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Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Child labour'
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1
Fatima, Ambreen. "Economics of child labour." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2013. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12967/.
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The dissertation aims to explore the supply and demand side determinant of child labour at macro, meso and micro level. At macro level it explores the effect of globalization (defined as openness to trade and inflow of foreign direct investment) and credit market imperfections on child labour. At meso level it explores the effect of labour market conditions on child labour. As the above two levels of analysis are mainly concerned with the demand for child labour, the micro level analysis explores the supply side determinant of child labour. At micro level this dissertation explores the effect of intrahousehold distribution of power on child related outcome. Specifically it explores the effect of mother’s decision making power on her child’s labour and schooling. The macro level analysis is based on cross country regression framework while meso and micro level analysis is based on the data from Pakistan. At macro level, this dissertation points out that trade openness and FDI inflow raise the standard of living in an economy thereby reducing child labour incidence. As the channel through which trade could affect child labour is by increasing income of the poor, credit market imperfection shows insignificant effect. At meso level, this dissertation points out that high adult wages in an area increase demand for child labour while presence of adult unemployed proportion in an area reduces demand for child labour. However, presence of unemployed adult in a house increases supply of child labour. Exports, on one hand, reduce supply of child labour by affecting the income of poor at macro level while on the other hand at meso level, subcontracting of production process to small informal sector increases demand for child labour. The informal sector being unprotected by law employs a high proportion of child labour. At micro level mother’s decision making power significantly decreases child labour supply and increases child schooling. The effect is significant in case of girls but not in case of boys. This study also shows that whether children work for generating income or as family helpers, mothers are equally concerned for their welfare. Their decision making power significantly reduces labour among children.
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Tonetto, Elena <1992>. "Child Labour and Economic Development." Master's Degree Thesis, Università Ca' Foscari Venezia, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10579/9990.
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The topic discussed in this thesis concerns a reality that closely lies at my heart: child labour, in fact, does not just represent an obstacle towards economic and social development, but first of all constitutes a violation of human rights. It is a plague that still continues to affect not only the world poorest countries, in which high rates of illiteracy, misery and the presence of deeply rooted cultural attitudes make child labour a challenging problem to eradicate, but also the developing ones.
In the first part of the dissertation I deal with the international legislation concerning child labour, from its definition and causes to the ILO and UN Conventions and Protocols aimed at protecting children from all forms of exploitation and illicit activities. In particular I pay major focus on the ILO Minimum Age Convention No. 138 (1973), the ILO Worst Forms of Child Labour Convention No. 182 (1999) and the UN Convention on the Rights of the Child (1989), the three most important documents on children rights. I also examine in broad terms the legal frameworks characterising different geographic areas - namely EU and Eurasia, Asia and the Pacific, North of America, Latin America and the Caribbean, Sub-Saharan Africa, Middle East and North Africa - and which programmes have been implemented by governments in order to address child labour issue. Furthermore, I analyse more in detail how child labourers are involved in the production process in some of the most commonly used goods at global level, such as cotton, sugarcane, cocoa and gold.
In the second part I describe how a sustained economic development reduces child labour over time, and the results suggest serious commitment by governments to promote long term growth in order to curtail the threat of child labour.
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Amir, Gafur Hoda. "Child Labour : Causes and solitions of child labour: A comparative case study of two African countries." Thesis, Linnéuniversitetet, Institutionen för samhällsstudier (SS), 2017. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:lnu:diva-61098.
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Child labour is a global problem. There have been significant steps to combat the problem from international arena, but its prevalence gives reason for concerns. In this study a comparative case study of two African countries will be examined. The two countries are; Somalia and Namibia, where the first mentioned country are still having child labour and the last mentioned have succeeded in combating child labour. With a theoretical framework I will try to answer what made the Somalia failing and what made Namibia succeeding in the elimination of child labour. The methodology that has been used is a structured focused comparison. In the concluding part I will bring fourth several points of what Somalia can learn from Namibia.
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Cunningham, Stephen. "Child labour in Britain 1900-1973." Thesis, University of Central Lancashire, 2000. http://clok.uclan.ac.uk/20035/.
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Until relatively recently, 'child labour' remained a pejorative term used primarily by historians to describe the grinding and unremitting work routines and hostile work environments to which nineteenth century children were exposed. The start of the twentieth century, though, is frequently identified as marking the emergence of a more humanitarian attitude towards children, epitomised by the increasing willingness of the state to intervene in arenas such as child welfare. Historians have cited the intensification of legislation designed to protect the child as evidence to suggest that by the turn of the nineteenth century the vast majority of children were no longer significant workers. Before the publication of Emrys Davies' government funded 1972 study, which concluded that the employment undertaken by school children was frequently arduous and harmful, such claims were taken at face value in the academic world. As a result, until recently, the labour of school children throughout the twentieth century has not been subject to adequate social research, and the experiences of working school children have been largely ignored. However, as the recent upsurge in academic and political interest in child employment illustrates, the debate over what is an effective and appropriate level of child labour regulation remains a heated political question. One of the problems, though, is that a lack of information on the period c1900-1973 is hampering our understanding of the forces and interests which have helped shape child labour policy in Britain. Hence, this thesis has two main aims. Firstly, it seeks to provide detailed empirical information on the levels and types of work performed by children. Secondly, and more importantly, it aims to deepen our appreciation of the concerns which have influenced thinking and policy on this subject in the twentieth century. It is hoped that an analysis of these two issues will help us understand the origins and nature of current debates over school child labour, and to evaluate the 'solutions' advanced by politicians and academics in the twenty-first century. The potential impact of the range of factors and interests which are traditionally seen to be present within the policy-making process, such as ideologies, political parties and pressure groups, are assessed. Particular emphasis, though, is placed on the conservative role played by civil servants within the Home Office, the government department charged with responsibility for the administration of legislation for school children's employment throughout the period under examination. The thesis concludes that of all the agents active in the policy-making process, civil servants were the most influential in shaping the approach adopted by successive governments towards the question of child labour reform. It suggests that officials were guided by a pervasive 'departmental view' of the phenomenon, a key element of which emphasised its potential for channeling the potentially 'problematic' leisure hours of working class youths into creative outlets. Finally, the thesis highlights the extent to which the ideas and beliefs which underpinned thinking on child labour regulation between 1900-1973 continue to have an enduring influence on the current policy debate.
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Lavalette, Michael. "Child labour in the social structure." Thesis, University of the West of Scotland, 1992. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.316674.
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The objectives of this thesis have been to evaluate the existing conceptions of child labour, obtain empirical data on its extent in Clydeside, Scotland and explain why working children are located within a particular structured arena of the labour market. In Part 1 the commonsense and theoretical conceptions of child labour are outlined and shown to be both inadequate and incomplete. Part 2 presents original evidence gathered from the Clydeside region and contrasts it with existing material gathered from London and the South-East of England. This demonstrates that child labour is an exploitative practice which occurs throughout Britain. Children's jobs tend to be poorly paid, gender segregated and potentially harmful to their health and safety. Further, the types of jobs they perform and the number working in contrasting economic regions of Britain are shown to be similar, suggesting there is a relatively constant amount and type of work available to children across the labour market in Britain. Part 3 proceeds to offer an alternative explanation for the present form of children's work practice. By locating both change and continuity in children's work experience throughout the capitalist epoch, it is suggested that the period circa 1880-1920 was crucial in reshaping children's labour market experiences. During this period changes in the economy, state activity, the family and the acceptance, by the working class, of the ideology of childhood, came together to restructure children's dominant social experiences. As a result of these changes in the social structure, children's work became marginalised to a particular type of job and work experience categorised as 'out of school' employment. This was viewed as legitimate for children because it could be combined with schooling, reinforced their subordinate position within the age hierarchy and, at the same time, allowed them to gain the beneficial and disciplinary effects of paid work.
