To see the other types of publications on this topic, follow the link: Child pornography.
Dissertations / Theses on the topic 'Child pornography'
Create a spot-on reference in APA, MLA, Chicago, Harvard, and other styles
Consult the top 50 dissertations / theses for your research on the topic 'Child pornography.'
Next to every source in the list of references, there is an 'Add to bibliography' button. Press on it, and we will generate automatically the bibliographic reference to the chosen work in the citation style you need: APA, MLA, Harvard, Chicago, Vancouver, etc.
You can also download the full text of the academic publication as pdf and read online its abstract whenever available in the metadata.
Browse dissertations / theses on a wide variety of disciplines and organise your bibliography correctly.
1
Sanchez, Sundqvist Joanna. "THE PROBLEM OF CHILD PORNOGRAPHY : An analysis of the historical development of the Swedish legislation on child pornography crimes." Thesis, Umeå universitet, Juridiska institutionen, 2020. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:umu:diva-177553.
Full text
2
Asubiaro, Omowumi Modupe. "www.crimesagainstchildren.com : addressing child pornography via the Internet in Africa." Thesis, University of the Western Cape, 2004. http://etd.uwc.ac.za/index.php?module=etd&.
Full textAbstract:
The study focus on child pornography on the Internet as a manifestation of sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children. The debate centres around the exacerbated effect of child pornography on victims and subsequent effects on the society. Ultimately, the study aims to highlight the various legal and non-legal responses specific to child pornography on the Internet with a view to proffer solutions to African states on how to deal with the problem. The study also lend an African voice to the ongoing debate on how to deal with the problem of child pornography on the Internet
3
Hägglund, Cecilia, and Mikaela Grahn. "ECPAT : End Child Prostitution, Child Pornography and Trafficking in Children for Sexual- Purposes." Thesis, Mid Sweden University, Department of Social Work, 2010. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:miun:diva-11542.
Full textAbstract:
ECPAT is an organization that existed worldwide in more than 85 countries and focused at the work against Commercial Sexual Exploitation of Children. The concept with this paper was to see how well ECPAT worked to try to achieve their goals and how organizational structure, distribution and PR work appeared. Literature review was used as a method to create a deep insight of how ECPAT looked at the global commercial sexual exploitation of children that existed. We found that ECPAT had continuous goals which was constantly present and that they never could be fulfilled. ECPATs goals and results could never be seen as something that was definitive, but it was under continuous development that continued throughout different eras.
4
Elliott, Ian Alexander. "Psychological characteristics of users of child pornography on the internet." Thesis, University of Birmingham, 2012. http://etheses.bham.ac.uk//id/eprint/2822/.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis uses the Integrated Theory of Sexual Offending (Ward & Beech, 2006) as a framework by which to investigate the psychological characteristics of individuals who access sexually explicit material involving children on the Internet. Chapter one reviews the applicability of sex offender theory to internet offender behaviour. Chapter two compares internet and contact sex offenders on a battery of self-report assessments, finding that internet offenders demonstrated greater victim empathy, fewer offence-supportive attitudes, and greater identification with fictional characters. Chapter three compared internet, contact and mixed internet/contact offenders on the same assessments, finding that mixed offenders were more similar to internet than contact offenders, with unique problems with self-management. Chapter four examined internet-specific offence-supportive attitudes in internet offenders, finding that endorsement levels were generally low, that items related to sexual compulsivity were most frequently endorsed, and that high-frequency online sex users endorsed more sexual compulsivity items and individuals without long-term relationships endorsed more online identity items. Chapter five examined the effects of exposure to sexually-salient material on decision-making, finding that previously-reported significant effects could not be replicated and that internet offenders did not differ from non-offender controls. The results are discussed in terms of theoretical and practical implications, further research, and methodological limitations.
5
Paul, Bryant Matthew. "Testing the effects of exposure to virtual child pornography on viewer cognitions and attitudes toward deviant sexual behavior." Full text available online (restricted access), 2003. http://images.lib.monash.edu.au/ts/theses/Paulbm.pdf.
Full text
6
Napier, Sarah Skye. "Age and Circumstances of Onset to Child Sexual Abuse Material Viewing and Characteristics of Consumers: Findings from an Anonymous Survey of Internet Users." Thesis, The University of Sydney, 2022. https://hdl.handle.net/2123/29961.
Full textAbstract:
Recent evidence suggests that the number of child sexual abuse material (CSAM; known legally as ‘child pornography’ in some countries) images and videos detected on popular online communication platforms has grown exponentially in the last decade. Production and sharing of CSAM has tragic short- and long-term impacts on victims who are sexually abused for this purpose, yet little is known about CSAM consumers in the community who may not be detected by police.
This study aimed to address this important research gap by analysing data from an anonymous online survey of 5,512 adults of all ages and genders in five different countries. A total of 742 (13.5%) survey participants self-reported viewing CSAM; 77% were male, 19.5% were female and 3.5% identified as another gender. Well over half (71.2%) of the CSAM viewers first discovered the material before they were 18 years. Similar proportions were observed for first exposure to atypical adult pornography (BDSM or bestiality) prior to 18 years. The study showed that individuals who view CSAM mostly discover it by accident (65%) and predominantly when they are alone (76%). Further, just under half (45%) of CSAM viewers who first discovered CSAM by accident (including someone showing/sending it to them) went on to intentionally view it again. The study also examined characteristics of individuals who self-reported ever sharing or producing CSAM or said they were willing to have sexual contact with a child if they had the opportunity.
The findings suggest that more adolescents are discovering CSAM now than in previous generations, and that engagement with sexting among minors is associated with viewing CSAM. Thus, the thesis discusses several measures that should be adopted to prevent children from being sexually abused and exploited or exposed to CSAM, arguing that tech platforms need to be proactively involved in these if we are to successfully protect children from harm.
7
Doerr, Mandy Lee. "Characteristics of Child Pornographers Under Federal Supervision in the State of North Dakota." Thesis, North Dakota State University, 2020. https://hdl.handle.net/10365/31844.
Full textAbstract:
Currently, it is estimated that there are over 45 million child pornographic images and videos on the internet. The purpose of the current study is to record the characteristics of those convicted of accessing, distributing, and/or producing child pornography in the State of North Dakota. To examine this phenomenon, the District of North Dakota Federal Probation and Pretrial Supervision Service records have been disseminated. Overall, the results indicate that child pornographers in North Dakota mirror those around the globe. In addition, the sample of child pornographers was compared to other sexual offenders and general offenders through bivariate analyses. There were statistically significant differences found between both groups.
8
White, Alison. "An exploration of the offence pathways in the use of internet child pornography." Thesis, Cardiff University, 2006. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.493007.
Full text
9
Trebby, Jennifer Lynne. "Perspectives on severe, adult child molesters : a look at their adult attachment styles, use of pornography, and chaos in families-of-origin : a project based upon an independent investigation /." View online, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10090/5939.
Full text
10
Reis, Fabio Andre Silva. "Regulating to limit access to child pornography on the Internet : a multiple-case study." Thesis, University of Sheffield, 2013. http://etheses.whiterose.ac.uk/4430/.
Full textAbstract:
This investigation addresses the regulation of access to child pornography available on the Internet to evaluate the implications of hybrid regulation for free speech, privacy and democracy in the online environment. It aims to investigate these implications in relation to current regulatory measures designed to limit access to child pornography available on the Internet. As such, it establishes evaluative criteria divided into three broad categories: (1) free speech - involving the issues of unchecked private censorship and scope creep; (2) privacy protection - involving the issues of increased unchecked and more invasive surveillance powers given to law enforcement authorities; and (3) general principles of good regulation and democratic values - involving issues around the lack of transparency, accountability, legitimacy, proper oversight, and citizen involvement as well as inefficiency and ineffectiveness of regulatory intervention. Australia, Brazil and the United Kingdom were chosen as case studies because they had generally similar anti-child-pornography laws, both domestically and in terms of their commitments under international treaties, they were considered democratic countries subject to democratic controls of content, and access to data was relatively unproblematic in these jurisdictions. This provided a common ground for comparison. More importantly, they were chosen as case studies because despite so different constitutional frameworks and varied regulatory scope and mechanics, they all settled on similar approaches to child pornography. regulation. This provided an opportunity to explore different aspects and variations of hybrid regulation, and also to address its broader implications for free speech, privacy and democracy on the Internet. There are a number of contributions made here. First, this research proposes evaluative criteria for anti-online child pornography regulations. Second, it suggests a scheme of safeguards to minimise negative regulatory consequences in relation to free speech, privacy and democracy in the online environment. It discusses the broad lessons and the economics of online child pornography regulation, the use of decentred and polycentric theories of regulation, and explores the adjudication of apparent illegality of online material by private actors, showing what regulatory and governance theorists as well as criminologist may learn from this research.
11
Rodriguez, Ricardo J. "Recidivism Differences and Measures of Predictability for Federally Convicted Child Pornographers." ScholarWorks, 2019. https://scholarworks.waldenu.edu/dissertations/7189.
