Journal articles: 'Child development – Zimbabwe'

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Musiwa, Anthony Shuko. "A Rights-Based Approach to Child Poverty Measurement and Child Rights Realisation in Zimbabwe." International Journal of Children’s Rights 29, no. 1 (February 12, 2021): 148–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718182-29010007.

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Abstract Against the context of limited research in Zimbabwe on rights-focused child poverty research, policy and practice, this study employs the Bristol Approach to measure the extent and relationship with gender and location, respectively, of child poverty among children aged five years and below (N = 6418). Using Zimbabwe’s 2015 Demographic and Health Survey secondary data, 14 selected measures are tested for validity, reliability and additivity. Severe deprivation estimates are developed, showing the commonest deprivation forms as early childhood development (78 per cent), water (46 per cent), healthcare (44 per cent), sanitation (40 per cent), shelter (30 per cent) and nutrition (13 per cent). While boys and girls are similarly severely deprived, children in rural areas are the most severely deprived. While all deprivations are non-significantly correlated with gender, most are significantly correlated with location. Overall, the study highlights the extreme nature of child rights violations caused by poverty in Zimbabwe, and how rights-based child poverty measurement can better inform policy and practice responses.

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Robson, Elsbeth. "Hidden Child Workers: Young Carers in Zimbabwe." Antipode 36, no. 2 (March 2004): 227–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8330.2004.00404.x.

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Nyazema, Norman Z. "The Zimbabwe Crisis and the Provision of Social Services." Journal of Developing Societies 26, no. 2 (June 2010): 233–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0169796x1002600204.

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Historically, health care in Zimbabwe was provided primarily to cater to colonial administrators and the expatriate, with separate care or second-provision made for Africans. There was no need for legislation to guarantee its provision to the settler community. To address the inequities in health that had existed prior to 1980, at independence, Zimbabwe adopted the concept of Equity in Health and Primary Health Care. Initially, this resulted in the narrowing of the gap between health provision in rural areas and urban areas. Over the years, however, there have been clear indications of growing inequities in health provision and health care as a result of mainly Economic Structural Adjustment Policies (ESAP), 1991–1995, and health policy changes. Infant and child mortality have been worsened by the impact of HIV/AIDS and reduced access to affordable essential health care. For example, life expectancy at birth was 56 in the 1980s, increased to 60 in 1990 and is now about 43. Morbidity (diseases) and mortality (death rates) trends in Zimbabwe show that the population is still affected by the traditional preventable diseases and conditions that include nutritional deficiencies, communicable diseases, pregnancy and childbirth conditions and the conditions of the new born. The deterioration of the Zimbabwean health services sector has also partially been due to increasing shortages of qualified personnel. The public sector has been operating with only 19 per cent staff since 2000. Many qualified and competent health workers left the country because of the unfavourable political environment. The health system in Zimbabwe has been operating under a legal and policy framework that in essence does not recognize the right to health. Neither the pre-independence constitution nor the Lancaster House constitution, which is the current Constitution of Zimbabwe, made specific provisions for the right to health. Progress made in the 1980s characterized by adequate financing of the health system and decentralized health management and equity of health services between urban and rural areas, which saw dramatic increases in child survival rates and life expectancy, was, unfortunately, not consolidated. As of 2000 per capita health financing stood at USD 8.55 as compared to USD 23.6, which had been recommended by the Commission of Review into the Health Sector in 1997. At the beginning of 2008 it had been dramatically further eroded and stood at only USD 0.19 leading to the collapse of the health system. Similarly, education in Zimbabwe, in addition to the changes it has undergone during the different periods since attainment of independence, also went through many phases during the colonial period. From 1962 up until 1980, the Rhodesia Front government catered more for the European child. Luckily, some mission schools that had been established earlier kept on expanding taking in African children who could proceed with secondary education (high school education). Inequity in education existed when the ZANU-PF government came into power in 1980. It took aggressive and positive steps to redress the inequalities that existed in the past. Unfortunately, the government did not come up with an education policy or philosophy in spite of massive expansion and investment. The government had cut its expenditure on education because of economic and political instability. This has happened particularly in rural areas, where teachers have left the teaching profession.

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Jongore, Magret. "An Exploration of Multilingualism and Zimbabwean Language Policy as an Impact to Child's Holistic Development." International Journal of Curriculum Development and Learning Measurement 1, no. 1 (January 2020): 19–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/ijcdlm.2020010103.

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The language policy of Zimbabwe observes all 16 languages as official. However, it is a contradiction of what the Zimbabwean market dictates. The job market dictates that the English language should be passed to either access the higher institution of learning, the higher secondary education and the job market. The move by the Ministry of Higher and Tertiary Education to promote the learning of science, technology, mathematics and engineering (STEM) as paradigm shift is also elevating the English language as the only language to explicate reality in science and the business fraternity. The learning of indigenous languages currently is of no benefit to an individual yet language competence in the second language is guaranteed by a proper bilingualism initiation at the proper linguistic level of the child. This article analyses English language performance at “0” and the University level to uncover if multilingualism is a resource or problem in Zimbabwe. The study observes both the “0” level and first year university student competence through essay writing.

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Bengesai, Annah V., Lateef B. Amusa, and Felix Makonye. "The impact of girl child marriage on the completion of the first cycle of secondary education in Zimbabwe: A propensity score analysis." PLOS ONE 16, no. 6 (June 9, 2021): e0252413. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0252413.

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Background The association between girl child marriage and education is widely acknowledged; however, there is no large body of demographic studies from Zimbabwe that have addressed this aspect. This study aimed to examine the extent to which child marriage affects one academic milestone, i.e. completion of the Ordinary Level, the first cycle of high school, which is also the most critical indicator of educational achievement in Zimbabwe. Methods We used the 2015 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey and extracted 2380 cases of ever-married women aged between 20–29 years. We applied a propensity score-based method, which allowed us to mimic a hypothetical experiment and estimate outcomes between treated and untreated subjects. Results Our results suggest that child age at first marriage is concentrated between the ages of 15–22, with the typical age at first marriage being 18 years. Both logistic regression and PSM models revealed that early marriage decreased the chances of completing the first cycle of high school. Regression adjustment produced an estimate of prevalence ratio (PR) of 0.446 (95% CI: 0.374–0.532), while PSM resulted in an estimate (PR = 0.381; 95% CI: 0.298–0.488). Conclusion These results have implications for Zimbabwe’s development policy and suggest that girl-child marriage is a significant barrier to educational attainment. If not addressed, the country will most likely fail to meet sustainable development Goal 4.2 and 5.3. Social change interventions that target adults and counter beliefs about adolescent sexuality and prepubescent marriage should be put in place. Moreover, interventions that keep teenage girls in school beyond the first cycle of high school should be prioritised.

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Davies, Rob, and David Saunders. "Stabilisation policies and the effects on child health in Zimbabwe." Review of African Political Economy 14, no. 38 (April 1987): 3–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056248708703711.

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Taderera, Hope, Alois Madhekeni, Gideon Zhou, and Tafadzwa Chevo. "Sector Wide Approach in Health: Policy Response and Framework in Zimbabwe." Journal of Public Administration and Governance 2, no. 1 (April 22, 2012): 158. http://dx.doi.org/10.5296/jpag.v2i1.1570.

