the use of immunomodulators such as β-glucan. A pilot study evaluated the effects of a yeast derived β-glucan (Auxoferm YGT) on growth performance and immune response of broiler chickens. Day-old chicks were fed a diet containing 0, 0.02, or 0.1% yeast β-glucan. On days 7 and 14 post-hatch, body weight and relative immune organ weights were measured, peripheral blood was collected to determine heterophil to lymphocyte (H:L) ratios, and small intestinal sections were sampled to evaluate relative gene expression. The addition of β-glucan had no influence on growth. Dietary β-glucan supplementation modulated the expression of interleukin (IL)-8, IL-18, interferon (IFN)-γ and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) in the small intestine. A subsequent study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary β-glucan on broiler chick (1440 birds) performance and immune response during a mixed Eimeria infection (day 8 of age). Measurements were taken and samples collected on days 4, 7, 10, 14 and 21 post-hatch. The results from this study show that β-glucan supplementation did not negatively impact performance. The addition of β-glucan to the diet resulted in reduced gross lesion severity and increased H:L ratios. The gene expression results suggest that β-glucans are capable of skewing the host immune response toward aTh1 mediated response and consequently down-regulating the Th2 mediated response.
Master of Science

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White, Mallory Beth. "In ovo and feed application of probiotics or synbiotics and response of broiler chicks to post-hatch necrotic enteritis." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2021. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/103632.

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Immediately post-hatch, broiler chicks are exposed to microbes that begin colonizing the gut, including environmental pathogens. One of the costliest enteric diseases in broiler production is necrotic enteritis (NE), caused by the ubiquitous opportunistic bacteria Clostridium perfringens (CP). With the worldwide reduction in antibiotic growth-promoters (AGPs), there is increased interest in natural alternatives to reduce disease and improve broiler health. The overall objective of the studies described herein was to apply probiotics or synbiotics to birds by in ovo application or orally before they leave the hatchery, then evaluate bird performance and various intestinal responses. Data were analyzed in JMP with LS Means to separate means with significance assigned at P ≤ 0.05 and trends at 0.05 < P ≤ 0.10. The first 21-day (D) study used 480 male Cobb 500 broilers randomly divided into one of four treatments using a 2x2 factorial design: a no-additive control (CTRL), a one-time oral application of synbiotic at the hatchery fed a basal diet (HS), an oral application of water at the hatchery with dietary synbiotics (DS), and a hatchery synbiotic plus dietary synbiotic (HSDS). Performance was measured on day-of-hatch (DOH), D3, D7, D14, and D21. mRNA abundance of various intestinal markers was measured at D7 and D21, including tight junction proteins ZO-1, ZO-2, and CLD-1; nutrient transporters SGLT1 and PepT1; and immune response markers TLR2, TLR4, and IL-10. HS lowered feed intake (FI) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) without lowering body weight (BW) from D14-21. There was greater abundance of PepT1 mRNA (P ≤ 0.1) and IL-10 mRNA (P ≤ 0.05) on D21 in HSDS. Second, a 21-day pilot study with 480 male and female Cobb 500 broilers was conducted to determine the optimum in ovo dosage level of a probiotic or synbiotic (PROB or SYNB) applied at embryonic day 18 (E18) with subsequent NE challenge using seven treatments: in ovo application of sterile water (CTRL), low (PROB-L or SYNB-L: 1x105 CFU), medium (PROB-M or SYNB-M: 1x106 CFU), or high (PROB-H or SYNB-H: 1x107 CFU) probiotic or synbiotic doses dissolved in sterile water. Performance measurements were taken on DOH, D4, D8, D14 and D21. On D8, NE lesion scores were not impacted by treatment. D8 ileal samples were taken for mRNA abundance of TLR4, IL-10, IL-1β, AvBD8, AvBD10, and AvBD13. SYNB-H had higher abundance of AvBD10 mRNA compared to CTRL (P ≤ 0.1), and higher IL-1β mRNA compared to SYNB-L (P ≤ 0.05). PROB-H and SYNB-H had better performance than the low and medium doses, but were not better than the CTRL. The high doses were chosen for subsequent studies. Third, a longer 42-day study using 1,630 Ross 708 male and female broilers was conducted consisting of the following six treatments. A negative control (NC): sterile water in ovo fed basal corn/soybean meal mash diet without NE challenge; antibiotic growth-promoter (AGP+): sterile water in ovo fed basal diet with virginiamycin (0.5 kg/MT) as an AGP with NE challenge; NC+: same as NC plus NE challenge; SI+: synbiotic in ovo fed the basal diet and NE challenged; SD+: sterile water in ovo fed basal diet supplemented with synbiotic (0.5 kg/MT feed) and NE challenged; and SID+: synbiotic in ovo fed basal diet with synbiotic (0.5 kg/MT feed) with NE challenge. Cumulatively, SID+ had lower FI and FCR than NC+, but no change in BW or BWG. The combination treatment (SID+) often had an additive effect compared to SD+ or SI+ alone on mRNA abundance and D7 cecal fatty acid profiles. SD+ and SID+ also had higher D42 lean:fat ratios compared to NC+. Last, a 42-day study was conducted using 1,630 male and female Ross 708 broilers and the in ovo application of probiotics and subsequent NE challenge with five treatments. NC: sterile water in ovo, fed basal corn/soybean meal mash diet without NE challenge; AGP+: sterile water in ovo, fed basal diet with virginiamycin (0.5 kg/MT of feed) as AGP with NE challenge; NC+: NC treatment, with NE challenge; PI+: probiotic in ovo, fed basal diet, with NE challenge; PD+: sterile water in ovo, fed basal diet supplemented with probiotic (1.3 kg/MT of feed), with NE challenge. The use of probiotics in this study had little effect on performance, lean:fat ratios, and cecal fatty acid profiles, but PD+ increased mRNA abundance of D14 TLR2, D14 TNF-α, and D42 LEAP2 in cecal tonsils compared to controls. PI+ increased mRNA abundance of D7 and D42 MUC2, D7 LEAP2, and D42 TNF-α in the ileum. PI+ increased mRNA abundance in the cecal tonsils of D7 TLR2 and D42 TNF-α. These studies yielded interesting results about probiotics and synbiotics during a NE challenge by evaluating performance, intestinal immune responses, and fatty acid profiles in the ceca of broilers. In conclusion, the probiotic in this study did not improve broiler health during a NE challenge, but synbiotic use in ovo and continuation in the feed showed improvement over in ovo or dietary application alone. Synbiotic improved FCR over a challenged control, and altered mRNA abundance in the small intestine.
Doctor of Philosophy
The poultry industry is one of the most popular animal protein sources worldwide. As with any livestock operation, industry goals include optimizing animal health and well-being, maximizing animal productivity, and producing quality products in the most cost effective manner. Improvements in genetics, nutrition, and management have increased productivity and cut costs. One important application was the low-level use of antibiotics in feed. These medications reduced the risk of disease outbreak in flocks, which led to healthier birds and improved growth rates. However, when global concern of antibiotic resistance in human medicine came to light, both the livestock industry and governing bodies implemented voluntary and mandatory reduction or elimination of antibiotics. Previously, these important antibiotics helped to control costly diseases. As they are removed, alternatives to antibiotics will be important in disease control and prevention. A major group of alternatives to antibiotics in poultry includes probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics. Probiotic bacteria are considered 'good bacteria' in the gut, and provide various health benefits to the host. Prebiotics are non-living substances that support the growth of healthy bacteria. A synbiotic is the combination of both probiotics and prebiotics in a single application method. The goal of this research project was to give probiotics or synbiotics to broiler chicks and evaluate their potential benefits and effects on bird performance and the immune response. Ideally, applying probiotic bacteria as early as possible might translate into early colonization of the gut with healthy bacteria. This included oral application of synbiotics at the hatchery, or by safely injecting them into part of the egg that is swallowed by the chick embryo before hatch. This egg application, or in ovo application, is a safe, effective, widely-practiced method of vaccinating chicks to jumpstart their defense against disease. By vaccinating them in ovo, they can start to prime the immune system before they even hatch. Applying probiotics in ovo may improve health after early gut colonization with beneficial microbes. Numerous studies on natural alternatives to antibiotics have been conducted, with varying results. Results of this research indicate that in ovo application of probiotics and synbiotics is safe. Birds that received probiotics in the feed often performed similar to those that received none. However, the in ovo use of synbiotics combined with the continued use in the feed after hatch improved efficiency in broilers during an intestinal disease challenge and improved various aspects of gut function. Overall, as antibiotics are phased out, using probiotics and synbiotics may improve poultry health, but continued research will help understand the optimum ways to use them.

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Ao, Tuoying. "EXOGENOUS ENZYMES AND ORGANIC ACIDS IN THE NUTRITION OF BROILER CHICKS: EFFECTS ON GROWTH PERFORMANCE AND IN VITRO AND IN VIVO DIGESTION." Lexington, Ky. : [University of Kentucky Libraries], 2005. http://lib.uky.edu/ETD/ukyansc2005d00236/dissertation.pdf.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--University of Kentucky, 2005.
Title from document title page (viewed on August 17, 2005). Document formatted into pages; contains: xii, 144 p. : ill. Includes abstract and vita. Includes bibliographical references (p. 127-143).

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Rierson, Rusty Del. "Broiler preference for light color and feed form, and the effect of light on growth and performance of broiler chicks." Thesis, Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/12037.

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Master of Science
Department of Animal Sciences and Industry
R. Scott Beyer
Over the decades much has been discovered about the appropriate lighting management strategies for raising commercial meat-type poultry. Our knowledge of light preference, wavelength, intensity, intermittent lighting, and avian spectral sensitivity continues to improve our management strategies. In this work, a total of 5 experiments were conducted. The first 2 experiments investigated the effects of Light emitting diodes (LED) lights on growth performance of broiler chicks. Broiler chicks were raised under LED lights at different intensities: 5, 10, 15, 20, and 25 lux. A significant linear relationship (P < 0.05) was found in experiment 1 between body weight gain and light intensity. In experiment 2, a linear trend was noticed between body weight gain and light intensity. As the light intensity increased, chick weight increased. Feed: gain ratios were not affected by light intensity. The third experiment also examined growth performance using LED lighting as well as the effects of feed form and different lighting intensities upon behavior. The broilers fed a pelleted diet had significantly better performance than those fed crumbles. Under more intense light it was discovered that broilers spend significantly more time (P< .05) consuming feed compared to dim light. The fourth experiment focused on broiler preference for light color, and feed form during feeding. The broilers were offered either pelleted or crumbled feed and served under 4 different light colors: red, white, blue, and green. It was found that broilers statistically preferred pelleted feed, and white lighting, with red being the 2nd color choice of preference while green and blue were statistically not chosen. The fifth experiment focused on chick preference for feed color, when under different light color. One day old chicks were offered dyed feed: red, yellow, blue, green or light brown iv (control) under 5 different colors of light: red, yellow, blue, green, and white. It was found that chicks significantly preferred red dyed feed, especially under blue light. In conclusion, it was found that LED lights can have positive effects on broiler performance. Broilers show a preference for white lighting and pelleted feed. Young chicks show a preference for red dyed feed.

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Good, Lindsay. "THE EFFECTS OF ACTIGEN® AND THREONINE SUPPLEMENTATION ON GROWTH PARAMETERS, IMMUNE FUNCTION, AND INTESTINAL HEALTH IN MONOGASTRICS." UKnowledge, 2013. http://uknowledge.uky.edu/animalsci_etds/24.

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The objectives of these experiments were to evaluate the main effects and interactive effects between dietary supplementation of a mannan oligosaccharide based product, Actigen® (ACT), and different levels of threonine in monogastrics, as evidenced by growth parameters, immune function, and intestinal health characteristics. In nursery piglets, ACT supplementation decreased average daily feed intake (P=0.04), but had no effect on body weight or feed conversion ratio. There were no noted differences between threonine levels on performance traits. There were no consistent differences in complete blood count or cytokine gene expression profiles in the blood. The highest level of threonine, 77% true ileal digestible threonine:lysine (Thr:Lys), increased villus height (P=0.007) and villus height:crypt depth (P=0.01). The lowest level, 57% Thr:Lys, decreased villus surface area (P=0.04) and goblet cell density (P=0.04). Supplementation with ACT increased total goblet cell area (P=0.02) and density (P=0.05). There were no interactions observed between ACT and Thr:Lys levels. In broiler chicks, feeding a diet containing 0.56% threonine decreased body weight (PPPP=0.07). On d 7, birds supplemented with ACT had heavier spleens as a percentage of body weight (P=0.01) compared to no ACT. When adjusted for body weight, the 0.56% threonine fed birds had smaller spleens (P=0.05) on d 7 when compared to the other threonine levels. Humerus (PPP=0.04) and birds fed 0.56% threonine had a higher concentration of potassium (PP=0.03) and few goblet cells (P=0.04) on d 7 when compared to the other threonine levels. In d 21 jejunum, supplementation with ACT reduced apical width (P=0.03) and surface area (P=0.02). An interaction was observed between ACT and threonine level in the jejunum on d 21 on basal width (P=0.03) and surface area (P=0.02), indicating that in diets lacking ACT, excess threonine increased villus size. Overall, ACT and threonine acted primarily independently to modulate the intestinal architecture of both nursery piglets and broiler chicks. However, in broiler chicks ACT and threonine interacted to alter villus size. These results indicate that ACT and threonine have direct effects on the intestines of monogastrics.

