Relevant bibliographies by topics / Child labour

Contents

  1. Journal articles
  2. Dissertations / Theses
  3. Books
  4. Book chapters
  5. Conference papers
  6. Reports

Academic literature on the topic 'Child labour'

Author: Grafiati
Published: 4 June 2021
Last updated: 29 July 2024

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Journal articles on the topic "Child labour"

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Donnelly, Peter. "CHILD LABOUR, SPORT LABOUR." International Review for the Sociology of Sport 32, no. 4 (December 1997): 389–406. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/101269097032004004.

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Nanda, Samir Kumar. "CHILD & LABOUR SCENARIO IN ODISHA." @rquivo Brasileiro de Educação 7, no. 15 (December 9, 2019): 76–102. http://dx.doi.org/10.5752/p.2318-7344.2018v7n15p75-102.

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Based upon research in the state of Odisha in India, this article describes the labour scenario in the state of Odisha during the last 82 years. Odisha became separate state on 1st April 1936. Eighty-two years since the momentous day, much has changed in the Labour relation, Juveniles, Child Labour problem & Migrant Workers of Odisha. This article also explains the magnitude of child labour and steps taken by the Government to eliminate child labour, formation of Labour Union, status of migrant workers and bonded labour in the state of Odisha. Here an effort has been made to analyse the status of child labours as well as other labours in Odisha. Identification of the area of concentration of child labour & evaluations of dimensions of the problem has been made.
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Gupta, Sangeeta. "Child Labour : A Social Diagnosis." Contemporary Social Sciences 27, no. 4 (October 1, 2018): 178–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.29070/27/58319.

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Ram, Susan, Myron Weiner, and Neera Burra. "Child Labour." Social Scientist 24, no. 1/3 (January 1996): 128. http://dx.doi.org/10.2307/3520123.

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Avasthi, Satish Kumar, and Rishi Dutt Avasthi. "Child Labour." Community and Public Health Nursing 1, no. 1 (2016): 61–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.21088/cphn.2455.8621.1116.11.

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Scanlon, T. J. "Child labour." BMJ 325, no. 7361 (August 24, 2002): 401–3. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/bmj.325.7361.401.

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McKECHNIE, JIM, and SANDY HOBBS. "Child Labour." Childhood 6, no. 1 (February 1999): 89–100. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0907568299006001007.

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Scanlon, Tom. "Child labour." Lancet 351, no. 9097 (January 1998): 219–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0140-6736(05)78168-x.

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Cooper, James. "Child Labour." International Journal: Canada's Journal of Global Policy Analysis 52, no. 3 (September 1997): 411–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002070209705200302.

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Sebastian, Vicente. "Child Labour." Business Ethics: A European Review 6, no. 4 (October 1997): 208–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1467-8608.00071.

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Dissertations / Theses on the topic "Child labour"

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Fatima, Ambreen. "Economics of child labour." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12967/.

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The dissertation aims to explore the supply and demand side determinant of child labour at macro, meso and micro level. At macro level it explores the effect of globalization (defined as openness to trade and inflow of foreign direct investment) and credit market imperfections on child labour. At meso level it explores the effect of labour market conditions on child labour. As the above two levels of analysis are mainly concerned with the demand for child labour, the micro level analysis explores the supply side determinant of child labour. At micro level this dissertation explores the effect of intrahousehold distribution of power on child related outcome. Specifically it explores the effect of mother’s decision making power on her child’s labour and schooling. The macro level analysis is based on cross country regression framework while meso and micro level analysis is based on the data from Pakistan. At macro level, this dissertation points out that trade openness and FDI inflow raise the standard of living in an economy thereby reducing child labour incidence. As the channel through which trade could affect child labour is by increasing income of the poor, credit market imperfection shows insignificant effect. At meso level, this dissertation points out that high adult wages in an area increase demand for child labour while presence of adult unemployed proportion in an area reduces demand for child labour. However, presence of unemployed adult in a house increases supply of child labour. Exports, on one hand, reduce supply of child labour by affecting the income of poor at macro level while on the other hand at meso level, subcontracting of production process to small informal sector increases demand for child labour. The informal sector being unprotected by law employs a high proportion of child labour. At micro level mother’s decision making power significantly decreases child labour supply and increases child schooling. The effect is significant in case of girls but not in case of boys. This study also shows that whether children work for generating income or as family helpers, mothers are equally concerned for their welfare. Their decision making power significantly reduces labour among children.
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Tonetto, Elena <1992&gt. "Child Labour and Economic Development." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/9990.

