Journal articles: 'Child soldiers War'

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Kohrt, Brandon, and Robert Koenig. "Child Soldiers after War." Anthropology News 50, no. 5 (May 7, 2009): 27. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1556-3502.2009.50527.x.

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Singh, Aoife R., and Ashok N. Singh. "The mental health consequences of being a child soldier — an international perspective." International Psychiatry 7, no. 3 (July 2010): 55–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s174936760000583x.

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Worldwide there are currently 300 000 child soldiers. Not only does the use of child soldiers lead to individual suffering but it also alters the dynamics of war and makes conflict and instability more likely. It is important both to prevent recruitment and to rehabilitate former child soldiers into their communities. For rehabilitation and reintegration programmes to be effective, it is necessary to understand the consequences of child soldiering. This paper reviews and summarises some of the key findings related to the mental health consequences of being a child soldier.

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Vambe, Maurice Taonezvi. "WITNESS AND ARCHIVE: TRAUMATIC EXPERIENCES OF A CHILD SOLDIER IN WARCHILD: A CHILD SOLDIERâ€™S STORY." Commonwealth Youth and Development 12, no. 1 (September 26, 2016): 101–21. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/1727-7140/1611.

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The memoir, WARCHILD: A child soldierâ€™s story (Jal 2009), though written several years after the author-narratorâ€™s experience, claims its authority from the child soldierâ€™s forced participation in a war of persecution that is narratively reworked in the childâ€™s imagination as a war of the liberation of South Sudan. This article aims to explore what happens to historical fact when the narrative shifts from the testimony of a child witness to the narrative archived in the form of memoir. Agamben (1999) seeks to explain this lacuna and his idea of the aporia at the core of narrative of testimony in memoir is useful in revealing how in a written account of the self, â€˜reality exceeds its factual elementsâ€™. Young (1988, 23) amplifies the paradox of â€˜factual testimonyâ€™, such as memoir, and indicates that this genre cannot achieve the â€˜convincing factual authorityâ€™ that it wishes to establish because of the ever present â€˜anxieties of displacement of events by their own textsâ€™. Thus, the trauma experienced by the child soldier is a result of â€˜double dyingâ€™ (Rosenfeld 1980) as he witnesses the actual physical dying and death of fellow child soldiers, as much as the death of an authentic account of self in war, produced when fictional metaphors threaten to obliterate raw experience. The article argues that metaphorâ€™s propensity to usurp historical fact is the basis upon which the narrative of the child soldierâ€™s trauma becomes the condition of possibility of remembering and recording both historical facts and the meaning of desecration and liberation.

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Honwana, Alcinda. "Children in War: Reintegrating Child Soldiers." IDS Bulletin 40, no. 1 (January 2009): 63–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1759-5436.2009.00010.x.

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Yina, Martin N. "Child Soldiers in Africa." Journal of Interdisciplinary Studies 20, no. 1 (2008): 120–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.5840/jis2008201/27.

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Modem warfare has a devastating effect on the well-being of children, especially those described as child soldiers. These children are taken out of their safe environment, their rights are violated, and they are subjected by warlords to all forms of suffering that not befit any stage of their life. Their experiences distort their personal development and disrupt family and community life. This essay explores the impact of war on children in a globalized world with particular focus on Sierra Leone and Uganda, two countries in Africa with prolonged wars. Efforts by various organizations and agencies to rehabilitate and reintegrate these children are commendable, but more preventive measures entailing political, economic, andl cultural changes are needed that provide young people with productive opportunities. Contemporary means of communication sensitive to indigenous cultures are also needed to complement folk media and empower people to demobilize and reintegrate child soldiers as well as prevent child soldiering.

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COHN, ILENE. "Armies of the Young: Child Soldiers in War and Terrorism:Armies of the Young: Child Soldiers in War and Terrorism." American Anthropologist 108, no. 2 (June 2006): 431–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1525/aa.2006.108.2.431.2.

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Nicholson, Joanna. "Is Targeting Naked Child Soldiers a War Crime?" International Criminal Law Review 16, no. 1 (February 5, 2016): 134–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718123-01601006.