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The discourse is on the Sector Wide Approach (SWAp) in health, a policy reform intervention by the World Health Organization, and focuses on Zimbabwe’s response, and the subsequent health policy framework. A SWAp is a government led partnership with donor agencies and the civil society, in the formulation, implementation, monitoring and evaluation of the health policy. The rationale is to systematically build the capacity of health delivery systems and structures, for the realization health policy objectives through effective and efficient utilization of collaboratively mobilized resources for the realization of sustainable development in health. Zimbabwe has responded to SWAps by adopting the WHO Country Cooperation Strategy (2008-2013), being implemented through the National Health Strategy (2009-2013). A collaborative approach involving the state and civil society is being pursued. Within this arrangement, the Ministry of Health and Child Welfare is leading the strategic and operational function, at all levels of society, with the donor community, through the civil society playing a supportive role particularly in areas which include HIV/AIDS, tuberculosis, malaria, water and sanitation, and maternal health. Coordination is done through the National Planning Forum, made up of the health ministry and the voluntary sector, and the Health Development Partners Coordination Group, made up of donor agencies in health, in line with the Zimbabwe United Nations Development Assistance Framework and the Interagency Humanitarian Coordination Mechanism. It was concluded that a framework has been put in place through which the SWAp is being pursued, towards systematic capacity building of Zimbabwe’s health sector.

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Matsungo, Tonderayi Mathew, and Prosper Chopera. "Nutrition in contemporary Zimbabwe: a situational analysis." North African Journal of Food and Nutrition Research 4, no. 9 (November 23, 2020): S25—S35. http://dx.doi.org/10.51745/najfnr.4.9.s25-s35.

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Background: Malnutrition in all its forms continues to be a global public health challenge affecting mostly women and children in Africa. The socioeconomic consequences of poor nutrition are far-reaching and cross-generational. Objective: To provide an update on the nutrition situation in Zimbabwe in the context of the United Nations 2030 sustainable development agenda. Key findings: In Zimbabwe, the leading nutrition problems include high levels of childhood stunting, micronutrient deficiencies (Vitamin A, Iron, Zinc, and Selenium) affecting mostly children younger than 5 years and women aged 15-49 years. This paper presents evidence on the emergence of obesity and associated complications like diabetes, hypertension, and several cancers in addition to the traditional problem of undernutrition burden “multiple burden of malnutrition”. These nutrition challenges can be attributed to poor breastfeeding and infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices, the low dietary diversity affecting mostly rural households and nutrition transition. Cultural and religious beliefs are barriers to the adoption of appropriate breastfeeding and IYCF practices. Conclusion: The multiple burden of malnutrition exists in Zimbabwe. Although there is political, commitment and multisectoral initiatives to address malnutrition and food insecurity, the declining socio-economic situation and the COVID-19 associated restrictions are worsening the situation and poor households are getting more vulnerable. Considering that Zimbabwe’s economy is agriculture-based there is a need to put emphasis on promoting nutrition-sensitive agriculture initiatives and urgently implement the Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDGs) to propel the adoption of healthy lifestyles and dietary behaviors. Keywords: Stunting, Breastfeeding, IYCF, Micronutrient deficiency, SDGs, COVID-19, Zimbabwe.

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Matsungo, Tonderayi Mathew, and Prosper Chopera. "Nutrition in contemporary Zimbabwe: a situational analysis." Special Issue July-December 2020 04, no. 09 (November 23, 2020): S25—S35. http://dx.doi.org/10.51745/najfnr.4.09.s25-s35.

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Background: Malnutrition in all its forms continues to be a global public health challenge affecting mostly women and children in Africa. The socioeconomic consequences of poor nutrition are far-reaching and cross-generational. Objective: To provide an update on the nutrition situation in Zimbabwe in the context of the United Nations 2030 sustainable development agenda. Key findings: In Zimbabwe, the leading nutrition problems include high levels of childhood stunting, micronutrient deficiencies (Vitamin A, Iron, Zinc, and Selenium) affecting mostly children younger than 5 years and women aged 15-49 years. This paper presents evidence on the emergence of obesity and associated complications like diabetes, hypertension, and several cancers in addition to the traditional problem of undernutrition burden “multiple burden of malnutrition”. These nutrition challenges can be attributed to poor breastfeeding and infant and young child feeding (IYCF) practices, the low dietary diversity affecting mostly rural households and nutrition transition. Cultural and religious beliefs are barriers to the adoption of appropriate breastfeeding and IYCF practices. Conclusion: The multiple burden of malnutrition exists in Zimbabwe. Although there is political, commitment and multisectoral initiatives to address malnutrition and food insecurity, the declining socio-economic situation and the COVID-19 associated restrictions are worsening the situation and poor households are getting more vulnerable. Considering that Zimbabwe’s economy is agriculture-based there is a need to put emphasis on promoting nutrition-sensitive agriculture initiatives and urgently implement the Food-Based Dietary Guidelines (FBDGs) to propel the adoption of healthy lifestyles and dietary behaviors. Keywords: Stunting, Breastfeeding, IYCF, Micronutrient deficiency, SDGs, COVID-19, Zimbabwe.

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Naidu, Narainsamy, and Kudzai Chinyoka. "Female Child Labourers in Zimbabwe: A Challenge to Achieving the Millennium Development Goals." Journal of Social Sciences 38, no. 3 (March 2014): 241–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09718923.2014.11893254.

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Oryoie, Ali Reza, Jeffrey Alwang, and Nicolaus Tideman. "Child Labor and Household Land Holding: Theory and Empirical Evidence from Zimbabwe." World Development 100 (December 2017): 45–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2017.07.025.

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Ncube-Murakwani, Pamela, Shamiso Alice Moyo, Mackson Maphosa, Mutsa Dzimba, Sijabulisiwe Beatrice Dube, and Craig Nyathi. "Implementing Care Groups for improved maternal and child nutrition: Critical factors for success from the Amalima program in rural Zimbabwe." World Nutrition 11, no. 2 (June 29, 2020): 90–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.26596/wn.202011290-107.

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Over the last decade Zimbabwe has made noteworthy progress in reducing both underweight and wasting in children under the age of five years, however one in four children in Zimbabwe is stunted. The rate in the decline of the number of children stunted still falls short of meeting the World Health Assembly target, and it goes without saying that effective, innovative community-based strategies are required by the government and development partners to accelerate the rate of stunting reduction. This paper presents experiences from using the Care Group approach for promoting improved maternal, infant and young child nutrition (MIYCN) and care based on lessons from the Amalima program, a seven-year United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Office of Food for Peace intervention. The Amalima program has been promoting Care Groups as a community and family centred approach to improve maternal and child nutrition in Zimbabwe. Care Groups are an innovative community-based strategy that has been rolled out as part of the Amalima program activities in four food and nutrition insecure districts in Zimbabwe. The final programme evaluation suggested the program succeeded in increasing the exclusive breastfeeding rate and reducing levels of nutritional stunting among children under two years. In the present discussion paper, we present the key lessons learned and strategies we believe may have contributed to making Care Group implementation effective; we highlight the modifications that we made in Care Group implementation to ensure a context appropriate approach; and we discuss how Care Groups can be integrated into the Ministry of Health and Child Care structure. The critical factors for successful Care Group implementation have been grouped into five broad categories: conduct formative research; ensure context specific approaches & adaptive management; leverage on social capital and cohesion; invest in human capital; prioritise quality assurance & reviews.