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Barri, Adriana. "Effects of Incubation Temperature and Transportation Stress on Yolk Utilization, Small Intestine Development, and Post-Hatch Performance of High-Yield Broiler Chicks." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/29749.

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Growth and performance parameters of broiler chicks depend on adequate development of the small intestine. Stressors such as elevated or decreased temperatures during incubation and post-hatch transportation may have an effect on the gastrointestinal development of the broiler chick. The objective of the first study was to investigate the effects of elevated embryonic incubation temperature (IT) on post-hatch relative nutrient transporter gene expression, integrity of the intestinal epithelium, organ development, and performance in Ross 308 broiler chickens. Nine hundred fertile eggs were incubated at different egg-shell temperatures during development. Body weights and performance parameters were measured at day of hatch (DOH), d 7, 14, 21, 30, and 42. Small intestine and residual yolk were collected at DOH, d 2, 4, 6, and 10 and weighed individually. The small intestine was evaluated for mucosal morphology measurements and relative nutrient transporter (SGLT1, GLUT2, GLUT5, EAAT3, and PepT1) gene expression. The objective of the second study was to evaluate the effects of embryonic incubation, simulating a multi-stage incubation system, and post-hatch transportation temperatures on post-hatch performance, yolk free body weights, relative nutrient transporter gene expression, yolk utilization, intestinal morphology, and organ development of broiler chickens. Cobb 500 eggs (n=5200) were incubated with egg-shell temperatures, which were combined depending on the early and late development incubation periods as found in multi-stage incubators: Low (L): 36.7Â°C, Standard (S): 37.5Â°C, and High (H): 39Â°C. After hatch, chicks were further separated into 2 transportation groups: control (C; 34Â°C), and heat-stressed (D; 40Â°C). The eight resulting experimental groups were: LS-C, SS-C, LH-C, SH-C, LS-D, SS-D, LH-D, and SH-D. Three and two way interactions (P<0.05) were observed and discussed in both studies for all the parameters analyzed. These studies present for the first time the effects of altered embryonic IT and stress during transportation of newly hatched chicks, on small intestine morphology, digestive organ development, and expression of nutrient transporters mRNA in high-yield broiler chicks. These results contribute to the understanding of mechanisms by which either low or high temperatures, as compared to standard recommendations, during incubation and transportation can affect embryonic development and subsequent performance of broiler chicks.
Ph. D.

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Santarosa, Julieta. "Desempenho de pintos oriundos de ovos leves e pesados alimentados com diferentes tipos de ração pré-inicial." Universidade de São Paulo, 2010. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11139/tde-20042010-081258/.

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Dois experimentos foram conduzidos de forma semelhante, variando apenas a idade do lote de matrizes Ross que originou os ovos (42 e 60 semanas de idade, respectivamente, para os experimentos 1 e 2), com o objetivo de avaliar o desempenho de pintos oriundos de ovos leves e pesados, alimentados com dietas pré-iniciais de diferentes formas físicas e níveis nutricionais.. Foram incubados ovos apresentando peso médio de 59,0 e 70,8 g, respectivamente, para o experimento 1 (tendo originado pintos de 41,0 e 49,0g de peso médio) e 66,9 e 75,1g (tendo originado pintos de 46,2 e 52,1g de peso médio), respectivamente, para o experimento 2. Uma parte destes ovos teve o peso de seus componentes determinado. À eclosão, 288 pintos, metade de cada categoria de peso de ovo, foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, em 48 parcelas. Cada parcela alojou seis pintos, metade de cada sexo. Os tratamentos experimentais obedeceram a esquema fatorial 2x3 (2 pesos de ovos x 3 tipos de rações préiniciais). Utilizaram-se três dietas de formulação comercial na fase pré-inicial: ração peletizada, com menor nível energético (2.900 kcal/kg), protéico e de aminoácidos, considerada uma dieta de baixos níveis nutricionais (PBN); ração farelada, de mesma composição nutricional da ração peletizada (FBN); ração farelada, com maior nível energético (2.950 kcal/kg), protéico e de aminoácidos, considerada uma dieta de altos níveis nutricionais (FAN). Foram avaliados o tempo de consumo das dietas pré-iniciais e, aos sete e 14 dias, o ganho de peso, o peso vivo, o consumo de ração e a conversão alimentar. Do término das rações pré-iniciais até os 14 dias de idade, as aves receberam uma mesma ração farelada. Em ambos os experimentos o albúmen foi mais pesado nos ovos classificados como pesados (P<0,05). No experimento 1, a dieta PBN foi consumida mais rapidamente por pintos oriundos de ovos pesados. Aos sete dias, a dieta PBN melhorou o peso vivo, o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar (P<0,05). Já o peso do ovo influenciou o peso vivo, que foi maior para os pintos oriundos de ovos pesados (P<0,05). O benefício da dieta PBN quanto à conversão alimentar, se manteve aos 14 dias, e o peso vivo dos pintos oriundos de ovos pesados que receberam a dieta PBN foi maior do que aqueles que receberam as dietas FBN e FAN (P<0,05). No experimento 2, não houve diferença significativa para o tempo de consumo das dietas pré-iniciais (P>0,05). Aos sete dias, as dietas PBN e FAN proporcionaram aos pintos melhor conversão alimentar (P<0,05). Porém, aos 14 dias, não houve diferença significativa entre as variáveis (P>0,05). Concluiu-se que, em ovos de matrizes de mesma idade, a diferença no peso dos ovos deve-se ao incremento de albúmen. Quanto ao desempenho, os pintos oriundos de matrizes de idade intermediária foram mais influenciados pelas diferenças de peso dos ovos e composições das dietas, sendo que a dieta peletizada beneficiou o desempenho dos mesmos, mesmo apresentando menor nível nutricional.
Two experiments were conducted to evaluate different pre-starter diets on performance of chickens from light and heavy eggs hatched from Ross breeders of different ages. In the experiment 1, these eggs, that showed weight of 59,0 and 70,8g, were hatched from breeders of 42 weeks of age. In the experiment 2, these eggs, that showed 66,9 and 75,1g, were hatched from breeders of 60 weeks of age. The eggs percentage composition was evaluated. After hatching, 288 day-old chicks, males and females, were weight and allocated in 48 cages. In the experiment 1, their live weight was 41,0 and 49,0g; in the experiment 2, 46,2 e 52,1g. The performance trials were conducted in a completely randomized design with 6 treatments and 8 replicates, and the treatments consisted of a 2 3 factorial arrangement of egg weight (light and heavy) and three types of the pre-starter feed. The pre-starter diets used were: micro-pelleted diet, with 2900 kcal/kg and low levels of protein and amino acids (P); mash diet, with the same composition (M1); and mash diet, with 2950 kcal/kg and high protein. This feed was provided at a fixed amount of 200 g per chick and, after that, the birds in all treatments were fed a common starter diet in mash form, until 14 days of age. Live weight, weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion were evaluated on a pen basis. The time required for total consumption of the pre-starter feeds was monitored. In both experiments, the albumen was heavier than the other components. In experiment 1, there was influence of the egg weight only in the first week (P<0,05). At seven days, P diet improved the live weight, weight gain and feed conversion (P<0,05). At 14 days, P diet also improved feed conversion, as well the live weight of chicks from heavy eggs. In the same experiment, heavy chicks consumed 200 g of P diet faster than light chicks. In the experiment 2, the time of intake was not different among treatments (P>0,05). There was not influence of egg weight, but there was influence of P and F2 diets in the first week, that improved the feed conversion. However, this influence did not remain to 14 days (P>0,05). It was concluded that albumen is the heaviest component of egg, inside the same age of breeders. It was also concluded that the chicks from breeders of 42 weeks of age were more influenced by different pre-starter diet composition and egg weight than the chicks from breeders of 60 weeks of age. Although P diet showed lower nutritional level, it improved the performance of chicks from breeders of 42 weeks of age.

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Bergoug, Hakim. "Effet de la durée entre l’éclosion et la mise en élevage des poussins d'un jour sur les performances zootechniques, la santé et le bien-être des poulets de chair." Thesis, Rennes, Agrocampus Ouest, 2017. http://www.theses.fr/2017NSARB297.

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La période d'attente entre le moment d’éclosion (ME) des poussins et leur mise en élevage est critique pour le développement des poulets de chair. Cette période d'attente est composée de la fenêtre d’éclosion (FE: temps qui sépare le ME du premier poussin et la sortie du lot des poussins à l'ouverture des portes d'incubateur), les manipulations post-éclosion et la durée de transport (DT). L'objectif de cette thèse était d'étudier l'effet de la durée de période d'attente sur les performances zootechniques, la santé et le bien-être des poulets durant l'élevage. Notre travail a été divisé en deux études composées de trois expérimentations chacune. La première étude a été axée sur l'effet de FE sur la déshydratation, les performances zootechniques, l'activité enzymatique intestinale et la sévérité des pododermatites des pouletsLa deuxième étude a été axée sur l'effet de DT sur la déshydratation, les performances zootechniques et la sévérité des pododermatites des poulets. Nous avons démontré que les poussins éclos tardivement (0-7h avant l'ouverture de l'incubateur) sont de moins bonne qualité. Ils perdent plus de poids durant les 8 premiers jours d'élevage. Cette perte de poids ne persiste pas jusqu’à l'abattage. Nos observations ont montré qu’après DT de 4-10h, les poussins présentaient une croissance réduite au cours des 3 premières semaines d'élevage par rapport à ceux non transportés mais cet effet ne persistait pas jusqu'à l'abattage. De plus, DT n’avait pas d’effet clair sur la déshydratation, la mortalité, l'efficacité alimentaire et la sévérité des pododermatites
Holding period between hatch time (HT) of chicks in incubator and their placement in farm is critical for broilers’ development. This holding period is composed of hatch window (HW: duration between HT of the first chick and takeoff of the whole batch of chicks from the incubator), post-hatch manipulations and transportation duration (TD) to the farm. The objective of this thesis was to study the effect of the holding period duration on growth performance, health and welfare of broilers during rearing period. Our work was divided into two studies. Each study was composed of three experiments. The first study focused on the effect of the HW on dehydration, growth performances, intestinal enzyme activity and severity of pododermatitis in broilersThe second study focused on the effect of TD on dehydration, animal performance and severity of pododermatitis in broilers. It was shown that late hatched chicks (0-7h before takeoff) are of lower quality. They lose more weight during the first eight days of rearing. This weight loss, does not last until slaughter. Our observations have shown that after a TD of 4 or 10h, the chicks’ growth was reduced during the first three weeks of rearing compared to chicks that were not transported, but this effect did not last until slaughter. In addition, TD had no clear effect on dehydration, mortality, feed efficiency and severity of pododermatitis

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Van, Niekerk S. J. (Sarel Johannes). "Actual and predicted performance of broiler chickens." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2004. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/49817.