Full textAbstract:
There is a gap in research on the effectiveness of mandatory-minimum sentences on the recidivism rates of federal child pornography offenders, resulting in policy that may be ineffective and costly. Relevant research can further understanding of criminogenic behavior that results in the exploitation of children and aid future policy making decisions. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to better understand the relationship between federal sentencing and federal child pornographer recidivism. Central to this study is the research question of whether there exists a statistically significant difference between the likelihood of recidivism in 2 child pornographer cohorts that receive different sentences, probation or mandatory incarceration. The employed frameworks for this study were retributivism and the self-regulation model. A quantitative analysis was used to examine the recidivism rates of the 2 different cohorts as well as the predictive value of various factors related to recidivism. The sample population consisted of 70 offenders convicted of a federal child pornography offense between 2012 and 2016 from 3 states and 7 federal judicial districts. Purposive sampling was employed via publicly available secondary data. Key findings revealed that the analyzed data does not support the existence of a relationship between recidivism and the given sentence. Second, crime of conviction was the only examined factor that supported predictability for future recidivism. The implications of this study will mean evidence for potential policy modifications, alteration of an existing economically draining strategy, and the positive social change of reduced harm and exploitation of children.
12
Badenhorst, Mara Christina. "The grooming process in child pornography : a social work case study / by Mara Christina Badenhorst." Thesis, North-West University, 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10394/2557.
Full textAbstract:
This social work research study explore sexual exploitation in the form of child pornography. The grooming process, a process where the perpetrator engages his victim in a relationship, whereafter he uses this relationship to abuse his victim is investigated. The research is conducted by means of a case study.Thesis (M.A. (Social Work))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.
13
Ferguson, Ian. "Sacred realms and icons of the damned, the ethnography of an internet-based child pornography ring." Thesis, National Library of Canada = Bibliothèque nationale du Canada, 1998. http://www.collectionscanada.ca/obj/s4/f2/dsk2/ftp01/MQ36818.pdf.
Full text
14
Louveira, Leopoldo Stefanno Gonçalves Leone. "A esfera da vida privada do cidadão como limite à interferência do direito penal: a questão da pornografia infantil." Universidade de São Paulo, 2013. http://www.teses.usp.br/teses/disponiveis/2/2136/tde-10012014-154631/.
Full textAbstract:
A dissertação analisa a questão dos limites ao poder estatal de interferência por meio do Direito Penal na vida dos cidadãos quando em jogo elementos de sua esfera íntima, mais precisamente, o exercício da sexualidade humana. Sob o pano de fundo do exame dos diversos aspectos jurídicos relacionados à pornografia infantil, o estudo busca verificar de que forma os discursos do combate ao abuso infantil e da luta contra a pedofilia podem estar ancorados em critérios meramente moralizantes, dando guarida à criação de tipos penais desprovidos de legitimidade. Parte-se de uma abordagem introdutória a respeito da relação entre Direito e Moral incluídas aí as noções de moral social e moral sexual , trazendo um retrato da evolução da matéria até a forma liberal de disciplinar o assunto, sem a influência de tabus religiosos ou éticos. A despeito da tentativa de mudança de paradigmas do chamado Direito Penal Sexual, com o abandono de antigos critérios de tutela do pudor público e a introdução da noção de dignidade sexual, assentada na autodeterminação sexual, a disciplina jurídicopenal da pornografia infantil vem sendo objeto de patente recrudescimento nas últimas décadas. Com o advento da rede mundial de computadores, a tendência internacional de combate aos crimes cibernéticos levou o legislador brasileiro a editar a Lei n.º 11.829/09, que alterou o Estatuto da Criança e do Adolescente (ECA), para aumentar penas, criar novos tipos penais e incriminar todos os elos da cadeia da produção pornográfica infantil, incluindo as condutas de mera aquisição/posse de material pornográfico infantil real (artigo 241-B) e a pseudopornografia infantil (artigo 241-C). O trabalho analisa até que ponto essas incriminações seriam justificáveis para o fim invocado, visto que, no caso da modalidade simulada, por exemplo, estão ausentes critérios de exclusiva proteção de bens jurídicos, lesividade e ofensividade, reclamados pelo Direito Penal do Fato. Ao final, a figura do pedófilo merecerá um exame específico, apoiado em conceitos médico-científicos, a fim de delimitar qual seria a melhor maneira político-criminal de abordar os portadores dessa parafilia (pena ou tratamento).This dissertation analyzes the issues regarding the limits of the states power in interfering by means of Criminal law in the lives of citizens, when elements of his/her intimate plane are at stake, more precisely, the exercise of human sexuality. In the background of the examination of several legal aspects regarding child pornography, the study seeks to verify by which form speeches of combating child abuse and the fight against pedophilia might be anchored by merely moralizing criteria, and in turn supporting the creation of crimes lacking legitimacy. Starting off with an introductory approach regarding the relation between Law and morality here including the notions of social and sexual morality -, and bringing forth a portrait of the evolution of the subject even in its liberal form of disciplining the subject, without the influence of taboos be them religious or ethic. Despite the attempted change in paradigms called Sexual Criminal Law, with the abandonment of old criteria of tutelage of public shame and the introduction of the notion of sexual dignity, based on sexual selfdetermination, the judiciary criminal discipline of child pornography has been subject of manifest recrudescence in the last decades. In the dawn of worldwide net of computers, the international tendency of cyber-crime fighting has led the Brazilian legislator to edit the Law n.° 11.829/09, that altered the Child and Adolescent Statute (ECA), to raise punishment, and create new crimes and incriminate al the links of the child pornography production chain, including those who merely acquire the true pornographic material (article 24-B) and pseudo child pornography (article 241-C). This presentation analizes up to what point these incriminations would be justifiable for the invoked end, since, in she simulated mode, for instance, the criteria of exclusive protection of the legal interest are absent, prejudice and offensiveness, claimed by the Factual Criminal Law. Finaly, the figure of the pedophile deserves a more specific examination, supported by medical scientific concepts, to bound which would be the best political-criminal way to address the carrier of this paraphilia (penalty or treatment).
15
Sleeman, Ananda. "A systematic review of online child sexual abuse: victim risk and offender profile and methodologies." Thesis, Nelson Mandela Metropolitan University, 2017. http://hdl.handle.net/10948/10761.
Full textAbstract:
The purpose of this treatise was to synthesize the current research, nationally and internationally, both qualitative and quantitative, concerning online child sexual abuse. The study focused on crimes of a sexual nature perpetrated against children, with or without consent, in an online environment. The aim was to clearly articulate the characteristics of victims, including both their vulnerabilities and their protective factors and to provide offender profiles, including their methodologies. Method: A systematic search for peer reviewed articles published between 2000 and 2006 was conducted. The final sample included 73 articles, which were arranged in order of publication, and the top and bottom interquartile range was selected for review and coding. Results: 36 articles were thematically coded in order to identify the most prominent themes in the articles. The result of this review was a typology of victims and offenders, as well as offender methodologies that reflects an aggregation of the most prominent research on the subject of online child sexual abuse. Conclusion: Much of the common knowledge concerning online child sexual offenders and their victims is incorrect. The typologies identified in this review show a much more diverse picture of both offenders and victims than is held in popular knowledge. This research has identified the damage that misinformation can do, and has highlighted the need for accurate, empirically sound information to be made available to parents, teachers, health care professionals and youth.
16
McWhaw, Andrew. "Online Child Pornography Offenders and Risk Assessment: How Online Offenders Compare to Contact Offenders Using Common Risk Assessment Variables." Thèse, Université d'Ottawa / University of Ottawa, 2011. http://hdl.handle.net/10393/20193.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this study was to compare online child pornography offenders and contact offenders along the predictive items of the Static-2002 actuarial risk assessment tool, as well as, several other items and scales predictive of recidivism. In addition, the study wished to determine if the Static-2002 was a well-equipped to assess online offenders. 120 subjects were assessed in this study, 53 online child pornography offenders, 53 child molesters, and 7 offenders who committed both a contact and online offense. The research identified a number of similarities between the two groups of offenders, including a finding that the two groups did not significantly differ in age. The most pronounced differences were found on the several measures of criminality used in the study where contact offenders scored significantly higher. The Static-2002 was found to not be well suited for use with online offenders as the tool had difficulty assessing their sexual deviancy.
17
Muridil, Murendeni. "Exploring the perceptions of educators of learners with experiences of bullying on social media and exposure to child pornography." University of Western Cape, 2020. http://hdl.handle.net/11394/7690.
Full textAbstract:
Magister Artium (Social Work) - MA(SW)It is well documented that learners in South Africa face increasing levels of bullying, at either school, or more recently, via the various social networks. More alarming is the fact that bullying through social networks often include exposure to a range of inappropriate content, such as child pornography.
18
Van, der Westhuizen Lize. "The child's right against exploitation in the form of pornography on the Internet : a South African perspective." Thesis, Stellenbosch : Stellenbosch University, 2001. http://hdl.handle.net/10019.1/52493.