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The topic discussed in this thesis concerns a reality that closely lies at my heart: child labour, in fact, does not just represent an obstacle towards economic and social development, but first of all constitutes a violation of human rights. It is a plague that still continues to affect not only the world poorest countries, in which high rates of illiteracy, misery and the presence of deeply rooted cultural attitudes make child labour a challenging problem to eradicate, but also the developing ones. In the first part of the dissertation I deal with the international legislation concerning child labour, from its definition and causes to the ILO and UN Conventions and Protocols aimed at protecting children from all forms of exploitation and illicit activities. In particular I pay major focus on the ILO Minimum Age Convention No. 138 (1973), the ILO Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention No. 182 (1999) and the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), the three most important documents on children rights. I also examine in broad terms the legal frameworks characterising different geographic areas - namely EU and Eurasia, Asia and the Pacific, North of America, Latin America and the Caribbean, Sub-Saharan Africa, Middle East and North Africa - and which programmes have been implemented by governments in order to address child labour issue. Furthermore, I analyse more in detail how child labourers are involved in the production process in some of the most commonly used goods at global level, such as cotton, sugarcane, cocoa and gold. In the second part I describe how a sustained economic development reduces child labour over time, and the results suggest serious commitment by governments to promote long term growth in order to curtail the threat of child labour.
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Amir, Gafur Hoda. "Child Labour : Causes and solitions of child labour: A comparative case study of two African countries." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-61098.

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Child labour is a global problem. There have been significant steps to combat the problem from international arena, but its prevalence gives reason for concerns. In this study a comparative case study of two African countries will be examined. The two countries are; Somalia and Namibia, where the first mentioned country are still having child labour and the last mentioned have succeeded in combating child labour. With a theoretical framework I will try to answer what made the Somalia failing and what made Namibia succeeding in the elimination of child labour. The methodology that has been used is a structured focused comparison. In the concluding part I will bring fourth several points of what Somalia can learn from Namibia.
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Cunningham, Stephen. "Child labour in Britain 1900-1973." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2000. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/20035/.

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Until relatively recently, 'child labour' remained a pejorative term used primarily by historians to describe the grinding and unremitting work routines and hostile work environments to which nineteenth century children were exposed. The start of the twentieth century, though, is frequently identified as marking the emergence of a more humanitarian attitude towards children, epitomised by the increasing willingness of the state to intervene in arenas such as child welfare. Historians have cited the intensification of legislation designed to protect the child as evidence to suggest that by the turn of the nineteenth century the vast majority of children were no longer significant workers. Before the publication of Emrys Davies' government funded 1972 study, which concluded that the employment undertaken by school children was frequently arduous and harmful, such claims were taken at face value in the academic world. As a result, until recently, the labour of school children throughout the twentieth century has not been subject to adequate social research, and the experiences of working school children have been largely ignored. However, as the recent upsurge in academic and political interest in child employment illustrates, the debate over what is an effective and appropriate level of child labour regulation remains a heated political question. One of the problems, though, is that a lack of information on the period c1900-1973 is hampering our understanding of the forces and interests which have helped shape child labour policy in Britain. Hence, this thesis has two main aims. Firstly, it seeks to provide detailed empirical information on the levels and types of work performed by children. Secondly, and more importantly, it aims to deepen our appreciation of the concerns which have influenced thinking and policy on this subject in the twentieth century. It is hoped that an analysis of these two issues will help us understand the origins and nature of current debates over school child labour, and to evaluate the 'solutions' advanced by politicians and academics in the twenty-first century. The potential impact of the range of factors and interests which are traditionally seen to be present within the policy-making process, such as ideologies, political parties and pressure groups, are assessed. Particular emphasis, though, is placed on the conservative role played by civil servants within the Home Office, the government department charged with responsibility for the administration of legislation for school children's employment throughout the period under examination. The thesis concludes that of all the agents active in the policy-making process, civil servants were the most influential in shaping the approach adopted by successive governments towards the question of child labour reform. It suggests that officials were guided by a pervasive 'departmental view' of the phenomenon, a key element of which emphasised its potential for channeling the potentially 'problematic' leisure hours of working class youths into creative outlets. Finally, the thesis highlights the extent to which the ideas and beliefs which underpinned thinking on child labour regulation between 1900-1973 continue to have an enduring influence on the current policy debate.
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Lavalette, Michael. "Child labour in the social structure." Thesis, University of the West of Scotland, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316674.