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Assignment (MPhil)--University of Stellenbosch, 2004.
ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to evaluate the performance and profitability of different dietary specifications for broiler chickens slaughtered at 35 days of age. Two trials were performed to evaluate different production parameters. The results of these trials were compared to the predicted results of the EFG broiler model. No carcass data were available for the two trials mentioned above. Therefore, in order to evaluate the accuracy of the broiler model when predicting carcass characteristics, two published data sets (Leeson et al., 1996a) were used. Predicted and actual values were compared, evaluated and discussed. Two broiler trials were performed. In Trial One the amino acid density decreased throughout the range of three treatments from prestarter to finisher diets. In Trial Two the amino acid density decreased only in the four finisher diets. The main difference between predicted and actual results was the response to body weight. The model predicted a steady increase in feed intake to compensate for the lower dietary specifications while body weight did not change significantly. This increase in feed intake seems to be enough to maintain body weight. Trial birds also increased their feed intake as dietary amino acid density decreased, but this compensation seemed to be too low to maintain body weight compared to the control diet. The birds may find it easier to compensate when they have time to adapt to the specification. There is evidence in the literature that birds need seven days to adapt their feed intake to a lower feed specification (Leeson et al., 1996a). It can be speculated that the trial birds started to loose body weight due to a lower amino acid intake in this period. The model seems to adapt feed intake immediately after a change in diet specification. The simulation on literature data lead to the following conclusions: 1) Broilers posses the capacity to increase their feed intake with at least 65% should finisher diets with lower amino acid and energy concentrations be supplied. If only the energy concentration of finisher diets were decreased, the increase in feed intake will be around 30%. (see Table 16 and 23) 2) The accurate prediction of feed intake from the given dietary specification has a major influence on the accuracy of the prediction of broiler performance. 3) Amino acid density and DLys:ME ratio plays a significant role in the control and prediction of feed intake. The EFG broiler model is based on sound scientific principles. The model is comprehensive and can be used for a wide range of environmental and management conditions as well as dietary conditions. The nutritionist can use the model with confidence to assist in practical feed formulation. The actual strength of the model lies in the time and money being saved compared to practical trials.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie is om die prestasie en winsgewendheid van braaikuikens te bepaal wanneer voere met verskillende digthede tot op 35 dae gevoer word. Twee eksperimente is uitgevoer om produksieresultate te evalueer. Die resultate van hierdie eksperimente is met die voorspelde waardes uit die EFG simulasie-model vergelyk. Aangesien geen karkasdata vir bogenoemde eksperimente beskikbaar was nie, is twee gepubliseerde datastelle gebruik om hierdie deel van die model te evalueer (Leeson et al., 1996a). Twee braaikuiken eksperimente is uitgevoer. Eksperiment Een het uit drie behandelings bestaan waarvan die aminosuur-konsentrasie vanaf dag een tussen behandelings verskil het. In Eksperiment Twee het die aminosuur-konsentrasie net in die vier afrondingsdiëte verskil. Liggaamsmassa op 35 dae het die grooste verskil tussen voorspelde- en werklike waardes getoon. Beide voorspelde en werklike innames het in albei eksperimente verhoog soos wat aminosuur-konsentrasie afgeneem het. Voorspelde liggaamsmassa het egter konstant gebly terwyl werklike data 'n afname in liggaamsmassa getoon het. Dit bleik dat die voorspelde toename in innames voldoende was om massa te onderhou terwyl die voëls in werklikheid nie genoeg gekompenseer het nie. Leeson et al., 1996a het tot die gevolgtrekking gekom dat braaikuikens minstens sewe dae benodig om hul voeriname by 'n nuwe spesifikasie aan te pas. So 'n stadige aanpassing kan daartoe lei dat energie- en aminosuur-inname daal indien 'n dieet met laer spesifikasie gevoer. Dit sal daartoe lei dat die kuikens liggaamsmassa verloor. Uit die literatuur simulasies is die volgende afleidings gemaak: 1) Braaikuikens besit die vermoeë om voerinname in die afrondingstyd met minstens 65% te verhoog indien 'n afrondingvoer met laer amiosuur- asook energiekonsentrasie gevoer word. Indien net die energiekonsentrasie verlaag word, sal die inname met sowat 30% verhoog. 2) Die akkurate voorspelling van inname is krities vir die akkurate voorspelling van produksieparameters. 3) Aminosuur-digtheid en DLys:ME speel 'n belangrike rol in die beheer en voorspelling van voerinname by braaikuikens. Die EFG braaikuikenmodel is op suiwer wetenskaplike beginsels geskoei. Die model is omvattend en kan vir 'n wye reeks van omgewings- en bestuurstoestande asook dieet-spesifikasies gebruik word. Die voedingkundige kan die model met vertroue gebruik om met praktiese voerformulering by te staan. Die model kan die formuleerder baie tyd spaar aangesien praktiese eksperimente ingeperk kan word.

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Smith, Janet. "Campylobacter, chicken, and the regulatory performance standard." Kansas State University, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/15559.

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Master of Science
Food Science
Randall K. Phebus
Campylobacter is recognized as a leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis. In the United States, Campylobacter causes an estimated 600,000 illnesses and 55 deaths each year at a cost of over $1.3 billion. It is estimated that 80 percent of Campylobacter infections are foodborne with almost 50 percent of these cases attributed to poultry. Based on these statistics, Campylobacter and poultry is considered by some to be the riskiest pathogen-food combination. Campylobacter illness is usually self-limiting but serious illness and complications can occur. Serious illness requires treatment with antibiotics, but with emerging antibiotic resistance observed in Campylobacter isolates, treatment options might be limited. Therefore, it is of importance to reduce significantly the consumer’s exposure to Campylobacter through poultry consumption. In July 2011, USDA FSIS’s new performance standard for Campylobacter in chicken and turkey slaughter establishments went into effect. For chicken, the standard allows no more than eight Campylobacter-positive samples out of a fifty-one sample set. Methods for Campylobacter detection and enumeration include direct plating using a medium such as Campy-Cefex, MPN techniques, ELISA, and PCR. To meet the new performance standard the industry will need to consider improvements in poultry production. Improvements likely will not be limited to processing interventions such as scalding, picking, evisceration, and chilling. Improvements may include on-farm interventions such as enhanced biosecurity, use of competitive exclusion or vaccinations, good hygiene practices, and improved staging at introduction to processing. Post-processing interventions that might be considered include freezing or further processing (i.e. cooking) of poultry products from Campylobacter-positive flocks. Significant improvements in establishments’ food safety programs are expected to occur to meet the standard and are predicted to result in an estimated reduction of 5,000 Campylobacter illnesses per year.

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Huang, Huajin Kim. "Amino acid digestibility and performance of broiler chickens /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2004. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe18475.pdf.

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Makhafola, Maila Bervly. "Correlations between live performance and reproductive traits of South African indigenous male chicken breeds." Thesis, [Bloemfontein?] : Central University of Technology, Free State, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/159.

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Thesis (M. Tech. (Agriculture)) - Central University of Technology, Free state, 2013
The objectives of the study were to find the relationship between live performance and testis traits of South African indigenous cockerels on Naked Neck, Ovambo and Potchefstroom Koekoek (Trial 1). Characterise Naked Neck, Ovambo and Potchefstroom Koekoek cockerels’ semen macroscopically and microscopically (Trial 2). To investigate the relationship between phenotypic and sperm traits of the South African indigenous cockerels Naked Neck, Ovambo and Potchefstroom Koekoek. (Trial 3). Quantification of indigenous cockerels sperm traits measured by Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA) technology and the relationship to fertility (Trial 4). The cockerels shank, comb and wattle length were recorded with a vernier calliper. A total of 198 ejaculates were collected from 33 cockerels; Ovambo (n=11), Potchefstroom Koekoek (n=11) and Naked Neck (n=11) by means of an abdominal massage technique. Following analysis, 0.25 ml undiluted semen dose from Naked Neck (NN, 11), Ovambo (OV, 11) and Potchefstroom Koekoek (PK, 11) cockerels were inseminated NN (30), OV (30) and PK (30) hens once per week for 6 weeks. Semen was analysed macroscopically and microscopically. The sperm motility rate was evaluated with the aid of the Computer Assisted Sperm Analysis (CASA) called Sperm Class Analyser (SCA) system. Breed significantly (P< 0.05) affected the body weight of Ovambo (2.5±0.4kg), Naked Neck (2.0±0.3kg) and Potchefstroom Koekoek (2.3±0.3kg) cockerels, OV was statistically heavier than NN and PK. The semen volume of Naked Neck (0.5±0.2ml) breed was significantly higher, when compared to Ovambo (0.4±0.2ml), but similar to Potchefstroom Koekoek (0.3±0.2ml) breed. The overall sperm motility rate of Ovambo (95.0±7.2%), Potchefstroom Koekoek (86.0±13.7%) Naked Neck (76.4±22.2%) group was significantly different. The normal sperm morphology in the Naked Neck (76.4±22.2%) was significantly lower when compared to Potchefstroom Koekoek (86.0±13.7%) and Ovambo (95.0±7.2%) cockerels. A positive correlation existed between body weight and semen volume for Potchefstroom Koekoek (r=0.1477) cockerels only. Moreover, there was a positive correlation between the body weight and total sperm motility for Naked Neck (r=0.3848), Ovambo (r=0.4871) and Potchefstroom Koekoek (r=0.2230) cockerels. However, a negative correlation existed between body weight and semen volume for Naked Neck (r=-0.4502) and Ovambo (r=-0.1244). There was no significant differences (P>0.05) on the shank length (SL), comb length (CL) and wattle length WL) of Naked Neck (8.4, 5.4 and 5.6 cm), Ovambo (8.3, 5.8 and 6.0 cm) and Potchefstroom Koekoek (7.7, 5.9 and 5.6). There was a positive correlation between shank length and wattle length, comb length, semen volume, sperm concentration, semen pH and live normal sperm, inversely, a negative correlation of body weight and total sperm motility was observed. Introspective a negative correlation existed between body weight and total motility. Ovambo (11.45±0.9 g) had the highest live weight of testis, it was significantly different from Naked Neck (9.2±0.8g) and Potchefstroom Koekoek (8.9±0.8 g). For average length of the testis there was a significant difference amongst all breeds, Ovambo (4.0±0.5 cm), Naked Neck (3.4±0.3 cm) and Potchefstroom Koekoek (3.7±0.4 cm). Following Al, significant differences were recorded in Potchefstroom Koekoek and produced eggs that had highest average egg weight (55.5 g), fertility (68.2 %), hatchability (78.6 %), percentage of normal chicks (80.1%) and chick weight (37.9 g) compared to Ovambo (40.4 g, 5 2.1 % , 70.2 %, 71.5 %, 32.8 g and Naked Neck (37.1 g, 50.6 %, 71.1 %, 75.8 % and 23.5 g). In order to achieve the highest level of fertility and hatched of fertile eggs, an adequate number of active males that are producing high quality semen should be maintained in the breeder house at all times. In conclusion, body weight positively affected semen volume and sperm motility rate but this was breed dependent. The Sperm of Potchefstroom Koekoek and Ovambo resulted in a better motility and morphology rate. The Sperm Class Analyser or CASA provided more precise, repeatable and objective information. Evaluation of the sperm motility rate of South African indigenous cockerels holds potential for future use in semen evaluation. Body weight of all three indigenous breeds was positively correlated with sperm concentration, semen pH, and total sperm motility. Shank and wattle length of all three indigenous breeds were positively correlated with semen volume, sperm concentration, and semen pH but not with total sperm motility. However, comb length was positively correlated with semen volume and pH, sperm concentration, and total motility. In conclusion, there is no correlation between live performance and testis traits. Though the study suggests that body weight and testicular length are good indicators of sperm production. Simple and indirect method of estimation is still needed to predict the fertility of the breeding cockerels. In order to achieve the highest level of fertility and hatch of fertile eggs, an adequate number of active males that are producing high quality semen should be maintained in the breeder house at all times. The Potchefstroom Koekoek, Ovambo and Naked Neck donated quality semen as well as in improving the fertility and hatchability traits of the indigenous chicken breeds. Chicken hatched from larger eggs had higher body weight, hatchability and fertility therefore breeders should select bigger egg sizes probably of 50-55g for breeding programmes. Consequently, the local cockerels have higher potential for use in natural mating and Al programmes since seminal traits could be a viable index for selection of breeding cockerels.

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Nelwamondo, Nditsheni Constance. "Effect of management and socio-economic factors on the performance of the Vhembe District Egg Production Project." Thesis, University of Limpopo, Turfloop Campus, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1115.

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Thesis (MA.Agricultural Management (Animal Production)) -- University of Limpopo, 2013
The objectives of the study were to evaluate the productivity of the Vhembe egg production project and determine the management and socio-economic factors affecting productivity. The data were collected from 2005 to 2007. Thirty-two farmers from four municipalities were randomly selected. Each household received a once-off unit consisting of a cage with eighteen point of lay chickens 4x50 bags of laying mesh, feeding and drinking troughs. Production records from sampled farmers were used in the analysis. Data included monthly egg production, eggs consumed, eggs sold, income from eggs, production costs, monthly feed utilization and mortality. Primary data on educational standards, socio-economic characteristics (age and gender of the household head, farming size, level of education and alternative income, were collected using a questionnaire. The study revealed that sex, age and educational level had impact on production as low production was associated with older farmers and low level of education. These factors should be considered when planning community projects. Chicken rearing and ownership is often shared among the family members, in this study, the management was predominantly by women (63%) and children (18%). This may be an indication that if assistance efforts are targeted towards women, village poverty could be significantly reduced. It is concluded that the low income accrued from the project explains the reason for high abandonment or neglect of the project. The income received from the project is smaller than the government grants and as such not attractive. It is not surprising that presently most farmers have abandoned the project. It is noted that if labour costs had been taken into consideration, the project would be running at a serious loss and the resultant output would discourage even the most enthusiastic farmers.