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Mutapi, Francisca, Lorraine Pfavayi, Derick Osakunor, Rivka Lim, Maritha Kasambala, Arnold Mutemeri, Simbarashe Rusakaniko, Dixon Chibanda, and Takafira Mduluza. "Assessing early child development and its association with stunting and schistosome infections in rural Zimbabwean children using the Griffiths Scales of Child Development." PLOS Neglected Tropical Diseases 15, no. 8 (August 11, 2021): e0009660. http://dx.doi.org/10.1371/journal.pntd.0009660.

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There is a paucity of reference early childhood development (ECD) data at community level in rural Africa. Our objective was to conduct a comprehensive assessment of ECD in rural Zimbabwe and determine the impact of stunting and schistosome infections on ECD. Using the Griffiths Scales of Child Development, we conducted a cross sectional assessment of Eye and Hand Coordination (EHC), Personal-Social-Emotional (PSE), Language and Communication (LC), Foundations of Learning (FL) and Gross Motor (GM) domains and the summary General Development (GD) in 166 children aged 6–72 months. The effects of stunting, malnutrition and Schistosoma haematobium infection on ECD was determined. The impact of praziquantel curative treatment of schistosome infection on the developmental scores was determined through a longitudinal follow up at 6 and 12 months. From an initial 166 children, 11 were found to have developmental deficits warranting further investigation. Of the remaining 155, 58.7% recorded a good (≥ average) score for the overall General Development (GD). Proportions of children scoring above the cut-off (≥ average) for each domain were GM (84.5%), PSE (80.6%), EHC (61.9%), FL (43.9%) and LC (44.5%). The prevalence of stunting was 26.8% (95% CI = 20.1%–34.8%) Scores for stunted children were significantly lower for EHC (p = 0.0042), GM (p = 0.0099), and GD (p = 0.0014) with the fraction of lower scores attributable to stunting being GM = 63.4%, GD = 46.6%, EHC = 45%, and LC = 21%. S. haematobium infection prevalence was 39.7% and mean infection intensity was 5.4 eggs/10 ml urine. Infected children had poorer cognitive performance scores for the FL (p = 0.0005) with 30.8% of poor FL attributable to the infection. Performance in all domains improved to the expected normal or above reference levels at 6 and 12 months post curative treatment of schistosome infections. Our study documented reference values for ECD in rural Zimbabwean children. The study detected deficiencies in the FL domain, which were more pronounced in children, infected with schistosomes, highlighting the need for provision of cognitive stimulation tools and access to early childhood foundation education. There is also need for improved child nutrition and treatment of schistosome infections to improve child development outcomes.

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MUTAPI, FRANCISCA. "Getting a GRiPP on everyday schistosomiasis: experience from Zimbabwe." Parasitology 144, no. 12 (October 12, 2016): 1624–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0031182016001724.

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SUMMARYSchistosomiasis, commonly known as bilharzia, is a parasitic disease prevalent in Africa, Asia and South America. The majority of the cases occur in Sub-Saharan Africa where schistosomiasis is a major public health problem impacting on child health and development as well as adult health when infections become chronic. Control of schistosomiasis is by treatment of infected people with the antihelminthic drug praziquantel. Current schistosome control programmes advocated by the World Health Assembly in 2001 are aimed at regular school-based integrated deworming strategies in order to reduce development of severe morbidity, promote school health and to improve cognitive potential of children. Several countries in Africa have now embarked on national scale deworming programmes treating millions of children exposed to schistosomiasis in endemic areas without prior diagnosis of infection through mass drug administration programmes. Implementing such control programmes requires a concerted effort between scientists, policy makers, health practitioners and several other stake holders and of course a receptive community. This paper considers the contributions to global schistosome control efforts made by research conducted in Zimbabwe and the historical context and developments leading to the national schistosomiasis control programme in Zimbabwe giving an example of Getting Research into Policy and Practice.

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Levine, Susan. "Invisible Hands: Child labor and the state in colonial Zimbabwe, by Beverly Carolease Grier." African Affairs 106, no. 423 (March 12, 2007): 339–40. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/afraf/adm009.

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Grier, Beverly. "Invisible hands: the political economy of child labour in colonial Zimbabwe, 1890–1930." Journal of Southern African Studies 20, no. 1 (March 1994): 27–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057079408708385.

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Mebrahtu, Helen, Lorraine Sherr, Victoria Simms, Helen A. Weiss, Rudo Chingono, Andrea M. Rehman, Patience Ndlovu, and Frances M. Cowan. "The impact of common mental disorders among caregivers living with HIV on child cognitive development in Zimbabwe." AIDS Care 32, sup2 (March 14, 2020): 198–205. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/09540121.2020.1739216.

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Chivandikwa, Nehemiah, Ruth Makumbirofa, and Itai Muwati. "Traditional games and child-centred development: affirming disabled and female bodies in applied theatre projects in Zimbabwe." South African Theatre Journal 32, no. 3 (January 7, 2019): 272–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10137548.2018.1552190.

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Ersado, Lire. "Child Labor and Schooling Decisions in Urban and Rural Areas: Comparative Evidence from Nepal, Peru, and Zimbabwe." World Development 33, no. 3 (March 2005): 455–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.worlddev.2004.09.009.

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Robertson, Laura, Phyllis Mushati, Jeffrey W. Eaton, Lovemore Dumba, Gideon Mavise, Jeremiah Makoni, Christina Schumacher, et al. "Effects of unconditional and conditional cash transfers on child health and development in Zimbabwe: a cluster-randomised trial." Lancet 381, no. 9874 (April 2013): 1283–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(12)62168-0.

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Francis-Chizororo, Monica. "Growing up Without Parents: Socialisation and Gender Relations in Orphaned-Child-Headed Households in Rural Zimbabwe." Journal of Southern African Studies 36, no. 3 (September 2010): 711–27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03057070.2010.507578.

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Mishra, Vinod, Shyam Thapa, Robert D. Retherford, and Xiaolei Dai. "Effect of Iron Supplementation during Pregnancy on Birthweight: Evidence from Zimbabwe." Food and Nutrition Bulletin 26, no. 4 (December 2005): 338–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/156482650502600403.

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Background Iron deficiency in pregnant women has been shown to reduce the oxygen supply to the fetus, cause intrauterine growth retardation, and increase the risk of premature delivery and reduced birthweight. Yet the effects of iron supplementation programs on pregnancy outcomes are not well documented for developing countries. Objective To examine the relation between iron supplementation of mothers during pregnancy and children's birthweight using data from a national population-based survey in Zimbabwe. Methods The analysis uses information on 3,559 births during the five years preceding the 1999 Zimbabwe Demographic and Health Survey. The effect of iron supplementation during pregnancy on birthweight was estimated by multiple regression, controlling for potential confounding effects of prenatal care, child's sex and birth order, mother's education and nutritional status (measured by body-mass index), household living standard, smoke exposure, and other variables. Results Babies born to mothers who received iron supplementation during pregnancy were 103 g heavier (95% confidence interval, 42–164; p = .001), on average, than babies born to mothers who did not receive iron supplementation during pregnancy. The difference was 64 g (95% confidence interval, 2–125; p = .043) for children whose birthweights were taken from health cards and 163 g (95% confidence interval, 44–281; p = .008) for children whose birthweights were reported by their mothers. Conclusions Iron supplementation during pregnancy is associated with significantly higher birthweight, independent of other pregnancy care factors, mother's nutritional status, smoke exposure, and a number of demographic and socioeconomic factors. Prenatal iron supplementation programs can improve pregnancy outcomes and promote child survival in developing countries.

