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Journal articles on the topic 'Child sexual abuse, Africa'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 3 February 2022

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1

Rapholo, Selelo Frank, and Jabulani Calvin Makhubele. "Forensic Interviewing Techniques in Child Sexual Abuse Allegations: Implications for the South African Context." Global Journal of Health Science 11, no. 6 (2019): 53. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v11n6p53.

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This paper aims to examine forensic interviewing techniques during child sexual abuse allegations using South African lenses. Forensic Social Work education and practice in South Africa is emerging as it has been adopted from the United States of America.  There are currently no guidelines for forensic social workers to inform the assessment of children who are alleged to be sexually abused which are in a South African context. For the protection of children, skillful forensic interviews must be conducted for perpetrators of child sexual abuse to be convicted. Forensic interviews help in eliciting accurate and complete report from the alleged child victim to determine if the child has been sexually abused and if so, by whom. The ecosystems theory is used to guide this paper. An extensive literature review was conducted to zoom into systems in South Africa which influence the effectiveness of the forensic interviewing techniques useful to facilitate the disclosure of sexual abuse amongst children.

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Corbella, Nicole, and Steven J. Collings. "THE NEWS ABOUT CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE: A SYSTEMATIC ANALYSIS OF REPORTS IN THE SOUTH AFRICAN ENGLISH-LANGUAGE PRESS." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 35, no. 3 (2007): 387–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2007.35.3.387.

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The extent and representativeness of child sexual abuse reporting in the South African English-language press were examined. Baseline data for the study comprised a complete record of all cases of child sexual abuse reported to the police in the North Durban Policing area (KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa) from January 2001 to December 2004, with newspaper reports of child sexual abuse being obtained from the 2004 online archives of a South African English-language newspaper. Study findings indicate that press coverage of child sexual abuse is negligible (i.e., an index of crime-news coverage of less than 1%), with the nature of cases covered by the press being largely representative of the types of cases reported to the police.

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Frank, Rapholo Selelo. "Factors Influencing Non-Disclosure of Child Sexual Abuse Amongst Bapedi Tribe in Polokwane, Limpopo Province, South Africa." Global Journal of Health Science 11, no. 12 (2019): 175. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v11n12p175.

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Child sexual abuse is a global public health issue calling the attention of practitioners, scholars and policy makers to address it. This study argues that children are being sexually abused both by family and non-family members, and such incidents are not always reported and/or disclosed due to various influential factors. This study was aimed at exploring and describing possible influential factors for the non-disclosure of child sexual abuse amongst Bapedi tribe. A qualitative approach with a descriptive phenomenological design was followed. Fifteen caregivers of children were purposively selected in order to pursue the aim of this study.  Data was collected through semi-structured interviews and analysed thematically through the help of Nvivo Software. The findings indicate that due to factors such as fear of the perpetrator, the practice of the spirit of ubuntu, socio-economic status of the family and relationship with the perpetrator, protecting the dignity of the family, fear of victimisation, fear of witchcraft, and cultural beliefs, child sexual abuse in the Bapedi tribe is an issue to be dealt with by families affected and if need be, traditional courts intervene in case the families disagree. It can therefore be concluded that there is a lack of information on the nastiness of child sexual offences against children amongst Bapedi tribe. Therefore, the Bapedi tribe must be empowered to disclose and/or report child sexual abuse and the implications of not doing so.

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LARSEN, J., J. CHAPMAN, and A. ARMSTRONG. "Child sexual abuse in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa." Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 92, no. 3 (1998): 262–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0035-9203(98)91001-x.

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5

Meinck, Franziska, Lucie Dale Cluver, and Mark Edward Boyes. "Longitudinal Predictors of Child Sexual Abuse in a Large Community-Based Sample of South African Youth." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 32, no. 18 (2015): 2804–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260515596331.

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Sexual abuse has severe negative impacts on children’s lives, but little is known about risk factors for sexual abuse victimization in sub-Saharan Africa. This study examined prospective predictors of contact sexual abuse in a random community-based sample of children aged 10 to 17 years ( N = 3,515, 56.6% female) in South Africa. Self-report questionnaires using validated scales were completed at baseline and at 1-year follow-up (96.8% retention rate). Cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between hypothesized factors and sexual abuse were examined. For girls, previous sexual abuse (odds ratio [OR] = 3.44, 95% confidence interval [CI] = [2.03, 5.60]), baseline school dropout (OR = 2.76, 95% CI = [1.00, 6.19]), and physical assault in the community (OR = 2.17, 95% CI = [1.29, 3.48]) predicted sexual abuse at follow-up. Peer social support (OR = 0.84, 95% CI = [0.74, 0.98]) acted as a protective factor. Previous contact sexual abuse was the strongest predictor of subsequent sexual abuse victimization. In addition, peer support moderated the relationship between baseline assault and subsequent sexual abuse. For boys, no longitudinal predictors for sexual abuse victimization were identified. These results indicate that the most vulnerable girls—those not in school and with a history of victimization—are at higher risk for sexual abuse victimization. High levels of peer support reduced the risk of sexual abuse victimization and acted as a moderator for those who had experienced physical assault within the community. Interventions to reduce school drop-out rates and revictimization may help prevent contact sexual abuse of girls in South Africa.