Full textAbstract:
Thesis (LL.M.) -- University of Stellenbosch, 2001.ENGLISH ABSTRACT: With the arrival of the Internet, the availability of pornography, and especially child pornography, has increased tremendously. This rapidly developing technological wonderworld has brought the dark syndicate of sexual exploitation of children to the living room of each home equipped with a computer. In South Africa the right of the child to not be sexually exploited or abused is enshrined in section 28 of the Constitution, 108 of 1996, as well as in several international documents. This thesis analyses the legislative framework in this regard and comes to the conclusion that South African legislation concerned shows much room for improvement. Legislation concerning sexual offences against children makes use of archaic terms that are outdated in the present context. It is also vague, inconsistent and provides insufficient protection to children in this regard. The sexual exploitation of children does not, despite promises made by the South African government in ratifying several international documents, receive high priority in the South African community. This finding is made in view of the examination of certain key concepts to the subject, international documents such as the United Nations Convention to the Rights of the Child, 1989, and the activities of international organisations combating the sexual exploitation of the child. An analysis of the manner in which countries such as the United States of America, Canada, the United Kingdom, Germany and Japan has implemented protection measures against this form of abuse, is also made. Proposals to increase the protection of children in South Africa are submitted in conclusion. Although this new domain needs urgent measures of regulation, it is not an impossible task to govern the Internet. Formulating comprehensive, consistent and effective legislation is a fundamental part in the battle against the sexual exploitation of children. The co-operation of all relevant sectors, including the government, the Internet industry and members of the community, however, remains essential.
AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die beskikbaarheid van pornografie, en veral kinderpornografie, het met die koms van die Internet onrusbarend toegeneem. Hierdie vinnig ontwikkelende tegnologiese wonderwereld het die seksuele eksploitasie van kinders vanuit die donker onderwereld na die voorkamer van elke huis met 'n rekenaar gebring. In Suid-Afrika word die reg van die kind om teen seksuele uitbuiting en mishandeling beskerm te word in artikel 28 van die Grondwet, 108 van 1996, asook verskeie internasionale dokumente verskans. Hierdie tesis ondersoek die wetgewende raamwerk rakende die groeiende probleem van seksuele eksploitasie op die Internet en vind dat Suid-Afrikaanse wetgewing in hierdie verband nog ver te kort skiet. Wetgewing met betrekking tot seksuele misdade teen kinders maak tans gebruik van arqaise terme wat glad nie meer in vandag se konteks relevant is nie. Dit is voorts ook onsamehangend, onduidelik en verskaf onvoeldoende beskerming aan kinders in hierdie verband. Ten spyte van beloftes deur die Suid-Afrikaanse regering, gemaak tydens die ratifisering van verskeie internasionale dokumente, geniet die aangeleentheid van beskerming van die kind teen seksuele uitbuiting op die Internet nog nie prioriteit in die Suid- Afrikaanse samelewing nie. Hierdie bevinding word gemaak in die lig van die bestudering van definisies van sekere kernbegrippe, internasionale dokumente soos die Verenigde Nasies se Konvensie van die Regte van die Kind, 1989, en die werksaamhede van internasionale organisasies bemoeid met die bekamping van seksuele eksploitasie van die kind. Daar word ook veral aandag gegee aan die wyse waarop lande soos die Verenigde State van Amerika, Kanada, die Verenigde Koninkryk, Duitsland en Japan te werk gegaan het om kinders in die onderskeie lande te beskerm. Voorstelle ten einde die beskerming van Suid-Afrikaanse kinders teen seksuele eksploitasie op die Internet te verbreed, word ter konklusie gegee. Alhoewel die nuwe terrein dringend regulering benodig, is dit nie In totaal onmoontlike taak om die Internet te kontroleer nie. Die formulering van omvattende, eenvormige en effektiewe wetgewing in die verband is In fundamentele proses in die stryd om kinders te beskerm. Die samewerking van relevante rolspelers en veral die regering, die Internet sektor en lede van die gemeenskap is egter van uiterste belang.
19
Grosshans, Joshua D. "Legislation, litigation, and lunacy : an analysis of Ashcroft V. free speech coalition and the child pornography prevention act of 1996." Honors in the Major Thesis, University of Central Florida, 2003. http://digital.library.ucf.edu/cdm/ref/collection/ETH/id/317.
Full textAbstract:
This item is only available in print in the UCF Libraries. If this is your Honors Thesis, you can help us make it available online for use by researchers around the world by following the instructions on the distribution consent form at http://library.ucf.edu/Systems/DigitalInitiatives/DigitalCollections/InternetDistributionConsentAgreementForm.pdf You may also contact the project coordinator, Kerri Bottorff, at kerri.bottorff@ucf.edu for more information.Bachelors
Health and Public Affairs
Legal Studies
20
Islam, Mofakharul. "Age estimation and illicit image detection using a stochastic vision model." Thesis, University of Ballarat, 2013. http://researchonline.federation.edu.au/vital/access/HandleResolver/1959.17/44503.
Full textAbstract:
The main objective of this research is to investigate and implement a robust approach with a view to provide the Law Enforcement Agencies (LEAs) with a dedicated forensic tool in future for inspecting confiscated PCs from the suspected paedophile to detect pedophilic images automatically and prevent children viewing pornographic and age-inappropriate images at their home and school and adults at their workplace while they are on the Internet. To achieve this goal, we use a novel face descriptor to differentiate child face from adult face based on categorical age specific contextual cues that are based on new knowledge in terms of features or contexts representatives of child and adult face. Given that the craniofacial cues contain enough structural information on visual cues on human face encoded in the form of high level features we can categorize age into adult and children in tandem with low level features. Finally, we will present a novel stochastic vision model based on Markov Random Fields (MRF) prior, which learned the pornographic contextual constraints from the training pornographic images and eventually introduce knowledge on pornography into our proposed stochastic classifier allowing classification of images into pornographic or benign.Doctor of Philosophy
21
Suadicani, Isabella. "THE PORTRAYAL OF SEX OFFENDERS IN GERMAN NEWSPAPERS : A qualitative content analysis." Thesis, Malmö universitet, Institutionen för kriminologi (KR), 2021. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-45809.
Full textAbstract:
The current thesis examines how sex offenders are portrayed in newspapers in Germany with the use of a qualitative content analysis. Utilized were 49 articles both from a German tabloid called “Bild-Zeitung” and a broadsheet called “die Zeit”. Three main themes were identified and analyzed. Initially, the focus was on the portrayal of the sex offenders, followed by the portrayal of the victims and lastly which agencies and how they were mentioned. For each main theme several subthemes were formulated in order to examine the main themes in more depth. Findings suggest that most articles emphasized the previous criminal history of the offenders and stressed negative personality traits, leaving a stereotypical image. Findings of the second theme indicate that victims are rarely blamed for the offenses, while empathy establishment was emphasized through the use of the detailed description of the brutality of the offenses, especially for cases with underaged victims. The analysis of the last theme showed that police and investigators were portrayed mostly as doing a good job and working effectively in investigations, whereas experts like social workers, psychologists or lawyers were interviewed in less articles. The opinion of politicians and the public opinion mostly emphasized the demands for harsher punishment and longer incarceration. Therefore, the majority of articles examined showed a stereotypical image of the offenders, portraying them as recurrently reoffending,opportunistic and brutal.
22
Augustinaitytė, Milda. "Nelegalaus ir neleistino interneto turinio reglamentavimas." Master's thesis, Lithuanian Academic Libraries Network (LABT), 2005. http://vddb.laba.lt/obj/LT-eLABa-0001:E.02~2004~D_20050518_111840-44798.
Full textAbstract:
The more Internet is used for lawful economical and social communication, the more space appears for possible illegal activities.
The freedom of speech in the Internet is a very important condition to maintain the democracy. Despite this, freedom of speech can be limited in behalf of the other essential human rights.
One of the most important reasons to control the freedom of speech in the Internet - is to protect children and minorities from the illegal and harmful content.
It is essential to stop child pornography , to prevent the society from xenophobic and racist hatreds spreading on the Internet.
The illegal spreading of spam, which contain illegal commercial information about drugs, alcohol and tobacco is also the target of regulation and control.
While researching the giving topics, we came to the conclusion that legal regulation of Internet content has features of globalism and unification. This tendency comes out of the specific architecture of the Internet, that allows the users of the Internet ignore the borders of the national states. We raised a question: do national states have to comply to the global nature of the Internet and to regulate Internet using international legal standards and sacrify their own national tendencies of regulation?
We noticed that it is impossible to expect the legal regulation of the Internet will become united because of the cultural, economical, political and social divergences among the national countries.
As we admitted... [to full text]The more Internet is used for lawful economical and social communication, the more space appears for possible illegal activities. The freedom of speech in the Internet is a very important condition to maintain the democracy. Despite this, freedom of speech can be limited in behalf of the other essential human rights. One of the most important reasons to control the freedom of speech in the Internet - is to protect children and minorities from the illegal and harmful content. It is essential to stop child pornography , to prevent the society from xenophobic and racist hatreds spreading on the Internet.
23
Kaur, Adarshprit. "Sexualbrott mot barn på internet Online förövares strategier för att utnyttja barn : - en litteraturöversikt." Thesis, Örebro universitet, Institutionen för juridik, psykologi och socialt arbete, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:oru:diva-78281.