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Shelus, Victoria, and Orlando L. Hernandez. "The usefulness of a handwashing proxy in large household surveys." Journal of Water, Sanitation and Hygiene for Development 5, no. 4 (August 20, 2015): 565–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/washdev.2015.184.

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Handwashing with soap is a cost-effective way of reducing diarrheal disease mortality in children under 5. Tracking this practice among child caretakers is a challenge, as the gold standard method – structured observations – is cumbersome, costly, and conducive to over-performance. The water, sanitation, and hygiene (WASH) field needs a valid, reliable proxy to track handwashing with soap in large surveys. This proxy is crucial as the new 2015–2030 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) may track hygiene. Using data from the Multiple Indicators Cluster Survey (MICS) and the Demographic Health Survey (DHS) from five countries, we conducted multivariate analyses to explore an association between the presence of functional handwashing stations (HWSs), (together with needed supplies) and the likelihood of lower reports of child diarrheal disease. A limited to moderate association exists in three of the five countries considered, characterized by comparable rates of childhood diarrhea: Malawi, Sierra Leone, and Zimbabwe. The relationship was detected when controlling for potential confounding factors (other WASH elements, socio-demographic factors, nutrition practices, and immunization status) and when accounting for cluster effects. The likelihood of reported diarrhea among children under 5 increases when there is no HWS, just a handwashing device with no supplies, only water or only soap. The relationship is moderate in Malawi and less strong in Sierra Leone and Zimbabwe. No relationship was found in Ethiopia and Ghana. Further exploration of the usefulness of this proxy in other African and non-African contexts is warranted.

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Matare, Cynthia, Joice Tome, Rachel Makasi, Katherine Dickin, Gretel Pelto, Mark Constas, Bernard Chasekwa, et al. "Maternal Decision-Making Autonomy, Mental Health, Gender Norm Attitudes, and Social Support During Pregnancy Predict Child Care-Giving and Stunting in Rural Zimbabwe." Current Developments in Nutrition 4, Supplement_2 (May 29, 2020): 866. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzaa053_071.

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Abstract Objectives To determine the predictive association of 7 maternal capabilities during pregnancy [physical and mental health (PH, MH), social support (SS), decision making autonomy (DMA), gender norm attitudes (GNA), mothering self-efficacy (MSE), and time stress (TS)] with subsequent child care behaviors and child length-for-age Z (LAZ) and stunting (LAZ< −2.0) at 18 months. Methods Capabilities were assessed by questionnaire among 4667 pregnant women enrolled in the Sanitation Hygiene Infant Nutrition Efficacy (SHINE). Child care behaviors and LAZ were assessed at infant ages 1, 3, 6, 12, and 18 months. We used logistic regression or generalized estimating equation models accounting for within-cluster correlation and adjusted for pre-specified covariates to test the association between each maternal capability and each outcome. Results Food security was associated with stronger maternal capabilities, across all seven domains. Mothers with more egalitarian GNA were more likely to have an institutional delivery, initiate breastfeeding early, exclusively breastfeed (EBF) to 6 months, and have soap and water at a handwashing station. Mothers with TS were less likely to EBF. Mothers with greater SS were more likely to have an institutional delivery and feed their child a diverse diet; depressed mothers were less likely to have an institutional delivery and a fully immunized child. In fully adjusted analyses, GNA and SS were significantly associated with child LAZ at 18 months and DMA and SS were significantly associated with stunting (LAZ< −2.0). Depression was more weakly associated with LAZ (P = 0.08). Conclusions Mothers who hold more equitable GNA; who are empowered to independently make decisions affecting themselves and their children; who know someone they can count on for help during times of need; and who are not depressed, are more likely to provide optimal care for their children and their children are less likely to be stunted at 18 months of age. Interventions to strengthen these maternal capabilities within nutrition programs will likely increase impact on child nutritional status and health. Funding Sources Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation (OPP1021542, OPP1143707); UK Department for International Development, Wellcome Trust (09,3768/Z/10/Z,108,065/Z/15/Z), Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (8,106,727).

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Maphosa, Mackson, Mutsa Dzimba, Pamela Ncube-Murakwani, Melissa Antal, Shamiso Moyo, David Brigham, and Alexandria Schmall. "Participation in Indoda Emadodeni Male Champion Groups Supported Improved Male Engagement in Child Feeding, Care, and Household Chores in Western Zimbabwe." Current Developments in Nutrition 5, Supplement_2 (June 2021): 664. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/cdn/nzab045_046.

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Abstract Objectives Amalima, a USAID Development Food Aid Program (2013–2020) led by Cultivating New Frontiers in Agriculture, supported Zimbabwean communities in Matabeleland North and South to improve food security and nutrition. In 2016, Amalima developed Indoda Emadodeni (IE), a behavior-change campaign which trained local men as Male Champions (MC) and aimed to increase their involvement in childcare, domestic chores, and support for women's participation in Amalima. Methods The IE pilot occurred in six wards in Tsholotsho and Bulilima districts from April to October 2016, involving 60 MC aged 25–67. Each MC recruited ≥ 10 male peers and hosted monthly sessions, where men discussed IE behavior change topics (i.e., men's roles in child feeding and care, household chores, and support for women in Amalima), followed by team-building soccer matches. In December 2016 during an Amalima supplementary food distribution, 100 mothers in Amalima with children < 2 years old, half with husbands in the IE pilot and half not, were randomly selected for a questionnaire about their husbands’ practice of the 12 IE target behaviors. The 12 IE behaviors in the cross-sectional questionnaire were organized by category 1) child feeding and care, 2) support for women in Amalima, and 3) household chores. Behaviors in each category were ordered and scored from poor to ideal. Each behavior was worth 1–4 points, with a total possible score of 30. An independent t-test was conducted to compare mean scores between the two groups of women sampled for the questionnaire. Results The average age of women sampled was 27.7, with a range of 17–45 years old. Most women had three children, with at least one < 2 years old. The average score among women with husbands in the IE pilot was 21.3 and the average score among women in the control group was 16.6, representing a significant difference (p value = 0.013). Conclusions These results suggest that men's participation in the Indoda Emadodeni pilot supported their improved practice of the IE target behaviors, including child feeding, care, and domestic chores. Male change agent-focused behavior change approaches, like Amalima's Indoda Emadodeni, offer a promising opportunity to increase male participation in childcare and domestic chores. Funding Sources Funding for the Amalima Development Food Aid Program was provided by the US Agency for International Development.

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Gundry, Stephen W., James A. Wright, Ronán M. Conroy, Martella Du Preez, Bettina Genthe, Sibonginkosi Moyo, Charles Mutisi, and Natasha Potgieter. "Child dysentery in the Limpopo Valley: a cohort study of water, sanitation and hygiene risk factors." Journal of Water and Health 7, no. 2 (February 1, 2009): 259–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.2166/wh.2009.032.