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Prince, Siliga Hulisani. "Modelling the broiler performance under small-scales and semi commercial management condition." Thesis, Port Elizabeth Technikon, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/110.

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Introduction : World poultry meat consumption consists of three major segments: broilers, turkeys, and other poultry which includes spent egg layers, spent breeder hens/males, ducks, geese, guinea-fowl, pheasants, quail, ratites, ostriches and emus. Broilers clearly dominate the world poultry consumption contributing about 70 percent to the world poultry market. Turkeys account for about eight percent while other poultry provides the balance of 22 percent (Roenick, 1998). The world broiler industry has been, and continues to be a very dynamic industry. It has been typified with unprecedented growth in terms of production. In 1961, the world produced 6.5 billion broilers. By 1990, the total annual production was a little over 27 billion broilers and by 1996, total world production had grown to 35.3 billion (Van der Sluis., 1999). This represents a fivefold increase in 35 years, and it has not stopped growing since, with world production surpassed 38 billion in 1998 (Van der Sluis., 1999). In Africa the human population was estimated to be 819.9 million, while the total poultry population of the continent was estimated as 1.133 million chickens, 15 million ducks and seven million turkeys in 1998. Production scale being 1.781701 metric tones (MT) of hen eggs, 2.269000 MT of chickens’ meat, 32.824MT of turkey meat and 52.989MT of duck meat (Gueye, 2000). Commercial poultry products are also imported and exported. For example, 12.000 metric tons of poultry meat was estimated to have been exported from South Africa in 1999, whereas 87.000 and 10.000 metric tons of poultry meat was imported into South Africa and Egypt, respectively (Gueye, 2000). In South Africa poultry production is moving toward the 21st century with the potential for increased development being greater than any other sector of the agricultural industry. The small-scale to medium-scale or semi-commercial farmer is becoming a role-player that needs to be serviced by the poultry industry (Fourie, 2000). The industry will have to take up the challenges that are facing an entrepreneur starting with a poultry venture. The poultry industry has developed from a humble beginning at the turn of the century into a multi-million Rand enterprise where protein is provided through the commercial and small marketing sector (Fourie, 2000). Some of the larger commercial companies market three million birds per week. It is estimated that the commercial company sector is responsible for 75 to 85 percent of production and marketing of white meat in this country whereas the small-scale and medium-scale or semi commercial poultry production enterprises provide 20 to 25 percent of the white meat through the sales of slaughtered and live poultry sale to rural, peri-urban and urban settlements (Fourie., 2000). Small-scale and semi-commercial broiler production is developed by entrepreneurs who buy day-old chicks from the big commercial hatcheries, rear them to the age of five to eight weeks and sell them through a marketing network or small outlets. The small-scale consist of farmers who reared 100 t0 1000 chickens per batch and semi-commercial consist of farmers who reared 1000 to 5000 chickens per batch. These types of farmers acquire very little technical backup in terms of a training and services center where assistance is available every day of the week. The broiler industry requires birds that are of commercial crosses selected for their ability to grow very fast and produce a good quality carcass in the shortest time frame. The small farmers purchase broiler stock, as the day-old chicks from commercial hatcheries and reared them up to six to eight weeks before slaughtered or sold as live chickens. The selling of live chickens through a network outlets system is becoming an industry that is growing at a steady pace, as household food security is becoming important to communities (Fourie, 2000). The price of feed is the single most expensive item on the list of expenses of a farmer because of their financial constraints. The small-scale and semicommercial broiler farmer is faced with the problem of buying small quantities of feed at an inflated price. The problem can be alleviated by groups of small farmers joining co-operative and buying feeds in bulk from suppliers and redistributing to small farmers. The community co-operative can once again play a major role in the distribution of small amounts of feed to its member. The biggest challenge is to provide training with a “hands on” approach. It will be ideal to have a training center where small farmers can be trained in all aspects of poultry production. The training facility will have to operate as a fully operational poultry unit with no risks to bio-security of a commercial enterprise. Training will have to be provided in aspects like hatchery, housing, broilers and record management depending on the farmer’s needs. There is also a need for the research on broiler performance under small-scale and semi commercial farming. Research in this sector of poultry production should look in appropriate feeds, feeding, technology, genotype and performance of genotypes under the system. Emphasis in this study will be on growth patterns and performance of the Ross hybrids as a modern broiler under small-scale and semi commercial management condition. Aspect of the environment such as age, type of feeds and feeding methods, housing, seasons, lighting and genotype will be taken into consideration. The result of the study will provide a realistic database for mathematical modeling of production response and guideline for management planning in small-scale and semi-commercial management condition. Also this result will be important to broiler breeders, to determine the suitability of the modern broiler to small-scale and semi commercial management conditions. The objective of the study was to evaluate the mathematical model that could describe the performance of broilers under the small-scale and semi-commercial management conditions.

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Hilario, Reginaldo Francisco. "Statistical modelling of data from performance of broiler chickens." Universidade de São Paulo, 2018. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/11/11134/tde-18012019-165449/.

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Experiments with broiler chickens are common today, because due to the great market demand for chicken meat, the need to improve the factors related to the production of broiler chicken has arisen. Many studies have been done to improve handling techniques. In these studies statistical analysis methods and techniques are employed. In studies with comparisons between treatments, it is not uncommon to observe a lack of significant effect even when there is evidence to indicate the significance of the effects. In order to avoid such eventualities it is fundamental to carry out a good planning before conducting the experiment. In this context, a study of the power of the F test was made emphasizing the relationships between test power, sample size, mean difference to be detected and variance for chicken weights data. In the analysis of data from experiments with broilers with mixed sexes and that the experimental unit is the box, generally the models used do not take into account the variability between the sexes of the birds, this affects the precision of the inference on the population of interest . We propose a model for the total weight per box that takes into account the sex information of the broiler chickens.
Experimentos com frangos de corte são comuns atualmente, pois devido à grande demanda de mercado da carne de frango surgiu a necessidade de melhorar os fatores ligados à produção do frango de corte. Muitos estudos têm sido feitos para aprimorar as técnicas de manejo. Nesses estudos os métodos e técnicas estatísticas de análise são empregados. Em estudos com comparações entre tratamentos, não é incomum observar falta de efeito significativo mesmo quando existem evidências que apontam a significância dos efeitos. Para evitar tais eventualidades é fundamental realizar um bom planejamento antes da condução do experimento. Nesse contexto, foi feito um estudo do poder do teste F enfatizando as relações entre o poder do teste, tamanho da amostra, diferença média a ser detectada e variância para dados de pesos de frangos. Na análise de dados provenientes de experimentos com frangos de corte com ambos os sexos e que a unidade experimental é o boxe, geralmente os modelos utilizados não levam em conta a variabilidade entre os sexos das aves, isso afeta a precisão da inferência sobre a população de interesse. Foi proposto um modelo para o peso total por boxe que leva em conta a informação do sexo dos frangos.

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Burnham, Matthew Rex. "Physiological factors associated with the alteration of reproductive performance of commercial egg laying chickens infected with F-strain Mycoplasma gallisepticum." Diss., Mississippi State : Mississippi State University, 2002. http://library.msstate.edu/etd/show.asp?etd=etd-04012002-142229.

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Nembilwi, Daniel. "Evaluation of broiler performance under small-scale and semi-commercial farming conditions in the Northern Province." Thesis, Port Elizabeth Technikon, 2002. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/92.

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Introduction: In the Northern region of the Northern Province, there is an increase in the number of small-scale and semi-commercial farms in all sectors of agriculture. This includes the production of grains, vegetables, fruits and livestock. Broiler production seemed to be a much-preferred alternative of development in community based projects and emerging farmers have shown keen interest. This is because broiler production requires less space than ruminants and is ready for human consumption within a very short period of time. Poultry production provides a constant source of income and protein with a big customer demand. By the year 2000, broiler production is expected to reach 4000 million and 7.5 million tons of poultry feeds in the world. Many countries have initiated programs aimed at improving small-scale poultry as a means of helping to bring socio- economic benefits to rural communities (Panda, 1989). In order to feed the ever rising population of 4.9 million in the Northern Province (1996 Census), there must be an increase in the production of broilers as a primary source of top quality animal protein. With the high unemployment rate (46%) in the Northern Province, self- employment projects are needed which comply with agro- processing. More than 90 community projects based on poultry production in the Northern region of the Northern Province had been established in order to reduce the high rate of unemployment. Today more people have engaged themselves in community projects especially in poultry production than ever before. Some of the constrains of broiler production at both small-scale and semi-commercial farming condition includes inadequate ventilation system. Lack of suitable health care facilities and frequently the absence of efficient marketing structures form part of the obstacles to the rapid development of poultry production. Feed costs which remain the highest input cost in the production of broilers represent between 60 to 70% or more of the total costs of broiler productions (Benyi and Habi, 1998). Lack of management skills and training for small and semi-commercial farmers makes it difficult to obtain optimum performance. The objective of this study is to evaluate the performance of broilers as influenced by environmental factors under small.

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Cox, Chasity Marie. "In ovo supplementation of Primalac and the effects on performance and immune response of broilers." Diss., Virginia Tech, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/50502.

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Probiotics are live nonpathogenic microorganisms capable of positively impacting the host by improving the natural gut microbial balance and promoting animal health. In ovo technology represents one means to administer probiotics and promote early colonization of beneficial bacteria for stimulating intestinal and immune system development, and warding off enteric threats. Three studies were conducted to evaluate the effects of in ovo administration of Primalac in broilers. The objective of the first study was to determine the effects of administering probiotics in ovo on hatchability, post-hatch performance and expression of immune-related genes in the ileum and cecal tonsils. On embryonic day 18, 360 eggs were injected with water, 1x105, 1x106, or 1x107 probiotic bacteria. Another 90 eggs remained uninjected as a negative control group. Measurements and tissue samples were taken on day of hatch (DOH) and days (d) 4, 6, 8, 15, and 22. A subsequent study was conducted to evaluate the effects of administering Primalac in ovo and in the diet on broiler chick hatchability, post-hatch performance, immune organ weights and ileal immune-related gene expression. At embryonic day 18, 1977 eggs were either not injected (negative control), dry-punched, or injected with 1x106 or 1x107 probiotic bacteria. Performance parameters were measured on DOH and d4, 6, 8, 14, 19, and 42, while immune organ weights and tissue samples were taken on DOH and d4, 6, 8, 14, and 20. A third study investigated the effects of in ovo administration of Primalac on hatchability, performance, immune organ weights, and lesion scores in broiler chicks exposed to Eimeria sp. At embryonic day 18, 210 eggs were injected with either sterile water or 1x106 probiotic bacteria. On d3 post-hatch, half of the chicks from each treatment group were challenged with a mixed inoculum of Eimeria acervulina, E. maxima, and E. tenella. Measurements and tissue samples were taken on DOH and d3, 9 and 15. The results of these studies suggest that in ovo Primalac supplementation does not negatively impact hatchability, enhances performance, modulates intestinal gene expression, and provides protection against a mixed Eimeria infection.
Ph. D.

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Ritzi, Miranda Marie. "The Effects of Probiotics on Performance and Immune Response of Broiler Chickens during Coccidiosis." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/76952.