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The objectives of this thesis have been to evaluate the existing conceptions of child labour, obtain empirical data on its extent in Clydeside, Scotland and explain why working children are located within a particular structured arena of the labour market. In Part 1 the commonsense and theoretical conceptions of child labour are outlined and shown to be both inadequate and incomplete. Part 2 presents original evidence gathered from the Clydeside region and contrasts it with existing material gathered from London and the South-East of England. This demonstrates that child labour is an exploitative practice which occurs throughout Britain. Children's jobs tend to be poorly paid, gender segregated and potentially harmful to their health and safety. Further, the types of jobs they perform and the number working in contrasting economic regions of Britain are shown to be similar, suggesting there is a relatively constant amount and type of work available to children across the labour market in Britain. Part 3 proceeds to offer an alternative explanation for the present form of children's work practice. By locating both change and continuity in children's work experience throughout the capitalist epoch, it is suggested that the period circa 1880-1920 was crucial in reshaping children's labour market experiences. During this period changes in the economy, state activity, the family and the acceptance, by the working class, of the ideology of childhood, came together to restructure children's dominant social experiences. As a result of these changes in the social structure, children's work became marginalised to a particular type of job and work experience categorised as 'out of school' employment. This was viewed as legitimate for children because it could be combined with schooling, reinforced their subordinate position within the age hierarchy and, at the same time, allowed them to gain the beneficial and disciplinary effects of paid work.
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Dahlén, Marianne. "The Negotiable Child : The ILO Child Labour Campaign 1919-1973." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7547.

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This dissertation examines the Conventions and Recommendations to regulate the minimum age for admission to employment between the years 1919 and 1973 – the ILO minimum age campaign. The adoption process has been studied in its chronological and historical context. The dissertation has three points of departure: that childhood is a historical construction and that the legal material is part of that construction; that the minimum age campaign suffered from a ‘hang-over-from-history’, namely, the history of Western industrialisation during the 19th and early 20th centuries; and, finally, that children had a subordinate and weak position in the minimum age campaign. The study was organised around five central themes: (1) the over-all theme of predominant conceptions of children and work; (2) the relationship between industrialised and colonised and developing nations; (3) the relationship between the child, the family and the state; (4) minimum age; and (5) the importance of school. The most important results of the study are that: (1) In view of the revolutionary changes during the 20th century the continuity in the minimum age campaign was remarkable. In 1919, the ‘child labour problem’ was an issue mainly for the Western industrialised word. By the end of the campaign, in 1973, the transformations in societies during the century had made ‘the child labour problem’ an issue mainly for the developing world and with different conditions and implications in many respects. The content and ‘grammar’ of the minimum age campaign was however never really challenged. (2) The study has verified that the minimum age campaign suffered from a ‘hang-over-from history’. The campaign built directly on the Western industrial experience during the 19th and early 20th centuries. The Western dominance in the ILO, the legal transplants, and the roots in the labour movement all contributed to the ‘hang-over’. (3) The minimum age campaign was modelled on the ‘norm of the Western industrialised childhood’. The norms and realities of childhood in other parts of the world were neglected of considered as provisional and inferior phases in relation to the Western ‘norm’. In this way, there were two separate childhoods in the minimum age campaign: ‘the normal’ childhood conceived for Western conditions and ‘the other’ childhood conceived for the ‘imperfect’ conditions of poor children in the colonised and developing nations.(4) In the minimum age campaign the ‘best interests of the child’ was negotiable and was subordinated in case of conflict with other interests.
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Sauder, Markus Ulrich. "Essays on the economics of child labour and child education." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2007. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/3622/.