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Madu, S. N. "The Prevalence and Patterns of Childhood Sexual Abuse and Victim-Perpetrator Relationship among a Sample of University Students." South African Journal of Psychology 31, no. 4 (2001): 32–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124630103100404.

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This is an investigation into the prevalence and patterns of child sexual abuse and victim-perpetrator relationship among a sample of university students. 722 undergraduate students of psychology at the University of the North, South Africa, filled in a retrospective self-rating questionnaire in a classroom setting. The questionnaire asked childhood sexual forms of abuse, victim-perpetrator relationships and self-rating of childhood. Result shows an overall (N=649) child sexual abuse prevalence rate of 25.6%; 21.7% for males (N=244), 23.7% for females (N=465). 18.2% were kissed sexually, 13.6% were touched sexually, 8.7% were victims of oral/anal/vaginal intercourse. Most of the perpetrators are people known to the victims. Many victims (83% of the male victims and 68.2% of the female victims) perceived themselves as not sexually abused during childhood; and most rated their childhood as either “average” (41.3% of the female victims and 48.9% of the male victims) or as “very happy” (41.3% of the female victims and 40.4% of the male victims). The author calls for more research, publicity, and campaigns against childhood sexual abuse in the Northern Province.

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7

Fouché, Daniël F., and Ansie Fouché. "Delaying Pre-trial Therapy to Child Victims of Sexual Abuse: An Unfounded Prevailing Culture in South Africa?" International Journal of Children’s Rights 25, no. 3-4 (2017): 599–621. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02503002.

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Due to the statutory obligation to report child sexual abuse to the authorities, children in South Africa are increasingly called to testify in criminal proceedings. A recent qualitative study found that South African parents and social workers are often advised by legal professionals to postpone pre-trial therapy (therapy provided to child witnesses prior to testimony) until after the child’s testimony, based on concerns that therapy could contaminate the child’s version of events, and might ultimately lead to an acquittal of the accused. In this study, the authors analysed selected authoritative documents to explore whether or not any directives exist in respect of the provision of pre-trial therapy to child victims of sexual abuse in South Africa. Our findings suggest that none of the authoritative documents included in our document review specifically mention the rendering of pre-trial therapy to child victims of sexual abuse. Recommendations for policy reform and research are made.

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8

Mutaka, Maryn, and Mwiya I. Imasiku. "Risk Factors and Child Sexual Abuse among High School Pupils in Lusaka District, Zambia." Journal of Law and Social Sciences 1, no. 1 (2012): 17–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.53974/unza.jlss.1.1.361.

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Child sexual abuse is a universal problem that affects both boys and girls. In Zambia, like many other African countries, there are certain conditions and circumstances that put children at risk of sexual abuse. However, these risk factors remain explored (Chiroro et al., 2006). This study, therefore, was aimed at investigating risk factors and exploring child sexual abuse in Lusaka District. Specifically, it focused on identifying the forms of sexual abuse; examine the factors that put children at risk for sexual abuse; find out the grooming tactics used by sexual abusers; find out the disclosure rate for child sexual abuse cases; examine the abuser-victim relationships; and make recommendations for child sexual abuse prevention. Participants were 200 secondary school pupils (86 males and 114 females), who were randomly selected. Their ages ranged from sixteen to twenty-one years. Data was collected using a structured selfreport questionnaire and Focus Group Discussions (FGDs). Data analysis was done using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS). The results show an overall prevalence rate of child sexual abuse to be 43.5 per cent (n=87). Of the 87 victims, 41.1 per cent (n=36) were males and 58.6 per cent (n=51) were females. Among the forms of sexual abuse, sexual touch/arousal had the highest frequency (n=54, 62.1%). Most of the subjects (75.6%, n=19) did not disclose their sexual experiences, whereas only 24.4 per cent (n=19) did. Most abusers were found to be family members (n=39, 44%). Six risk factors for sexual abuse were examined, and the most powerful one was parental absence (n=63, 73.3%); having punitive parents (n=57, 68.7%); alcohol intake by a parent or other guardian (n=30, 34.5%); poor parent-child relationship (n=20, 23.7%); parental conflict (n=19, 22.4%); and presence of a stepparent (n=13, 13.1%). Furthermore, the results obtained from the FGDs show that the most frequently used trick for sexual abuse is the offer of money and/other gifts (n=21, 67.8%). Fifty-six (69%) of the victims lacked knowledge to know that the grooming they experienced would result into sexual abuse. The study tested two hypotheses: (a) alcohol intake by the parent or guardian is not a significant risk factor for child sexual abuse; (b) in Lusaka District, children and adolescents that are sexually abused have adequate knowledge of the grooming tactics used by abusers. The results showed that: (a) there is a significant relationship (p=0.004) between child sexual abuse and parental or guardian intake of alcohol; (b) there is a significant relationship (p=0.000) between child sexual abuse and children’s lack of knowledge of the grooming tactics used by sexual abusers. Recommendations made include: (a) teacher training in the area of child sexual abuse; (b) encouragement of research culture among Zambian scholars in the area of child sexual abuse; and (c) active involvement of children, parents, teachers and the government in the prevention of child sexual abuse.

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Sakala, Sandra Chilensi. "Girl Child Sexual Abuse in Lusaka Urban." Journal of Law and Social Sciences 1, no. 1 (2012): 33–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.53974/unza.jlss.1.1.366.