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Coccidiosis is endemic in the commercial broiler industry and inflicts devastating economic losses to poultry operations. Probiotics may provide a potential alternative to the prophylactic use of anticoccidials in commercial production. This study evaluated the effects of probiotic applications (feed and water) on bird performance and resistance to a mixed Eimeria infection in commercial broilers. On day of hatch, 1008 commercial male broilers (Cobb 500) were assigned to one of 6 treatments (8 replicate floor pens; 21 birds/pen), including non-infected negative control (NEG), Eimeria-infected positive control (POS), anticoccidial control (0.01% salinomycin, SAL), intermittent high dose water-applied probiotic (WPI), continuous low dose water-applied probiotic (WPC), and feed-supplemented probiotic (FSP). On d15, all birds except those in NEG were challenged with a mixed inoculum of Eimeria acervulina, E. maxima, and E. tenella. Measurements were taken on d7, 15, 21, 28, 35 and 42. Fecal samples were collected from d20-d24 for oocyst counts, and lesion scores were evaluated on d21. Data were analyzed using the Fit Model platform in JMP Pro 10.0 (SAS). Differences in experimental treatments were tested using Tukey HSD following ANOVA with significance reported at P ° 0.05. Overall, NEG birds outperformed all other groups. For performance, the probiotic groups were comparable to the SAL treated birds, except during the 6 days immediately following the Eimeria species challenge, where the SAL birds exhibited better performance. WPC birds had lower duodenal and jejunal lesion scores, indicating a healthier intestine and enhanced resistance to Eimeria species compared to POS. Birds in the WPI treatment shed fewer oocysts in the feces, though this was not a trend for all of the probiotic treatment groups. The results of this study suggest probiotic supplementation without anticoccidials can enhance performance and help alleviate the negative effects of a mixed Eimeria infection.
Master of Science

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Mngqi, Sinethemba Census. "Effect of Tenebrio molitor larvae as a protein source on growth performance, carcass yield and meat quality of broiler chickens." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/2622.

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This study was conducted to assess the effect of including Tenebrio molitor larvae (T. molitor L) as a protein source in different diets on broiler performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality. A total of 144 day-old Cobb-500 chicks were randomly allocated into three treatment groups, each was allocated 16 birds and reared in 9 identical pens. Experimental diets used were as follows: T1 Control (no T. molitor L inclusion); T2 and T3 contained levels of T. molitor L at 5 percent and 10 percent of dry matter (DM) intake, respectively. Body weights (BW), average daily gain (ADG), feed intake (FI), and Feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured for the 1st experimental chapter. For the second experimental chapter; live weights (LW) of broilers were recorded before slaughter and thereafter carcass weights (CW), meat yield (weights of breast, thigh, drumstick and wing) were recorded. The dressing percentage (DP percent) was also calculated. Breast muscles were sampled for meat pH and colour measurements. The LW of birds from T1 (0 percent T. molitor L) were significantly different (P<0.05) from both T2 (5 percent T. molitor L) and T3 (10 percent T. molitor L) which were similar to each other, with T2 exhibiting the highest live weights (2166g) and the control treatment exhibiting the lowest live weights (2018.3g). In CW, T1 was significantly different (P<0.05) from T2 while it was similar (P>0.05) to T3. The dressing percent of T1 was significantly different (P<0.05) from T2 and T3 which were similar to each other, with T2 having the highest dressing percentage (78, 2 percent) and T1 having the lowest DP percent (66 percent). The breasts in T2 were significantly higher and different (P<0.05) from both T1 and T3 which were similar to each other. The drumsticks in T3 were significantly different (P<0.05) from T1 while they were similar to T2 with values with T2 having highest values. After 45 minutes of slaughter, a significant difference (P<0.05) was observed in L⃰ among all treatments. In redness (a⃰), T3 was significantly different from T1 but was similar to T2 and all treatments in this study exhibited a darker red meat, with T3 muscles exhibiting darker red colour than the other treatments. Similar results were observed in yellowness (b⃰), where the breast muscles from T3 were more yellow than the other treatments. After 24 hours of slaughter, T2 L⃰ values were significantly different (P<0.05) from both T1 and T3 which were similar to each other. It was also found that the broiler chickens given diet with no T. molitor L inclusion (T1) had lower values of BW, FI, ADG and FCR throughout the experiment than those that were in T2 and T3 with 5 percent and 10 percent T. molitor L inclusion levels, respectively. However, it was also found that although broilers with 5 percent T. molitor L inclusion (T2) in their diet had high ABW and ADG than the broilers with 10 percent T. molitor L inclusion (T3), the T3 birds compared favourably to T2 birds as they required low feed intake to reach the same slaughter weight due to high FCR. It was, therefore, concluded that T. molitor L meal can be incorporated into the diets of broilers to produce heavy birds either at 5 or 10 percent. However, although 5 percent T. molitor L inclusion yields heavier carcasses, the 10 percent T. molitor L inclusion compared favourably to 5 percent inclusion since it required low feed intake to reach the same slaughter weights and there were slight differences on meat quality attributes between the two treatments.Thus T. molitor L at 10 percent inclusion levels was the best inclusion level to enhance broiler growth performance, carcass yield, meat yield and meat quality.

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Kamba, Evelyn Tatenda. "Effects of Aloe ferox in drinking water, on growth performance, blood parameters, meat quality, fatty acid profile and oxidative stability of broiler meat." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1020202.

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The objective of the study was to determine the effects of Aloe ferox inclusion in drinking water on growth performance, blood biochemistry, physico-chemical characteristics, fatty acid profile and oxidative stability of broiler meat. The importance of A. ferox as a medicinal plant and factors that influence its utilization by communal poultry farmers were also investigated by use of a questionnaire survey. The survey revealed that the majority of respondents (84.6%) faced health challenges in their chickens and many relied (96.2%) on A. ferox to treat diseases and control parasites. The study also revealed that the choice of medicine (traditional or conventional) was influenced (P<0.05) by level of education and income. In the second phase of the research, a total of 600 Ross 308 day-old broilers, were randomly put in 6 treatment groups with 4 replicates, each having 25 birds. Fresh aqueous A. ferox leaf juice (ALJ) was administered in drinking water at a dosage of 20ml/litre to T1, T2 and T3 from day one to day 35, day one to day 14 and day 15 to day 28, respectively. Birds in T4 and T5 (positive controls) were treated with terramycin at the recommended dosage of 14g/litre of drinking water from day one to day 6 and from day 15 to 20, respectively; and birds in T6 (negative control) received distilled water from day 1 to 35. Feed Intake (FI), average daily gain (ADG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were calculated for the 5 week trial. After slaughter, carcass characteristics particularly dressing percentage (DP) and relative organ weight (ROW) were calculated. Serum biochemistry was also determined. For meat quality, pH and color were recorded 45 minutes and 24 hours after slaughter from the breast muscle. Fatty acid profiling and oxidative stability were determined using meat samples from the breast and thigh muscles. The results for growth performance showed that thebirds which were given A. ferox for the first two weeks (T2) consumed significantly (P>0.05) more feed (189.4g) than those in the negative control (159.6g) at the beginning of the starter phase. Subsequently, their ADG recorded on day 7 (27.1g) and day 14 (43.1g) were significantly (P<0.05) higher than the negative control (22.8g and 36.2g, respectively). Significant treatment effects (P<0.05) for FCR were reported in the 4th week for the birds that received A. ferox throughout (T1: 3.5). Carcass characteristics were not significantly (P>0.05) affected by A. ferox inclusion in drinking water. The highest high density lipoprotein (HDL) values (2.78 mmol/L) were yielded in T2and T3 had the lowest values (0.61mmol/L) for low density lipoprotein (LDL). For physico-chemical properties, no significant effects (P>0.05) of treatment on pH, colour, cooking loss and tenderness were observed. However, the group treated with A.ferox throughout the production cycle, had the highest pH (6.2), lowest lightness (38.5), highest redness (4.1), highest tenderness (13.86N) and the lowest cooking loss (12.6%). Significant treatment effects (P<0.05) were observed on the composition of the PUFA eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3c8, 11, 14(n-6)) of the breast muscle which was significantly lower in the A. ferox treatment groups than the positive controls. For the thigh muscle, there were significant (P<0.05) treatment effects on composition of palmitoleic acid (C16:1c9) and g-linolenic acid (C18:3c6, 9, 12 (n-3)). No significant (P>0.05) effects were found on oxidative stability of both thigh and breast muscles. In conclusion, the wide use of A. ferox by communal chicken farmers showed its importance as a medicinal plant. Apart from it being an effective medicinal plant, A. ferox inclusion in drinking water results in improved FI, ADG, reduced in LDLC and better g-linolenic and palmitoleic acid composition in the meat.

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25

SADIK, HAITHAM LOTFY. "EFFECTS OF LYSINE, TOTAL SULFUR AMINO ACIDS, AND TALLOW ON LAYING HEN PERFORMANCES." Diss., The University of Arizona, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/10150/183845.

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An experiment was conducted with laying hens to evaluate the effects of added lysine, methionine and tallow on laying hen performances. Twenty-four treatments were obtained as a result of supplementing the basal diets, which contained either 13.86% or 13.5% protein, with 4 levels of synthetic L-lysine Hcl and with 3 levels of DL-methionine. Each treatment was fed to 5 neplicates of four birds each for ten 28-day periods. Tallow was added at a level of 4% to the 13.5% protein diet. Significant improvements were obtained in egg production and in egg mass as a result of lysine and methionine supplementation. However, 4% added tallow significantly decreased egg production and egg mass. On the other hand, tallow exerted positive effects upon the efficiency of feed utilization only when the diets were adequate in both lysine and TSAA. Three response criteria were used to measure the daily intake of lysine and total sulfur amino acids which are methionine and cysteine (TSAA) required by laying hens; percent egg production, egg mass, and plasma free lysine and TSAA levels. The pattern of response suggested that the dietary lysine requirements were 718 and 709 mg/hen/day for egg production and egg mass respectively; and the dietary TSAA requirements were 616 and 626 mg/hen/day for egg production and egg mass respectively. Multiple regression analysis, which related the intake of these amino acids with hen performances showed numerical, but non-significant, differences than the above requirement values. Using plasma free lysine and TSAA as criteria, the requirements for lysine and TSAA obtained from regression analysis were 674.8 and 561.6 mg/hen/day respectively. Feed intakes and protein intakes were not significantly affected by either lysine or methionine supplementation. However, 4% added tallow significantly decreased feed intakes and protein intakes.

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26

Yazo, Mohammed Bukar. "Effects of light on the performance of meat- and egg-type chickens." Thesis, Kansas State University, 1986. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/9983.

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27

Ott, Christopher Philip. "Impact of Dietary Beta-glucan Supplementation on Performance and Immune Response of Broiler Chickens During Challenge." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/75170.

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Coccidiosis is a costly parasitic disease to the poultry industry with multiple prevention methods being explored to control its impact. One approach under development is the use of -glucans, which are carbohydrates from cell walls of various plant species. The first study evaluated the feeding effects of algae- derived -glucans on performance and responses of broilers during a coccidiosis challenge. Cobb 500 broilers (n=1280) were fed a control diet, control supplemented with 150 g/MT Algamune (BG), 100 g/MT Algamune ZPC (BGZn), or 0.01% Salinomycin (Sal). On d 15, challenged birds received mixed Eimeria inoculum. Measurements were taken on d 7, 14, 21, and 28, and lesion scores assessed on d 21. The challenge resulted in reduced BW, and higher feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed in the challenged birds with Sal and BGZn. Escherichia coli (E. coli) is normally commensal to the gastrointestinal tract, but certain serotypes cause disease in domestic poultry. A subsequent study was conducted to evaluate the feeding effects of algae-derived glucan (1,3 -glucan) on performance of broiler chickens during an E. coli challenge. Cobb 500 broilers (n=900) were fed a control diet, control + 25 mg/kg of -glucan, or control + 100 mg/kg of -glucan. On d 0, litter was sprayed with E. coli inoculum. Measurements were taken on d 7, 14, 21, and 28. -glucan supplementation increased BW gain andlowered FCR. The results from these studies offer some insight to the effects of -glucans on poultry and their potential to offset negative effects caused by infectious challenges.
Master of Science

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28

White, Mallory B. "Performance and Microbial Profiles of Broiler Chickens fed Phytogenic Feed Additives or Probiotics during Coccidiosis." Thesis, Virginia Tech, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/83871.