Full textAbstract:
Sexualbrott mot barn på internet har blivit ett världsproblem som ständigt växer. Med den nya teknologin som konstant utvecklas bildas även nya möjligheter för förövare att utnyttja barn på internet. Syftet med denna litteraturstudie var att få en ökad förståelse för hur förövare går tillväga för att utnyttja barn på internet samt vilka typer av sexualbrott mot barn som förekommer på internet. Studien inkluderade femton vetenskapliga artiklar som analyserats med en kvalitativ innehållsanalys. Analysen resulterade i fyra huvudkategorier; offentliga chattrum, strategi, fysiska möten, och typer av sexualbrott mot barn på internet samt åtta underkategorier; relation, utpressning, gromning, manipulation, undvika upptäckt barnpornografi, sexhandel och digitala mötesforum. Genom att skapa trovärdiga relationer, gromning, utpressning och manipulation utnyttjas barn till att begå sexuella aktiviteter som kan inkludera sex. Brottet börjar oftast med kommunikation genom offentliga chattrum som tillåter användare att kommunicera via direkta meddelande, ljud och videochatt. Samtalen utvecklas sedan till mer sexuella ämnen där förövaren använder olika strategier för att bland annat träffa barnet i verkligheten, få nakenbilder eller på andra sätt utnyttja barnet. Genom att försäkra sig om att barnet inte talat om för någon om deras relation säkrar de sin möjlighet att inte åka fast. Brottet kan ske på olika sätt dels genom våldtäkt, sexhandel och barnpornografi. Studien diskuterar de juridiska problem som kan uppstå med mätning av barnpornografi och definitionen av ett barn. Vidare bör framtida forskning fokusera på möjligheter att begränsa åtkomsten till exponerande material och webbsidor som tillåter vuxna individer att kommunicera med barn på ett sexuellt sätt.Sexual crimes against children on the internet are recognized as a serious and growing problem world-wide. With the new technology that is constantly evolving, new opportunities are being created for perpetrators to exploit children on the internet. The purpose with this systematic literature review was to gain an increased understanding of how perpetrators approach and abuse children on the internet and what types of sexual offenses against children that occur on the internet. The review included fifteen scientific papers analyzed with a qualitative content analysis. The analysis resulted in four main categories; public chat rooms, strategy, physical meetings, and types of sexual offenses against children on the internet, and eight subcategories; relationship, extortion, grooming, manipulation, avoid being discovered child pornography, sex trade and digital meeting forums. By creating credible relationships, grooming, extortion and manipulation, children are exploited to commit sexual activities that may include sex. The crime usually starts with communication through public chat rooms that allow users to communicate via direct message, audio and video chat. The conversation is then developed into more sexual subjects where the perpetrator uses different strategies to meet the child in reality, get nude pictures or in other ways utilize the child. By ensuring that the child has not spoken to someone about their relationship, they secure their opportunity not to get caught. The crime can be done in various ways, partly through rape, sex trafficking and child pornography. The study discusses the juridical problems that can occur with instruments measuring child pornography and the definition of a child. Future research should focus on opportunities to limit access to exposure materials and web pages that allow adult individuals to communicate with children with purpose of sexual interactions.
24
Bare, Christian. "The Undisclosed Dangers of Parental Sharing on Social Media: A Content Analysis of Sharenting Images on Instagram." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2020. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/3732.
Full textAbstract:
Sharenting is a new term used to define the action of parents posting about their children online. Social media provides parents with an easy to use outlet for image distribution to all family and friends that simultaneously archives the images into a digital baby book. While convenient, once publicly posted anyone can gain access to the images of the children. Instagram is a favorable social media channel for sharenting. A popular hashtag on Instagram, #letthembelittle, contains 8 million posts dedicated to child imagery. A set of 300 randomly selected images under the hashtag were coded. Images tended to contain personal information such as the child’s name, age, and location. Communication Privacy Management and Uses and Gratifications theories provided the theoretical frameworks for this study. The results suggested a possibly dangerous pattern of parental oversharing that could negatively impact the child and the child’s safety.
25
Ventéjoux, Aude. "Une lecture de la cyberviolence : la rencontre du sujet et du cyberespace dans les infractions à caractère sexuel envers mineurs réalisées sur Internet." Thesis, Rennes 2, 2019. http://www.theses.fr/2019REN20004/document.
Full textAbstract:
Le développement des technologies de l’information et de la communication s’est accompagné de l’apparition de phénomènes violents et/ou infractionnels, qui se tiennent sur, ou grâce à, Internet. Existe-t-il une spécificité de ces conduites de cyberviolence, qui s’inscrivent dans ce que l’on nomme cyberespace ? La psycho-criminologie et la cyberpsychologie seront convoquées afin de proposer une réponse à cette question. Le présent travail étudiera, dans une approche clinique et qualitative, des situations d’infractions à caractère sexuel envers mineurs réalisées sur Internet. Ce travail proposera, à partir des données recueillies, une grille de lecture de la cyberviolence, qui s’intéressera au rapport du sujet auteur d’infractions avec la conduite infractionnelle, la victime, et le cyberespace. La cyberviolence naît d’une rencontre, celle d’un sujet vulnérable avec un cyberespace porteur d’opportunités. Il s’agira alors d’interroger cette rencontre, afin de saisir les processus et les dynamiques qui l’animentThe development of information and communication technologies was followed by the emergence of violent and/or offensive phenomena that exist on or thanks to the Internet. Is there a specificity to these behaviors of cyberviolence, which are rooted in what one calls cyberspace? This question will be answered partly thanks to psycho-criminological and cyberpsychological theories. This work takes a close look at sex offences against minors on the Internet. Thanks to the collected data, this work will offer a perspective on cyberviolence, with an interest in the relationship between the offender and the offence, the victim, and cyberspace. Cyberviolence arises from an encounter between a vulnerable subject and a cyberspace bearing opportunities. This encounter will thus be questioned, in order to understand the process and dynamics it stems from
26
Pastorino, Agnese. "Médias audiovisuels et contenus sexuels en ligne à l'adolescence : enjeux politiques en Europe." Thesis, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018USPCB244.
Full textAbstract:
Les médias audiovisuels exposent les adolescents à la vision de contenus sexuels sur la Toile. Dans le débat public, la disponibilité en ligne de matériel « susceptible de nuire » ou « nuisant gravement » aux enfants suscite des formes de panique morale. Une préoccupation majeure dérive des risques de nature sexuelle, comme la pornographie, la texto-pornographie et la pornographie enfantine. Au niveau politico-institutionnel européen, les mesures mises en œuvre reposent sur des solutions d'autorégulation, de co-régulation et de régulation. Parmi ces initiatives, les plus importantes ont été le programme Safer Internet et deux directives respectivement axées sur la protection des mineurs par rapport aux Services de médias audiovisuels (2010/13/UE) et sur la lutte contre les abus sexuels et l'exploitation sexuelle des enfants, ainsi que la pédopornographie (2011/92/UE). Sur le plan méthodologique, la thèse est basée sur l'analyse de 45 débats au sein du Parlement européen qui ont traité de ces questions entre 2001 et 2016. Ce corpus a été examiné au moyen d'un protocole quali-quantitatif original, avec une analyse de contenu et la méthode Alceste appliquées à l'aide des logiciels ATLAS.ti et IRaMuTeQ. La thèse souhaite contribuer à la recherche sur les médias audiovisuels et les contenus sexuels en ligne face aux adolescents et aux enfants, en proposant un point de vue original sur les enjeux politiques européens. L'hypothèse principale était que les débats parlementaires européens sont limités en termes de représentativité des cultures nationales. À partir de ce présupposé, nous avons enquêté sur les différents niveaux impliqués : juridique, scientifique, éthique et politique. Les principaux résultats renvoient aux éléments suivants : 1. la variété des interprétations politico-juridiques de certains concepts et des définitions de quelques termes, outre l'étude des principes juridiques impliqués (quatrième chapitre) ; 2. les descriptions des contenus sexuels nuisibles pour les enfants en ligne et les difficultés de la politique européenne relevées dans les débats parlementaires (cinquième chapitre) ; 3. les limites du savoir scientifique européen en termes de représentativité des cultures nationales, par l'analyse des données statistiques et des études citées (sixième chapitre) ; 4. la multiplicité des considérations éthiques, notamment sur la base des différentes cultures nationales (septième chapitre) ; 5. le choix de privilégier des mesures auto-réglementaires (huitième chapitre)Audiovisual media expose adolescents to the vision of sexual contents on the Internet. Within public debate, online availability of material « likely to harm » or « seriously harming » children generates forms of moral panic. A major concern derives from sexual risks, such as pornography, sexting and child-pornography. At the European political-institutional level, the measures implemented are based on auto-regulatory, co-regulatory and regulatory solutions. Among these initiatives, the most important ones have been the Safer Internet programme and two directives respectively focused on children protection with regards to Audiovisual Media Services (2010/13/UE) and on combating the sexual abuse and sexual exploitation of children and child pornography (2011/92/UE). Methodologically, the thesis analyzes 45 debates of the European Parliament which dealt with these issues between 2001 and 2016. This corpus has been examined through an original quali-quantitative protocol, with a content analysis and the Alceste method applied via the softwares ATLAS.ti and IRaMuTeQ. This work wishes to contribute to research on audiovisual media, online sexual contents, adolescents and children, by proposing an original point of view on European policy. The main hypothesis has been that European parliamentary debates are limited in terms of representativeness of national cultures; starting from this premise, several aspects have been surveyed, either juridical, scientific, ethical and political issues. The main results respectively refer to different elements: 1. the variety of political-juridical interpretations of some concepts and the definitions of a few terms, besides the study of some juridical principles involved (fourth chapter); 2. the descriptions of online audiovisual sexual risks and the difficulties of European policy retrieved within parliamentary debates (fifth chapter); 3. the limits of European scientific knowledge in terms of representativeness of national culture, through the analysis of mentioned statistical data and studies (sixth chapter); 4. the multiplicity of ethical considerations, even based on different national cultures (seventh chapter); 5. the choice to favor self-regulatory measures (eight chapter)
I media audiovisivi espongono gli adolescenti alla visione di contenuti sessuali sulla Rete. Nel dibattito pubblico, la disponibilità online di materiale « potenzialmente » o « gravemente nocivo » per i bambini suscita delle forme di panico morale. Una preoccupazione maggiore deriva dai rischi di natura sessuale, quali la pornografia, il sexting e la pedo-pornografia. Sul piano politico-istituzionale europeo, le misure implementate si basano su soluzioni di autoregolamentazione, co-regolamentazione e regolamentazione. Tra queste iniziative, le più importanti sono state il programma Safer Internet e le due direttive rispettivamente dedicate alla protezione dei minori rispetto ai Servizi dei media audiovisivi (2010/13/UE) e la lotta contro l'abuso e lo sfruttamento sessuale dei bambini, così come la pornografia minorile (2011/92/UE). Sul piano metodologico, la tesi è basata sull'analisi di 45 dibattiti del Parlamento europeo che hanno trattato queste questioni tra il 2001 e il 2016. Il corpus è stato esaminato mediante un protocollo quali-quantitativo originale, con un'analisi del contenuto e il metodo Alceste, applicati mediante i programmi ATLAS.ti e IRaMuTeQ. La tesi desidera contribuire alla ricerca sui media audiovisivi, i contenuti sessuali online, gli adolescenti e i bambini, proponendo un punto di vista originale sulle questioni politiche europee. L'ipotesi principale è stata che i dibattiti parlamentari europei siano limitati in termini di rappresentatività delle culture nazionali ; a partire da questo presupposto, abbiamo indagato diversi livelli implicati : giuridico, scientifico, etico e politico. I principali risultati si riferiscono rispettivamente a questi diversi elementi : 1. la varietà delle interpretazioni politico-giuridiche di alcuni concetti e delle definizioni di alcuni termini, oltre che lo studio dei principi giuridici implicati (quarto capitolo) ; 2. le descrizioni dei rischi audiovisivi sessuali online e le difficoltà della politica europea rilevati nei dibattiti parlamentari (quinto capitolo) ; 3. i limiti del sapere scientifico europeo in termini di rappresentatività delle culture nazionali, attraverso l'analisi dei dati statistici e degli studi citati (sesto capitolo) ; 4. la molteplicità delle considerazioni etiche, anche sulla base delle diverse culture nazionali degli oratori (settimo capitolo) ; 5. la scelta di privilegiare delle misure auto-regolamentarie (ottavo capitolo)
27
Ibrahim, Amin Abdurahman. "Detecting and preventing the electronic transmission of illicit images." Thesis, UOIT, 2009. http://hdl.handle.net/10155/23.