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Dahlén, Marianne. "The Negotiable Child : The ILO Child Labour Campaign 1919-1973." Doctoral thesis, Uppsala universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-7547.
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This dissertation examines the Conventions and Recommendations to regulate the minimum age for admission to employment between the years 1919 and 1973 – the ILO minimum age campaign. The adoption process has been studied in its chronological and historical context. The dissertation has three points of departure: that childhood is a historical construction and that the legal material is part of that construction; that the minimum age campaign suffered from a ‘hang-over-from-history’, namely, the history of Western industrialisation during the 19th and early 20th centuries; and, finally, that children had a subordinate and weak position in the minimum age campaign. The study was organised around five central themes: (1) the over-all theme of predominant conceptions of children and work; (2) the relationship between industrialised and colonised and developing nations; (3) the relationship between the child, the family and the state; (4) minimum age; and (5) the importance of school. The most important results of the study are that: (1) In view of the revolutionary changes during the 20th century the continuity in the minimum age campaign was remarkable. In 1919, the ‘child labour problem’ was an issue mainly for the Western industrialised word. By the end of the campaign, in 1973, the transformations in societies during the century had made ‘the child labour problem’ an issue mainly for the developing world and with different conditions and implications in many respects. The content and ‘grammar’ of the minimum age campaign was however never really challenged. (2) The study has verified that the minimum age campaign suffered from a ‘hang-over-from history’. The campaign built directly on the Western industrial experience during the 19th and early 20th centuries. The Western dominance in the ILO, the legal transplants, and the roots in the labour movement all contributed to the ‘hang-over’. (3) The minimum age campaign was modelled on the ‘norm of the Western industrialised childhood’. The norms and realities of childhood in other parts of the world were neglected of considered as provisional and inferior phases in relation to the Western ‘norm’. In this way, there were two separate childhoods in the minimum age campaign: ‘the normal’ childhood conceived for Western conditions and ‘the other’ childhood conceived for the ‘imperfect’ conditions of poor children in the colonised and developing nations.(4) In the minimum age campaign the ‘best interests of the child’ was negotiable and was subordinated in case of conflict with other interests.
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Sauder, Markus Ulrich. "Essays on the economics of child labour and child education." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2007. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/3622/.
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This thesis focuses on the economics of child labour and child education within developing and developed countries. The first part of the thesis examines child labour and child education in developing countries. It investigates the motivations of parents to send their children to work and analyses the so-called commitment problem of child labour in a dynamic, overlapping generations game theoretical model. As a novelty, this model relaxes the requirement of an observable history of play and models the decision problem as an overlapping generations cyclic game. We show that first-best contracts may me implemented, implying optimal child education and low child labour, if a bequest sanction can be imposed by grandparents. We also discuss the special role that grandparents have within this model. The second part of the thesis analyses the economics of child education within a developed country context: the transmission of education across generations and the impact of a schooling reform on educational choice and later outcomes. In a first chapter of this second part, we examine specifically the influence of grandparents, as postulated by the model in part one, on the education of grandchildren. A unique dataset on three generations, the National Child Development Survey of the UK, is used. As a special feature, we apply recent econometric techniques to deal with censoring in a semi-parametric setting. The results indicate that it is not education but rather unobservable factors on the parent and grandparent level that affect the educational choice of grandchildren. These unobservable factors may be interpreted as innate ability or parenting skills. In a second chapter within this part, a schooling reform, the introduction of comprehensive schools in the UK and its impact on educational and labour market outcomes is evaluated. We find, using data from the National Child Development Survey and applying a new, quasi-differenced matching estimator, that bias corrected estimates of the reform suggest no effect on the means, but a sizeable effect on the variance of outcomes. We interpret this finding as indicative of a higher risk inherent to the selective education system. In summary the thesis sheds some new light on the economics of education and child labour, both in a theoretical and an empirical context, and provides a valuable reference and starting point for future research in this area.
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İren, Yıldızca Bediz Büke. "Migrant Child Labour in Turkey : A critical analysis of multilevel governance targeting migrant child labour in Turkey." Thesis, Linköpings universitet, REMESO - Institutet för forskning om migration, etnicitet och samhälle, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:liu:diva-162798.
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Entering the 9th year of the Syrian Crisis, there are still more than 400 thousand school aged Syrian children considered ‘out-of-school’ in Turkey. Several previous studies as well as reports of International Organisations and Civil Society Organisations such as UNICEF and Support to Life argue that out-of-school Syrian children have formed part of the Turkish informal labour market. Restrained migration policies incorporated with the needs of global labour markets have caused precarisation of the migrant labour, and in the case of Turkey precarisation of migrant child labour as well. The aim of the current study is to critically analyse the strategies and interventions of this multilevel governance targeting migrant child labour. Hence, a qualitative research method was employed in order to answer the study’s research questions. First, document analysis was conducted to identify the multilevel institutional framework; and second, semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with selected informants working for International Organisations. By facilitating Carol Bacchi’s ‘What is the problem represented to be?’ (WPR) approach, each actor’s strategies and interventions directed to migrant child labour are scrutinised. While each actor by definition manages to identify the causes of (migrant) child labour, the strategies and interventions are constrained by the conventional migration management approach as well as the discourses of “the best interest of the child” and “fair trade”.
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Okusa, Maki. "Child labor in Asia : challenges and responses of the International Labour Organization in Thailand and India /." Connect to title online (Scholars' Bank), 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/7779.
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Iversen, Vegard. "Child labour and theories of the family." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.411209.
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Sinha, Swapan Kumar. "Child labour in Calcutta : a sociological study /." Calcutta : N. Prokash, 1991. http://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb37473224r.
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Humbert, Franziska. "The challenge of child labour in international law /." Cambridge : Cambridge University Press, 2009. http://opac.nebis.ch/cgi-bin/showAbstract.pl?u20=9780521764902.
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Angemi, Diego. "Poverty, vulnerability, and child labour : evidence from Uganda." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2008. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/12459/.
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Notwithstanding a decade of unprecedented social and economic reforms in Uganda, poverty, vulnerability, and child labour severely undermine the government's overarching goal of poverty eradication. This thesis unfolds by disclosing unprecedented insight on the relationship between vulnerability and poverty, the merits of quantitative vis-a-vis qualitative approaches to poverty analysis, and the role of child labour in Uganda. Chapter I generates the first ever appraisal of vulnerability in Uganda. The findings support the hypothesis that during the past decade, alongside sharp reductions in poverty, vulnerability to poverty in Uganda declined from 57% in 1992/93 to 25% in 1999/00. Such results highlight the importance for policy makers to distinguish between the effective implementation of poverty-prevention and poverty-reduction programmes. Chapter II deepens our understanding of poverty in Uganda, by integrating the country's qualitative and quantitative data, enriching information from one approach with that from the other, and merging the findings from these two approaches into one set of policy recommendations. The results show that this dual approach to poverty analysis enriches the discussion of poverty trends by drawing attention to aspects of poverty and wellbeing neglected by simple construction of poverty indicators. Since poverty of the household is an important determinant of agricultural child labour (ILO, 1992), chapter III investigates the extent to which children contribute to the household's agricultural activities. The conclusion that children play an important role in the farming activities of Ugandan agricultural households is supported by two key findings: (i) Child labour accounts for approximately 9% of the household's annual agricultural earnings; and (ii) on the bases that most child labour is performed on the family farm and smoothly functioning labour markets are rare, land ownership increases the household's demand for child labour in agricultural activities.