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The prophylactic use of antibiotics is rapidly being phased out of poultry operations. Diseases such as coccidiosis are extremely costly, and typically prevented with coccidiostats and antibiotics. New regulation banning antibiotics is mandating a search for new alternatives, such as probiotics and phytogenic feed additives (PFAs). Two separate studies were performed to evaluate the performance and microbial profiles of commercial broilers fed either PFAs or Eimeria challenged broilers fed probiotics. During the probiotics study, 1056 day-old male Ross broiler chicks were assigned to one of 6 treatments, 8 replicates per treatment, with 22 birds per floor pen in a 2x3 factorial arrangement, with DFM mix and coccidiosis challenge being the main factors. Treatments included a non-infected control (NC), a non-infected low level DFM-fed group (DL), a non-infected high level DFM-fed group (DH), an infected control (PC), an infected low level DFM-fed group (DL+), and an infected high level DFM-fed group (DH+). Performance measurements were taken on d0, d7, d14, d21, and d28. Mucosal scrapings from the ileum were obtained on d7, d14, d21, and d28 to determine microbial profiles. On d15, birds in the three infected groups were challenged with a mixed inoculum containing Eimeria maxima, E. tenella, and E. acervulina. Lesion scores were assessed on d21. Body composition was analyzed via Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) on d28. Results indicated a trend (P < 0.1) toward improved D28 body composition, lower Clostridium in DFM-fed challenged broilers compared to PC, and higher Bacillus in DH compared to DH+. Results were not significant for BW, BWG, FI, or lesion scores. The second study evaluated the effects of PFA provided as a dietary supplement over a 6-week period on performance and immune responses in broilers. In total, 1056 day-old male chicks were randomly assigned to 8 replicate pens (22 birds/pen) with 6 treatments including a standard corn/wheat basal diet, a basal with antibiotics, and 4 various combinations of PFA (PHY 1, 2, 3, and 4). Performance was assessed on day 7 (D7), 14, 28, and 42. Starter diet was fed D0-14, grower D14-28, and finisher D28-42. Microbial profiling was assessed on D7, 14, and 42, and body composition measured on D42 using Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA). Results varied by week, but cumulatively, body weight gain (BWG) per bird was higher in PHY1 and 4, statistically similar to AGP and CTRL. With feed conversion ratio (FCR), PHY2 was higher than any other treatment between D0-42, while all other treatments were similar. PCR results were not statistically significant; however, DXA results indicated a higher lean to fat ratio in birds from PHY1-4 when compared to AGP, indicating an overall leaner bird in PHY treatments. The results of these studies suggest that diets supplemented with DFMs or PFAs result in improved broiler performance.
Master of Science
The prophylactic use of antibiotics is rapidly being phased out of poultry operations. Diseases such as coccidiosis are extremely costly, and typically prevented with coccidiostats and antibiotics. New regulation banning antibiotics is mandating a search for new alternatives, such as probiotics and phytogenic feed additives (PFAs). Two separate studies were performed to evaluate the performance and microbial profiles of commercial broilers fed either PFAs or Eimeria challenged broilers fed probiotics. During the probiotics study, 1056 day-old male Ross broiler chicks were assigned to one of 6 treatments, 8 replicates per treatment, with 22 birds per floor pen in a 2x3 factorial arrangement, with DFM mix and coccidiosis challenge being the main factors. Treatments included a non-infected control (NC), a non-infected low level DFM-fed group (DL), a non-infected high level DFM-fed group (DH), an infected control (PC), an infected low level DFM-fed group (DL+), and an infected high level DFM-fed group (DH+). Performance measurements were taken on d0, d7, d14, d21, and d28. Mucosal scrapings from the ileum were obtained on d7, d14, d21, and d28 to determine microbial profiles. On d15, birds in the three infected groups were challenged with a mixed inoculum containing Eimeria maxima, E. tenella, and E. acervulina. Lesion scores were assessed on d21. Body composition was analyzed via Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA) on d28. Results indicated a trend (P < 0.1) toward improved D28 body composition, lower Clostridium in DFM-fed challenged broilers compared to PC, and higher Bacillus in DH compared to DH+. Results were not significant for BW, BWG, FI, or lesion scores. The second study evaluated the effects of PFA provided as a dietary supplement over a 6-week period on performance and immune responses in broilers. In total, 1056 day-old male chicks were randomly assigned to 8 replicate pens (22 birds/pen) with 6 treatments including a standard corn/wheat basal diet, a basal with antibiotics, and 4 various combinations of PFA (PHY 1, 2, 3, and 4). Performance was assessed on day 7 (D7), 14, 28, and 42. Starter diet was fed D0-14, grower D14-28, and finisher D28-42. Microbial profiling was assessed on D7, 14, and 42, and body composition measured on D42 using Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry (DXA). Results varied by week, but cumulatively, body weight gain (BWG) per bird was higher in PHY1 and 4, statistically similar to AGP and CTRL. With feed conversion ratio (FCR), PHY2 was higher than any other treatment between D0-42, while all other treatments were similar. PCR results were not statistically significant; however, DXA results indicated a higher lean to fat ratio in birds from PHY1-4 when compared to AGP, indicating an overall leaner bird in PHY treatments. The results of these studies suggest that diets supplemented with DFMs or PFAs result in improved broiler performance.

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29

Gilbert, André. "The value of dietary fats for improving reproductive performance of broiler breeder chickens /." Thesis, McGill University, 1991. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=59945.

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The effects of dietary fat on the reproductive performance of broiler breeder chickens have been studied. Individually caged broiler breeders were fed diets with or without added fat during 19-wk reproductive period. In Experiment 1, only the females were subjected to dietary treatments: control (no added fat), 3% animal-vegetable fat blend (A-V fat, 3% corn oil (CO)), while the males received a non-added fat diet. In Experiment 2, only the males were fed diets containing 0 or 3% of either A-V fat or CO while the females were provided a non-added-fat diet.
In Experiment 1, added dietary fat produced significantly higher fertility and early embryonic livability. In Experiment 2, inclusion of 3% CO in the males' diets significantly increased late embryo livability and total embryo survival resulting in a significantly higher hatchability. There were no differences in semen characteristics among dietary treatments. These data indicate that the contribution of the male is not restricted to the fertilization of eggs but is also related to embryonic livability. The addition of fat significantly affected the fatty acid composition of the phospholipid fraction of the spermatozoa cells.

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30

Ellis, S. M. "Dietary and environmental factors affecting the gut microflora and performance of broiler chickens." Thesis, Queen's University Belfast, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.269049.

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31

Sokanyile, Sanda. "How phase feeding manipulation affects growth, performance, feed cost, carcass characteristics and the quality of meat from broilers." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/5565.

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The main objective of the study was to determine how phase feeding manipulation affects growth performance, feed cost, carcass characteristics and quality of meat from broiler chickens. A total of 180 day old un-sexed broiler chicks (Cobb 500) were separated into 3 dietary treatments of 60 birds per treatment and each treatment was replicated 3 times with 20 birds per replicate. The dietary treatments were as follows: T1 (starter 1-7 days; grower 8-21 days; finisher 22-35 days), T2 (starter 1-14 days; grower 15-21 days, finisher 22-35 days) and T3 (starter 1-14 days; grower 15-28 days; finisher 29-35 days). Feed intake and body weight gains were recorded weekly in kilograms. Average daily gain and feed conversion ratio were computed weekly. At day 35, the chickens were slaughtered and 12 representative breast muscles from each treatment were used for the determination of muscle pH (pH1, pH24 and pH48) and colour coordinates (Lightness – L*, redness – a* and yellowness – b*) in triplicate at 1 hour, 24 hours and 48 hours post-mortem.Feed intake (FI), feed conversion ratio (FCR), average daily gain (ADG) and average body weight at slaughter (ABW) were not significant (P>0.05) amongst the treatments. The most cost efficient feed (which accumulated the cheapest cost feed per kg were) T1 (R11.32) and T3 (R11.32) although there was a slight difference in the gross profit of these treatments T1 (R45.71) and T3 (R44.48). Carcass characteristics were the same (P > 0.05) across the treatments except for the wing, thigh, drumstick and the breast (P < 0.05). T2 had the highest wing weight (166.63±8.60), T1 (113.03±8.60) and the lowest in T3 (74.46±8.60). The thigh weight were greater (P<0.05) in T2 (185.69±4.34); T1 (185.54±4.34) compared to T3 (166.97±4.34) which was lower. Treatments 1 (204.17±6.57), T2 (197±6.57) had heavier (P<0.05) breast weights than T3 (186.06±6.57). Dietary treatments had no significant effect (P > 0.05) on pH of the breast meat. No differences were observed in colour during the 1 hour period after slaughter. At 24 hours after slaughter, the L* values were different (P < 0.05) in T1 and T2 (44.3 ± 0.37; 43.7 ± 0.37), respectively, T1 and T3 were the same. The a*-values were different (P < 0.05) at 48 hours after slaughter for T1 and T3 (4.5 ± 0.27; 3.4 ± 0.27), T2 was the same as T1. It was therefore, concluded that since manipulation of starter phase did not have adverse effects on growth performance, gross profit, slight statistical difference in meat quality attributes and carcass characteristics. Therefore, the manipulation of starter diet has the potential to be used in broiler production.

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32

Tipakorn, Naiyana. "Effects of Andrographis paniculata (Burm.F.) Nees on performance, mortality and coccidiosis in broiler chickens." Doctoral thesis, [S.l.] : [s.n.], 2002. http://deposit.ddb.de/cgi-bin/dokserv?idn=964912708.

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33

Pirgozliev, Vassil R. "The effect of wheat cultivars on the growth performance and energy retention of broiler chickens." Thesis, Open University, 2000. http://oro.open.ac.uk/58074/.

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The nutritive values of twelve samples of different UK wheat cultivars from two different growing years were assessed. A series of chicken feeding experiments were conducted to examine the relationships between chemical composition, grain quality and energy content of the wheat samples and the growth performance of broiler chickens when fed these wheat samples as part of nutritionally complete diets. The efficiency of utilization of apparent metabolisable energy (AMEn) of wheat samples as a source of net energy (NE) was studied. Step-wisc multiple regression analysis indicated that the content of total starch in the wheat samples and the arnylosea: mylopectin ratio in the starch were the main predictors of growth, feed intake and FCR of the broilers. Increasing starch and arnylose content in the wheat cultivar samples gave increasing weight and feed intakes. The Hagberg falling number was also significantly (P < 0.05) positively related to broiler chicken growth and food intakes. Two further experiments indicated that there was a growth response to increasing the amylose: amylopectin ratio, but that the response was specific only to the variations in amylose: amylopectin ratio by using an extracted starch from a high amylose maize cultivar. Variation of the amylose: amylopectin ratio by using different rice cultivars gave no (p > 0.05) differences in broiler growth performance. The influence of different amylose: amylopectin ratios on the physical nature of the starch granule may therefore be more important than their effects in changing the total dietary supply of those starch components. Although the net energy concentration of a wheat sample was related (p < 0.05, r2=0.42) to its determined AME, there was still unexplained variation (about 60%) in the cilicicncy of utilization of AME as a source of NE. A proportion of this variation was, however, explained (p < 0.05, r2=0.40) by differences in the water-extract viscosity of the wheat samples. Different ileal viscosities, due to feeding different wheat cultivars, may result in variation in the amount of intestinal fermentation of nutrients and so altcr the NENE ratio of whcat-based diets.

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34

Segobola, Phokela Jonathan. "Efficacy of exogenous phytase and protease enzymes on performance and gastrointestinal health in broiler chickens." Diss., University of Pretoria, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/60857.

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The efficacy of exogenous phytase and protease, alone and in combination, or in combination with AGP, zinc bacitracin on performance and intestinal morphology in broilers was tested. Broilers were fed a diet containing nutrients at recommended levels (positive control, PC) with no enzyme supplementation or a diet with lower nutrient density than PC, either without enzyme supplementation (negative control, NC) or with enzyme(s) (Treatments, Trt). Nutrient specifications of NC1, 2 and 3 diets were decreased by levels expected to be made available by Ronozyme® HiPhos, Ronozyme® ProAct and a combination of Ronozyme® HiPhos and ProAct, respectively. The NC1, 2 and 3 diets contained the same level of nutrients than the NC counterpart, but with the respective enzymes supplemented to the diets. At 34d of age, body weight (BW), but not feed intake (FI), of NC1 was lower (P<0.05), and feed conversion ratio (FCR) not significantly different than PC. With the addition of 100 mg/kg of a phytase product (Trt1), no difference in performance of broilers was noted compared to PC. Broilers in NC2 and Trt2 groups did not differ in performance from PC, suggesting that nutrients in NC2 were not lowered sufficiently to limit performance. BW and FI, of NC3 was lower and FCR was not significantly different than PC. With the addition of phytase and protease (Trt3), performance of broilers was similar to PC. Addition of zinc bacitracin to Trt3 did not improve any of the performance parameters compared to Trt3. There was no difference in metatarsal bone ash mass, ash concentrations, densities and percentage Ca and P of birds fed PC or NC or diets supplemented with enzymes. While no differences were found for the ileum, phytase supplementation to the diet increased the duodenal villi length: crypt depth from 8.20 (PC) to 10.75 and 10.79 (Trt1 and Trt3, respectively). No differences in this ratio were noted between PC and the NC diets. The addition of phytase, alone and in combination with a protease, increased the available nutrient levels, improved duodenal villi height to crypt depth ratio and subsequently improved broiler production. The study was therefore conducted to determine the efficacy of exogenous phytase and protease, alone and in combination, or in combination with AGP, zinc bacitracin on performance and intestinal morphology in broilers from day old to 35 days of age.
Dissertation (MSc (Agric))--University of Pretoria, 2016.
Animal and Wildlife Sciences
MSc (Agric)
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35

Rude, Christopher Mark. "Effects of feed manufacturing on nutrient metabolism, nutrient retention, and growth performance of broiler chickens." Diss., Kansas State University, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/2097/17152.