Full textAbstract:
The sexual exploitation of children remains a very serious problem and is rapidly increasing globally through the use of the Internet. This work focuses on the current methods employed by criminals to generate and distribute child pornography, the methods used by law enforcement agencies to deter them, and the drawbacks of currently used methods, as well as the surrounding legal and privacy issues. A proven method to detect the transmission of illicit images at the network layer is presented within this paper. With this research, it is now possible to actively filter illicit pornographic images as they are transmitted over the network layer in real-time. It is shown that a Stochastic Learning Weak Estimator learning algorithm and a Maximum Likelihood Estimator learning algorithm can be applied against Linear Classifiers to identify and filter illicit pornographic images. In this thesis, these two learning algorithms were combined with algorithms such as the Non-negative Vector Similarity Coefficient-based Distance algorithm, Euclidian Distance, and Weighted Euclidian Distance. Based upon this research, a prototype was developed using the abovementioned system, capable of performing classification on both compressed and uncompressed images. Experimental results showed that classification accuracies and the overhead of network-based approaches did have a significant effect on routing devices. All images used in our experiments were legal. No actual child pornography images were ever collected, seen, sought, or used.
28
Semenets, Natasha. "“Girls for sale” : Understanding the difficulties in protecting girls in Nepal from being exploited for prostitution." Thesis, Uppsala universitet, Teologiska institutionen, 2019. http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-384403.
Full textAbstract:
The number of girls that are being exploited for prostitution in Nepal has increased in recent years, and girls suffer a high risk of being exposed when they come from already poorly conditions. Previously, uneducated girls could be found in the adult entertainment sector, but nowadays even educated girls are being exploited. This thesis aims to gain further understanding to why girls are being exposed and why it is difficult to protect them. By conducting qualitive interviews with employees from several NGOs working to protect girls from being exploited for prostitution, insights has been given about socio-structural factors that influences the situation for girls. By examining these factors with support from theoretical approaches that highlights social injustice, gender discrimination and structural oppression this thesis presents how different factors affect the work of protecting girls, and how the same factors also are contributing to why girls get exposed. The state of Nepal shows several efforts in trying to eradicate the problem and have ratified both the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the Optional Protocol to the Convention on the Rights of the Child on the sale of children, child prostitution and child pornography. The state has also made changes in national law that shall promote and strengthen children's rights. Although the laws are strong, the protection for girls is insufficient and girls are vulnerable to being exploited by traffickers. The Government of Nepal, NGOs and several other authorities are working together to eradicate the problem, but the work needs be strengthened, coordinated and responsive to influencing factors simultaneously in order to achieve a long-term solution. This thesis suggest that cultural norms need to be challenged more and that the Government of Nepal needs to oversee how structural injustices affect opportunities for girls to take part of social benefits. In addition, knowledge about legal and moral rights needs to be increased among girls and in society as a whole, moreover the knowledge about trafficking and prostitution needs to be spread.
29
Berrier, Tonya. "Sixth-, Seventh-, and Eighth-Grade Students' Experiences with the Internet and Their Internet Safety Knowledge." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2007. https://dc.etsu.edu/etd/2061.
Full textAbstract:
According to a 2002 National Center for Education Statistics report, 98% of schools in 2001 were connected to the Internet and 63% of public classrooms had Internet connections. According to a 2003 United States Census Bureau report, 68.3% of homes with children subscribed to the Internet. These statistics reveal the scope of access children have to the Internet. This study focused on the children's voice by investigating the children's report of their online activities and their awareness of cyber security, ethics, and safety issues. The purpose of this study was to gain insight into the specific reported online activities and Internet safety knowledge of children aged 10-14 years along with their report of parental supervision of their Internet use. The study included data gathered from 446 self-administered surveys completed by 6th-, 7th-, and 8th-grade students in a rural school district in East Tennessee.
An analysis of the research confirmed that as children mature, they increase their use of the Internet and their participation in unsafe online practices. The findings indicated that the most common online practices reported by the middle-grade students included emailing, social networking (MySpace), instant messaging, publishing and sharing information about their favorite sports and activities, and using secret codes while messaging with friends. The results of this study indicated significant relationships between the household placement of the computer and the frequency of unsafe online practices; students with computers in private locations reported unsafe online practices with twice the frequency of those with computers that could be monitored. The findings reflected that, in general, students were knowledgeable about unsafe Internet practices and engaged primarily in safe practices; however, many did report practices that could potentially place them at risk. The results from this study demonstrate a need for Internet safety programs to educate parents about the dangers their children face online and how to minimize those risks and to help children to gain the knowledge, decision-making skills, and motivation necessary to make safe and responsible choices when they are using the Internet.
30
DeCicco, Emma E. "Work-related exposure to child exploitation material: The experiences of Western Australian digital forensic officers and their spouses." Thesis, Edith Cowan University, Research Online, Perth, Western Australia, 2015. https://ro.ecu.edu.au/theses/1692.
Full textAbstract:
Researchers contend that chronic exposure to child exploitation material (CEM) contributes to stress, psychological and interpersonal problems among police officers in digital forensic roles. The spouses of these officers have been identified as key supports, who potentially influence the officers’ coping experiences. The existing research is, however, limited in that no studies have specifically examined Western Australian officers’ experiences nor investigated the support role of the officers’ spouses. Psychologists and managers of Australian digital forensic officers therefore have little evidence to inform policies, programs, and interventions that act to minimise adverse outcomes among these personnel. As such, across four stages, this research project used interpretative phenomenological analysis to explore the experience and effects of work-related CEM exposure in Western Australian digital forensic officers and their spouses.
Stage one involved individual, semi-structured interviews with 13 members of the Western Australian Police Computer Crime Squad to examine “What is the meaning and essence of the lived experience of working with CEM?” Six themes emerged: context and culture over time; construction of identity; perceptions of work role; cognitive structures of CEM; perceived outcomes of CEM exposure; and coping. Stage two involved a single group interview which explored the perspectives of two of the squad’s supervisors, revealing three focal points: perceptions of stage one findings; perceived stressors and outcomes; and supervisory perspectives. Stage three used individual, semi-structured interviews with three of the offices’ spouses to investigate “What is the meaning and lived experience of being the spouse of a digital forensic officer who is exposed to CEM?” Six themes emerged: sense making of identity; perceptions of officer partner’s work experiences; perceptions of CEM exposure; gatekeeping role; perceived stress experiences of officer partner; perceptions of coping and support. In stage four the experiences of four new, less-experienced squad, members were explored. Five themes emerged across the individual, semi-structured interviews which closely reflected those of stage one, though more comprehensively captured early experiences with CEM exposure.