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The study on girl child sexual abuse and whose findings are presented in this article was conducted in 2010 as an academic requirement for the purpose of completing a Master’s degree in Gender Studies at the University of Zambia. This article outlines issues of sexual abuse and the various reasons why under-age girls are more vulnerable to sexual abuse, cultural beliefs with regard to sexual abuse, gender and power relations and sexual abuse, and existing community programmes and knowledge levels, and institutional mechanisms of the sexual abuse case reporting in Lusaka urban. The article has drawn conclusions and recommendations for enhancing the protection of the children against child sexual abuse. By conducting a study that comprehensively assesses the types of programmes and perceived implementation gaps from Lusaka, this report poses specific policy and structural recommendations on how best to address the existing problem of increased vulnerability of under-age girls to sexual abuse. Child sexual abuse is a form of abuse in which a child is abused for the sexual gratification of an adult or older adolescent (CHIN, 2005: 53). Child sexual abuse is the actual or the likely sexual exploitation of a child and includes rape, incest and all forms of sexual activity (VSO, 2008: 2). In Zambia, anyone under the age of sixteen is classified as a child. Researchers cite various reasons why child sexual abuse is so common: Gender power relations (patriarchy views which place women and children in lower positions), poverty, a legacy of violent homes, power relations between children and adults, and cultural beliefs. The research was an exploratory study undertaken in Lusaka urban and endeavored to explore why the problem of sexual abuse was persistent and why under-age children were vulnerable to it. Using purposive and simple random sampling, a sample size of seventy was arrived at and both qualitative and quantitative approaches of research were employed. The data was then analysed manually and by Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS). The institutions visited were: Ministry of Community Development and Social Welfare, Women and Law in Southern Africa Trust, The Child Protection Unit of the Zambia Police Service, Young Women Christian Association, Isubilo Orphanage and Drop-in Centre and Jesus Cares Ministries Orphanage. Additionally, community members from Chawama, Mtendere and Kabwata compounds were interviewed for more insight into the study. The study results showed that under-age girl-children were more vulnerable to sexual abuse because they were easy to coerce, threaten, lure and could be more trusting than much older girls. Further, the study revealed that gender-power relations, power relations between children and adults, cultural beliefs and community programmes on sexual abuse played a role in girl child sexual abuse. The overall study recommendations were coined from the outcomes and conclusions made in the study as follows: children needed more focused education to increase their knowledge about child sexual abuse; intensify funding injections into already functional community and school programmes, for example the School Liaison Programme under the Zambia Police Service; putting in place a holistic approach to sensitise community members centring on encroaching cultural norms and practices that perpetrate child sexual abuse; there was need to intensify and widen the coverage of programmes on child sexual abuse clearly stipulating and defining types of sexual abuse; the law and punishment for perpetrators; perceived gaps in the awareness programmes and institutional mechanism for sexual abuse case reporting was bureaucratically long, long court procedures and negative cultural doctrines also played a role and as such needed attention.

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Phasha, Tlakale Nareadi. "Educational Resilience Among African Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse in South Africa." Journal of Black Studies 40, no. 6 (2009): 1234–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0021934708327693.

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11

Collings, Steven J., Sacha Griffiths, and Mandisa Kumalo. "Patterns of Disclosure in Child Sexual Abuse." South African Journal of Psychology 35, no. 2 (2005): 270–85. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/008124630503500207.

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This study examined patterns of disclosure in a sample of 1 737 cases of child sexual abuse (1 614 girls and 123 boys) reported in the North Durban policing area of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa, during the period January 2001 to December 2003. A content analysis of disclosure patterns identified two broad dimensions of disclosure (Agency: child-initiated disclosure versus detection by a third party, and Temporal duration: an event versus a process); with these disclosure dimensions defining four discrete categories of disclosure: purposeful disclosure (30% of cases), indirect disclosure (9% of cases), eyewitness detection (18% of cases), and accidental detection (43% of cases). A multinomial logistic regression analysis revealed that disclosure patterns were independently predicted by the victim's age, the nature of the victim-perpetrator relationship, the offender's age, the frequency of abuse, and reporting latency. The implications of the findings for primary prevention, forensic interviewing practice, and future research are discussed in detail.

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Oosthuizen, Hennie. "O8. Child abuse, neglect and sexual misuse in South Africa." Journal of Clinical Forensic Medicine 6, no. 3 (1999): 187. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s1353-1131(99)90106-2.

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13

Lalor, Kevin. "Child sexual abuse and HIV transmission in sub-Saharan Africa." Child Abuse Review 17, no. 2 (2008): 94–107. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/car.1020.

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Lalor, Kevin. "Child sexual abuse in sub-Saharan Africa: a literature review." Child Abuse & Neglect 28, no. 4 (2004): 439–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2003.07.005.

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Urquiza, Anthony J., and Beth L. Goodlin-Jones. "Child Sexual Abuse and Adult Revictimization With Women of Color." Violence and Victims 9, no. 3 (1994): 223–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.9.3.223.