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Doctor of Philosophy
Department of Animal Sciences and Industry
R. Scott Beyer
Broiler chicken feed is processed. Cereal grains are ground to reduce particle size and the feed usually is pelleted. When pelleted, broiler diets are steam conditioned and forced through a die causing varying levels of starch gelatinization. Cereal grain particle size and starch gelatinization can be controlled during feed manufacturing. Earlier research has shown that starch gelatinization negatively affects growth performance of 0 to 21 d of age. An experiment was conducted to determine the effects of corn particle size and starch gelatinization on growth performance, dressing percentage, and gizzard size when fed to 22 to 42 d of age broilers. Increasing particle size from 470 to 1240 μm increased body weight gain, dressing percentage, and relative gizzard size. Starch gelatinization increased relative gizzard size. No interaction effects were detected. To expand on previous experiments, a trial was conducted to investigate the effect of starch gelatinization on broiler chick gastrointestinal pH, glucose absorption, and glucoregulation. Starch gelatinization level affected jejunum pH, with a higher pH reported at 20% starch gelatinization. Increases in starch gelatinization decreased blood glucose and increased glucagon level. Highest measured glucagon level was reported in broiler chicks fed the diet with 20% starch gelatinization level diet after 6 hours of starvation. A third experiment was conducted to determine the effect of starch gelatinization on metabolizable energy and amino acid digestibility. Increasing starch gelatinization from 0 to 100% increased true metabolizable energy and fecal output in roosters. No effect was found on apparent metabolizable energy or amino acid digestibility, with an increase in starch gelatinization from 0 to 20%. Increasing particle size from 470 to 1240 μm had a positive effect on 22 to 42 d growth performance. A starch gelatinization level of 20% or lower had no effect on metabolizable energy or amino acid digestion. Older broilers with larger gastrointestinal tracts are unaffected by 20% gelatinized starch; whereas, 20% gelatinized starch reduced blood glucose and increased glucagon levels of young broilers. Lower blood glucose and increased glucagon are indicative of lower glucose storage, and could cause reduced young broiler growth performance when fed diets with gelatinized starch.

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Ferreira, Petrus Stephanus. "A management model for service excellence and organisational performance in the breeder/broiler chicken industry." Thesis, Bloemfontein : Central University of Technology, Free State, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/11462/98.

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Thesis (D. Tech)--Central University of Technology, Free State, 2008
The global, one-world economy has arrived and South Africa is part of it. Business needs to understand the challenge of global competitiveness. This study reflected the prominence of managing diversity in establishing service excellence and performance management for professionals in the mediumsize chicken breeder/broiler industry in South Africa, following the increased importance of the breeder/broiler industry in providing an affordable nutriment/commodity to the poor and needy South African population. The ongoing variables in the political, social, cultural and technology domains in South Africa also affect the chicken breeder/broiler industry. It necessitates the scientific evaluation of the effect of the external political and socio-political environment; internal training and development, leadership styles, literacy levels, employment equity, resistance to change, reverse discrimination and cultural diversity on service excellence and performance. Country Bird (Pty) Ltd., a significant role-player in the food production industry, was thus selected as the object of this study. The role of management and the workers was examined to determine the level of impact in attaining service excellence and organisational performance. Attention was also focused on the development of a service excellence and organisational performance management model that can be used in the chicken breeder/broiler industry to improve organisational performance and sustainable profits.

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37

Minh, Do Viet. "Effect of supplementation, breed, season and location on feed intake and performance of scavenging chickens in Vietnam /." Uppsala : Dept. of Animal Nutrition and Management, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, 2005. http://epsilon.slu.se/2005101.pdf.

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38

Fontana, Eddy Alejandro. "The effect of early feed restriction on the performance, organ weights, carcass composition, and lipid and protein metabolism in broiler chickens." Diss., Virginia Tech, 1991. http://hdl.handle.net/10919/41291.

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Five experiments were conducted to investigate the effects of early feed restriction on body weights, feed conversion, organ weights, fat deposition, carcass and muscle composition, plasma lipids, lipogenesis, lipolysis, and muscle tissue DNA and RNA in broiler chickens. In Experiments 1 and 2, broiler chicks were reared in litter pens for 49 days, while Experiments 3,4, and 5 were conducted in battery cages for 28 days. Feed restriction in all experiments was induced by providing male broiler chicks with 40 kcal/bird/day for 7 (Experiments 1 and 2) or 6 (Experiments 3, 4, and 5) days, starting at 4 days of age. Feed restriction (40 kcal/bird/day) for broiler females in Experiment 1 was imposed from 4 to 9 days of age. Ad libitum feeding was resumed after the restriction periods and continued to the conclusion of each experiment. Broilers fed ad libitum for the entire experimental period were used as controls in each study. Broilers under early feed restriction had significantly (P s .05) lower mean body weights than ad libitum fed controls, for all ages measured. However, feed to gain ratios for restricted birds were Significantly lower at 28 (Experiments 1 through 4) and 49 (Experiments 1 and 2) days of age than for birds fed ad libitum. Total pen body weights for restricted and ad libitum fed groups were similar at 49 days of age in Experiments 1 and 2 which, reflected a significant reduction in the rate of mortality observed in the early restricted groups. Significantly higher levels of lipogenic activity, plasma triglycerides and lipoproteins (VLDL + LDL), and significantly larger abdominal fat pads were observed in restricted broilers than in ad libitum fed controls at 28 days of age (Experiment 4). No significant differences were found in organ weights, carcass composition, lipolysis, and muscle tissue DNA/RNA levels, and muscle composition between early restricted and unrestricted broilers. Results from these studies indicate that restricted broilers were not able to attain body weights comparable to ad libitum fed birds at 49 days of age. In contrast, early feed restriction resulted in consistently better feed efficiency in restricted birds when compared to controls. Furthermore, it appears that early feed restriction altered lipid metabolism early in life; however, organ weights, fat deposition, muscle composition, and carcass composition were only minimally affected by this procedure.
Ph. D.

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39

Lopes, Irani Ribeiro Vieira. "Uso de antioxidante nos farelos de castanha de caju e de coco na alimentação de aves." reponame:Repositório Institucional da UFC, 2007. http://www.repositorio.ufc.br/handle/riufc/17025.

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LOPES, Irani Ribeiro Vieira. Uso de antioxidante nos farelos de castanha de caju e de coco na alimentação de aves. 2007. 129 f. Tese (doutorado em zootecnia)- Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza-CE, 2007.
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Feeding is one of the item that more the economic exploration of birds burdens. In the State of the Ceará this problem if accents, mainly due the necessity to import maize and soy of other states and countries (in the case of the maize) and of the sazonal oscillation in the prices of these ingredients. In the attempt to reduce the costs, if it has looked for to use “alternative” foods, as the cashew chestnut bran (FCC) and the bran of coconut (FC) in the formularization of rations for birds. In general, these brans are rich in lipídios and are inclined to develop oxidativa, main rancidez responsible for the losses of quality of foods. To prevent the lipídica peroxidação it is common to treat ingredients or rations with antirust substance during the storage. The present work had as objective to evaluate the oxidativa stability of the FCC and the FC, dealt or not with BHT (hidroxitolueno Butil) in different times of storage, and the effect of the use of these ingredients in the rations on the zootécnico performance of chickens of cut and commercial poedeiras, respectively. For each ingredient, the acquired amount was divided in five equal parts. In day zero (soon after the improvement), one of the parts was dealt with BHT, in the ratio of 500 ppm, while another one remained without the antirust substance addition until the end of 35 days of storage. In the too much portions the BHT was added to the 7, 14 and 21 days. Weekly, the peroxide and acid values had been determined (WENT) (IP). Passed the period of storage, the FCC and the FC had been used in the formularization of the rations for chickens of cut (Experiment 1 with FCC) and for commercial poedeiras (Experiment 2 with FC). In experiment 1 480 young chickens of one day had been used, Ross, distributed to perhaps in five treatments, with eight repetitions of twelve birds each. The treatments had consisted of isonutrientes rations contend: FCC without BHT addition (s/BHT); FCC with addition of BHT in day zero (BHT/0); FCC with BHT addition 7 days after the storage (BHT/7); FCC with BHT addition 14 days after the storage (BHT/14); FCC with BHT addition 21 days after the storage (BHT/21). IT WENT IT of the FCC during the period of storage did not vary, independent of the use or not of antirust substance, whereas, the IP of the FCC with or without BHT increased with the storage time. The treatments had not affected the performance (consumption of ration, profit of weight and alimentary conversion), the characteristics of carcass (chest and carcass income and, percentage of liver and abdominal fat) the text of humidity of the liver and the text of humidity and etéreo extract of the abdominal fat of the cut chickens. The parameters of quality of the meat (losses for firing, capacity of water retention, force of shear and pH) and the components of color luminosity (L*) and intensity of red (a*) of the fat had not differed between itself. However, in the group of the birds that had received FCC dealt with BHT/0 the etéreo extract text of the liver was lesser and the yellow intensity (component b*) of the abdominal fat was bigger when compared with the one of the birds of the treatment it has controlled. In experiment 2, 180 white poedeiras Hisex had been used, in as the cycle of production, distributed to perhaps in five treatments and six repetitions of six birds each. The treatments had consisted of isonutrientes rations contend: FC without BHT addition (s/BHT); FC with addition of BHT in day zero (BHT/0); FC with BHT addition 7 days after the storage (BHT/7); FC with BHT addition 14 days after the storage (BHT/14); FC with BHT addition 21 days after the storage (BHT/21). IT WENT IT and IP of the FC stored with or without BHT, had increased with the storage time. The level of oxidation observed in the FC and, consequentemente, in the rations, did not affect the productive performance (consumption of ration, percentage of position, egg mass and alimentary conversion) and the quality of eggs (weight of the egg, Haugh Units, egg yolk percentage, rind and albúmen, and color of the egg yolk). The FCC and the FC stored per 35 days without antirust substance can compose the rations of cut chickens and poedeiras, respectively, without harming the productive performance and the quality of the meat and eggs. However, fed chickens of cut with ration I contend 15% of FCC dealt with BHT/0 present minor text of etéreo extract in the liver and greater yellow intensity in the abdominal fat.
Alimentação é um dos itens que mais onera a exploração econômica de aves. No Estado do Ceará este problema se acentua, principalmente devido a necessidade de importar milho e soja de outros estados e países (no caso do milho) e da oscilação sazonal nos preços desses ingredientes. Na tentativa de reduzir os custos, tem se procurado utilizar alimentos “alternativos”, como o farelo de castanha de caju (FCC) e o farelo de coco (FC) na formulação de rações para aves. Em geral, estes farelos são ricos em lipídios e estão propensos a desenvolverem rancidez oxidativa, principal responsável pelas perdas de qualidade dos alimentos. Para evitar a peroxidação lipídica é comum tratar ingredientes ou rações com antioxidante durante o armazenamento. O presente trabalho teve como objetivos avaliar a estabilidade oxidativa do FCC e do FC, tratados ou não com BHT (Butil hidroxitolueno) em diferentes tempos de armazenamento, e os efeitos da utilização destes ingredientes nas rações sobre o desempenho zootécnico de frangos de corte e de poedeiras comerciais, respectivamente. Para cada ingrediente, a quantidade adquirida foi dividida em cinco partes iguais. No dia zero (logo após o beneficiamento), uma das partes foi tratada com BHT, na proporção de 500 ppm, enquanto outra permaneceu sem a adição de antioxidante até o final de 35 dias de armazenamento. Nas demais porções o BHT foi adicionado aos 7, 14 e 21 dias. Semanalmente, foram determinados os índices de acidez (IA) e de peróxidos (IP). Decorrido o período de armazenamento, o FCC e o FC foram utilizados na formulação das rações para frangos de corte (Experimento 1 com FCC) e para poedeiras comerciais (Experimento 2 com FC). No experimento 1 foram utilizados 480 pintos de um dia, Ross, distribuídos ao acaso em cinco tratamentos, com oito repetições de doze aves cada. Os tratamentos constaram de rações isonutrientes contendo: FCC sem adição de BHT (s/BHT); FCC com adição de BHT no dia zero (BHT/0); FCC com adição de BHT 7 dias após o armazenamento (BHT/7); FCC com adição de BHT 14 dias após o armazenamento (BHT/14); FCC com adição de BHT 21 dias após o armazenamento (BHT/21). O IA do FCC durante o período de armazenamento não variou, independente do uso ou não de antioxidante, enquanto que, o IP do FCC com ou sem BHT aumentou com o tempo de armazenamento. Os tratamentos não afetaram o desempenho (consumo de ração, ganho de peso e conversão alimentar), as características de carcaça (rendimento de carcaça e de peito e, percentagem de fígado e gordura abdominal) o teor de umidade do fígado e o teor de umidade e extrato etéreo da gordura abdominal dos frangos de corte. Os parâmetros de qualidade da carne (perdas por cocção, capacidade de retenção de água, força de cisalhamento e pH) e os componentes de cor luminosidade (L*) e intensidade de vermelho (a*) da gordura não diferiram entre si. Entretanto, no grupo das aves que receberam FCC tratado com BHT/0 o teor de extrato etéreo do fígado foi menor e a intensidade de amarelo (componente b*) da gordura abdominal foi maior quando comparado com o das aves do tratamento controle. No experimento 2, foram utilizadas 180 poedeiras Hisex brancas, no segundo ciclo de produção, distribuídas ao acaso em cinco tratamentos e seis repetições de seis aves cada. Os tratamentos consistiram de rações isonutrientes contendo: FC sem adição de BHT (s/BHT); FC com adição de BHT no dia zero (BHT/0); FC com adição de BHT 7 dias após o armazenamento (BHT/7); FC com adição de BHT 14 dias após o armazenamento (BHT/14); FC com adição de BHT 21 dias após o armazenamento (BHT/21). O IA e IP do FC armazenado com ou sem BHT, aumentaram com o tempo de armazenamento. O nível de oxidação observado no FC e, consequentemente, nas rações, não afetou o desempenho produtivo (consumo de ração, percentagem de postura, massa de ovo e conversão alimentar) e a qualidade dos ovos (peso do ovo, Unidades Haugh, percentagem de gema, casca e albúmen, e cor da gema). O FCC e o FC armazenados por 35 dias sem antioxidante podem compor as rações de frangos de corte e poedeiras, respectivamente, sem prejudicar o desempenho produtivo e a qualidade da carne e dos ovos. Entretanto, frangos de corte alimentados com ração contendo 15% de FCC tratado com BHT/0 apresentam menor teor de extrato etéreo no fígado e maior intensidade de amarelo na gordura abdominal.