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The objective of this cohort study was to assess risk factors for child dysentery and watery diarrhoea. The study participants consisted of 254 children aged 12–24 months in rural South Africa and Zimbabwe in households where drinking water was collected from communal sources. The main outcome measure was the most severe diarrhoea episode: dysentery, watery diarrhoea or none. For dysentery, drinking water from sources other than standpipes had a relative risk ratio of 3.8 (95% CI 1.5–9.8). Poor source water quality, as indicated by Escherichia coli counts of 10 or more cfu 100 ml−1, increased risk by 2.9 (1.5–5.7). There were no other significant risk factors for dysentery and none for watery diarrhoea. In this study, endemic dysentery is associated only with faecal contamination of source water. Sources other than standpipes, including improved groundwater, are of greater risk. Remediation of water quality by treatment at source or in the household will be required to achieve access to safe drinking water in accordance with the 7th Millennium Development Goal.

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Mebrahtu, Helen, Victoria Simms, Zivai Mupambireyi, Andrea M. Rehman, Rudo Chingono, Edward Matsikire, Rickie Malaba, et al. "Effects of parenting classes and economic strengthening for caregivers on the cognition of HIV-exposed infants: a pragmatic cluster randomised controlled trial in rural Zimbabwe." BMJ Global Health 4, no. 5 (September 2019): e001651. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001651.

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IntroductionHIV-exposed children show signs of developmental delay. We assessed the impact of a pragmatic multicomponent intervention for caregivers of HIV-exposed children aged 0–2 years in Zimbabwe.MethodsWe conducted a cluster-randomised trial from 2016 to 2018. Clusters were catchments surrounding clinics, allocated (1:1) to either National HIV guidelines standard of care or standard care plus an 18-session group intervention comprising i) early childhood stimulation (ECS) and parenting training with home visits to reinforce skills and retention in HIV care; ii) economic strengthening. Primary outcomes measured 12 months after baseline (4.5 months postintervention completion) included: i) global child development measured using the Mullen early learning composite score; ii) retention in HIV care. Analysis used mixed effects regression to account for clustering and adjusted minimally for baseline prognostic factors and was by intention to treat.ResultsThirty clusters, 15 in each arm, were randomised. 574 dyads were recruited with 89.5% retained at follow-up. Ninety one of 281 (32.4%) were recorded as having received the complete intervention package, with 161/281 (57.3%) attending ≥14 ECS sessions. There was no evidence of an intervention effect on global child development (intervention mean 88.1 vs standard of care mean 87.6; adjusted mean difference=0.06; 95% CI −2.68 to 2.80; p=0.97) or infant retention in care (proportion of children who had missed their most recent HIV test: intervention 21.8% vs standard of care 16.9%, p=0.18). There was weak evidence that the proportion of caregivers with parental stress was reduced in the intervention arm (adjusted OR (aOR)=0.69; 95% CI 0.45 to 1.05; p=0.08) and stronger evidence that parental distress specifically was reduced (intervention arm 17.4% vs standard of care 29.1% scoring above the cut-off; aOR=0.56; 95% CI 0.35 to 0.89; p=0.01).ConclusionThis multicomponent intervention had no impact on child development outcomes within 4.5 months of completion, but had an impact on parental distress. Maternal mental health remains a high priority.Trial registration numberPACTR201701001387209.

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Chandna, Jaya, Robert Ntozini, Ceri Evans, Gwendoline Kandawasvika, Bernard Chasekwa, Florence D. Majo, Kuda Mutasa, et al. "Effects of improved complementary feeding and improved water, sanitation and hygiene on early child development among HIV-exposed children: substudy of a cluster randomised trial in rural Zimbabwe." BMJ Global Health 5, no. 1 (January 2020): e001718. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjgh-2019-001718.

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IntroductionHIV-exposed uninfected children may be at risk of poor neurodevelopment. We aimed to test the impact of improved infant and young child feeding (IYCF) and improved water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) on early child development (ECD) outcomes.MethodsSanitation Hygiene Infant Nutrition Efficacy was a cluster randomised 2×2 factorial trial in rural Zimbabwe ClinicalTrials.gov NCT01824940). Pregnant women were eligible if they lived in study clusters allocated to standard-of-care (SOC; 52 clusters); IYCF (20 g small-quantity lipid-based nutrient supplement/day from 6 to 18 months, complementary feeding counselling; 53 clusters); WASH (pit latrine, 2 hand-washing stations, liquid soap, chlorine, play space, hygiene counselling; 53 clusters) or IYCF +WASH (53 clusters). Participants and fieldworkers were not blinded. ECD was assessed at 24 months using the Malawi Developmental Assessment Tool (MDAT; assessing motor, cognitive, language and social skills); MacArthur Bates Communication Development Inventories (assessing vocabulary and grammar); A-not-B test (assessing object permanence) and a self-control task. Intention-to-treat analyses were stratified by maternal HIV status.ResultsCompared with SOC, children randomised to combined IYCF +WASH had higher total MDAT scores (mean difference +4.6; 95% CI 1.9 to 7.2) and MacArthur Bates vocabulary scores (+8.5 words; 95% CI 3.7 to 13.3), but there was no evidence of effects from IYCF or WASH alone. There was no evidence that that any intervention impacted object permanence or self-control.ConclusionsCombining IYCF and WASH interventions significantly improved motor, language and cognitive development in HIV-exposed children.Trial registration numberNCT01824940.

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Ncube-Murakwani, Pamela. "A qualitative investigation of adolescent participation in Care Groups for improved maternal and child nutrition: experiences from rural Zimbabwe." World Nutrition 12, no. 2 (June 30, 2021): 32–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.26596/wn.202112232-47.

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The Amalima program in Matabeleland North and Matabeleland South Provinces of Zimbabwe, an intervention funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Office of Food for Peace, promoted Care Groups from 2014-2020. Care Groups are community peer- to- peer support groups that provide a platform for promoting optimal nutrition and health for pregnant and lactating women, as well as children 6-23 months of age through training sessions run by community group leaders to promote recommended maternal, infant and young child nutrition practices. A qualitative study was conducted to describe adolescent mother inclusion and participation in Care Groups, highlighting key enablers and barriers for participation. A total of 28 in-depth interviews were conducted with adolescents in Care Groups, as well as adolescents not participating in Care Groups. Focus group discussions were also held with family members of adolescents. The key enablers for Care Group participation by adolescent mothers were found to include the motivation to learn how to take care of their children, the social and interactive benefits, family support, and positive facilitator attitudes. Key barriers to participation were workload and chores at home, lack of family support, and lack of adolescent-friendly approaches amongst facilitators. Key recommendations include training facilitators on adolescent-friendly approaches and group dynamics so they can better understand and relate to adolescents.

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Mutaurwa, Ndatenda Shamiso, Ellen Munemo, Garikai Malunga, and Danai Tavonga Zhou. "Ciprofloxacin Resistant Salmonella Typhi Isolated at National Microbiology Reference Laboratory in Harare, Zimbabwe (January to April 2016)." Open Public Health Journal 13, no. 1 (February 18, 2020): 1–6. http://dx.doi.org/10.2174/1874944502013010001.