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Clinical researchers examining the long-term consequences of child molestation have reported that female survivors of child sexual abuse experience a higher risk of sexual assault as adults. However, very little literature has focused on the child and/or adult sexual victimization of women from different ethnic or cultural backgrounds. In examining the long-term consequences of child sexual abuse, this investigation examined the rates of sexual revictimization of women of color. A multiethnic (white, African-American, Latina, and Asian-American) sample of 243 women, recruited and randomly selected from a pool of volunteers from two community colleges, were administered extensive clinical interviews. Nearly two thirds of the women who reported rape as an adult had a history of child sexual abuse, while approximately one third of the nonvictimized women had a child sexual abuse history. Additionally, an examination of the rates of adult rape within each ethnic group revealed differences between the women with and without a history of child sexual abuse. Significant differences (i.e., higher rates of rape associated with a prior history of child sexual abuse) were found for white women, African-American women, and Latinas, but not for Asian-American women. The results of this investigation highlight the relationship between child sexual abuse and adult rape and suggest the need for researchers to take a broader cultural context in which to view sexual victimization.

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Chiabi, Andreas, Julius Sama, Elvis Meten, et al. "The Epidemiological and Clinical Profile of Sexually Abused Children: A Hospital-Based Study." Asploro Journal of Pediatrics and Child Health 3, no. 1 (2021): 33–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.36502/2021/asjpch.6166.

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Introduction: Child sexual abuse is an extensive health and societal problem as even the lowest prevalence of child sexual abuse includes a huge number of victims who still need to be considered. Africa has the highest prevalence of child sexual abuse yet still with a paucity of literature on the subject matter. Objective: Describe the epidemiological and clinical profile of children victim of sexual abuse reported at the Yaounde Gynaeco-obstetric and Pediatric Hospital (YGOPH). Methods: A hospital based cross sectional descriptive study was conducted from January 1st, 2017 – December 31st, 2019 at the Yaounde Gynaeco-Obstetric and Pediatric Hospital. Consultation files were examined and identified cases of child sexual abuse (CSA) recruited. Epidemiological and clinical data of included participants were treated using a pre-established questionnaire. Collected data were entered and analysed using SPSS (Statistical Package for Social Sciences) software version 26.0 with p-values calculated following a one variable binomial sampling. Results: In total, data was assessed from 51,331 pediatric consultation files of which 127 cases of child sexual abuse met our inclusion criteria. The prevalence of child sexual abuse was 0.25%. Most victims of child sexual abuse were of the female gender (92%) from single parenting homes (36.8%) (p< 0.05) within two age groups < 5years (32.9%) and 10-15 years (32.9%). Perpetrators were in majority males (84%) of age ≥18 years (72.4%) and were persons known to the victims (73.7%) who proceeded by taking advantage of the victims’ trust. Vaginal penetration (57.9%) with vaginal lesions (59.2%) were the most encountered cases which were placed on highly active anti-retroviral prophylaxis however with poor clinical follow-up (35.5%) as the patients did not turn-up for their visits. Conclusion: Child sexual abuse though not addressed as a matter of urgency, yet it is a problem with a gradual upward trend in our community most especially as perpetrators are persons we are familiar with. Thus, a call for greater vigilance with regards to the guidance we leave our children with.

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Phasha, Tlakale Nareadi. "Researching Child Sexual Abuse in South Africa: Complexities in the Field." Journal of Psychology in Africa 16, no. 2 (2006): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2006.10820128.

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Artz, L., C. L. Ward, L. Leoschut, R. Kassanjee, and P. Burton. "The prevalence of child sexual abuse in South Africa: The Optimus Study South Africa." South African Medical Journal 108, no. 10 (2018): 791. http://dx.doi.org/10.7196/samj.2018.v108i10.13533.

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Coughlan, Felicity, and Renette Jarman. "Can the Intermediary System Work for Child Victims of Sexual Abuse?" Families in Society: The Journal of Contemporary Social Services 83, no. 5 (2002): 541–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1606/1044-3894.52.

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In South Africa, an intermediary system is attempting to reduce the trauma and secondary abuse often experienced by child witnesses in court cases involving sexual abuse. By separating the child from the formal courtroom and allowing an intermediary to relay questions and answers to the child via closed circuit television, it was hoped that the stress of the experience for these children would be reduced while retaining the rights of the accused to cross-examine witnesses and to a fair trial. This article reports on a major urban court in South Africa where intermediaries (social workers) have refused to continue offering their services. It also reports on the challenges and difficulties associated with offering the services. The authors further argue that immediate action is required if the system is to be saved. They also suggest how to address the needs and concerns of the intermediaries, thus further developing and improving the existing system. The authors close with recommendations for systems in other locations that might be considering the use of intermediaries in similar situations.

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Yahaya, Ismail, Antonio Ponce De Leon, Olalekan A. Uthman, Joaquim J. F. Soares, and Gloria Macassa. "Childhood sexual abuse among girls and determinants of sexual risk behaviours in adult life in sub-Saharan Africa." Journal of Aggression, Conflict and Peace Research 7, no. 2 (2015): 67–75. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/jacpr-04-2014-0121.