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This thesis focuses on the economics of child labour and child education within developing and developed countries. The first part of the thesis examines child labour and child education in developing countries. It investigates the motivations of parents to send their children to work and analyses the so-called commitment problem of child labour in a dynamic, overlapping generations game theoretical model. As a novelty, this model relaxes the requirement of an observable history of play and models the decision problem as an overlapping generations cyclic game. We show that first-best contracts may me implemented, implying optimal child education and low child labour, if a bequest sanction can be imposed by grandparents. We also discuss the special role that grandparents have within this model. The second part of the thesis analyses the economics of child education within a developed country context: the transmission of education across generations and the impact of a schooling reform on educational choice and later outcomes. In a first chapter of this second part, we examine specifically the influence of grandparents, as postulated by the model in part one, on the education of grandchildren. A unique dataset on three generations, the National Child Development Survey of the UK, is used. As a special feature, we apply recent econometric techniques to deal with censoring in a semi-parametric setting. The results indicate that it is not education but rather unobservable factors on the parent and grandparent level that affect the educational choice of grandchildren. These unobservable factors may be interpreted as innate ability or parenting skills. In a second chapter within this part, a schooling reform, the introduction of comprehensive schools in the UK and its impact on educational and labour market outcomes is evaluated. We find, using data from the National Child Development Survey and applying a new, quasi-differenced matching estimator, that bias corrected estimates of the reform suggest no effect on the means, but a sizeable effect on the variance of outcomes. We interpret this finding as indicative of a higher risk inherent to the selective education system. In summary the thesis sheds some new light on the economics of education and child labour, both in a theoretical and an empirical context, and provides a valuable reference and starting point for future research in this area.
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İren, Yıldızca Bediz Büke. "Migrant Child Labour in Turkey : A critical analysis of multilevel governance targeting migrant child labour in Turkey." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, REMESO - Institutet för forskning om migration, etnicitet och samhälle, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-162798.

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Entering the 9th year of the Syrian Crisis, there are still more than 400 thousand school aged Syrian children considered ‘out-of-school’ in Turkey. Several previous studies as well as reports of International Organisations and Civil Society Organisations such as UNICEF and Support to Life argue that out-of-school Syrian children have formed part of the Turkish informal labour market. Restrained migration policies incorporated with the needs of global labour markets have caused precarisation of the migrant labour, and in the case of Turkey precarisation of migrant child labour as well. The aim of the current study is to critically analyse the strategies and interventions of this multilevel governance targeting migrant child labour. Hence, a qualitative research method was employed in order to answer the study’s research questions. First, document analysis was conducted to identify the multilevel institutional framework; and second, semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with selected informants working for International Organisations. By facilitating Carol Bacchi’s ‘What is the problem represented to be?’ (WPR) approach, each actor’s strategies and interventions directed to migrant child labour are scrutinised. While each actor by definition manages to identify the causes of (migrant) child labour, the strategies and interventions are constrained by the conventional migration management approach as well as the discourses of “the best interest of the child” and “fair trade”.
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Okusa, Maki. "Child labor in Asia : challenges and responses of the International Labour Organization in Thailand and India /." Connect to title online (Scholars' Bank), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/7779.

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Iversen, Vegard. "Child labour and theories of the family." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.411209.

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Books on the topic "Child labour"

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Fyfe, Alec. Child labour. Cambridge, UK: Polity Press, 1989.

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Gifford, Clive. Child labour. London: Evans, 2009.

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Office, International Labour. Child labour. Geneva: International Labour Office, 1999.

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Fyfe, Alec. Child labour. Oxford: Polity Press, 1989.

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Singh, I. S. Child labour. New Delhi: Oxford & IBH Pub. Co., 1992.

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Lieten, Georges Kristoffel. Child labour and child rights. Dhaka: The University Press, 2009.

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George, Ivy. Child labour and child work. New Delhi: Ashish Pub. House, 1990.

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Lieten, Georges Kristoffel. Child labour and child rights. Dhaka: The University Press, 2009.

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Dimri, Pankaj. Comprehending child labour. Noida: V.V. Giri National Labour Institute, 2013.

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Bekele, Assefa, and Boyden Jo, eds. Combating child labour. Geneva: International Labour Office, 1988.