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40

Moore, Scott Melvin. "The effects of corn hybrid kernel traits on performance in broiler chickens, laying hens, and pigs." [Ames, Iowa : Iowa State University], 2007.

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41

Sithambaram, Shanmugavelu. "The influence of enzymes and phytochemicals in chicken diets on performance, nutrient utilisation and gut microbiota." Thesis, University of Glasgow, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.418908.

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42

Iyasere, Oluwaseun Serah. "Effect of heat and physiological stress on the growth performance, physiology and welfare of broiler chickens." Thesis, University of Newcastle upon Tyne, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10443/2585.

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Broilers can be faced with a several stressful conditions during their production cycle which can have implications for both growth performance and animal welfare. Animal welfare encompasses the physical and mental well-being of animals, assessed from the biological functioning and subjective experience. The aims of this thesis were i) to develop and validate non-invasive means of assessing the welfare of broilers under physiological and episodic heat stress conditions, ii) to investigate the impact of episodic heat stress, physiological stress and light wavelength on the growth performance, physiology and welfare of broiler chickens and, finally, iii) to investigate a novel means of alleviating heat stress in broilers. Endogenous corticosterone measured in the urate sphere was suppressed by dexamethasone administration. In a cognitive bias task, birds offered mealworms injected with corticosterone to mimic chronic stress were pessimistic in their judgement about ambiguous positions. A positive correlation was established between physiological indicators of stress and cognitive bias. Although light wavelength was confounded with light intensity in our study, there was no difference in growth performance and cognitive ability of birds reared in the blue and red light, except for increased activity of birds in red light. Under simulated episodic heat stress, the change in CBT measured from a temperature-ID chip (ΔCBT-chip) and a data logger (ΔCBT-logger) was positively correlated. Significant positive correlations were found between the change in surface body temperature (SBT) under wing (ΔWT) and ΔCBT-chip, and between ΔWT and ΔCBT-logger. Significant positive regression equations relating change in CBT and RR with apparent equivalent temperature (a factor which combines environmental temperature and RH) were also developed. High temperature coupled with high RH aggravated the respiratory rate (RR) of broilers and this was accompanied by suppression of peening behaviour. High heat stress for 3 hours had a greater impact on birds than moderate heat stress for 6 hours. For broilers exposed to moderate heat stress, the provision of additional cup drinkers reduced the rise in CBT and the proportion of time spent in wing drooping behaviour, but enhanced SBTs suggesting increased heat dissipation.

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43

Wapi, Cwayita. "Effects of feeding Moringa Oleifera leaf meal as an additive on growth performance of chicken, physico-chemical shelf-life indicators, fatty acid profiles and lipid oxidation of broiler meat." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/d1007546.

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Effects of feeding Moringa oleifera leaf meal as an additive on growth performance of chicken, physico- chemical shelf-life indicators, fatty acids profiles and lipid oxidation of broiler meat The main objective of the study was to determine the effect of M.oleifera leaf meal (MOLM) as an additive on growth performance, carcass characteristics, physico-chemical shelf-life indicators (colour, ultimate pH, driploss), fatty acids profiles and lipid oxidation of meat from broilers. A total of 432 1day old unsexed broiler chicks (Aviane 48) were randomly allocated to four dietary treatments (TRTS) in 72 cages. There were 18 cages per treatment and each cage allocated 6 chicks. Water and feed was provided at ad libitum. The feeding phases were, prestarter (0-7 Days), starter (8-18 Days), grower (19-28 Days), finisher (29-35 Days). The four TRTS contained graded levels of MOLM at 1000g/ton, 750g/ton, 500g/ton, and 0g/ton (control), respectively. The birds were slaughtered at 35 days of age. Breast muscles were sampled for meat, ultimate pH (pHu ), colour, drip loss over a 7 days shelf-life test. After each day’s test sub-samples were dipped in liquid nitrogen and kept at -180 C for thiobarbituric acid reactive substances determination. On Day1 and Day 7 extra sub-samples were also kept at -180 C for fatty acids analysis.The TRTS had no effect on average feed intake (AFI), feed conversion efficiency (FCE), and on average daily gain (ADG). Slaughter weight (SW), carcass weight (CW), dressing percentage and gizzard weight (GW) values were similar in all TRTS. Liver weight (LW), heart weight (HW), and gastro-intestinal fat (GIF) differed in all the TRTS, with treatment 2 having the highest value of HW (28.3±2.55), and LW (44.2±1.60) was the highest on treatment 4 . The pH values in all TRTS were constant from Day1 to Day5, reached peak on Day6, and then declined on Day7. Meat from broilers given treatment 1 with MOLM (1000g/ton) had the highest lightness (L*) values. The redness (a*) values were the highest in meat from treatment 2 (750g/ton MOLM). Treatments had no effect on yellowness (b*) values and on drip loss of the breasts. During storage L* values were high from Day1 to Day5 and decreased from Day6 to Day7. Drip loss increased with storage time as expected. Treatment 4 (control) had the highest proportions of poly-unsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) (30.3±1.87). Treatment 1 (1000g/ton) had the highest proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFA) (60.9±1.87). Treatment 1 (1000g/ton) had the highest proportion of SFA (60.9±4.30). Treatment 2 (750g/ton) had the highest n-6/n-3 ratio than other TRTS. Days had no effect (P>0.05) on PUFA, SFA, and n-6/n-3 ratio. Treatment 1 had a highest amount of malondialdehyde (MDA), treatment 4 had no effect (P>0.05) on MDA . Storage time had an effect (P<0.05) on MDA levels, except for on Day1 and Day7. Day2 had the highest amount of MDA (0.7±0.08). The use of MOLM as an additive in broiler diets reduced lipid oxidation in meat, and maintained the quality of the broiler meat during storage. It also did not have any adverse effects on the growth performance of broilers. Therefore, it has the potential to be used as an additive in broiler diets.

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Brümmer, Mieke. "The effect of yeast cell wall preparations on salmonella colonisation, gastrointestinal health and performance of broiler chickens." Pretoria : [s.n.], 2007. http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-04212008-112014.

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45

García, Portillo Óscar Amilcar. "Effect of the partial substitution of a commercial feed for corn meal on growth performance of chickens." BYU ScholarsArchive, 1999. https://scholarsarchive.byu.edu/etd/5367.

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Nutrition is a primary human need. Families often will raise their own animals to meet these nutritional needs. However, high feed costs can severely limit the viability of these small family enterprises. This study addressed ways to improve poultry production as a means for families to ameliorate their diets and increase income. Research was conducted at the Centro Universitario de Oriente (CUNORI), Chiquimula, Guatemala. For this study, commercial poultry feed was supplemented with corn flour at three treatment levels and fed to poultry. Results indicated that partial substitution of commercial feed with corn flour at these three treatment levels did not affect feed consumption. However, negative feed conversion occurred when the substitution took place on the fifth week at all treatment levels. The treatment that supplemented the commercial feed with 15% corn flour on the fifth week obtained the highest marginal return.

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46

Powell, Joseph E. "Influence of genomic architecture on the performance of association mapping : application to ascites syndrome in broiler chickens." Thesis, University of Edinburgh, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/1842/15653.

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47

Lin, Yi Fu, and 林義福. "The effects of methionine-supplemented diets on the growth performance and immune response of Taiwan country chicks and broiler chicks." Thesis, 1995. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/23512483639562828310.

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48

Khetani, Thamsanqa Lucky. "The effects of maternal dietary lysine intake on broiler breeder offspring performance." Thesis, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10413/8304.

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The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of broiler maternal dietary lysine intake on progeny performance. Three experiments were conducted with chicks hatched from Cobb 500 breeders at 38, 48, and 60 weeks of age. Breeder hens received six dietary treatments (T1-T6) from 26 to 60 weeks of age, which allowed an intake of 800, 930, 1070, and 1200 mg lysine/bird/d (T1-T4) respectively. An intake of 800 mg/bird/d at 26 weeks was increased by 25 mg every two weeks to provide 1225 mg lysine/bird/d at 60 weeks (T5). An intake of 1200 mg/bird/d at 26 weeks was reduced by 25 mg every two weeks to supply 775 mg lysine/bird/d at 60 weeks (T6). A total of 320, 401, and 390 chicks were hatched from breeder hens at 38, 48, and 60 weeks of age respectively. Immediately after hatching, 270, 384, and 384 unsexed chicks from breeder hens at 38, 48 and 60 weeks of age respectively, were placed in an environmentally controlled room and randomly allocated (within a treatment) to single-tier cages (80 × 50 cm). Nine chicks from breeders at 38 weeks of age and 8 chicks from breeders at 48 and 60 weeks of age were placed in each pen, keeping chicks from the same treatment group together for 21 d. Chicks were fed ad libitum with a commercial broiler starter crumble for 21 d and water was provided ad libitum throughout the duration of each trial. Feed intakes (FI), body weight gain (BWG) and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were measured weekly. Data were subjected to analysis of variance using a generalized linear model of GenStat 12th edition. Simple linear regression model of GenStat 12th edition was used where appropriate. Significant improvements in offspring feed intake and body weight gain from 7-21 d were observed in chicks hatched from young breeder flocks (38 weeks) with low dietary lysine intakes (800, 930 and 950 mg/bird/d). The effect of maternal dietary lysine intake on offspring performance disappeared with the aging of the breeder flock (60 weeks). It was concluded that lower maternal dietary lysine intakes (800, 930 and 950 mg/bird/d) may improve feed intake and body weight gain from 7-21 d of broiler chicks hatched from younger breeder flocks (38 weeks).
Thesis (M.Sc.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2011.

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49

Shim, Mi Yeon. "Performance and bone quality of modern broiler chicks as influenced by hens' age and egg storage time." 2007. http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga%5Fetd/shim%5Fmi-yeon%5F200705%5Fms.

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Bartell, Shoshana Mal-Lee. "The effect of supplemental glutamine on growth performance, development of the gastrointesinal tract, and immune response of broiler chicks." 2006. http://purl.galileo.usg.edu/uga%5Fetd/bartell%5Fshoshana%5Fm%5F200605%5Fms.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Chicks - Performance'

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