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International law prohibits the recruitment and use of children under the age of fifteen to participate actively in hostilities. Such child soldiers constitute military targets under international humanitarian law (ihl), and the prevailing view is that they may be targeted in the same way as their adult counterparts. Although there may be moral or pragmatic reasons for avoiding targeting child soldiers if possible, there is no obligation under international law to treat them differently from an adult fighter.

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Dalaman, Zeynep Banu, and Türkan Melis Parlak. "Child soldier realty in Uganda: International law and reintegration." Border Crossing 10, no. 2 (November 13, 2020): 189–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.33182/bc.v10i2.1051.

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The use of children who have been most exposed to the destructive effects of wars for various military activities has been seen throughout history. Child soldiers are involved in civil wars and conflicts in many countries, especially in Africa, without discrimination. Even if the participation of 15-year-olds in the Army is accepted as a war crime by the United Nations, some 300,000 children are actively involved in wars today. The key to child soldiers is the reintroduction and retraining of these children. However, what should be mentioned here is that these children are guilty? Or a victim? In this article, the child soldier problem will be discussed from two angles. First, the effectiveness of the decisions taken to prevent criminal organisations and states from committing this crime to recruit child soldiers within the framework of international law rules will be discussed. Secondly, based on the example of Uganda, the programs prepared by the international community for the reintegration of former child warriors to society will be analysed.

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Achvarina, Vera, and Simon F. Reich. "No Place to Hide: Refugees, Displaced Persons, and the Recruitment of Child Soldiers." International Security 31, no. 1 (July 2006): 127–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1162/isec.2006.31.1.127.

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The global number of child soldiers has grown significantly in the last two decades despite a series of protocols designed to curb this trend. They are generally employed in wars where belligerents spend more time attacking civilian populations than fighting professional armies. Used by both governments and rebel groups, child soldiers epitomize many of the problems associated with states at risk: intergenerational violence, poverty, and the failure of efforts to instill the rule of war. Both scholars in security studies and policymakers have largely regarded child soldier recruitment as a humanitarian issue. But recent events have linked child soldiering to insurgency and terrorism, suggesting that this issue is also developing a security dimension. This article examines contrasting arguments about the causes of child soldiering. Using data drawn from nineteen African conflicts, the authors argue that the major explanation for the significant variation in the percentage of child soldiers recruited is the degree of protection against abduction provided by governments and external actors to camps housing internally displaced persons and refugees.

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Gehrmann, Susanne. "Congolese Child Soldier Narratives for Global and Local Audiences." Journal of World Literature 6, no. 2 (June 22, 2021): 148–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/24056480-00602003.

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Abstract The article examines narratives by and about former child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of the Congo, a hitherto neglected corpus despite the topicality of child soldiering in African literatures after 2000. Critical readings of three testimonial texts that have been published in France are juxtaposed with the analysis of one testimonial narrative and one youth novel that have been published in Kinshasa. The editorial framing and narrative strategies that speak to different audiences located in different literary fields are identified. The popularity of testimonial narratives in the West relies on the depiction of violence and the iconic function of the child soldier in medial and human rights discourses. By contrast, narratives about the reconciliation and the reintegration of child soldiers prevail in the DRC. Thus, the different functions of global and local narratives on the sensitive issue of children at war are exposed.

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Kusumawardani, Damar. "Kerjasama UNICEF dan IRC dalam Penegakan Hak Anak di Sierra Leone." Indonesian Journal of International Relations 4, no. 1 (May 10, 2020): 42–48. http://dx.doi.org/10.32787/ijir.v4i1.120.

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Sierra Leone was one of the countries with the largest use of child soldiers during the civil war between 1991-2002. Girl child soldiers made up to 30 percent of the total child soldiers involved in the Sierra Leone civil war. The Disarmament, Demobilization and Reintegration program (DDR) which was one of the UN mandate as a post-conflict peace consolidation could only reach 506 out of a total of 6,845 child soldiers who have been disarmed. This was because the requirement for the disarmament phase was to hand in their weapon, while many girls were not equipped with weapon by their armed forces commander considering that most of them acted as cooks, house workers, and bush wives. UNICEF and IRC as international organizations then carried out further DDR projects with more gender-responsive and community-based with gender mainstreaming and inclusive citizenship policies to enforce children rights of Sierra Leonean girl soldiers who previously had not included in DDR program. This paper will discuss the enforcement of children rights of Sierra Leonean girl soldiers in the furtjer DDR projects.