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Book chapters on the topic "Child labour"

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An, Sofiya, and Adrienne Chambon. "‘Good’ Child Labour, ‘Bad’ Child Labour." In Transnational Social Policy, 43–61. 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2016. | Series: Routledge advances in sociology: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315665498-3.

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Akhtar, Rajnaara C., and Conrad Nyamutata. "Child labour." In International Child Law, 275–334. 4th edition. | Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon; New York, NY: Routledge, 2019.: Routledge, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9780429505485-5.

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Basu, Kaushik. "Child Labour." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 1566–69. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95189-5_2646.

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Basu, Kaushik. "Child Labour." In The New Palgrave Dictionary of Economics, 1–3. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2008. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/978-1-349-95121-5_2646-1.

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Craig, Gary. "Child labour exploitation." In The Routledge Handbook of Global Child Welfare, 165–75. 1 Edition. | New York : Routledge, 2017.: Routledge, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781315672960-17.

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Pande, Rekha. "Child work and child labour." In Women's Work in the Unorganized Sector, 73–86. London: Routledge India, 2022. http://dx.doi.org/10.4324/9781003317944-5.

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Dickens, Richard, and David T. Ellwood. "Child Poverty in Britain." In The Labour Market Under New Labour, 291–305. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2003. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230598454_20.

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Chaudhuri, Sarbajit, and Ujjaini Mukhopadhyay. "FDI and Child Labour." In Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries, 211–61. New Delhi: Springer India, 2014. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-81-322-1898-2_8.

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Ballet, Jérôme, and Augendra Bhukuth. "Introduction: From Child Labour to Child Exploitation." In Child Exploitation in the Global South, 1–13. Cham: Springer International Publishing, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-91177-9_1.

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James, Allison. "‘Child-Centredness’ and ‘the Child’." In The Modern Child and the Flexible Labour Market, 111–27. London: Palgrave Macmillan UK, 2012. http://dx.doi.org/10.1057/9780230314054_7.

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Conference papers on the topic "Child labour"

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Rebelo, Fernanda, and Ana Guimarães. "CHILD LABOUR: A BARRIER TO EDUCATION." In 16th annual International Conference of Education, Research and Innovation. IATED, 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.21125/iceri.2023.1835.

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B C, ASOGWA, ONOJA R, UMEH E U, and UMEH J C. "Poverty and Child Labour among Households in Nigeria." In International Conference on Advances in Economics, Social Science and Human Behaviour Study - ESSHBS 2015. Institute of Research Engineers and Doctors, 2015. http://dx.doi.org/10.15224/978-1-63248-041-5-65.

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Parker, David. "P070 A public health perspective on child labour." In Occupational Health: Think Globally, Act Locally, EPICOH 2016, September 4–7, 2016, Barcelona, Spain. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2016-103951.392.

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Progga, Farhat Tasnim, MD Tanzil Shahria, Asma Arisha, and Minhaz Uddin Ahmed Shanto. "A Deep Learning Based Approach to Child Labour Detection." In 2020 6th Information Technology International Seminar (ITIS). IEEE, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/itis50118.2020.9321027.

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Charekishvili, Lia. "CHILD LABOUR: WHAT DO THE SURVEY RESULTS IN GEORGIA SHOW." In 30th International Academic Conference, Venice. International Institute of Social and Economic Sciences, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.20472/iac.2017.030.009.

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Helioterio, Margarete Costa, Vilma Sousa Santana, Eduardo Marinho Barbosa, Milena Maria Cordeiro de Almeida, Jorge Alberto Bernstein Iriart, and Anne Andermann. "P069 Eliminating child labour: an integrated primary health care intervention." In Occupational Health: Think Globally, Act Locally, EPICOH 2016, September 4–7, 2016, Barcelona, Spain. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2016. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2016-103951.391.

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Thygerson, SM. "1634c Silica exposure and child labour in nepal brick kilns." In 32nd Triennial Congress of the International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH), Dublin, Ireland, 29th April to 4th May 2018. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2018-icohabstracts.1771.

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Kayani, Ahsan, Mark King, and Judy Fleiter. "PA 18-5-1786 Child labour and child abuse: cultural practices in commercial driver ‘apprenticeship’ in pakistan." In Safety 2018 abstracts. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/injuryprevention-2018-safety.113.