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Alexander, Emma Catherine. "Child labour in the Bombay presidency, 1850-1920." Thesis, University of Cambridge, 2002. https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/284002.
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This dissertation argues that the identity of the child in late colonial India was primarily that of a labourer. The institutional functioning of family and the social organisation of caste have obscured the history of childhood in the subcontinent, and as a result, the history of child labour remains unwritten. However, in the mid-nineteenth century the colonial state introduced new legislation, institutions and social practices which identified the child labourer as an individual. The thesis analyses the contribution of child labour to the household and to agricultural economy of the Bombay Presidency, and emphasises the importance of familial labour patterns. Such patterns continued in the urban setting, shaping the child's experience of work, receiving wages and contributing to the family income, although migrant families were constituted differently from their rural counterparts. Through an analysis of factory legislation, the emergence of the child as the centre of debates concerning industrial development is traced. Investigation and regulation of factory labour necessitated the definition of the child by the colonial state. However, the regulatory regime was frequently evaded; systems of registration and certification and violation were abused, and the colonial state did little to enforce laws concerning the hours worked by children. Moreover, factory children suffered from a disproportionate number of accidents in the dangerous industrial environment. These developments are set in the context of living conditions outside the factory: crises involving housing, diet, health, death, opium, alcohol, and possible destitution determined the everyday survival of children in the city. The colonial state's discourse of child protection involved state utilisation of mission orphanages. Fear over juvenile delinquency in industrialising Bombay led to the institutionalisation of child labour in reformatories. Finally, the thesis examines the emergence of the child in the context of the educational debates of the nineteenth century.
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Ayifah, Rebecca Nana Yaa. "Essays on child labour and schooling in Ghana." Thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/28435.
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This thesis consists of three papers on child labour and schooling in Ghana. The first paper examines the correlates of child labour and schooling, as well as the trade-off between work and schooling of children aged 5-17 years with the 2013 Ghana Living Standard Survey data. A bivariate probit model is used since the decisions to participate in schooling and in the labour market are interdependent. The results show that there is a gender gap both in child work and schooling. In particular, boys are less likely to work (and more likely to be enrolled in schools) relative to girls. Whereas parent education, household wealth and income of the family are negatively correlated with child work, these factors influence schooling positively. In addition, parents‟ employment status, ownership of livestock, distance to school, child wage and schooling expenditure increase the probability of child labour and reduce the likelihood of school enrolment. In terms of the relationship between child labour and schooling, the results show that an additional hour of child labour is associated with 0.15 hour (9 minutes) reduction in daily hours of school attendance; and the effect is bigger for girls relative to boys. Also, one more hour of child labour is associated with an increase in the probability of a child falling behind in grade progression by 1.4 percentage points. The second paper estimates the impact of Ghana’s Livelihood Empowerment Against Poverty (LEAP) cash transfer programme on schooling outcomes (enrolment, attendance hours, repetition and test scores) and child labour in farming and non-farm enterprises. Using longitudinal data, the paper employs three different quasi-experimental methods (propensity score matching, difference-in-difference, and difference-in-difference combined with matching). Overall, the results show that the LEAP programme had no effect on school enrolment and test scores, but it increased the weekly hours of class attendance by 5.2 hours and reduced repetition rate by 11 percentage points for children in households that benefited from the programme. In addition, there was heterogeneity in these impacts, with boys benefiting more relative to girls. In terms of child labour, the results show that the programme had no effect on the extensive margin of child labour in farming and non-farm enterprises. However, the LEAP programme reduced the intensity of farm work done by children by as much as 2.6 hours per day. The largest impact of the programme, in terms of iii reduction in the intensity of child labour in farming, occurred in female-headed and extremely poor households. The last paper investigates the impact of mothers‟ autonomy or bargaining power in the household on their children’s schooling and child labour in Ghana. The paper uses a noneconomic measure of women’[s autonomy, which is an index constructed from five questions on power relations between men and women. The paper employs both an Ordinary Least Square (OLS) and an Instrumental Variable (IV) approach. Overall, the results suggest that ignoring the endogeneity of mothers‟ autonomy underestimates its true impact on schooling and child labour. They also show that an increase in mothers‟ autonomy increases school enrolment and hours of class attendance, with girls benefiting more than boys. The paper finds a negative relationship between mothers‟ autonomy and both the extensive and intensive margin of child labour. In addition, it demonstrates that improvement in women’s autonomy has bigger impacts on rural children’s welfare relative to urban children.
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Ghosh, Tirthankar. "Child labour in West Bengal : a sociological study." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 1998. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/201.
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September, Jerome. "Children's rights and child labour: a comparative study of children's rights and child labour legislation in South Africa, Brazil and India." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9175.
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Includes bibliographical references.This dissertation will, through the analysis of various pieces of legislation and taking account of the daily realities of children in South Africa, Brazil and India (IBSA), outline the progress made to reduce and eradicate the exploitation of children, through the elimination of child labour. These three countries are chosen because of the particular challenges they face, but also because as part of the IBSA group, they have committed themselves to working together in the advancement of key international matters, including issues of human rights and social justice. The India, Brazil and South Africa (IBSA) group has further recently been held up as a global example for the efforts made by nations in the elimination of the worst forms child labour. The ultimate goal is the total elimination of child labour. This dissertation will draw attention to the complexities and contradictions in policy and practice, with particular reference to concepts such as ‘Child Labour’ and the ‘Worst Forms of Child Labour’. This dissertation will compare [the experience of] childhood in these countries, and explore the risk factors that place particular children, and families, at risk of utilising child labour as a source of income.
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Fredborg, Isabelle. "Corporate Approaches to Child Labour : a Northern European Perspective." Thesis, Uppsala University, Department of Business Studies, 2009. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-107130.
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The purpose of this thesis is to examine what approaches large food retailers have to child labour. The study examines companies in Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland and Germany.
In order to analyze the findings, a framework for comparing codes of conduct and a matrix for measuring effectiveness developed by Kolk and van Tulder (2002a) are used, as well as the model for comparing the companies' approach to ethical issues by Leeson (2000). Empirical data are collected through self-completion questionnaires and e-mail interviews. Additional second-hand data comes from the corporate websites as well as from other organisations.
The main findings show that the companies repeatedly referred to Business Social Compliance International (BSCI), International Labour Organization (ILO) and/or United Nations (UN). There are large differences between how much information on ethical issues companies present on their corporate websites, and how thorough the codes of conduct are. The approaches to child labour vary between companies, not between countries as much as between differently sized companies and companies with different price segments.
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Dahlén, Marianne. "The negotiable child : the ILO labour campaign 1919-1973/." Uppsala : Department of law, Uppsala university, 2007. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uuj:diva-7547.
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Mīr, Khālid. "Child labour and credit markets in two-period models." Thesis, University of Essex, 2003. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.272526.
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Nurhadi, Nurhadi. "Child labour in rural Indonesia : children and parents' perspectives." Thesis, University of York, 2015. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/9691/.