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Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the relationship between child sexual abuse and sexual risk behaviours as well as its potential mediators. Design/methodology/approach – This cross-sectional study used data from a cross-sectional study from 12,800 women between 15 and 49 years of age included in the 2008 Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey. Structural equation modelling (SEM) was applied to assess the association between childhood sexual abuse (CSA) and sexual risk behaviours. Findings – The authors found that CSA was directly associated with sexual risk behaviours. In addition, the association between CSA and sexual risk behaviour was also partially mediated by alcohol and cigarette use. Research limitations/implications – The results show that being abused in childhood is important for the subsequent development of sexual risk behaviours in adulthood and the association is mediated by alcohol and cigarette use. Practical implications – The results may be helpful for policy makers and health care planners in designing cultural sensitive public health intervention that will reduce the burden of CSA, its long-term effects (sexual risk behaviours) and intervening mediators that increase the risks. Social implications – These findings suggest that to reduce sexual risks, interventions to address sexual abuse needs to include other social problems (smoking, alcohol) that victims result to when faced with trauma. Originality/value – The current study is the only one so far in sub-Saharan Africa to have explored the relation between CSA and sexual risk behaviours using SEM.

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Masilo, Daniel Tuelo. "A Call for Social Work Intervention to Address the Phenomenon of Child Sexual Abuse against Learners in South African Schools: A Review of the Literature." Global Journal of Health Science 11, no. 12 (2019): 152. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/gjhs.v11n12p152.

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Child sexual abuse (CSA) is undoubtedly one of the social problems negatively affecting children in South Africa. Everyday reports in research and different media platforms such as radio, television, social media and newspapers suggest that sexual abuse of children and those attending school, has reached unprecedented proportions. Within the school setting, it is reported that school-based employees such as teachers, security personel and gardeners are alleged to be the perpetrators of this heinous crime against children. The purpose of this paper through the literature review methodology, is to highlight the phenomenon of CSA perpetrated against learners in the South African schools and indicate how the social work profession may intervene. To this end, this paper calls social workers to intervene by means of educating learners on child sexual abuse, establishing and strengthening the childcare and protection forums, engaging parents, guardians and lastly facilitating dialogues with the school-based employees. These interventions will go a long way in addressing the phenomenon of CSA, and most importantly, protecting the rights of children as the most vulnerable group in societies.

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Samboma, Thabile A. "Vulnerability of children in Botswana during COVID-19." International Social Work 63, no. 6 (2020): 807–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872820949904.

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Due to the COVID-19 pandemic, Botswana is at a time of economic uncertainty which is linked to increased child sexual abuse. Although Botswana is among the least hit by COVID-19 in Africa, evidence from Botswana police suggests that the government’s move to apply strict measures such as lockdown, extreme social distancing and movement restriction has led to an increase in the number of child sexual abuse cases in Botswana. Evidence on the impact of COVID-19 on children needs urgent attention. This calls for a clear road map on the prevention and response of the child protection system in Botswana.

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Vermeulen, Theresa, and Abraham P. Greeff. "Family Resilience Resources in Coping With Child Sexual Abuse in South Africa." Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 24, no. 5 (2015): 555–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2015.1042183.

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Auslander, Wendy, Sarah Myers Tlapek, Jennifer Threlfall, Tonya Edmond, and Jerry Dunn. "Mental Health Pathways Linking Childhood Maltreatment to Interpersonal Revictimization During Adolescence for Girls in the Child Welfare System." Journal of Interpersonal Violence 33, no. 7 (2015): 1169–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0886260515614561.

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This study compares the association of histories of childhood emotional, physical, and sexual abuse, and physical neglect with revictimization among adolescent girls, and investigates the role of posttraumatic stress and symptoms of depression as mediators. Participants were 234 girls aged 12 to 19 years, who have been involved with the child welfare system in a Midwestern urban area. Data were collected from baseline surveys of a trauma-focused group program to which the participants were referred. The majority of participants were youths of color (75%) who were primarily African American (70%), and the remaining participants were White, non-Hispanic (25%). Data were collected through surveys that assessed histories of child abuse and neglect, symptoms of posttraumatic stress and depression, and experiences of physical, verbal, and relational revictimization in the last 3 months. All types of abuse and neglect were significantly associated with higher frequencies of revictimization and higher levels of posttraumatic stress and depressive symptoms. Parallel mediation analyses demonstrated that both posttraumatic stress and depression fully mediated the relationships between emotional abuse and revictimization, and sexual abuse and revictimization. Physical abuse was fully mediated by posttraumatic stress, but not by depression. Results also indicated that neither posttraumatic stress nor depression were mediators for the relationship between neglect and revictimization. There were similar pathways to revictimization in adolescents from emotional and sexual abuse through posttraumatic stress and depression. Evidence is mounting for the deleterious effects of emotional abuse. There is evidence that treatment of both posttraumatic stress and depression in emotionally and sexually abused adolescents involved in child welfare is warranted to prevent future revictimization.

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Wild, Lauren. "Sexual Abuse of Young Children in Southern Africa." Journal of Child & Adolescent Mental Health 16, no. 2 (2004): 127–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/17280580409486580.

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Collings, Steven J. "CHILD SEXUAL ABUSE MYTH ACCEPTANCE AMONG ASPIRANT, TRAINEE, AND REGISTERED PSYCHOLOGISTS IN DURBAN, SOUTH AFRICA." Social Behavior and Personality: an international journal 31, no. 8 (2003): 835–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.2224/sbp.2003.31.8.835.