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Habib, RR. "72 Assessment of child labour in agriculture among syrian refugees in lebanon." In 32nd Triennial Congress of the International Commission on Occupational Health (ICOH), Dublin, Ireland, 29th April to 4th May 2018. BMJ Publishing Group Ltd, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/oemed-2018-icohabstracts.887.

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Sulistiyono, Tri, and Lowrenszya Siagian. "The Phenomenon of Child Labour: Causes, Consequences, and Protection under Indonesian Law." In Proceedings of the 2nd International Conference on Indonesian Legal Studies (ICILS 2019). Paris, France: Atlantis Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.2991/icils-19.2019.10.

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Reports on the topic "Child labour"

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Vos, Rob, and Hiroyuki Takeshima. Agricultural mechanisation and child labour in developing countries. Washington, DC: International Food Policy Research Institute, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.2499/p15738coll2.134916.

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Lambon-Quayefio, Monica P. The Challenges of Child Labour Research: Data Challenges and Opportunities. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), May 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/acha.2021.006.

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his Rapid Review is an attempt to instigate a broader discussion on child labour by considering the various dimensions and angles associated with the phenomenon beyond the straitjacket definitions provided in most reports. Its objectives are threefold. First, it aims to determine whether re-analysis of existing data sets is likely to yield new insights into the forms, prevalence and drivers of children’s work in agriculture in Ghana. Second, it aims to provide specific guidance on how these re-analyses might be undertaken and framed. And third, it aims to determine whether any of the available data sets might be used to map the number or density of children to the main agro-ecological zones or agricultural systems. In doing this, the review describes the nature of child work in the agricultural sector, highlighting areas that have often been ignored in the literature. The conclusion offers suggestions for future research on child labour based on our renewed understanding of the broad concept of child work.
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Kasper, Eric. Urban Neighbourhood Dynamics and the Worst Forms of Child Labour. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/clarissa.2021.007.

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While the worst forms of child labour (WFCL) is not only an urban phenomenon, evidence suggests that WFCL emerges in cities in unique ways due to the complex structures and dynamics of urban systems. This report, therefore, develops a conceptual framework for WFCL in cities that integrates key understandings of urban systems and evidence about urban WFCL. This report reviews current literature on the complex systemic nature of cities – drawing on literature on the urban land nexus, urban complexity, informality, and inclusive urbanisation. It also reviews studies of child labour (focusing on the worst forms, where possible) in urban contexts. In this way, the report offers an innovative way of understanding the challenge of WFCL, and outlines the premises of a research agenda for responding to WFCL in cities. These contributions are made with the specific cities and neighbourhoods in mind where the CLARISSA programme is being implemented; however, they should be useful more generally.
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Gorman, Clare. Exposing the Worst Forms of Child Labour in Bangladesh’s Leather Sector. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), February 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/clarissa.2021.001.

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As one of the country’s biggest employers and its second largest exporter, the leather sector is big business in Bangladesh. But it is also in crisis. A dramatic decrease in the global demand for leather since COVID-19 has led to the collapse of the supply chain with workers, especially children, bearing the worst of the brunt. As cracks in the industry’s surface widen, new research from the Child Labour: Action-Research-Innovation in South and South-Eastern Asia (CLARISSA) programme shines a light into its hidden corners, revealing examples of the worst forms of child labour (WFCL) at almost every turn.
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Cannon, Mariah, Jiniya Afroze, Danny Burns, Mushtari Muhsina, Afrin Aktar, Ali Azman, Khandaker Reaz Hossain, et al. Qualitative Analysis of 405 Life Stories from Children Working in the Worst Forms of Child Labour in Bangladesh. Institute of Development Studies, June 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/clarissa.2024.006.