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This thesis provides a valuable new contribution for understanding the nature of child labour within the agricultural sector in Indonesia. It presents new empirical evidence and interpretation of child work in rural Java from both a parental and a child perspective and it raises important implications for child labour policy. This purpose is in line with efforts to solve the problems of child labour in Indonesia. It is also designed to contribute to address current theoretical problems of child work and of childhood studies. The empirical element involved a detailed qualitative case study of 20 working children aged between 11-14 years old and their parents/caregivers in two communities in Central Java and East Java. An in-depth qualitative interview was conducted with the parents and separately with the children to reveal their different understandings and experiences of the working lives of children. Specially designed visual and material methods appropriate to children ages were adopted to help the children express their views more easily. Thematic analysis and NVivo 10 were employed to analyse the data. Three key sets of findings are highlighted from this study. First, children's work in the agricultural sector in Javanese society was seen as a form of economic participation, a form of personal development and a form of moral obligation to the family. Second, children were seen as competent agents who were able to identify any risks and harm associated with their work; however, there were also intergenerational differences in the perceptions of risk whereby parents were unaware of the children’s-perceptions and understandings of the routine risks they faced. Third, the practice of child work and the perception of risk in Javanese society were not conducted in a separate sphere of family life; rather they were embedded in cultural and family practices and were intimately connected to children's life at play and education, and to sibling relationships, child-parent relationships and friendships. The results from this thesis challenge the prevailing view that child work is a necessarily destructive element within children’s well-being and well-becoming. Instead, it argues that we need to recognize the positive value of children’s participation in work. The evidence suggests that policy makers should question a state led top-down global standard model of prohibition and listen more closely to children and their parents’ views on the benefits of children’s participation in some kinds of work. However, this should be done with regard to the local contexts that take account of the fact that children also require protection from certain risks and harm associated with child work and animal husbandry. The key message is that a non- prohibitionist stance must also recognise that the protective factors for children cannot be considered in isolation from their family and cultural practices that take place within their local communities.
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Okusa, Maki 1976. "Child Labor in Asia: Challenges and Responses of the International Labour Organization in Thailand and India." Thesis, University of Oregon, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/1794/7779.
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xi, 114 p. A print copy of this thesis is available through the UO Libraries. Search the library catalog for the location and call number.Child labor is an important global concern. Among 317 million children who are engaged in any type of labor around the world, Asia harbors the largest number of child workers. The International Labour Organization (ILO) has focused on and worked toward the global elimination of child labor, especially its worst forms. Child labor is a complex problem which needs comprehensive approaches in policy implication, education and economic development. The ILO has worked closely with governments to establish and revise policies related to child labor and to implement child labor programs. This study addresses current child labor trends in Asia and the challenges and responses ofthe ILO through analyzing its operations in Thailand and India. It examines various steps to eliminate child labor taken by the ILO and other organizations and suggests ways the ILO could be more effective in its efforts to eliminate child labor in Asia.
Adviser: Anita M. Weiss
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Mukherjee, Manna. "Socio-economic background of child labour in Siliguri city of West Bengal." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/217.
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Das, Dinesh. "A study on conditions of child labour with special reference to kokrajhar district in Assam." Thesis, University of North Bengal, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/123456789/1467.
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Kibukamusoke, Martha. "A critical analysis of child labour and human resource development in Uganda." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/1196.
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This study is a critical analysis of child labour and human resource development in Uganda. The study was undertaken because of the growing concern about child-labour practices in African countries, Uganda being an example. The incidence of child labour and the form that it takes are driven by supply-anddemand factors countrywide, but also by the sheer need of children to survive. Child labour is considered to be a fundamental child development problem. Children are involved in a number of child-labour practices such as prostitution in the commercial and tourism sex industry, forced begging on the streets, and forced soldiering. They may be used as camel jockeys, domestic servants, farm labourers/herders, mine labourers, produce porters, roadside sellers/street vendors, sweetshop-industry labourers, cooks and porters for rebels. The persistent exploitation of children involved in hazardous work and conditions has become overwhelming in Uganda. Poverty as one of the major causes for the growing numbers of child labourers in the agricultural sector in Uganda has caused a number of children to engage in child-labour activities to earn extra income for household survival. Many children have opted for partial attendance in school, eventually dropping out. Parents have also frequently influenced children to work on family farms, thus contributing to the children dropping out of school. Child-labour practices have become entrenched in the social and moral fabric of Ugandan society, and for this reason, research endeavours to uncover ways and methods to reverse this situation. The main objectives of this research were to establish the impact of poverty on child labour, to assess the effect of the social and cultural setup on child labour, to find out the impact of child-labour legislation enforcement, to determine the 5 influence of the HIV and AIDS pandemic on child labour, to establish the effect of the educational system and technological advancement on child labour, to establish the level of awareness of human rights in the community, and to establish the impact of human rights activists on the prevention of child labour. The study was undertaken in Masindi District in Budongo Sub County, in three parishes, Nyabyeya, Nyantonzi and Kasongoire. The respondents used for the study included child labourers, their parents, farmers, and community leaders. The method used to get to the sample was purposive sampling. Data was collected using questionnaires for written answers and a tape recorder for oral answers. Both primary and secondary data was collected, verified, edited, checked, coded, analysed, and then exported to Excel and SPSS. Collecting the data was a challenging exercise for the researcher. Experiences were varied, in the hospitality and willingness of respondents to learn more about child issues. Although respondents were willing to participate in the data collection exercise, social and cultural values did not permit all of them to share their views with the researcher. To collect data from respondents, the researcher had to ensure that remuneration was in place at the end of the exercise. The respondents filled out the questionnaires only after learning of the availability of a reward for every questionnaire answered. More setbacks were the need to travel long distances, and enduring the poor infrastructure, poor sanitation, and epidemic outbreaks, some of which diluted the quality of data collected. During group interviews, most parents were not entirely truthful about involving their children in child-labour activities. Although most respondents had an idea of what child labour is, their ignorance levels on the topic prevented them from stopping their children from working. The major findings of the research were that the cultural, social and economic setup of the community in the study area favoured child labour, although the child-labour legislation is against using children as labourers. Various ethnicities 6 in the study area considered a person between the ages of 5 and 12 years to be a child, yet the Constitution of Uganda dictates the age of childhood to be below 18 years. This causes conflict in the definition of who a child is. Although parents were aware of the Universal Primary Education (UPE) regulation penalties for not taking children to school, they still permitted children to engage in child-labour activities, and little has been done by government to curb the culprits. Awareness of the Sub Counties and Credit Co-operatives (SACCOs) and their implementation has not helped to reduce poverty in the area studied, resulting in an increased school dropout rate among school-going-age children, as well as more child-labour activities. The major conclusion of the study was that little has been done to increase the awareness levels of the teachers, parents and their children about child labour and its legislation, their knowledge of and involvement in micro-finance institutions in the community, and the availability of vocational training institutions. Little has therefore been done to reduce child-labour activities, improve the economic status of the community, and improve their human resource skills. The major recommendations of the research to the study are that culture should not override the Constitution as far as the definition of age limit is concerned. The government should carry out stakeholder analyses, and implement a life-skills and sensitisation programme in order to improve child participation in the Universal Primary Education (UPE) programme. Government should ensure that the society is given information about basic accounting, project planning and management skills, in order to be effectively involved in the economic programmes of SACCOs.
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Fekadu, Wolde-Giorgis Daniel. "Child labour in Addis Ketema, Ethiopia : a study in mental health." Doctoral thesis, Umeå : Umeå universitet, 2008. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-1922.
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Lee, Peter. "Three essays on modelling household labour supply." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/2123/12325.