Taken together, four conclusions emerged. First, adjusting to CEM exposure, although somewhat neglected in previous research, is a crucial evolving process during early exposures. Second, working with CEM transcends professional and personal lived experience, and these effects are not necessarily negative; for example, many officers derive a sense of meaning through their work. Third, consistent with previous findings, coping with CEM exposure is a complex and dynamic experience. Fourth, organisational and cultural practices are critical in these experiences. These findings contribute to the evidence-base upon which policies, practices and education programs that support these police officers and their spouses, can be developed and implemented. Psychologists need to be aware that work-related CEM exposure is qualitatively distinct from other policing stressors and that efforts to minimise risk, while promoting adaptive coping and supports, are crucial to the wellbeing of digital forensic officers.
31
Rimer, Jonah R. "Risk, childhood, morality, and the internet : an anthropological study of internet sexual offending." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2015. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:318b9067-f847-4798-9494-55e5a3ce1b52.
Full textAbstract:
This thesis is an anthropological study of Internet sexual offending, more specifically the viewing of child abuse media. It is based on 17 months of participant-observation in UK group programs for individuals who had downloaded illegal child abuse media, semi-structured interviews with participants, program staff, and police, and staff focus groups. Through engaging directly with offenders and those managing them, it provides an in-depth, qualitative understanding of how Internet use and perceptions of online spaces play a key role in Internet sexual offending, while also asking broader questions about online sociality, morality, and effects on normative behaviour. The central argument posits that in moving beyond commonplace explanations for Internet offending, more attention must be given to Internet use, perceptions and constructions of online spaces, and effects on social norms to explain this phenomenon. It then follows to suggest that for some offenders, these elements can be instrumental in their sexualization of children and choice to view abusive media. The thesis specifically explores why and how some people in the UK engage with illegal child abuse media, with particular attention to notions of risk, childhood, morality, and the Internet. Employing Foucauldian and neo-Foucauldian theory, anthropology of the Internet, and constructionist theories of childhood, focus is placed on multiple areas: the potential social, emotional, sexual, and Internet-specific factors associated with offending; participants' relationships with the Internet and constructions of online spaces; participants' perceptions of childhood and children online and offline; and, societal and institutional efforts to respond to the above, including the larger justice system and fieldwork group program. The general research areas are social science of the Internet, childhood studies, human sexuality, group therapeutic processes, policy and law, and research methodology and ethics.
32
Jayawardena, Kasun P. "A criminological analysis : using real-time monitoring to gather data on online predators." Thesis, Queensland University of Technology, 2011. https://eprints.qut.edu.au/40227/1/Kasun_Jayawardena_Thesis.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
The Internet presents a constantly evolving frontier for criminology and policing, especially in relation to online predators – paedophiles operating within the Internet for safer access to children, child pornography and networking opportunities with other online predators. The goals of this qualitative study are to undertake behavioural research – identify personality types and archetypes of online predators and compare and contrast them with behavioural profiles and other psychological research on offline paedophiles and sex offenders. It is also an endeavour to gather intelligence on the technological utilisation of online predators and conduct observational research on the social structures of online predator communities. These goals were achieved through the covert monitoring and logging of public activity within four Internet Relay Chat(rooms) (IRC) themed around child sexual abuse and which were located on the Undernet network. Five days of monitoring was conducted on these four chatrooms between Wednesday 1 to Sunday 5 April 2009; this raw data was collated and analysed. The analysis identified four personality types – the gentleman predator, the sadist, the businessman and the pretender – and eight archetypes consisting of the groomers, dealers, negotiators, roleplayers, networkers, chat requestors, posters and travellers. The characteristics and traits of these personality types and archetypes, which were extracted from the literature dealing with offline paedophiles and sex offenders, are detailed and contrasted against the online sexual predators identified within the chatrooms, revealing many similarities and interesting differences particularly with the businessman and pretender personality types. These personality types and archetypes were illustrated by selecting users who displayed the appropriate characteristics and tracking them through the four chatrooms, revealing intelligence data on the use of proxies servers – especially via the Tor software – and other security strategies such as Undernet’s host masking service. Name and age changes, which is used as a potential sexual grooming tactic was also revealed through the use of Analyst’s Notebook software and information on ISP information revealed the likelihood that many online predators were not using any safety mechanism and relying on the anonymity of the Internet. The activities of these online predators were analysed, especially in regards to child sexual grooming and the ‘posting’ of child pornography, which revealed a few of the methods in which online predators utilised new Internet technologies to sexually groom and abuse children – using technologies such as instant messengers, webcams and microphones – as well as store and disseminate illegal materials on image sharing websites and peer-to-peer software such as Gigatribe. Analysis of the social structures of the chatrooms was also carried out and the community functions and characteristics of each chatroom explored. The findings of this research have indicated several opportunities for further research. As a result of this research, recommendations are given on policy, prevention and response strategies with regards to online predators.
33
Baker, Roy. "Child pornography in the woodshed." Thesis, 2000. http://hdl.handle.net/2429/10525.
Full textAbstract:
This is a deconstruction of "child pornography" through an analysis of media images of
child spanking and their relationship with the criminal law and cinema, video and
broadcasting regulation in Britain and Canada. It suggests that the law's primary concern
is not the protection of children but the elimination of the heresy that children are
sexually attractive.
Chapter 1 introduces the phenomenon under discussion, namely internet sites that collect
stills and clips from mainstream movies and television showing children receiving
corporal punishment. The chapter postulates that these sites are for sexual gratification
and explores what society understands by "sexual exploitation of children" and "sex"
itself.
Part I considers whether the web sites are child pornography under English or Canadian
criminal law. Chapter 2 looks at Canada's definitions of obscenity and child
pornography. Chapter 3 asks whether the images might be indecent according to
England's law. These chapters examine the law's understanding of child spanking as a
sexual act, exploring what constitutes "sex". While Part I declines to state definitively
whether such web sites are illegal, it argues that the movies and television from which the
images originate are tolerated for the reasons that give the images sexual appeal.
Part II looks at the regulation in Canada and Britain of the movies and television from
which the images are taken. Chapter 4 deals with cinema and video regulation, which
prohibits eroticising violence and children, and asks how films are nevertheless rife with
images of child beating used for sexual arousal. Chapter 5 similarly examines
broadcasting regulation and asks whether the ban on sexualising children might be
unconstitutional under the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms.
Part III concludes by looking at how society permits the eroticisation of children, while
condemning the "paedophile". It suggests that the web sites may arise from childhood
trauma over corporal punishment, compares the harm of that practice with that caused by
the web sites and concludes that if there be prohibition, then it should be of child
spanking, rather than the sites, which are non-exploitative testament to ingenuity in the
face of a hypocritically censorial regime.
34
Yao, Yu-Chun, and 姚佑軍. "Regulatory Legitimacy of Child Pornography." Thesis, 2019. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/a3dpa3.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
法律學研究所
107
Child pornography is a pornographic material which portrays a child who participates sexual activities; however, the courts focus on the child who suffers from sexual abuse and sexual exploitation. The protection of a child is deemed as a priority for the whole society which insists that child should stay away from sex and keep pure; therefore, the concept of sexual abuse and sexual exploitation is expanded without limits in this prototype and affects the boundary of child pornography. Due to expansion and uncertainty of the concept of sexual abuse and sexual exploitation, not only Child and Youth Sexual Exploitation Prevention Act but also the legal interest of child pornography can’t be guided by the definite concept of sexual exploitation. The interpretation of personal legal interests, public interests or combination of both explanation has its own pros and cons, the most important of all, the interpretation can’t abide by the protection of legal interests. Therefore, adoption of legal interest’s theory will violate the value of the Constitution and can’t persuade Conservative or Liberal to change the standpoint of child pornography. Concretely speaking, the principle of last resort should depend on liberalism, however, it will highly violate the principle of separation of power based on the Constitution which contains the value of diversity. In the end, we have to abandon the concept of legal interest and turn our glare to the basic rights and the principle of proportionality. The purpose of the punishment of child pornography is to prevent a child’s sexual autonomy from being infringed according to the interpretation of article 2 of Child and Youth Sexual Exploitation Prevention Act and it can be divided into two categories depending on the maturity of the sexual development. Therefore, the legislators should balance the agent’s basic rights and the child’s sexual autonomy to make the function of regulation for child pornography in accordance with the Constitution. The article will demonstrate that not only article 39 of Child and Youth Sexual Exploitation Prevention Act but also the other regulations which do not distinguish the maturity of the sexual development violates the Constitution. However, the latter can be explained by constitutional interpretation. Besides, regarding the sanctioned norm, partial regulations which impose an additional fine violates the principle of proportionality. At the last, the article will provide a reasonable interpretation for the Judicial and a legal strategy for the legislators to enact the law in the future.
35
CHEN, TING-YUN, and 陳婷昀. "A Legel Study of Virtual Child Pornography." Thesis, 2017. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/r6auwz.