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Background: Typhoid is a life-threatening infectious disease requiring the administration of antibiotics for treatment. Ciprofloxacin is the antibiotic of choice for diarrheal cases in Zimbabwe, adopted by the Ministry of Health and Child Care, from current World Health Organisation (WHO) guidelines. However, there has been an increase in the emergence and spread of multidrug resistance against ciprofloxacin and conventional drugs antibiotics for the treatment of typhoid. Objective: This cross-sectional study aimed to determine the prevalence of ciprofloxacin-resistant Salmonella Typhi (S. Typhi) isolated in Harare for the first quarter of 2016. Methods: This study was carried out at the National Microbiology Reference Laboratory (NMRL), located at Harare Central Hospital, in Zimbabwe. The NMRL carries out confirmatory tests and molecular typing of pathogens isolated at different national laboratories. The current study retrieved demographics, clinical data, and isolates for confirmed typhoid cases out of 402 suspected specimens. The isolates from Harare, confirmed as S. Typhi, between January and April 2016, were evaluated for ciprofloxacin resistance. Results: A total of 35 S. Typhi isolates were recovered for the period from January to April 2016. When the 35 isolates were characterised, nine (25.7%) were resistant to ciprofloxacin. The area with the highest recorded cases of typhoid fever was Budiriro High-Density Suburb in Harare. This area has been hit by other diarrheal outbreaks in the past, most likely due to the intermittent supply of safe water. Conclusion: Most high-density areas, where S. Typhi positive specimens originated, are overpopulated and have regular water cuts, resulting in a decrease in hygiene. More than a quarter of isolates are resistant to ciprofloxacin, agreeing with other reports from Zimbabwe. The misuse of antibiotics could be associated with resistance, necessitating education on the correct use of antibiotics in the community and other preventive measures. Additionally, molecular research on geographic and phylogenetic relatedness of isolates and other holistic approaches for studying the development of antimicrobial resistance mutations, using whole-genome sequencing, in this setting, are warranted.

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Rukuni, Ruramayi, Celia Gregson, Cynthia Kahari, Farirayi Kowo, Grace McHugh, Shungu Munyati, Hilda Mujuru, et al. "The IMpact of Vertical HIV infection on child and Adolescent SKeletal development in Harare, Zimbabwe (IMVASK Study): a protocol for a prospective cohort study." BMJ Open 10, no. 2 (February 2020): e031792. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmjopen-2019-031792.

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IntroductionThe scale-up of antiretroviral therapy (ART) across sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) has reduced mortality so that increasing numbers of children with HIV (CWH) are surviving to adolescence. However, they experience a range of morbidities due to chronic HIV infection and its treatment. Impaired linear growth (stunting) is a common manifestation, affecting up to 50% of children. However, the effect of HIV on bone and muscle development during adolescent growth is not well characterised. Given the close link between pubertal timing and musculoskeletal development, any impairments in adolescence are likely to impact on future adult musculoskeletal health. We hypothesise that bone and muscle mass accrual in CWH is reduced, putting them at risk of reduced bone mineral density (BMD) and muscle function and increasing fracture risk. This study aims to determine the impact of HIV on BMD and muscle function in peripubertal children on ART in Zimbabwe.Methods and analysisChildren with (n=300) and without HIV (n=300), aged 8–16 years, established on ART, will be recruited into a frequency-matched prospective cohort study and compared. Musculoskeletal assessments including dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, peripheral quantitative computed tomography, grip strength and standing long jump will be conducted at baseline and after 1 year. Linear regression will be used to estimate mean size-adjusted bone density and Z-scores by HIV status (ie, total-body less-head bone mineral content for lean mass adjusted for height and lumbar spine bone mineral apparent density. The prevalence of low size-adjusted BMD (ie, Z-scores <−2) will also be determined.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval for this study has been granted by the Medical Research Council of Zimbabwe and the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine Ethics Committee. Baseline and longitudinal analyses will be published in peer-reviewed journals and disseminated to research communities.

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Ncube-Murakwani, Pamela, Craig Nyathi, Mutsa Dzimba, Sijabulisiwe Dube, and Shamiso Moyo. "Is participation in Care Groups associated with enhanced diet quality amongst women and children? Experiences from Zimbabwe." World Nutrition 11, no. 3 (September 29, 2020): 22–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.26596/wn.202011322-34.

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The Amalima program, a United States Agency for International Development (USAID) Office of Food for Peace intervention, has been promoting Care Groups from 2014 to 2020 in a resource constrained setting in Zimbabwe. Care Groups are community-based peer-to-peer support groups for mothers, which provide a platform for promoting recommended maternal, infant and young nutrition practices. The researchers conducted a study to compare the quality of the diet for children and mothers participating in Care Groups and children and mothers not participating in Care Groups. The research was conducted in two districts (Gwanda and Tsholotsho) in Zimbabwe across 8 purposively selected sites, six years after project implementation began. A total of 242 children aged 6 to 23 months and 168 women beneficiaries were included in the study. We analysed consumption of the three non-staple food groups promoted by the Care Groups under the theme ‘Four Star Diet’ namely vegetables and fruits, legumes and animal source foods. Our results showed that children whose caregivers were members of Care Groups had a higher consumption of pulses and legumes (29% vs 1%; p = 0.00001), fruits and vegetables (33% vs 18%; p = 0.00104) and animal source foods (59% vs 26%; p = 0.00001) compared to children whose caregivers were not Care Group members. There was no difference in diet quality between women participating or not participating in Care groups. Efforts should be put in place to increase participation in Care Groups, as they serve as a key contact point to support recommended infant and young child nutrition practices during the first 1000 days of life. There is a need to explore barriers to Care Group participation and develop a strategy to address the barriers for non-Care Group participants. Future programs should explore the reasons behind the limited impact that Care Group attendance had on the diet quality for women.

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Kanjanda, Offard, and Getrude Vongai Chiparange. "The Effects of Early Girl-Child Marriage in Mutasa District- Manicaland Province: A Cases Of Samanga ‘A’Ward in Honde Valley." European Scientific Journal, ESJ 12, no. 11 (April 27, 2016): 539. http://dx.doi.org/10.19044/esj.2016.v12n11p539.

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Girl-child marriages in the developing countries of the world have caused a lot of suffering on the girl-children. According to Giddens (2009) issues of poverty, cultural practices, and political instability and gender inequalities have been noted as some of the major causes of girl-child marriages in developing countries. The situation has caused great concern to the communities of the global village because of the serious damages on the victims. Gage (2011) states that the status quo was exacerbated by the historical gender inequalities that continue to exist within families systems and place the girl-child an inferior citizen in her country. The girl-child remained vulnerable and segregated particularly, in educational advancement which is the key to self-empowerment, knowledge and skills development because of the high rate of girl-child marriage in the area. It appears there is little significant research on the matter in the developing countries. In order to establish some strategies to promote the girl-child’s life-skills a study was conducted in Samanga ‘A’ in Honde Valley in Manicaland Province- Zimbabwe. From a population of 1500 a sample size of 100 participants was selected using the cluster, systematic and purposive techniques because of their appropriateness to the two paradigms (Punch, 2009). Cluster technique was employed because the participants lived in different kraal-heads. The systematic technique was engaged because the participants were selected from every tenth household in each of the five kraal-heads. The purposive technique was used to select the influential participants such as local community leaders and the victims of early girl-child marriage. Marshall and Roseman (2006) support that purposive technique in qualitative study because the participants are powerful sources of information that is needed. Both qualitative and the quantitative paradigms were used in the study because some aspects of the study required simple response, while some of the questions demanded the participants’ in-depth knowledge on the problem (Newman, 2010). A case study methodology was adopted because of its ability to focus on a specific issue in a concerned area (Croll, 2010). Data were collected through the use of direct observation, questionnaire with both open and closed ended questions and interviews. The data were descriptively analysed. The research revealed that the prevalence of early girl-child marriage was perpetuated by the society’s cultural deprivation ideology which has since seen the girl-child discriminated in her efforts for self - empowerment through education. The study recommended that there is need for the government to enforce and implement gender-sensitive policies which aim at protecting the girl-child in-order to enhance economic, social, cultural and political transformation for sustainable development in the community.