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Labour supply modelling is one of the most prevalent research topics in the economic literature, and the employment implications are among the most persistent characteristics of public policy evaluation. This dissertation examines the employment responses of Australian households by developing economic models believed to better capture the employment behaviour of three important demographic subgroups, namely, partnered parents (married or de facto), single mothers and unemployed individuals. For each subgroup, a substantive empirical analysis is developed with the key focus on evaluating their employment responses to wage, childcare costs and public transfers. The results are of particular interest to policy makers who wish to evaluate the effects of a number of policies on household employment decisions. The first analysis examines the implications of childcare utilisation on employment behaviour of partnered parents. For mothers during the childcare phase, there is widespread consensus that childcare plays a crucial role in facilitating the transition into employment. To capture household childcare implications, this analysis proposes a behavioural labour supply model where labour force participation, hours worked and the provision of parental care are endogenous. The model establishes relationships between optimal time spent in parental care and work by incorporating structural time constraints of parents and children within the household, while it is sufficiently flexible to characterise a large variety of household responses. The model for partnered parents is employed to estimate the effects of wage and the price of childcare on employment and parenting behaviour and well-being, using a cross-sectional dataset formed by pooling three waves of Household, Income and Labour Dynamics in Australia (HILDA) data from 2009 to 2011. The analysis reports wage elasticity and childcare price elasticity for the sample and subgroups within the sample. Using behavioural simulation techniques, the analysis further investigates four alternative payment schemes of the Child Care Rebate (CCR) program that are less costly to implement, and their employment implications on partnered parents. These simulations have illustrated the effectiveness of childcare subsidies in shaping the willingness to supply labour among parents with children. The results suggest that childcare subsidies can be an effective means to promote female labour supply if public transfers target more responsive subgroups, such as low-income households, through the use of income means tests. The second analysis investigates the sensitivity of single mothers’ labour supply to income support programs and tax rules. A structural static model of labour supply is formulated to explicitly take into account childcare decisions. The model is applied to estimate the labour supply and the provision of parental care for Australian single mothers, where a panel dataset is constructed based on five waves of HILDA from 2006 to 2010. The time structure of the panel data requires the development of an econometric specification that is compatible with the nature of panel data. The results indicate that childcare expenses significantly undermine labour-market activities of single mothers but the effect is small for the average worker. The effect is large, however, for individuals at the bottom end of income distribution. Resulting from the adjustments of a number of budget set components, this analysis further simulates the sensitivity of parents’ labour supply to individual income support programs and tax rules. The third analysis relaxes the conventional market clearing assumption and considers labour supply decisions in a rationed labour market in which some individuals are unable to obtain work. Specifically, the probability of being unemployed is separately identified to distinguish between the inability to obtain work and not being in the labour force. A decision process similar to the double-hurdle model is incorporated in the discrete choice labour supply model, in which market participants are confronted with the risk of being unemployed. The econometric specification assumes that each individual chooses from amongst a set of discrete hour choices to maximise a predefined utility function, in which the expected utility from market participation is weighted by probability of being in employment. Within the single structural labour supply model, the household unemployment risk, preferences for consumption and leisure and the fixed costs of work are jointly estimated. The dataset is based on three waves of HILDA data between 2009 and 2011 and consists of partnered households aged between 25 and 59. The estimation results obtained from the extended model are compared to those from the conventional discrete choice model. The effects of controlling for the unemployment risk are assessed by discussing the discrepancies in the estimation results. Furthermore, this analysis investigates the sensitivity of household labour supply to program parameters, in particular, the benefits available to unemployed individuals, by simulating employment responses of hypothetical adjustments to unemployment benefits in Australia. In particular, the estimation results are applied to simulate the employment effects of two alternative payment schemes of Newstart Allowance. The results suggest that an absolute increase in the Newstart Allowance payment is likely to discourage the labour supply of working females while promoting non-working females to participate in the labour market; and a reduction in the Newstart taper rate leads to positive employment effects in both hours worked and participation. However, the impact of the Newstart Allowance benefits on male labour supply is found to be largely insignificant.
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Ahmad, Rohail. "'Pure Mafia', a novel about child labour, plus thesis and commentary." Thesis, Brunel University, 2013. http://bura.brunel.ac.uk/handle/2438/7666.
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This PhD in Creative Writing consists of three parts. The first part is a full-length novel, approximately 80K words, entitled Pure Mafia. It is a drama about child labour and the Pakistani “carpet mafia”. This is intertwined with the story of an unhappily married man undergoing a midlife crisis who has an affair with a younger woman; the latter is instrumental to the main plot about child labour. The book’s second main theme is British Pakistanis. An overarching theme is abuse and exploitation, both personal and global, but ultimately of redemption and renewal. The story is set in 2010/2011, mainly in London, England, with a middle section in Lahore, Pakistan. The second part is an academic thesis, approximately 20K words, entitled Cheap Labour = Child Labour, on the main theme of the novel, child labour. It attempts to show that child labour is an inevitable consequence of cheap labour generally, and that the only way to tackle child labour is to address cheap labour. The thesis has been consciously and deliberately written as an objective, third person, standalone document and for this reason does not mention the novel. It is partly designed to fulfil the general PhD criterion of demonstrating scholarship and research. The third part is a subjective, first person critical commentary, approximately 15K words, on the writing of the novel and the thesis, the connection between them, and the research context; it is entitled Pure Mafia: A critical commentary. It explains why the main thesis is on child labour, rather than on the creative process or an English Literature thesis; however, the commentary does include in some detail an insight into the creative process, as well as a discussion of influences and tradition of writing. The final section of the commentary summarises this entire PhD’s original contribution to knowledge.
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Coulombe, Harold. "Child labour and schooling in West Africa : a three country study." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2000. http://wrap.warwick.ac.uk/36635/.
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Although child labour has been around since ever, it is only recently that the topic has captured economists' consideration. Theoretical contributions to its understanding are only starting to be published. Most researchers have concentrated their energy on empirical studies based on utility-maximising framework. This thesis would hopefully contribute to this understanding throught statistical evidences from three West African coastal countries: Ghana, Cote d'Ivoire and Benin. In this thesis, school attendance is examined in as much details as child labour. In the African context where almost all child labour occurred within family enterprises, child labour would be judged foremost by its deterrent effect on human capital-building activities. Using fully comparable datasets, we first analyse and compare our Ghanaian and Ivorian findings. These two neighbouring countries could be seen as participants in a "natural experiment" since they share similar ecological, ethnographic and geographical environments but differ on one extremely important point, their modern institutions, especially their schooling systems inherited from their respective former colonial powers. We would see how different education systems shape not only schooling behaviour, but child labour force levels and characteristics. Then, using a completely different type of household survey, we will analyse child's allocation of time in a broader framework in which we have information on hours spent on an exhausitive list of activities, including time spent on home study. These detailed data would enable us to examine to which extent child labour has a deterrent effect not only schooling participation, but also on the human capital-enhancing home study.
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Heesterman-van, der Maën Wiebina Helena. "Child labour in affluent societies : law's influence on attitudes and practices." Thesis, University of Warwick, 2004. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.409954.
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Fasih, Tazeen. "An analysis of the impact of labour and education laws on child labour in Pakistan during the 1990s." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2005. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.414984.
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Subbaraman, Subhashini. "Essays on child labour, its relation with competitiveness of labour intensive exports, its determinants and education in India." Doctoral thesis, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Landwirtschaftlich-Gärtnerische Fakultät, 2010. http://dx.doi.org/10.18452/16067.