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This study examined the effect of gender and professional training on child sexual abuse myth acceptance among aspirant, trainee, and registered psychologists in Durban, South Africa. Using a 2 (gender: male, female) × 3 (training: aspirant psychologists, psychologists in training, practicing psychologists) design, 90 participants completed the 15-item Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) Myth Scale. AMANOVA revealed a significant main effect for gender, with males scoring significantly higher than females did on all three subscales of the CSA Myth Scale. Myth acceptance scores were, however, unrelated to the extent of professional training, with the notable exception of scores on the Denial of Abusiveness subscale, where aspirant psychologists scored significantly higher than psychologists in training. These findings are discussed in terms of their implications for practice and for social policy.

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Collings, Steven J. "Lexical Redescription of Child Sexual Abuse in the South African English-Language Press." Psychological Reports 91, no. 1 (2002): 28. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2002.91.1.28.

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Content analysis of 1.044 child sexual abuse reports over an 8-yr. period in the South African English-language press indicated that 8.5% ( n = 89) of reports use the language of consensual sexual activity to describe the abuse, with this percentage remaining constant over the 8-yr. period reviewed.

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Haskins, Deborah G., Ralph L. Piedmont, Joanne Marie G. Greer, and Beverly E. Eanes. "African American Attitudes Toward Incest and Child Sexual Abuse." Journal of Religion & Abuse 2, no. 3 (2001): 51–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1300/j154v02n03_04.

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Aiffah, Ghaisani Ikramina, and Wandera Ahmad Religia. "Child Sexual Abuse Prevention Program: Reference to the Indonesian Government." Jurnal PROMKES 8, no. 2 (2020): 238. http://dx.doi.org/10.20473/jpk.v8.i2.2020.238-252.

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Background: Child Sexual Abuse (CSA) was a global problem widespread in many countries. Komisi Perlindungan Anak Indonesia or Indonesian Children Protection Commission (KPAI) recorded as many as 1.880 children become victims of sexual abuse such as rape, fornication, sodomy and paedophilia. The Government of Indonesia become made become efforts both national and international scale, but there is no effective and applicable program that has been implemented. Objective: The purpose of this article was to analyse the programs had been implemented to prevent sexual violence against children. Method: This article was a literature study by examining 38 articles related to the program against child abuse. The researcher was looking for reference sources from the Science Direct, Sage pub and Google Scholar online become. The keywords used were Child Sex Abuse Prevention Program, Parenting Program, Parent Training, Parent Intervention, Maltreatment, Violence, and Violence Prevention. Result: In children, programs that had been implemented include C-SAPE; IGEL; Train the trainer; BST; A program for minorities in Australia; Cool and Safe. For parents, the programs that had been applied include ACT-RSK; Triple-P; RETHINK; The Incredible Years Parents, Teachers, and Children Training Series; PACE; The Making Choices and Strong Families; The African Migrant Parenting; Strengthening Families; 123 Magic; PDEP and FAST. Conclusion: The sexual violence prevention program for children that can be implemented by the Indonesian government was using teaching methods based on school curricula that can be delivered by teachers. For parent, the program that could be implemented by the Indonesian government was using positive parenting methods that focus on preventing sexual violence against children and delivered by expert facilitators. To reach children and families with different cultural backgrounds, the Indonesian government could adapt sexual violence prevention programs for the Australian minorities and The African Migrant Parenting.

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Mathews, Shanaaz, Natasha Hendricks, and Naeemah Abrahams. "A Psychosocial Understanding of Child Sexual Abuse Disclosure Among Female Children in South Africa." Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 25, no. 6 (2016): 636–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2016.1199078.

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Collings, Steven J. "Nonsupportive Disclosure in Child Sexual Abuse: Confidants' Characteristics and Reactions." Psychological Reports 100, no. 3 (2007): 768–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.100.3.768-770.

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In a sample of 856 South African child victims of sexual abuse ( M age= 10.2 yr., SD = 4.2), 26% experienced nonsupportive reactions at initial disclosure, with nonsupportive reactions taking two forms, ignoring the child (16% of cases) and punishing or silencing the child (10% of cases). Nonsupportive disclosure was equally likely when the confidant was a nonoffending guardian (OR=1.00), another family member (OR = 0.84), or a professional person (OR=1.07) but significantly more likely in cases where the confidant was a community member (OR = 3.41).

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Wingood, Gina M., and Ralph J. DiClemente. "Child Sexual Abuse, HIV Sexual Risk, and Gender Relations of African-American Women." American Journal of Preventive Medicine 13, no. 5 (1997): 380–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0749-3797(18)30158-2.

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Patterson, George T. "An Exploratory Study Assessing Relations of Demographic Characteristics with Police Recruits' Attitudes toward Abuse of Children and Abusive Parents." Psychological Reports 101, no. 2 (2007): 451–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.101.2.451-456.

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The purpose of this exploratory study was to assess the relationships of demographic characteristics with attitudes toward abusive parents and abused children in a convenience sample of 183 police recruits. Police academy training staff invited recruits to complete a questionnaire which contained three vignettes and a 36-item questionnaire that depicted child neglect, sexual abuse, physical abuse, and demographic information. Analysis of responses showed that African Americans and Latinos reported more negative attitudes of anger, disgust, sadness, and discomfort toward an abusive parent than the Euro-American group. Women reported more negative attitudes toward an abused child and also more positive attitudes of sympathy and caring toward an abused child. Results partially support previous research suggesting demographic characteristics influence report of attitudes toward abusive parents and abused children. These findings about the influence of demographic characteristics on positive and negative emotional reactions toward abusive parents and abused children add to the literature.