Full textAbstract:
碩士南臺科技大學
財經法律研究所
105
Child pornography, as defined in this article, is "a pornography of children （persons under the age of 18）. Such as computer-generated photos, computer graphics, animations, comics, etc. that contain nudity or sexual behavior. This article will analyze the purpose of virtual child pornography in American law and Japanese law, as well as the practical problems and will explore the current domestic situation at the end of the article At present, "Child and Youth Sexual Transaction Prevention Act" of Taiwan only punish the real child pornography, scholars for the virtual child pornography has different views of agree and oppose Those who agreed that virtual child pornography should also be included in the specification because they cannot confirm whether virtual child pornography has real child victimization, or whether the computer synthesis of the works by the real children by copying production? And virtual child pornography will also stimulate, encourage child sexual abuse, sexual exploitation Opponents pointed out that the regulation of virtual child pornography not only violates the principle of crime, but also lack of virtual child pornography of empirical that will stimulate and encourage children sexual abuse, sexual exploitation of the risk. The difficulties faced by the law enforcement practice is how to handle that the scope of control should also not be difficult to implement because of prosecutorial units, and on a range of items on virtual child pornography between full classified as illegal. In order to protect children and adolescents from sexual abuse and sexual exploitation, the regulation of virtual child pornography is based on the state's emphasis on children's welfare, while the prohibition of child pornography also violates the constitutional right to freedom of expression. Therefore, through comparison of foreign law as a virtual child pornography legislation reference.
36
CHENG, CHIA-GI, and 鄭加極. "The legitimacy of regulation on virtual child pornography." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/42091442755419208679.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺北大學
法律學系一般生組
99
The reason why child pornography is prohibited, is to prevent children from any kinds of direct and indirect harm caused in and after its production. However, “virtual child pornography” whitch sexually depicts minors who do not really exist, doesn’t cause any actual harm to any children. People who demand to criminalize virtual child pornography claim that the existence of these sexually explicit materials will not only cause indirect harm to children, but also cause moral harm to its consumer, thus it should be considered as child pornography and be baned. They cited several theses: consumption of virtual child pornography causes child sexual abuse, grooming process, market theory, difficulty of prosecution, and sexualisation of children. Yet these arguments are all lack of strong empirical evidences, and the unexamined assumption of moral harm caused by virtual child pornography is rooted in the nineteenth century fear of pornography and obcsenity. Forcing the prohibition of virtual child pornography by ideologies and hidden agendas will not only result in theoretical problems and a departure from existing legislation, but most important of all, divert valuable resources that oght to use in other area which might assist in protecting children more efficiently away. This article cited America and Japan for instance. These two countries are both very cautious whit the regulation of virtual child pornography, but still can’t avoid these theoretical problems and legislation conflict. This appears some wondering, that whether such moral panic toward virtual child pornography is to protect children from being harmed or merely to protect the sexual morality in capitalism society and the sacred status of child. By arguing the establishing of the sacred status of child in modern capitalism society, we can see that the total separation of “child” and “sex” is a circumstantial moral norm, not necessarily in nature. Thus to satisfy this moral satisfaction by emotional lawmaking rather than reasoning will not do any good but cause problems, and eventually harm our children by wasting resources in area that has nothing to do with protecting them. Nowadays, virtual child pornography in Taiwan remain unprohibited, but under the tend of globalization, it is very likely that we will have to face this argument in recent future. By discussing this argument, hopefully, we can make a reasonable, careful, and all-around considered decision, to protect our children and society.
37
Chen-HuiChou and 周晨蕙. "A Review of the legitimacy of punishment on child pornography." Thesis, 2016. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/29917685001869769732.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立成功大學
法律學系
104
Taiwan had legislated against child phonography since 1995. The Legislative Yuan made “Child and Youth Sexual Transaction Prevention Act”, and the law prohibits people from shooting, producing, distributing, broadcasting, selling…child phonography. It is a pity that our country prohibited child phonography for twenty years, there were still few correlation studies about “Child and Youth Sexual Transaction Prevention Act”, and the legally protected interest of child phonography laws are still not clear. To examine if the legislation is proper, we need to clarify the legally protected interest of child phonography laws, and try to explain the requisite elements about relevant regulations. For clarifying the legally protected interest of child phonography laws in “Child and Youth Sexual Transaction Prevention Act”, this article will review the history of child phonography, and investigate the reason that legislators prohibited child phonography. After clarifying the legally protected interest, this article will also examine requisite elements about child phonography laws.
38
Shih, Chao-Jen, and 施朝仁. "A Study on the Internet Child Pornography: A Medical Perspective." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/20849690509768659588.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中興大學
科技法律研究所
99
Child pornography is a serious crime of sexual exploitation to children and teenagers. However, due to the rapid development of Internet, child pornography has been spread widely through it on the world. This study discusses the child pornography on internet, especially focusing on the following issues : causes、subtypes、diagnosis and treatment of pedophilia, the different national laws regarding internet child pornography, and how to protect our children from the internet child pornography by the government and non-governmental organizations. We will discuss the topics as below: 1.The definition and subtypes of paraphilia and the causes, subtypes, diagnosis and treatment of pedophilia. 2.The related laws for the internet child pornography of U.K, U.S.A, Japan & Taiwan. 3.How to use the technology or education to prevent the internet child pornography, ex: hotline of web 547, education, internet rating and filting system. This study is an attempt to achieve the following goals: 1. As a pediatric doctor, I want to introduce the disease of pedophilia to the public through a simple and easy method. 2. By comparing the laws of different countries to provide references for future amendments.
39
Green, Michael. "Child pornography on the Internet : the victims deserve a response." Thesis, 2004. http://spectrum.library.concordia.ca/8185/1/MQ94647.pdf.
Full textAbstract:
Child pornography on the Internet is a problem almost invisible to the general public, which has produced consternation among those entrusted with the protection of society. The argument is presented that a great deal needs to be done to protect children and eradicate this illegal material from the Internet. I interviewed police officers, members of the judiciary, legislators and their advisors to discover what is being done to resolve these issues in Canada. The Canadian Criminal Code has been amended to include sections which deal specifically with child pornography and the Internet; sections 163.1(1) to 163.1(7) have proven to be inadequate in the face of challenges from the Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms particularly in the Sharpe case. The lack of legislative clarity begs inquiry into the formation of laws, their interpretation by the bench and enforcement by the police. In conclusion I present a series of recommendations, drawn from my interviews and from the available literature, to correct the problem of child pornography on the Internet and, thereby, to protect the children
40
Chen, Yun-ju, and 陳韻如. "A Study On the Criminal Legislation of Child Pornography On-line." Thesis, 2010. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/50888347247221671390.
Full textAbstract:
碩士東吳大學
法律學系
98
Child pornography - sexual exploitation to children and teenagers , is defined as serious criminal offenses in current society. However, due to the development of internet , child pornography has been spread wildly on internet. This research will discuss the criminal offenses of child pornography on internet, especially focus on the subjects in below : objects of child pornography , requirements to cause crime in child pornography , behavior standards and if virtual child pornography cause crime. This research discusses the issues in below : the definition, behaviors and object areas of child pornography. Further more, due to the development of technology, people who create, spread, browse, and posses child pornography can be considered as the punishment objects of criminal offenses or not ? Cause there is few discussion in theory and practical examples in Taiwan , this research uses comparative method--to compare USA & Japan ‘s regulations and base on it to define the definition, areas and judgment standards of child pornography.Finally base on the conclusion to recheck the criminal offenses in Taiwan. This research discusses the issues in below : 1. The definition, areas, judgment standards of child pornography and obsceneness. 2. The dispute of child pornography. 3. If the criminal law in Taiwan covers and explains the child pornography properly. 4. The discussion of real child pornography cases. Through the studies of above issues, this research hopes to achieve the goals in below : 1. Define and check the appropriate and necessary of criminal offenses , ensure the clear principals of laws. 2. Worldwide agreement to punish child pornography on internet and protect minority. 3. Protect legal activities and freedom of speech on internet.
41
Basson, Antoinette. "Exposure to pornography and sexual exploitation of children : an interpretive approach." Thesis, 2014. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/18764.
Full textAbstract:
The aim of this qualitative research study was to explore the influences of pornographic material on
the sexual exploitation of children. An interpretive research method, based on phenomenological
principles, was followed. A total of 18 semistructured interviews were conducted with sentenced sex
offenders who had committed an offence against a child (a person under the age of 18).
The research findings, obtained through a process of interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA),
highlighted personal and family characteristics that could increase individuals’ susceptibility to the
effect of exposure to pornographic material. Moreover, it was found that early, recurrent exposure
to pornography results in physical, cognitive and behavioural influences that considerably increase
the level of sexual satisfaction and need for instantaneous sexual gratification. This uncontrollable
need for sexual gratification often results in destructive behaviour such as addiction to pornographic
material, criminal sexual acts involving children and damage to the family system. The effect of
sexually explicit material is furthermore intensified by the availability of pornographic material on the
Internet, which considerably increases the likelihood of individuals being exposed to a variety of
pornographic images, including illegal material such as child pornography.
Based on the outcomes of the research study, it can be concluded that pornography does have an
effect on human behaviour in relation to the sexual exploitation of children which necessitates the
effective regulation of pornographic material, especially on the Internet, and the evaluation of the
help profession’s approach to effectively deal with issues stemming from exposure to pornographic
materialPsychology
D.Litt. et Phil. (Psychology)
42
Whelpton, Juliette. "The psychological effects experienced by computer forensic examiners working with child pornography." Diss., 2012. http://hdl.handle.net/10500/6217.