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Brownell, Gracie, and Regina T. Praetorius. "Experiences of former child soldiers in Africa: A qualitative interpretive meta-synthesis." International Social Work 60, no. 2 (July 10, 2016): 452–69. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872815617994.

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Child soldiering affects approximately 300,000 children worldwide. Abducted and forced into combat, victims experience trauma that may have life-long effects. Thus, it is important to understand child soldiers’ experiences and develop culturally appropriate interventions. Using Qualitative Interpretive Meta-Synthesis (QIMS), the authors sought to understand the lived experiences of ex-child soldiers in Sierra Leone, Northern Uganda, and Liberia. Findings revealed the experiential nuances of four phases ex-child soldiers experience: abduction; militarization; demilitarization and reintegration; and civilian life. Findings enhance current knowledge about ex-child soldiers’experiences and inform policy and program design to help ex-child soldiers cope with the aftermath of the war and civilian life.

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Moscardino, Ughetta, Sara Scrimin, Francesca Cadei, and Gianmarco Altoè. "Mental Health among Former Child Soldiers and Never-Abducted Children in Northern Uganda." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–7. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/367545.

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The present study aimed to evaluate posttraumatic stress symptoms, psychological distress, and emotional and behavioral problems in former Ugandan child soldiers in comparison with civilian children living in the same conflict setting. Participants included 133 former child soldiers and 101 never-abducted children in northern Uganda, who were interviewed about exposure to traumatic war-related experiences, posttraumatic stress symptoms, psychological distress, and emotional and behavioral problems. Results indicated that former child soldiers had experienced significantly more war-related traumatic events than nonabducted children, with 39.3% of girls having been forced to engage in sexual contact. Total scores on measures of PTSD symptoms, psychological distress, and emotional and behavioral problems were significantly higher among child soldiers compared to their never-abducted peers. Girls reported significantly more emotional and behavioral difficulties than boys. In never-abducted children, more mental health problems were associated with experiencing physical harm, witnessing the killings of other people, and being forced to engage in sexual contact.

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Johnson, Dustin, Shelly Whitman, and Hannah Sparwasser Soroka. "Prevent to Protect: Early Warning, Child Soldiers, and the Case of Syria." Global Responsibility to Protect 10, no. 1-2 (March 22, 2018): 239–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/1875984x-01001012.

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The war currently raging in Syria is without a doubt the most serious failure of the r2p paradigm. Hundreds of thousands of civilians have been brutally killed while the world has looked on, largely unable to affect events on the ground. The use of child soldiers by all sides in the conflict has been well documented, and the authors’ previous work has demonstrated the importance of the recruitment and use of child soldiers as an early warning indicator. Yet, the world has consistently failed to act preventatively, and this is most notable in the case of Syria. This paper takes the Syrian war as a case study to examine how the recruitment and use of child soldiers can serve as an early warning indicator of mass atrocities and be used to help prevent conflict escalation.

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Zack‐Williams, A. B. "Child soldiers in the civil war in Sierra Leone." Review of African Political Economy 28, no. 87 (March 2001): 73–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/03056240108704504.

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Kohrt, Brandon A., Mark J. D. Jordans, and Christopher A. Morley. "Four principles of mental health research and psychosocial intervention for child soldiers: lessons learned in Nepal." International Psychiatry 7, no. 3 (July 2010): 57–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s1749367600005841.

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Child soldiers represent a challenging population for mental health and psychosocial support (MHPSS), as we have little evidence regarding their needs or the efficacy of interventions. Despite an increasing breadth of MHPSS interventions for children affected by war, very few are supported by evidence (Jordans et al, 2009). In a recent decade-long conflict, Maoists and the government of Nepal conscripted thousands of children to serve as soldiers, sentries, spies, cooks and porters. After the war ended in 2006, we began a project incorporating research into the development of interventions for former child soldiers. Through this work, conducted with Transcultural Psychosocial Organization (TPO) Nepal, we identified four key principles to guide research and intervention with child soldiers (Fig. 1). We present these principles as location- and context-specific examples of the growing effort to develop guidelines and recommendations for research and intervention in acute post-conflict settings (Inter-Agency Standing Committee, 2007; Allden et al, 2009).