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Hestick, Henrietta, and Carrol Perrino. "African-American Undergraduates' Perceptions and Attributions of Child Sexual Abuse." Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 18, no. 1 (2009): 61–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10538710802584619.

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Capri, Charlotte, Lou-Marie Kruger, and Mark Tomlinson. "Child Sexual Abuse Workers’ Emotional Experiences of Working Therapeutically in the Western Cape, South Africa." Child and Adolescent Social Work Journal 30, no. 5 (2012): 365–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s10560-012-0295-8.

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Wilson, Jacqueline K. "Unfolding Knowledge on Sexual Violence Experienced by Black Lesbian Survivors in the Townships of Cape Town, South Africa." European Journal of Social Sciences Education and Research 10, no. 1 (2017): 7. http://dx.doi.org/10.26417/ejser.v10i1.p7-15.

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Sexual violence is conceptualised as a hate or bias-motivated crime, and is recognised as a social problem of global proportion. However, the platform for this paper focuses on incidents of rape in South Africa, a country where the most progressive legislation concerning sexual minorities is enforced, including gender non-conforming people namely Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, Trans and Intersex (LGBTI). South Africa still must address rape inflicted on black lesbians residing in Cape Town townships, despite gender equality being granted in on the basis of sexual orientation (Silvio, 2011). The same applies to same sex marriages, making South Africa the role model of other African countries yet to be included in the signatory to the 2008 United Nations Human Rights Council Resolution on Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity. An alternative concept to categorising rape as a hate crime might be a more effective tool in the legislation to combat rape based on sexual orientation; justice will be served as a female homosexual enjoys equal citizenship as that of a heterosexual citizen. Preliminary findings show that some rape victims became mothers as a result of the rape. Rape victims discuss conception due to corrective rape and how this affects the mother-child relationship. Feedback from victims include coping mechanisms from religious beliefs to alcohol abuse. None of the rape-survivors interviewed in this study contracted HIV/AIDS as a consequence of the rape.

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Reid, Joan A., and Christopher J. Sullivan. "A Model of Vulnerability for Adult Sexual Victimization: The Impact of Attachment, Child Maltreatment, and Scarred Sexuality." Violence and Victims 24, no. 4 (2009): 485–501. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.24.4.485.

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Extending previous research, this study utilized structural equation modeling to examine the effects of poor mother/child attachment, child neglect, juvenile sexual victimization (JSV), and Finkelhor and Browne’s (1985) proposed construct of traumatic sexualization on vulnerability to adult sexual victimization. The proposed model was assessed using data drawn from a sample of African American females involved in a prospective study of child sexual abuse survivors. This group was matched to similar others without such history. Findings suggest that child neglect worsens with poor mother/child attachment, resulting in a greater likelihood of JSV. Both neglect and JSV impact shaming sexual beliefs and behaviors, contributing to the risk for adult sexual victimization. This set of variables accounted for 27% of variance in adult sexual victimization.

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Singh, Anneliese A., Ashlee Garnett, and Dara Williams. "Resilience Strategies of African American Women Survivors of Child Sexual Abuse." Counseling Psychologist 41, no. 8 (2013): 1093–124. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0011000012469413.

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Weiss, Nicole H., Courtney Peasant, and Tami P. Sullivan. "Avoidant Coping as a Moderator of the Association Between Childhood Abuse Types and HIV/Sexual Risk Behaviors." Child Maltreatment 24, no. 1 (2018): 26–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1077559518793228.

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Women who experience intimate partner violence (IPV) report high rates of HIV/sexual risk behaviors. Childhood abuse has been linked to HIV/sexual risk behaviors among IPV-victimized women; however, limited research has examined factors that may influence this association. The current study tested the moderating role of avoidant coping in the relation between childhood abuse types (physical, emotional, and sexual) and HIV/sexual risk behaviors. Participants were 212 community women currently experiencing IPV (mean age = 36.63 years, 67.0% African American). Higher levels of avoidant coping were related to more severe childhood abuse types. Severity of childhood abuse types was associated with greater HIV/sexual risk behaviors. Avoidant coping moderated the relation between childhood sexual abuse severity and HIV/sexual risk behaviors, such that this association was significant for IPV-victimized women with high (but not low) levels of avoidant coping. Findings suggest the utility of targeting avoidant coping in interventions aimed at preventing or reducing HIV/sexual risk behaviors among IPV-victimized women with a history of childhood sexual abuse.

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Kangaude, Godfrey Dalitso, and Ann Skelton. "(De)Criminalizing Adolescent Sex: A Rights-Based Assessment of Age of Consent Laws in Eastern and Southern Africa." SAGE Open 8, no. 4 (2018): 215824401880603. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2158244018806036.