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Diese Dissertation ist eine Sammlung von Artikeln, die sich auf Kinderarbeit beziehen. In mehreren Ländern wurde eine Analyse durchgeführt, welche die Leistungsfähigkeit von arbeitsintensiven Exportgeschäften beurteilte. Das Ergebnis enthüllte, dass Kinderarbeit arbeitsintensive Exporttätigkeiten negativ beeinflusste gemessen am Bruttosozialprodukt. Die Faktoren zur Kinderarbeit wurden genauer untersucht, indem Datenmaterial von nationalen Stichprobenerhebungen Indiens benützt wurden. Man fand heraus, dass familiäre Eigenschaften, insbesondere der Bildungsgrad, ein bedeutsames Verhältnis zu den täglichen Tätigkeiten eines Kindes aufweist. Mit der gleichen Datengrundlage wurden die finanziellen Auswirkungen von Ausbildung im „informellen und formellen“ Arbeitsmarkt für die Städte und die ländlichen Regionen Indiens untersucht. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die finanziellen Auswirkungen im „informellen Arbeitsmarkt“ sowie in ländlichen Regionen und im primären Wirtschaftssektor geringer ausfielen. Eine Kostennutzenanalyse wurde durchgeführt, um den tatsächlichen Nutzen von Ausbildungskosten für alle Kinder ohne jegliche Schulausbildung zu untersuchen. Die Ergebnisse zeigten, dass die Durchführung solcher Projekte für die indische Regierung sogar von großem Nutzen wäre.This Dissertation is a collection of articles all related to child labour. A multi country analysis estimating performance of labour intensive exports was performed and the results revealed that child labour negatively influenced the labour intensive exports share to GDP. Using National Sample Survey data from India, determinants of child labour were studied. It was found that family characteristics, especially literacy levels had a significant relationship with the daily activity status of the child. With the same data set, returns to education in the informal and formal labour markets were studied for rural and urban India. Results showed that returns were lower in the informal market, rural regions and in the primary sector. A Cost Benefit Analysis was performed to examine the net benefits of educating all out of school children and the results showed that such a project would be within the reach of Indian Government.
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Hazlewood, Kellisia. "Ghana's Invisible Girls| The Child-Kayayei Business and its Violation of Domestic and International Child Labour Laws." Thesis, Regent University, 2016. http://pqdtopen.proquest.com/#viewpdf?dispub=1606298.
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Throughout the world, children engage in labour that denies them of their childhood. Child labour is a growing global concern, as an estimated 218 million children are engaged in the practice. Though child labour reduced in some parts of the world, it is still one of the major developmental challenges facing many African countries such as Ghana. This thesis advocates for a group of young girls in southern Ghana who engage in child labour through the child-kayayei business. Kayayei is a term describing people who transport goods on their heads for a small fee. Despite Ghana’s regulations against child exploitation and head porterage, child-kayayei usage is widely accepted. The thesis first introduces the topic through a case study based on a personal interview and a brief overview of the child-kayayei crisis in Ghana. Thereafter, the thesis addresses (1) how the child-kayayei business violates the Constitution of Ghana and Ghanaian laws; (2) how the child-kayayei business violates international law; and (3) how Ghana should be held accountable to the international community, under the jurisdiction of the African Court for Human and Peoples’ Rights, for its non-compliance to child labour regulations. The thesis concludes with plausible legal solutions to Ghana’s on-going child-kayayei crisis.
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Masindi, Mphedziseni Moses. "The impact of child labour in agricultural sectors in the Vhembe Region : issues and challenges." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1409.
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Thesis (LLM. (Labour Law)) --University of Limpopo, 2015This mini-dissertation deals with the impact of child labour in the Vhembe Region. Africa reportedly has the highest incidence of child labour in the world. Vhembe as a region and South Africa as a whole has the problem of child labour which is influenced by poverty. To respond to this problem, some scholars recommend an outright ban on child labour through legislation. Child labour refers to dangerous and exploitative work which is carried out at too early an age, involves long working hours, carried out in inadequate conditions, not sufficiently paid, involves excessive responsibility, and undermines the child’s dignity and self-esteem. The mini-dissertation has clearly defined the child labour and discusses the legislative framework, international law framework and the challenges of child labour in the Vhembe Region.
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Gallinetti, Jaqueline Susan. "An Assessment of the Significance of the International Labour Organisation's Convention 182 in South Africa with specific reference to the Instrumental use of Children in the Commission of Offenses as a Worst Form of Child Labour." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2007. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&action=viewtitle&id=gen8Srv25Nme4_2581_1256301883.
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An analysis of the various forms of child labour since the industrial revolution illustrqtes that the primary focus was on working children and regulating their admission to employment and conditions of work, as demonstrated by the eventual adoption of the International Labour Organisation's Convention No. 138 concerning the Minimum age for Admission to Employment in 1973. Although the 20th century also ushered in the International censure for human rights violations in the form of supra-national binding conventions on slavery, forced labour and trafficking, these efforts had no specific focus on children and there was no internationally binding legal instrument that recognised the economic exploitation of children extended far beyond mere working conditions and employment issues to commercial sex exploitation, debt bondage and slavery. This thesis sought to evaluate the theoretical and practical soundness of Convention 182 generally in relation to South Africa more specifically.
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Ota, Masako. "Between school and work : children in rural Andhra Pradesh (2002)." Thesis, University of East Anglia, 2002. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.251451.
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Mazzutti, Caio Cícero Toledo Piza da Costa. "Three essays on the causal impacts of child labour laws in Brazil." Thesis, University of Sussex, 2016. http://sro.sussex.ac.uk/id/eprint/65393/.
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This thesis focuses on different impacts of an important change in Brazil's child labour legislation. In December 1998, Brazil raised the minimum employment age from 14 to 16 banning from the labour force children who turned 14 just after the law passed. Two year later, in December 2000, Brazil institutionalised an apprenticeship programme aimed at children aged 14 to 17. In chapter one of this thesis I investigate the short run effects of both laws on children's time allocation using a regression discontinuity design technique. I look at the impact of both laws on schooling and labour market outcomes for two cohorts: children just under age 14 and teenagers just under age 16. The second chapter turns attention to the long-term effects of the 1998 ban, comparing the labour market and schooling outcomes of the cohorts who turned 14 before and after the law came into effect. The analysis is conducted for white and non-white males to check how the ban affected individuals from different socioeconomic backgrounds. This is the first study that looks at the long-term effects of a child labour ban. The third chapter investigates whether the ban had spillover effects on time allocation of younger siblings and parents. This is chapter covers a broad set of outcomes, exploring family composition and potential liquidity constraints to shed light on potential underlying mechanisms. This thesis contributes to the understanding of the consequences of child labour legislation, looking at immediate impacts on children themselves, long-term effects, and spillover effects on other household members. Its main results show that such legislation may have unintended consequences, long-lasting effects, and affect time allocation of other household members in ways policy makers might not be able to foresee.
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Pressley, James. "Childhood, education and labour : moral pressure and the end of the half-time system." Thesis, Lancaster University, 2000. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.340656.
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Masindi, M. M. "The impact of child labour in agricultural sectors in the Vhembe Region : issues and challenges." Thesis, University of Limpopo, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10386/1449.
Full textAbstract:
This mini-dissertation deals with the impact of child labour in the Vhembe
Region. Africa reportedly has the highest incidence of child labour in the world.
Vhembe as a region and South Africa as a whole has the problem of child
labour which is influenced by poverty. To respond to this problem, some
scholars recommend an outright ban on child labour through legislation. Child
labour refers to dangerous and exploitative work which is carried out at too
early an age, involves long working hours, carried out in inadequate
conditions, not sufficiently paid, involves excessive responsibility, and
undermines the child’s dignity and self-esteem. The mini-dissertation has clearly
defined the child labour and discusses the legislative framework, international
law framework and the challenges of child labour in the Vhembe Region.
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Musandirire, Sally. "The nature and extent of child labour in Zimbabwe: a case study of Goromonzi District farms in Zimbabwe." Thesis, University of Fort Hare, 2010. http://hdl.handle.net/10353/266.