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Laughton, Barbara, Mmule Ratswana, Itziar Familiar, Lee Fairlie, Tichaona Vhembo, Portia Kamthunzi, Enid Kabugho, et al. "Validity of Neuropsychological Testing in Young African Children Affected by HIV." Journal of Pediatric Infectious Diseases 13, no. 03 (March 20, 2018): 185–201. http://dx.doi.org/10.1055/s-0038-1637020.

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Introduction Western-constructed neuropsychological tests have been used in low- and middle-income countries to assess the impact of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) and other chronic illnesses. We explore using such instruments cross-culturally in a sub-Saharan African setting. Methods IMPAACT P1104S was a 2-year observational study performed at six clinical sites (South Africa—three sites, Malawi, Uganda, and Zimbabwe) to assess and compare neuropsychological outcomes in three cohorts of children between the ages of 5 and 11 years: HIV-infected (HIV), HIV-exposed but uninfected (HEU), and HIV unexposed and uninfected (HU). Descriptive statistics compared sociodemographic characteristics among children at sites. Instruments included the Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children, 2nd edition (KABC-II) cognitive ability, Test of Variables of Attention (TOVA) attention/impulsivity, Bruininks–Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency, 2nd edition (BOT-2) motor proficiency tests, and Behavior Rating Inventory for Executive Function (BRIEF) executive function problems. Test characteristics were assessed using intraclass and Spearman's nonparametric correlations, linear regression, and principal factor analyses. Results Of the 611 participants, 50% were males and mean age ranged from 6.6 to 8 years. In Malawi, Uganda, and Zimbabwe, substantial proportions of families lived in rural settings in contrast to the South African sites. Intraclass correlation coefficients between weeks 0 and 48 were highest for the KABC scores, ranging between 0.42 and 0.71. Correlations among similar test domains were low to moderate but significant, with positive correlation between KABC sequential and TOVA scores and negative correlation between BRIEF and KABC scores. TOVA response time scores correlated negatively with the BOT-2 total points score. Strong and significant associations between individual measures of growth, disability, and development with all test scores were observed. Performance-based measures were markedly lower for HIV compared with HEU and HU participants, even after controlling for age, sex, and site. Factor analyses confirmed the underlying theoretical structure of the KABC scaled item scores. Conclusion The KABC, TOVA, BRIEF, and BOT-2 were valid and reliable tools for assessing the neuropsychological impact of HIV in four sub-Saharan African countries.

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Stewart, Miriam, Kaysi Eastlick Kushner, CindyLee Dennis, Michael Kariwo, Nicole Letourneau, Knox Makumbe, Edward Makwarimba, and Edward Shizha. "Social support needs of Sudanese and Zimbabwean refugee new parents in Canada." International Journal of Migration, Health and Social Care 13, no. 2 (June 12, 2017): 234–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/ijmhsc-07-2014-0028.

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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine support needs of African refugee new parents in Canada, and identifies support preferences that may enhance the mental health of refugee parents and children. Design/methodology/approach In all, 72 refugee new parents from Zimbabwe (n=36) and Sudan (n=36) participated in individual interviews. All had a child aged four months to five years born in Canada. Refugee new parents completed standardized measures on social support resources and support seeking as a coping strategy. Four group interviews (n=30) with refugee new parents were subsequently conducted. In addition, two group interviews (n=30) were held with service providers and policy influencers. Findings Separated from their traditional family and cultural supports, refugee new parents reported isolation and loneliness. They lacked support during pregnancy, birth, and postpartum and had limited interactions with people from similar cultural backgrounds. Refugees required support to access services and overcome barriers such as language, complex systems, and limited financial resources. Support preferences included emotional and information support from peers from their cultural community and culturally sensitive service providers. Research limitations/implications Psychometric evaluation of the quantitative measures with the two specific populations included in this study had not been conducted, although these measures have been used with ethnically diverse populations by other researchers. Practical implications The study findings can inform culturally appropriate health professional practice, program and policy development. Originality/value The study bridges gaps in research examining support needs and support intervention preferences of African refugee new parents.

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Muridzo, Noel Garikai, and Victor Chikadzi. "Zimbabwe’s poverty and child sexual abuse." Children Australia 45, no. 4 (August 24, 2020): 222–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/cha.2020.41.

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AbstractChild sexual abuse (CSA) is a serious scourge that affects all countries globally. While there are myriad factors contributing the prevalence of CSA in Zimbabwe, poverty is arguably one of the major underlying issues and root causes of most of these factors. Over the past two decades, Zimbabwe has gone through an unprecedented economic meltdown; fewer resources are being channelled towards child protection leading to the decline in standards of living for children. Consequently, children are left vulnerable to poverty which exposes them to the risk of CSA. This paper discusses a number of poverty-related factors that are contributing to CSA in Zimbabwe. A qualitative study approach was adopted, and data were collected from 38 participants and four key informants who were selected using theoretical and purposive sampling, respectively. In addition, 300 court files of CSA cases were also reviewed. Notwithstanding other circumstances leading to CSA, findings showed that poverty-related vulnerabilities, such as adverse living conditions, rurality, child labour and migration, exposed children to CSA. The paper ends by discussing the policy and social work practice implications and recommendations in view of the findings.

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Potts, Deborah. "Leon A. Bijlmakers, Mary T. Bassett and David M. Sanders, Socio-economic Stress, Health and Child Nutritional Status in Zimbabwe at a Time of Economic Structural Adjustment: a three-year longitudinal study. Research report 105. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 1998, 127 pp., £6.95 (US $18.95), ISBN 91 7106 434 6. - Rodrick Mupedziswa and Perpetua Gumbo, Structural Adjustment and Women Informal Sector Trades in Harare, Zimbabwe. Research report 106. Uppsala: Nordiska Afrikainstitutet, 1998, 123 pp., £6.95 (US $18.95), ISBN 91 7106 435 4." Africa 71, no. 3 (August 2001): 529–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.3366/afr.2001.71.3.529.

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Lund, Giuliana. "Harmonizing the Nation: Women's Voices and Development in Zimbabwean Cinema:Neria;Flame;Everyone's Child." City Society 11, no. 1-2 (January 1999): 213–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/city.1999.11.1-2.213.

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Patel, Shilpa N., Indhu Shanmugam, Christopher Obong’o, Zivai Mupambireyi, Constance Kasese, Zwashe Bangani, and Kim S. Miller. "Child disciplinary practices, abuse, and neglect: Findings from a formative study in Chitungwiza, Zimbabwe." Child Abuse & Neglect 115 (May 2021): 105016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2021.105016.

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Musiwa, Anthony Shuko. "Multidimensional child poverty in Zimbabwe: Extent, risk patterns and implications for policy, practice and research." Children and Youth Services Review 104 (September 2019): 104398. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2019.104398.

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Makuyana, A., S. P. Mbulayi, and S. M. Kangethe. "Psychosocial deficits underpinning child headed households (CHHs) in Mabvuku and Tafara suburbs of Harare, Zimbabwe." Children and Youth Services Review 115 (August 2020): 105093. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.childyouth.2020.105093.