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Fagan, Tyler, William Hirstein, and Katrina Sifferd. "Child Soldiers, Executive Functions, and Culpability." International Criminal Law Review 16, no. 2 (February 17, 2016): 258–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718123-01602002.

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Child soldiers, who often appear to be both victims and perpetrators, present a vexing moral and legal challenge: how can we protect the rights of children while seeking justice for the victims of war crimes? There has been little stomach, either in domestic or international courts, for prosecuting child soldiers—but neither has this challenge been systematically addressed in international law. Establishing a uniform minimum age of criminal responsibility would be a major step in the right direction; we argue that such a standard ought to be guided by the best evidence from neuropsychology about the development, during childhood and adolescence, of executive functions that give rise to morally and legally responsible agents. In light of that evidence, which suggests that the brain’s executive functions are still maturing into early adulthood, we recommend a graded structure of culpability for child soldiers.

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Kohrt, Brandon A., Carol M. Worthman, Ramesh P. Adhikari, Nagendra P. Luitel, Jesusa M. G. Arevalo, Jeffrey Ma, Heather McCreath, Teresa E. Seeman, Eileen M. Crimmins, and Steven W. Cole. "Psychological resilience and the gene regulatory impact of posttraumatic stress in Nepali child soldiers." Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences 113, no. 29 (July 11, 2016): 8156–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1601301113.

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Adverse social conditions in early life have been linked to increased expression of proinflammatory genes and reduced expression of antiviral genes in circulating immune cells—the conserved transcriptional response to adversity (CTRA). However, it remains unclear whether such effects are specific to the Western, educated, industrialized, rich, and democratic (WEIRD) cultural environments in which previous research has been conducted. To assess the roles of early adversity and individual psychological resilience in immune system gene regulation within a non-WEIRD population, we evaluated CTRA gene-expression profiles in 254 former child soldiers and matched noncombatant civilians 5 y after the People’s War in Nepal. CTRA gene expression was up-regulated in former child soldiers. These effects were linked to the degree of experienced trauma and associated distress—that is, posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) severity—more than to child soldier status per se. Self-perceived psychological resilience was associated with marked buffering of CTRA activation such that PTSD-affected former child soldiers with high levels of personal resilience showed molecular profiles comparable to those of PTSD-free civilians. These results suggest that CTRA responses to early life adversity are not restricted to WEIRD cultural contexts and they underscore the key role of resilience in determining the molecular impact of adverse environments.

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Francis, David J. "‘Paper protection’ mechanisms: child soldiers and the international protection of children in Africa's conflict zones." Journal of Modern African Studies 45, no. 2 (May 14, 2007): 207–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0022278x07002510.

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The arrest and prosecution in March 2006 of the former Liberian warlord-President Charles Taylor by the UN-backed Special Court for Sierra Leone, for war crimes including the recruitment and use of child soldiers, and the arrest and prosecution of the Congolese warlord, Thomas Lubanga Dyilo, by the International Criminal Court, accused of enlisting child soldiers in the DRC war, have raised expectations that finally international conventions and customary international laws protecting children in conflict zones will now have enforcement powers. But why has it taken so long to protect children in conflict situations despite the volume of international treaties and conventions? What do we know about the phenomenon of child soldiering, and why are children still routinely recruited and used in Africa's bloody wars? This article argues that against the background of unfolding events relating to prosecution for enlistment of child soldiers, the international community is beginning to wake up to the challenge of enforcing its numerous ‘paper protection’ instruments for the protection of children. However, a range of challenges still pose serious threats to the implementation and enforcement of the international conventions protecting children. Extensive research fieldwork in Liberia and Sierra Leone over three years reveals that the application of the restrictive and Western-centric definition and construction of a ‘child’ and ‘childhood’ raises inherent difficulties in the African context. In addition, most war-torn and post-conflict African societies are faced with the challenge of incorporating international customary laws into their domestic laws. The failure of the international community to enforce its standards on child soldiers also has to do with the politics of ratification of international treaties, in particular the fear by African governments of setting dangerous precedents, since they are also culpable of recruitment and use of child soldiers.