Full textAbstract:
Convergence of technology has made access to the Internet faster, easier and cheaper. Criminals, including paedophiles, child abusers and pornography traders make use of this technology to commit criminal offences. Computer Forensic Examiners (CFEs) are members of the Cyber Crime Unit, a professional, specialised unit of the South African Police Service (SAPS) who are responsible for computer forensic examination including the investigation of child pornographic images. The aim of the study was to seek understanding on what psychological effects the CFEs experienced when working with the images and was conducted from within the social constructionism and the narrative frameworks. The images had a severe impact on the CFEs as was clearly uncovered in the stories of six CFEs who participated in this study. The participants' stories were recorded and transcribed after which the application of thematic content analysis found that the participants all suffered similar negative effects. These findings were integrated with the findings of a focus group as well as with the findings of a similar study that was conducted during the same time by the Crimes against Children Research Center at the University of New Hampshire and resulted in identifying symptoms of trauma and stress experienced by the CFEs. Based on these results recommendations regarding the support for the CFEs were made.Psychology
M.A. (Psychology)
43
DeBacker, Devin Allan. "Harmful offense to others : a new liberty-limiting principle and the 'new' child pornography /." 2008. http://hdl.handle.net/10288/462.
Full text
44
Svoboda, Filip. "Trestněprávní aspekty pornografie." Master's thesis, 2015. http://www.nusl.cz/ntk/nusl-337236.
Full textAbstract:
Criminal Aspects of Pornography Summary The main purpose of this thesis is to introduce the phenomenon of pornography in terms of criminal law, to point out flaws in the current relevant criminal legislation in the Czech Republic and to propose a possible solution in a form of potential legislative changes. The thesis is composed of five chapters. The first chapter deals with definition issue of vague legal term of "pornography" and other related terms ("child pornography", "hardcore pornography"). Furthermore, it briefly describes attitudes to the term of pornography in the legal systems of Slovakia and the United States of America and examines the issue of so called virtual pornography. The second chapter provides an overview of the related most important international instruments such as anti-pornography treaties concluded in the early 20th century as well as modern United Nations and Council of Europe treaties and European Union legal documents aiming at combat sexual exploitation of children and child pornography. The third chapter outlines historical development of the Czechoslovak and Czech criminal regulation of pornography in the former Austro-Hungarian criminal codes, recodification draft bills from the era of the First Czechoslovak Republic, socialist criminal codes of 1950 and 1961 and later...
45
Campher, Laetitia. "An investigation into existing measures aimed at restricting the use of the internet as an avenue to initiate sexual activities with adolescents." Diss., 2006. http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27429.
Full textAbstract:
The Internet allows individuals to make contact with other individuals, without divulging personal details or information. This means that the user has the choice to remain anonymous. Although the Internet has numerous advantages, the anonymity with which it can be used could cause certain problems. The anonymous nature of the Internet makes it extremely difficult to determine who is gaining access to personal information about Internet users. Thus it becomes an ideal avenue for paedophiles to gain access to information about adolescents and to use this information in the process to get close to, and to abuse them. Few parents who allow their children to use the Internet are aware of paedophiles’ activities on the Internet. This dearth of knowledge about the ways in which paedophiles operate, necessitates that parents and guardians should be educated about the potential dangers the Internet could hold for their children. This is especially necessary “as computers are becoming more and more a part of our daily lives, and computer literacy is a necessity in today’s computer driven world” (Haupt, 2001:26). Within this study the qualitative approach has been used. Interviewing was used as a method of data collection. The purpose of the interviews was to probe particular aspects in depth. An interview schedule was used during the interviews as a guide for the interviewer, and contained relevant questions which ensured that all the necessary aspects were covered during the interview. The focus of the interviews was to determine new avenues that paedophiles utilise to approach children for sexual purposes. In addition, the interviewer enquired if the experts have dealt with South African case studies, where an individual used the Internet to gain access to children. The adequacy of current South African legislation regarding child pornography and sexual activities with adolescents via the Internet was explored. Research participants were asked to discuss the existence of preventative measures to curb the use of the Internet for the enticement of adolescents for sexual purposes. Subsequently the existence of awareness campaigns to make parents or caregivers and children more aware of the dangers that the Internet poses for adolescents was discussed. After conducting the interviews, they were transcribed and interpreted. The research findings derived from the interviews were categorised and these categories were discussed. The analysis of the data indicate that the global problem with regards to the use of the Internet as an avenue to initiate sexual activities with adolescents is still vaguely grasped in South Africa. The fact that only one reported case of a child in South Africa that was approached by a paedophile online was identified, accentuates the dearth of knowledge regarding this social problem. Although it is not easily detectable, it is still a serious problem that needs to be attended to, especially when taking into account that more than three million South Africans have access to the Internet. In addition, children spend the majority of their leisure time using computers and being on the Internet (CIA – The world factbook: Communications South Africa, n.d.). Thus, this problem can only become worse in future. The Internet can be the child’s best friend, or worst enemy. Therefore it is the responsibility of all parents, guardians and the community to protect children against the negative aspects of the Internet.Dissertation (MA (Criminology))--University of Pretoria, 2007.
Social Work and Criminology
MA
unrestricted
46
Lin, Chia-Ling, and 林佳陵. "A Study on the Regulation of Mere Possession of and Access to Child Pornography." Thesis, 2013. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/45992445017570780036.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立中興大學
法律學系科技法律碩士班
101
Abstract: Child pornography is among the most heinous of crimes: it is a permanent record of physical, sexual, and psychological abuse of a young, helpless human being. Society also pays a significant cost for the crime of child pornography. Therefore, child pornography is not protected by the freedom of expess, and should be eliminated. The advent of digital technology has had a profound impact on the production and distribution of child pornography. However, central to the problem is the offence of “possession.” The concept of possession in the criminal law evolved in the context of tangible items such as drugs, guns, ammunition and knives, and their application to intangible data presents significant challenges. Drawing upon the laws of the United States, England, Japan, South Korea, this thesis analyses the concept of criminal possession in a digital context, and generalize the court’s approach, related factors in the field of child pornography. Eventually, it concludes that there is a loophole of online-viewing of the child pornography, this forms of criminal behavior may not be coverd by the mere possession crime. To avoid the application complexity, it is suggested that some of these difficulties may be avoided by utilising an offence of “accessing with the intent to view” child pornography.
47
"The Predictive Validity of General and Offence-Specific Risk Assessment Tools for Child Pornography Offenders' Reoffending." Thesis, 2016. http://hdl.handle.net/10388/ETD-2016-01-2414.
Full textAbstract:
Child pornography offenders (CPOs) are ever present in the criminal justice system, yet the research on this population of offenders is less advanced than in many other areas of corrections (Eke & Seto, 2012; Seto & Eke, 2005). In order to effectively manage CPOs, it is necessary to accurately assess their risk, and, where applicable, provide rehabilitation options targeted toward their criminogenic needs. The current study examined the both the Level of Service Inventory-Ontario Revision (LSI-OR) and a modified version of the Child Pornography Offender Risk Tool (CPORT-M) and their ability to predict child pornography (CP), sexual, violent, and general recidivism with a sample that included CPOs, other sexual offenders (SOs), and non-sexual offenders (NSOs), who are under the responsibility of the province of Ontario. The results from the ROC analyses that examined the LSI-OR with the recidivism variables, for the various groups of offenders, suggested that the LSI-OR has good predictive accuracy for general recidivism for all of the offenders, as well as good predictive accuracy of violent and sexual recidivism with only the SO and NSO groups. Further, it was found that the CPORT-M had good predictive accuracy for general recidivism among the CPOs. It is appropriate to use both the LSI-OR and the CPORT-M to assess risk of general recidivism with CPOs.
48
Li, Hsin-Yang, and 李昕陽. "When Shizuka puts on a swimsuit for bathing: A study on criminal regulation of child pornography." Thesis, 2018. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/7kdzn2.
Full textAbstract:
碩士國立臺灣大學
法律學研究所
106
Child pornography has been a serious issue in western countries for years. Any violation of child pornography law would cause a strict punishment. With the development of technology, the regulation of child pornography becomes universal, preventive and rigorous. Also, Taiwan has amended the criminal regulation of child pornography to conform to international standards. However, our legislators and judicial practices are not aware of the legislative tendency of child pornography. In addition, they are lack of critical reflections on regulation. Under the circumstance thereto, this thesis observes regulatory models of child pornography of the United States and Japan. This thesis indicates that regulation on child pornography deviates the original intention of protecting children from actual sexual exploitation and sexual abuse in order to “protect” children. What’s worse, the regulation on child pornography bears the burdens of child purity maintenance and child de-sexualization due to contemporary pedophilia panic, which is harmful to its effectiveness. Therefore, this thesis proffers that reconciling the legal goods of child pornography is necessary to strike a balance between protecting children and avoiding human rights violation. To be specified, this thesis concludes that protecting the personal legal goods of children depicted in child pornography is the only intention to justify the legality of child pornography and draw the line of culpability.
49
Chou, Cheng, and 周政. "A Study on the Criminal Regulations of Virtual Child Pornography: Observation and Reflection on the “International Trend”." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/93258387632148366690.
Full text
50
Chou, Cheng, and 周. 政. "A study on the criminal regulations of virtual child pornography: observation and reflection on the “international trend”." Thesis, 2011. http://ndltd.ncl.edu.tw/handle/53650590740274402106.
Full text