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The study examines the nature and extent of child labour in Goromonzi District farms in Zimbabwe. The main objective of the study was to investigate the nature and extent of child labour in Goromonzi District farms. The study reveals high levels of child exploitation and abuse. A qualitative design was chosen and purposive sampling was used. Interviews were used to collect data. The sample consisted of 40 children between 7 and 16 years. Interviews were also conducted with the Coalition Against Child Labour in Zimbabwe (CACLAZ). CACLAZ is an NGO that specializes in the elimination of child labour in Zimbabwe through the provision of education. The study reveals different forms of child labour. These include children working in communal and commercial farms, children working in domestic set up and child prostitution. The study exposes some of the causes and effects of child labour. Poverty, increased cost of education, and cultural practices were some of the causes of child labour. The study also reveals gaps that exist in the LRA. In view of the findings, the study makes recommendation on how to curb child labour and protect the rights of children as enshrined in various international instruments such as the CRC and ILO Conventions.
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Metsing, Nthatisi E. "Evaluating the practice of child labour in Lesotho and identifying strategies to provide for better protection." Thesis, University of Pretoria, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/77203.
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The overwhelming prevalence of child labour globally continues to be a matter of concern. Millions of children below the age of eighteen years are found engaging in exploitative and life-threatening economic activities, leaving them susceptible to human rights violations and ultimately death. The African continent accounts for a greater number of child labourers, calling therefore for an immediate action against child labour, particularly the worst forms of child labour. As a result of harsh and appalling social, economic, political and cultural realities evident within the continent, child labour remains inevitable for many African countries including the Kingdom of Lesotho. In an attempt to help their economically ailing families, children engage in labour activities as either sole providers or contributors to the little household income. Resultantly, a vast majority of children are found working within hazardous and unregulated informal sectors; comprising of street vendors, domestic workers, working on farms and caring for livestock to state but the least. Due to lack of official regulation of the informal sector, children are then exposed to abuse, exploitation and violation with little to no protection.
In response to the incidences of child labour, several treaties and conventions aimed at protecting the rights of children and ultimately eradicating child labour have been adopted by both international and regional communities. These include the Convention on the Rights of the Child, International Labour Organisation Conventions on child labour, the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) target 8.7, which prohibits and seek to eliminate child labour by 2025, the African Charter on Human and People’s Rights as well as the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child among others. The endorsement and domestication of these treaties have been evident in many African countries including the Kingdom of Lesotho through the enactment of laws and adoption of policies aimed at promoting the rights of children and protecting children against harmful practices such as child labour. While there have been evident and positive progress in terms of the ratification of treaties and conventions that address the issues of child labour globally, the Kingdom of Lesotho included, child labour practices continues to be a challenge for Lesotho. The study identified that these could be attributed to the lack of implementation and enforcement of both adopted international conventions and enacted domestic laws in Lesotho, therefore a matter of concern. Moreover, failure to conform to international human rights treaties aimed at promoting and protecting the rights of children by the Kingdom of Lesotho has resulted in failure to protect children, particularly those involved in child labour. Furthermore, the evident inconsistencies and ambiguities in the definition of child labour, conception of work, childhood and adulthood, posed a major challenge in understanding the severity of the practice of child labour and its effects on children. Child labour should also be considered a security issue, calling therefore for an immediate action.
It is however crucial to note that, while the Kingdom of Lesotho continues to grapple with the plight of child labour, a number of African countries have made great progress in responding to child labour and bringing about a reduction in its prevalence. This includes the Republic of South Africa, the Republic of Tanzania and the Kingdom of Morocco among others. Cognisant of these advancements, the study critically evaluated practices of child labour in these countries and the responses thereto as means to identify good practices to be emulated by the Kingdom of Lesotho. These good practices will help provide strategies that will ensure better protection for children involved in child labour and ultimately end the practice of child labour in the near future.Thesis (DPhil)--University of Pretoria, 2020.
Mercantile Law
DPhil
Unrestricted
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Khan, Farzad Rafi. "Beyond child labour in Pakistan's soccer ball industry : hard times in imperial space." Thesis, McGill University, 2004. http://digitool.Library.McGill.CA:80/R/?func=dbin-jump-full&object_id=85175.
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Developing countries and the poor within them (i.e., the other) receive scant attention in management and organization studies (MOS). The field, thus, suffers from both ethnocentric and class biases. This research effort seeks to reduce these biases, particularly in the conversation on power taking place between MOS' critical management studies and interorganizational collaboration research streams.Articulating a case study of the Sialkot soccer ball child labour project in Pakistan (1995-2003), the thesis explores the communication constraints that are faced by weak actors in interorganizational domains (a social problem and a set of organizations having a stake or interest in that problem) located in the developing world. Relying on both written documents (private and public) and field interviews, especially with women soccer ball stitchers at the village level, a typology of communication constraints is developed. These constraints are examined from the perspectives of those at the bottom of the international supply chain and the injuries these groups suffer from them are documented in the thesis. It is found that the ability of weak actors to use communication to influence a domain is highly contingent on how space and time are configured in a domain. Domains have temporal rhythms and spatial configurations. The thesis identifies two types of temporal rhythms (technocratic and subsistence clocks) and a spatial configuration (imperial space) that severely militate against weak actors exercising agency in a domain through communication. Strategies (e.g., emergent collective struggle) that can prevent weak actors from becoming subalternalized (voiceless) in a domain are also discussed. The case study permits an investigation of contemporary transnational activism that often sires interorganizational collaboration projects in developing countries. The thesis identifies two types of transnational activism (thick and thin), delineates the various elements constituting them, and shows how thin activism can lead to interorganizational projects hurting weak and powerless groups that are intended to be assisted.
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Al-Mahmood, Md Arif. "Child health, education and labour after a natural disaster : impact and policy issues." Thesis, Royal Holloway, University of London, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.430859.
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Heissler, Karin. "On being"good" in Bangladesh : child labour migration and choice in Madhupur Upazila." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2009. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.508416.
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Gondwe, John. "A theological investigation into Malawian child labour : a challenge to CCAP Livingstonia synod." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2015. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/96659.