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The CLARISSA (Child Labour: Action-Research-Innovation in South and South-Eastern Asia) programme is a five-year, action research consortium generating evidence-informed, innovative solutions by children to avoid hazardous, exploitative labour in Bangladesh and Nepal. This paper is based on a qualitative analysis of 405 life stories collected from child labourers in Bangladesh working in the worst forms of child labour in the leather sector or living in leather sector neighbourhoods. Our analysis of their stories provides a rich picture, from children’s perspectives, of the drivers of child labour, views of child labour, working conditions, and their lives outside of work. The paper also explores the complexity, nuance, and interaction within these themes, drawing on and highlighting the diversity of experience articulated in the stories.
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Eyal, Katherine, and Ingrid Woolard. Female labour force participation and the child support grant in South Africa. University of Cape Town, August 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.35648/20.500.12413/11781/ii046.

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7

Rotman, Youval. A Will of their own? Children’s Agency and Child Labour in Byzantium. Edicions de la Universitat de Lleida, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.21001/itma.2017.11.05.

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Aked, Jody. Supply Chains, the Informal Economy, and the Worst Forms of Child Labour. Institute of Development Studies (IDS), July 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/clarissa.2021.006.

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As a cohort of people, ‘children in work’ have become critical to the everyday functioning of diverse supply chain systems. This Working Paper considers diverse commodity chains (leather, waste, recycling and sex) to explore the business realities that generate child labour in its worst forms. A review of the literature finds that occurrence of the worst forms of child labour (WFCL) in supply chain systems is contingent on the organising logics and strategies adopted by actors in both the formal and informal economies. Piecing together the available evidence, the paper hypothesises that a supply chain system is sensitive to the use of WFCL when downward pressure to take on business risk cannot be matched by the economic resilience to absorb that risk. Emergencies and persistent stressors may increase risk and reduce resilience, shifting norms and behaviour. There is a need for further work to learn from business owners and workers in the informal economy.
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Bhattarai (B.C.), Kriti, Danny Burns, Mariah Cannon, Elizabeth Hacker, Ranjama Sharma, Samjhana Bhujel, Sushmita Dawadi, et al. Qualitative Analysis of 400 Life Stories from Children and Young People Working in the Worst Forms of Child Labour in Nepal. Institute of Development Studies, May 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/clarissa.2024.004.

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CLARISSA (Child Labour: Action-Research-Innovation in South and South‑Eastern Asia) is a large-scale research programme on the worst forms of child labour. It aims to identify, evidence, and promote effective multi‑stakeholder action to tackle the drivers of the worst forms of child labour in selected supply chains in Nepal and Bangladesh. This paper captures the perspectives of 400 children and young people working in the worst forms of child labour (WFCL) – mostly in the adult entertainment sector in Kathmandu, Nepal – to aid understanding about WFCL and how it can be brought to an end. Underpinning this paper is a thematic qualitative analysis of 400 life stories collected in locations where there is a high prevalence of work in the adult entertainment sector. This paper includes rich detail from those life stories and uncovers the micro-level detail and nuance within themes. The objective of this qualitative analysis was to build a stronger knowledge base on pathways into child labour and children’s lived experiences of child labour. This analysis should be considered as a companion analysis to the participatory collective analysis carried out by children themselves: Life Stories From Kathmandu’s Adult Entertainment Sector: Told and Analysed by Children and Young People.
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Sayem, Mashrique, Sayma Sayed, A. K. M. Maksud, Khandaker Reaz Hossain, Jiniya Afroze, Danny Burns, Anna Raw, and Elizabeth Hacker. Life Stories From Children Working in Bangladesh’s Leather Sector and its Neighbourhoods: Told and Analysed by Children. Institute of Development Studies, November 2023. http://dx.doi.org/10.19088/clarissa.2023.004.

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CLARISSA (Child Labour: Action-Research-Innovation in South and South-Eastern Asia) has a participatory and child-centred approach that supports children to gather evidence, analyse it themselves and generate solutions to the problems they identify. The life story collection and collective analysis processes supported children engaged in the worst forms of child labour in Bangladesh to share and analyse their life stories. Over 400 life stories were collected from children who worked in the leather supply chain, or who lived and worked in leather sector neighbourhoods. Using causal mapping, 53 children who were engaged in or had experience of the worst forms of child labour collectively analysed the data. This resulted in children’s life stories becoming the evidence base for revealing macro‑level system dynamics that drive the worst forms of child labour. This paper is a record of the children’s analysis of the life stories and key themes they identified, which formed the basis of a series of seven child-led Participatory Action Research groups.
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