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Angucia, Margaret. "Child soldiers or war affected children? Why the formerly abducted children of northern Uganda are not child soldiers." Intervention 12, no. 3 (November 2014): 356–66. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/wtf.0000000000000058.

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Kohrt, Brandon. "Social ecology interventions for post-traumatic stress disorder: what can we learn from child soldiers?" British Journal of Psychiatry 203, no. 3 (September 2013): 165–67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.112.124958.

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SummaryResearch with child soldiers is crucial to improving mental health services after war. This research also can illuminate innovative approaches to treating post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) among adult soldiers, veterans and other trauma survivors in high-income countries. A key contribution is the role of social ecology for trauma-healing interventions.

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Noor, Samina. "Civil War and Child Soldiers: a Case Study of Syrian War (2013-2014)." Journal of Siberian Federal University. Humanities & Social Sciences 9, no. 12 (December 2016): 2986–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.17516/1997-1370-2016-9-12-2986-2994.

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Brownell, Gracie, and Randall Basham. "NGO strategy toward the reintegration of child soldiers in Liberia, Africa: An online survey of services, roles, and activities." International Social Work 60, no. 5 (June 7, 2017): 1074–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872817704278.

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This research investigates the roles of international and local non-governmental organizations (NGOs) in Liberia 10 years after the 14-year civil war ended in 2003. Soldiers of the war included a large number of child soldiers who are currently combatants at differing levels and phases of reintegration into society. A survey was conducted to generate descriptive empirical information about the roles NGOs play in ex-combatants’ reintegration and the knowledge, skills, and training needed to assist ex-combatants. Communicative and emerging social technologies appear, according to survey results, to also contribute to NGO service delivery.

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Betancourt, Theresa S., Elizabeth A. Newnham, Ryan McBain, and Robert T. Brennan. "Post-traumatic stress symptoms among former child soldiers in Sierra Leone: follow-up study." British Journal of Psychiatry 203, no. 3 (September 2013): 196–202. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.112.113514.

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BackgroundFormer child soldiers are at risk of developing post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD); however, the trajectory of symptoms has yet to be examined.AimsThe risk and protective factors associated with PTSD symptom change among former child soldiers in Sierra Leone were investigated.MethodData from 243 former child soldiers (mean age 16.6 years, 30% female) were analysed.ResultsSelf-reported rates of possible PTSD using standard cut-off points declined from 32% to 16% 4 years later (P<0.05). Symptoms of PTSD at baseline were significantly associated with war experiences (P<0.01) and post-conflict family abuse (P<0.001). Reliable improvement in symptoms was reported by 30%. In growth models examining symptom change, worsening of symptoms was associated with death of a parent (P<0.05) and post-conflict stigma (P<0.001). Protective effects were observed for increases in family acceptance (P<0.001).ConclusionsThe findings indicated improvement in PTSD symptoms among former child soldiers despite limited access to care. Family and community support played a vital part in promoting psychological adjustment.

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Glazer, Ilsa M. "Armies of the Young: Child Soldiers in War and Terrorism (review)." Anthropological Quarterly 79, no. 2 (2006): 373–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/anq.2006.0021.

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Waschefort, Gus. "Justice for Child Soldiers? The RUF Trial of the Special Court for Sierra Leone." Journal of International Humanitarian Legal Studies 1, no. 1 (2010): 189–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/187815210x12766020140008.

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AbstractThe Revolutionary United Front (RUF) was the primary agitator during the decade-long civil war that ravaged Sierra Leone. One of the hallmarks of RUF tactics was the abduction and military use of children. The Special Court for Sierra Leone (SCSL) issued an indictment against the high-command of the RUF. Each of the accused was charged with the enlistment, conscription or use of child soldiers. The Prosecutor v. Sesay, Kallon and Gbao case (RUF case) provides a cogent account of the crime of conscripting or using children younger than fifteen in hostilities. This paper tracks the development of the growing child soldier jurisprudence and plots the contribution of the RUF case. Specific emphasis is placed on the Court's application of abstract concepts to concrete situations, e.g. the determination whether a specific instance of child soldier use amounts to the child's 'active participation in hostilities'. The paper follows a progression whereby the chapeau requirements of Article 4 of the Statute of the SCSL are first assessed and thereafter the actus reus and mens rea elements of the substantive crime of enlisting, conscripting or using children in hostilities are examined in light of the RUF case.