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Thesis (MTh)--Stellenbosch University, 2015.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Motivated by the observation that child labour is harmful to children, this research aims to determine whether child labour could be described as a violation of human dignity. The research further attempts to develop a theological framework which the Church of Central Africa Presbyterian (C.C.A.P) Synod of Livingstonia in Malawi could adopt in restoring the human dignity that might have been trodden on in child labour practices. In order to achieve the objectives of this study, eight ministers from two presbyteries were interviewed, using a structured questionnaire as the main tool for data collection. The data was analyzed using a thematic data analysis method. The findings indicated that child labour is any work done by children that is detrimental to their welfare. Such work was predominantly on tobacco farms both at commercial and at family levels, and was carried out under hazardous conditions. As a result children experience the following effects; physical abuse; psychological torture, sexual abuse; and these children may end up in perpetual poverty experiences, to mention just a few effects. The critical literature analysis done with reference to theological concept of human dignity, characterized the effects as a violation of human dignity. The main causes of child labour identified during this study were poverty, ignorance of short and long terms impact of child labour effects on children, and the cultural perceptions that children are equipped for the future if they are trained (socialized) to work hard at a tender age. By implication, as long as these causes exist, child labour may remain a problem and children may continue to suffer since these children do not enter labour by choice, but forced by the socio-economic and socio-cultural structures. Although these children experience this human degradation there is no way they can stop working on their own, because they do not have a voice, they are under the control of parents and employers. In this context this study would like to classify working children as among the marginalized, oppressed, weak and vulnerable groups in need of people and institution that can speak and act on their behalf. Therefore it is argued that there is a need for the church to advocate for the marginalized children in this context. The literature consulted further indicated that the church of Jesus Christ is responsible for providing spiritual and physical salvation to people, taking into account how long it may take to deal with some of the main causes of child labour. The church may consider its advocacy role of protecting the dignity of human beings created in the image of God with compassionate love. This research suggests recommendations that are in line with theological understanding of who the church is and the human dignity of people and specifically of children, to address the challenges of child labour practices. The recommendations attempt to involve different stakeholders of the community to work in a consortium.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die navorsing is gemotiveer deur die waarneming dat die gevolge van kinder-arbeid skadelik vir kinders kan wees, en stel dit ten doel om vas te stel of die effek van kinder-arbeid as ʼn skending van menswaardigheid beskryf kan word. Die navorsing streef ook om ʼn teologiese raamwerk te ontwikkel wat die Church of Central Africa Presbyterian (C.C.A.P) Livingstonia Sinode in Malawi kan gebruik om die menswaardigheid wat moontlik deur kinder-arbeid- gebruike vertrap is,te herstel. Ten einde die doelstellings van die studie te bereik, is onderhoude gevoer met agt predikante van twee ringe, Jombo en Rumphi, in Livingstonia Sinode. Tydens die individuele onderhoude is ʼn gestruktureerde vraelys hoofsaaklik gebruik vir die versameling van data. Die versamelde data is ontleed met ʼn tematiese data-ontleding metode. Volgens die bevindings is kinder-arbeid enige arbeid wat kinders verrig wat nadelig vir hul welsyn is. Die meeste werk wat deur kinders verrig word, is op kommersiële tabakplase of in familieverband op kleinboere se tabakplase. Die werk is meestal onder gevaarlike omstandighede. As gevolg van die gevaarlike werk, ervaar kinders fisiese mishandeling, sielkundige teistering, seksuele mishandeling en ook soms gedurige armoede, om net ʼn paar te nadelige effekte te noem. Die kritiese literatuur-analise oor hierdie effekte met verwysing na ʼn teologiese konsep van menswaardigheid, toon dat die gevolge gekenmerk kan word as skending van menseregte. Die volgende primêre oorsake van kinder-arbeid is in die studie geïdentifiseer: armoede, onkunde oor die kort- en langtermyn impak van kinder-arbeid op kinders, en kulturele persepsies dat kinders vir die toekoms toegerus word as hulle op ʼn jong ouderdom geleer word (sosialisasie) om hard te werk. Die implikasie is dat solank hierdie oorsake voortbestaan, sal kinder-arbeid ʼn probleem bly en sal kinders steeds so ly, aansien hierdie kinders nie kies om kinder-arbeid te verrig nie, maar deur sosio-ekonomiese en sosio- kulturele strukture daartoe gedwing word. Al word hierdie kinders onmenswaardig behandel, kan hulle nie ophou werk nie, want hulle het nie ʼn stem nie, hulle word beheer deur hul ouers en werkgewers. In hierdie konteks stel hierdie studie werkende kinders gelyk aan die klassifikasie van die gemarginaliseerde, onderdrukte, swak en weerlose groep namens wie mense en organisasies moet praat en optree. Daar word dus betoog dat daar ʼn behoefte is dat die kerk namens gemarginaliseerde kinders in hierdie konteks intree. Die literatuur dui verder aan dat die aard en missie van die kerk van Jesus Christus maak ons verantwoordelik om spirituele en fisiese verlossing vir mense te bied. In die lig van die uitdagings van kinderswat werk, en met inagneming van hoe lank dit mag neem om sommige van die oorsake van kinder-arbeid aan te spreek, kan die kerk sy rol in terme van die beskerming van die menswaardigheid van mense geskape in die beeld van God met deernisvolle liefde oorweeg. Die navorsing maak voorstelle wat belyn is met die teologiese verstaan van wie die kerk is en die menswaardigheid van mense en spesifiek van kinders, om die uitdagings van kinder- arbeid aan te spreek. Die aanbevelings streef om verskillende aandeelhouers in die gemeenskap te mobiliseer om as ʼn konsortium saam te werk om kinder-arbeid en die onmenswaardige behandeling van kinders te bestry.
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Kamwimbi, Kasongo Theodore. "Forced child labour a critical analysis of the Democratic Republic of Congo' s." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2013. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/4706.
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Magadla, Sibahle Siphokazi Sinalo. "Does a Child Penalty Exist in the Post-apartheid South African Labour Market?" Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2018. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/29486.
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This study examines whether there exists a motherhood (or child) penalty for female employees in post-apartheid South Africa using three cross sections of data between 2001 and 2007. The Mincerian regression results indicate that a motherhood penalty exists, ceteris paribus. Using unconditional quantile regressions (RIF-OLS) to analyse the wage returns along the wage distribution, the study finds that there exists a motherhood wage penalty at lower wage levels, but this effect wanes in prominence at higher wage quantiles. At higher wage levels, mothers earn higher wages than their child-free counterparts, especially if they are married. Furthermore, the study applies Oaxaca-Blinder type decompositions within the RIF framework to decompose changes in the motherhood wage gap along the distribution into explained and unexplained contributions related to a range of factors. The decomposition results indicate that at lower quantiles, the wages of mothers minus wages of non-mothers is negative, but the relationship alternates at higher quantiles. Moreover, majority of the wage differential between mothers and non-mothers is due to unexplained characteristics. This implies that there are additional relevant factors such as societal norms, selection effects into employment and behavioural characteristics to be considered when analysing women’s wage returns.
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Adeleye, Adekunbi. "Strategies and mechanisms to eradicate the worst forms of child labour in Nigeria." Master's thesis, University of Cape Town, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/11427/9152.
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Includes bibliographical references.Children are the future of a nation and the hope for a better tomorrow. For a country to develop, the rights of a child should be of paramount concern to the government of the nation. These rights include, but are not limited to, the right to adequate standard of living, health care, education, play and recreation, protection from abuse, negligence and exploitation. Unfortunately, many children are denied these rights and the joy of childhood by being involved in child labour as a means to survive. In Nigeria, child labourers engage in all forms of labour and this is becoming widespread. The major causes of increasing incidence of child labour in Nigeria are the prevailing unemployment rate in the country, poverty, illiteracy, household size, culture and family structure. Several writers have written on the increasing incidence of child labour and the prohibition of child labour. Some writers have also written on the underlying major causes and health consequences of child labour in Nigeria. Although it may be impossible to totally eradicate child labour in Nigeria however, ultimate consideration to strategies and mechanisms on how to eradicate the worst forms ofchild labour in Nigeria is yet to be analysed. This is pertinent bearing in mind that Nigeria has ratified the ILO Convention on Worst Forms of Child Labour. This dissertation aims to address some of these issues by focusing on why children work as child labourers and the consequences and effects of child labour on the growth and development of the child. It will also analyse the efforts made by the International Labour Organisation and International Programs for the Elimination of Child Labour in eradicating the worst forms of child labour in Nigeria. Furthermore, this dissertation will attempt to determine what accounts for gaps in effective implementation of international laws on child labour ratified by Nigeria and national legislation enacted to prohibits the worst forms of child labour. Finally, it will suggest possible state and policy interventions, in the form of strategies and mechanisms, that could eradicate the worst forms of child labour in Nigeria.
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Awaleh, Mahad. "Child labour and access to education : an investigation of the situation in Bangladesh /." Oslo : Institute for Educational Research, Universitetet i Oslo, 2007. http://www.duo.uio.no/publ/pfi/2007/58409/MahadxAwalehxMasterxThesisxChildxLaborxinxBangladeshxUio.pdf.
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Robinson, Shirleene. ""Something like slavery"? : the exploitation of Aboriginal child labour in Queensland, 1842-1945 /." [St. Lucia, Qld.], 2002. http://www.library.uq.edu.au/pdfserve.php?image=thesisabs/absthe16845.pdf.
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