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Age of consent criminal laws imposed on African states during colonialism were inherently patriarchal and gender-stereotypic, and continue to influence country approaches toward adolescent consensual sexual conduct. There are two major policy positions: a punitive and a nonpunitive approach. Most countries adopt the punitive approach. Mostly, legislation does not explicitly criminalize consensual sexual conduct between adolescents, and this leaves a gray area to be filled in by social and cultural norms that perceive adolescent sexual conduct negatively. Punitive approaches have been justified as necessary to curb harms to adolescents resulting from sexual conduct, including teenage pregnancies and sexual abuse. Age of consent laws, especially in their original colonial formulation deny adolescents, especially girls, sexual autonomy and agency. States focus more on punishment than on taking measures to address the structural antecedents of harms associated with sexual intercourse. States should reform age of consent laws to decriminalize consensual sex between adolescents in accordance with recognized rights of the child.

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Madu, S. N., and K. Peltzer. "Risk factors and child sexual abuse among secondary school students in the Northern Province (South Africa)." Child Abuse & Neglect 24, no. 2 (2000): 259–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0145-2134(99)00128-3.

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Fouché, Ansie, and Liana (MP) Le Roux. "Legal professionals’ views on pre-trial therapy in cases of child sexual abuse in South Africa." Journal of Psychology in Africa 24, no. 2 (2014): 207–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14330237.2014.903071.

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Cambanis, Alexis. "Child sexual abuse, HIV, and tuberculosis in sub-Saharan Africa: a case report from rural Cameroon." AIDS 21, no. 7 (2007): 887–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qad.0b013e3280f77429.

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Anthony, Elizabeth R., Tracy N. Hipp, Doyanne A. Darnell, Lisa Armistead, Sarah L. Cook, and Donald Skinner. "Caregiver–Youth Communication about Sex in South Africa: The Role of Maternal Child Sexual Abuse History." Journal of Child Sexual Abuse 23, no. 6 (2014): 657–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10538712.2014.932877.

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Fouché, Ansie, and Liana (M P. ). le Roux. "Social workers’ views on pre-trial therapy in cases of child sexual abuse in South Africa." Child Abuse & Neglect 76 (February 2018): 23–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.chiabu.2017.09.008.

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46

Priest, Ronnie. "Child sexual abuse histories among African-American college students: A preliminary study." American Journal of Orthopsychiatry 62, no. 3 (1992): 475–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1037/h0079353.

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Andersson, Neil. "Risk-taking, revictimisation and perpetration of sexual violence in ten southern African countries." International Psychiatry 10, no. 4 (2013): 86–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600004021.

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This paper reports the results of a cross-sectional survey of 11- to 16-year-old school-going youths in ten southern African countries. The survey instrument recorded both the experience of coerced sex and the perpetration of forced sex. There were prominent school and community risk factors for increased risk-taking behaviours, revictimisation and the perpetration of sexual violence. This supports the idea that the local culture can reinforce the antisocial consequences of sexual abuse of boys and girls. There was a suggestion that the school environment can compound the effects of child sexual abuse in terms of conscious knowledge, high-risk behaviour, the risk of revictimisation and disdain for the safety of others.

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Peltzer, Karl. "Perceptions of Interventions for Child Sexual Abuse in an Urban South African Sample." Psychological Reports 88, no. 3 (2001): 857–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.2466/pr0.2001.88.3.857.

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A questionnaire was used to study perceptions of interventions for child sexual abuse in a nonrepresentative urban South African population of 132 African/Black participants (61 men and 71 women) from the general public of Mankweng. Their ages ranged from 21 to 60 years ( M age = 32.2 yr., SD = 10.4). Analysis indicated these participants clearly supported most of the components of nonadversarial approaches. Women were more positive about a nonadversarial approach than men; however, participants disagreed on questions about controlling the offender and whether an accused relative should move out of the home of the victim. Participants supported prosecuting offenders and longer prison sentences and did not favour leniency for first-time offenders. They further believed children, the family, and even less the offenders should receive treatment.

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Collings, Steven J. "Sexual abuse of boys in KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa: a hospital-based study." Journal of Child & Adolescent Mental Health 17, no. 1 (2005): 23–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.2989/17280580509486588.

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Fix, Rebecca L., John Michael Falligant, Apryl A. Alexander, and Barry R. Burkhart. "Race and Victim Age Matter: Sexual Behaviors and Experiences Among Confined African American and European American Youth With Sexual and Nonsexual Offenses." Sexual Abuse 31, no. 1 (2017): 50–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1079063217720926.

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Previous research has found differences in sexual behavior and types of sexual offending by offense category and racial/ethnic group. The present study examined effects of offense category, victim age, and race/ethnicity on sexual behavior. Data from 561 confined adolescents adjudicated for illegal sexual behavior (AISBs) and adolescents adjudicated for illegal nonsexual behavior (AINBs) were included in the present study. A hierarchical multinomial logistic regression was run to test whether sexual experiences and behaviors differentially predicted AINBs, AISBs with child victims, and AISBs with peer/adult victims. Results supported the utility of distinguishing AISBs by victim age. Comparisons between AISBs and AINBs indicated AISBs had more sexual abuse and were more sexually restricted, whereas AINBs reported more sexual behavior, reflecting a finding potentially mirroring sexual development, sexual experiences, and caregiver approaches to discussing sexuality. Over 60% of AINBs and 30% of AISBs reported behaviors that could be classified as distribution of child pornography. Within the group of AISBs, select racial/ethnic group differences emerged such that European American participants were more likely to have had intrafamilial sexual experiences and were far less likely to have had vaginal intercourse than African American AISBs. Future directions and implications regarding policies related to sexual education and sexting are discussed.

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