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Lee, Sang-Ho. "The War Experience of Child Soldiers in the Korean War: Focused on Oral and Memoirs." Korea Association of World History and Culture 58 (March 30, 2021): 99–123. http://dx.doi.org/10.32961/jwhc.2021.03.58.99.

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Faulkner, Christopher M., and Austin C. Doctor. "Rebel Fragmentation and the Recruitment of Child Soldiers." International Studies Quarterly 65, no. 3 (April 28, 2021): 647–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/isq/sqab031.

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Abstract The recruitment and use of children in armed conflict remains a prevalent feature of modern civil war. But which conflict actors are more likely to recruit children? We argue that the process by which rebel groups form shapes their recruitment strategies. Specifically, we contend that rebels that form as splinter factions from the ranks of pre-existing rebel organizations are more likely to recruit child soldiers than other rebel groups. Splinter groups face unique constraints as they materialize in the midst of an active conflict environment, necessitating that they mobilize a sufficient force to contend with existing competitors. As a result, rebel factions are more likely to pursue recruitment strategies that are low cost vis-à-vis alternatives, focusing on their immediate survival. Under such conditions, children become especially attractive recruits. Leveraging the Foundations of Rebel Group Emergence Dataset, our cross-national investigation of 237 rebel groups active between 1989 and 2011 provides robust support for our hypothesis that splinter factions are strongly associated with the recruitment of children.

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Bernfeld, Barbara, and Jacek Mazurkiewicz. "Intricacies of German martial law on marriage." Studia nad Autorytaryzmem i Totalitaryzmem 42, no. 3 (March 25, 2021): 177–200. http://dx.doi.org/10.19195/2300-7249.42.3.9.

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In the majority, young men participated in World War II, so German authorities were compelled to change some provisions of marriage law. First, some formal requirements for getting married were limited. Then the possibility of entering into a proxy marriage was introduced, when the groom was a soldier. Marriages with dead soldiers were also allowed. Divorces issued after the death of a spouse were allowed, not only in relation to marriages with soldiers. In the Federal Republic of Germany legal effects of announcing the conclusion of a post mortem marriage were regulated, giving a woman and a child born after concluding such a marriage certain rights.These legal transformations show that “in service” of demographic, social, ideological, polit-ical and moral reasons, the legislator is able to make surprising and abrupt normative changes, which sometimes, prima facie, seem to be risky, but not always deserving of condemnation.

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Mitra, Arpita. "Child Soldiers in the Democratic Republic of Congo: Revisiting ‘Reintegration’ through a Psycho-Social Framework." Allons-y: Journal of Children, Peace and Security 3 (March 29, 2020): 48–63. http://dx.doi.org/10.15273/allons-y.v3i0.10060.

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The paper assesses ‘reintegration’ mechanisms implemented for child soldiers in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) in the overall Disarmament-Demobilisation-Reintegration (DDR) programme. It re-visits the ‘macro-level success’ claimed by DDR mechanisms in DRC internationally and focuses on evaluation strategies at the ‘micro-level’ implementation of the said objectives. The paper advances a psycho-social assessment of reintegration of child soldiers considering their complex identities as ‘victim-perpetrator-bystander’. Identifying the gaps between individual experiences of war trauma (psychological breakdown) and community reintegration (social reintegration, discrimination, and stigma), the paper conceptualises reintegration measures vis-à-vis children’s psycho-social needs and greater community involvement.

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Vindevogel, Sofie, Michael Wessells, Maarten De Schryver, Eric Broekaert, and Ilse Derluyn. "Informal and Formal Supports for Former Child Soldiers in Northern Uganda." Scientific World Journal 2012 (2012): 1–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.1100/2012/825028.