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Shaw, Sarah, Haddi Jatou Cham, Eboni Galloway, Kate Winskell, Zivai Mupambireyi, Constance Kasese, Zwashe Bangani, and Kim Miller. "Engaging Parents in Zimbabwe to Prevent and Respond to Child Sexual Abuse: A Pilot Evaluation." Journal of Child and Family Studies 30, no. 5 (March 27, 2021): 1314–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10826-021-01938-y.

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Ndowa, Francis J., and Saiqa Mullick. "Testing for sexually transmitted infections among youth in Zimbabwe." Lancet Child & Adolescent Health 5, no. 2 (February 2021): 93–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2352-4642(20)30394-1.

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Wolf, MJ, B. Wolf, C. Bijleveld, G. Beunen, and P. Gasaer. "Neurodevelopmental outcome in babies with a low Apgar score from Zimbabwe." Developmental Medicine & Child Neurology 39, no. 12 (September 29, 2008): 821–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8749.1997.tb07550.x.

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Nhundu, Tichatonga J., and Almon Shumba. "The nature and frequency of reported cases of teacher perpetrated child sexual abuse in rural primary schools in Zimbabwe." Child Abuse & Neglect 25, no. 11 (November 2001): 1517–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0145-2134(01)00288-5.

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Solfiah, Yeni Solfiah, Devi Risma, Hukmi, and Rita Kurnia. "Early Childhood Disaster Management Media Through Picture Story Books." JPUD - Jurnal Pendidikan Usia Dini 14, no. 1 (April 30, 2020): 141–55. http://dx.doi.org/10.21009/141.10.

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Indonesia is a country that has a high potential for natural disasters. Picture story book is a form of disaster management learning that can help children from an early age to prepare for a natural disaster. The aims of this study to develop story books as a disaster management learning media, to improve knowledge and skills of children and teacher about the understanding, principles, and actions of rescue when facing the natural disasters, to increase the teacher’s learning quality in disaster management. Developmental research approach is used to execute the study. A total of 48 children aged 5-6 years have to carry out pre-test and post-test. Pre-test data shows that children's knowledge about disaster management with an average of 47.92% and its improved at post-test with 76,88%. Five theme of story books involves floods, landslides, earthquakes, tsunamis, lands and forest fires is the product. Dissemination of five story books are proper for children and improve their understanding of disaster management. Keywords: Early Childhood Education, Management Disaster, Storybooks Reference: Abulnour, A. H. (2013). Towards efficient disaster management in Egypt. Housing and Building National Research Center. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hbrcj.2013.07.004 Adiyoyoso, W. (2018). Manajemen Bencana. Jakarta: Bumi Aksara. Anderson, T., & Shattuck, J. (2012). Design-based research: A decade of progress in education research? Educational Researcher, 41(1), 16–25. https://doi.org/10.3102/0013189X11428813 Batič, J. (2019). Reading Picture Books in Preschool and Lower Grades of Primary School. Center for Educational Policy Studies Journal, (November), 1–18. https://doi.org/10.26529/cepsj.554 Bosschaart, A., van der Schee, J., Kuiper, W., & Schoonenboom, J. (2016). Evaluating a flood- risk education program in the Netherlands. Studies in Educational Evaluation, 50, 53–61. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.stueduc.2016.07.002 Codreanu, T. A., Celenza, A., & Jacobs, I. (2014). Does disaster education of teenagers translate into better survival knowledge, knowledge of skills, and adaptive behavioral change? A systematic literature review. Prehospital and Disaster Medicine, 29(6), 629–642. https://doi.org/10.1017/S1049023X14001083 Delicado, A., Rowland, J., Fonseca, S., & Nunes, A. (2017). Children in Disaster Risk Reduction in Portugal : Policies , Education , and ( Non ) Participation. 246–257. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13753-017-0138-5 Demiroz, F., & Haase, T. W. (2019). The concept of resilience: a bibliometric analysis of the emergency and disaster management literature. Local Government Studies, 45(3), 308–327. https://doi.org/10.1080/03003930.2018.1541796 Efthymis, L., Michael, S., Alexia, G., Panagiotis, P., Vassiliki, A., Kate, V., & Spyros, P. (2014). Disaster Data Centre — An Innovative Educational Tool for Disaster Reduction through Education in Schools. (September), 35–40. Faber, M. H., Giuliani, L., Revez, A., Jayasena, S., Sparf, J., & Mendez, J. M. (2014). Interdisciplinary Approach to Disaster Resilience Education and Research. Procedia Economics and Finance, 18(September), 601–609. https://doi.org/10.1016/s2212- 5671(14)00981-2 Frankenberg, E., Gillespie, T., Preston, S., Sikoki, B., & Thomas, D. (2011). Mortality, the family and the Indian Ocean Tsunami. Economic Journal, 121(554), 162–182. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0297.2011.02446.x Fujioka, T., & Sakakibara, Y. (2018). School education for disaster risk reduction in Japan after the 2011 Great East Japan Earthquake and Tsunami (GEJET). Terrae Didatica, 14(3), 313– 319. https://doi.org/10.20396/td.v14i3.8653531 Guha-Sapir, D., Van Panhuis, W. G., & Lagoutte, J. (2007). Short communication: Patterns of chronic and acute diseases after natural disasters - A study from the International Committee of the Red Cross field hospital in Banda Aceh after the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 12(11), 1338–1341. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365- 3156.2007.01932.x Haggstrom, M. (2020). The art of read-aloud, body language and identity construction: A multimodal interactional analysis of interaction between parent, child and picture book. International Journal of Language Studies, 14(1), 117–140. Halim, L., Abd Rahman, N., Zamri, R., & Mohtar, L. (2018). The roles of parents in cultivating children’s interest towards science learning and careers. Kasetsart Journal of Social Sciences, 39(2), 190–196. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.kjss.2017.05.001 Hamele, M., Gist, R. E., & Kissoon, N. (2019). 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Germann, Stefan E. "An exploratory study of quality of life and coping strategies of orphans living in child-headed households in an urban high HIV-prevalent community in Zimbabwe, Southern Africa1." Vulnerable Children and Youth Studies 1, no. 2 (September 29, 2006): 149–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/17450120600872274.

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Fambasayi, Rongedzayi, and Admark Moyo. "The best interests of the child offender in the context of detention as a measure of last resort: A comparative analysis of legal developments in South Africa, Kenya and Zimbabwe." South African Journal on Human Rights 36, no. 1 (January 2, 2020): 25–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/02587203.2020.1775495.

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Eide, Arne H., Stanley Wilson Acuda, Naira Khan, Leif E. Aaroe, and Mitch Elliott Loeb. "Combining cultural, social and personality trait variables as predictors for drug use among adolescents in Zimbabwe." Journal of Adolescence 20, no. 5 (October 1997): 511–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1006/jado.1997.0106.

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Martin, Kevin, Ioana D. Olaru, Nyasha Buwu, Tsitsi Bandason, Michael Marks, Ethel Dauya, Joice Muzangwa, et al. "Uptake of and factors associated with testing for sexually transmitted infections in community-based settings among youth in Zimbabwe: a mixed-methods study." Lancet Child & Adolescent Health 5, no. 2 (February 2021): 122–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s2352-4642(20)30335-7.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Child development – Zimbabwe'

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