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This study aimed to evaluate the potential contribution of informal community initiatives and formal interventions in support of former child soldiers' resilience in the wake of armed conflict. Using a cross-sectional survey design, a stratified random sample of 330 formerly recruited and 677 nonrecruited young people was consulted about their perspective on desirable support for former child soldiers provided by close support figures, communities, humanitarian organizations, and governments. Data analysis occurred by conducting qualitative thematic analysis and statistical chi-square analysis to explore clusters, similarities, and variations in reported support across the different “agents,” hereby comparing the perspectives of formerly recruited and non-recruited participants. The results indicated that formerly recruited and non-recruited participants had comparable perspectives that call for the contribution of various informal and formal support systems to former child soldiers' human capacities and the communal sociocultural fabric of war-affected societies. This highlights the importance of community-based, collective, and comprehensive support of formerly recruited young people and their surroundings in the aftermath of armed conflict.

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Achvarina, Vera. "Armies of the Young: Child Soldiers in War and Terrorism; Child Soldiers, Adult Interests: The Global Dimensions of the Sierra Leonean Tragedy." Journal of Peace Research 43, no. 6 (November 2006): 757–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/002234330604300623.

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Betancourt, Theresa S., Ivelina I. Borisova, Marie de la Soudière, and John Williamson. "Sierra Leone's Child Soldiers: War Exposures and Mental Health Problems by Gender." Journal of Adolescent Health 49, no. 1 (July 2011): 21–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2010.09.021.

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Meckel, Andrea, Ingvill C. Mochmann, Bogdan Voicu, and Martin Miertsch. "Children born of War and Social Trust – Analysing Consequences of Rejection." Social Change Review 15, no. 1-2 (December 1, 2017): 25–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/scr-2017-0002.

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AbstractThis article examines the question whether rejection experiences negatively relate to the social trust of Children Born of War (CBOW) and if this connection is mediated by sense of self-worth. CBOW is a group of people born out of relations during war- and post-war times, involving one parent being a foreign soldier, a para-military officer, rebel or other person directly participating in the hostilities, while the other parent is a member of the native population. Also children born to child soldiers and children fathered by members of a peacekeeping troop are included within this group. These children, due to their biological background, often grow up in a surrounding in which they are perceived as child of the enemy. The general hypothesis is that, due to their exposure to rejection experiences by their caregivers as well as by the society, CBOW are less likely to develop trust. It is further assumed that this relationship is mediated by the sense of self-worth. A structural equation model was applied to test the relation using a sample of Norwegian children born of war. Results indicate that CBOW who experience rejection share a lower sense of self-worth, which is further connected to lower trust, whereas no direct association between rejection experiences and trust was found.

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Thomas, E. "Between War and Peace: Monitoring Guidelines for Child Soldiers in Nepal's Peace Process." Journal of Human Rights Practice 2, no. 1 (February 24, 2010): 93–121. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/jhuman/hup029.

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Harendra de Silva, D. G. "The use of child soldiers in war with special reference to Sri Lanka." Paediatrics and International Child Health 33, no. 4 (November 2013): 273–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/2046905513y.0000000095.

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McGovern, William. ""City of Refuge": Child Refugees and Soldiers' Orphans in Civil War St. Louis." Civil War History 65, no. 4 (2019): 342–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/cwh.2019.0045.

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Marten, James. "Armies of the Young: Child Soldiers in War and Terrorism (review)." Journal of the History of Childhood and Youth 2, no. 1 (2009): 142–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1353/hcy.0.0051.

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Vindevogel, Sofie, Maarten De Schryver, Eric Broekaert, and Ilse Derluyn. "Challenges Faced by Former Child Soldiers in the Aftermath of War in Uganda." Journal of Adolescent Health 52, no. 6 (June 2013): 757–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jadohealth.2012.11.014.

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Denov, Myriam. "Coping with the trauma of war: Former child soldiers in post-conflict Sierra Leone." International Social Work 53, no. 6 (June 24, 2010): 791–806. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872809358400.

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Children across the globe have been implicated in armed conflict as both victims and participants. During Sierra Leone’s decade-long civil war, thousands of children, both boys and girls, participated directly in armed conflict or were recruited for labour or sexual exploitation in armed groups. Drawing upon in-depth interviews with 80 children formerly associated with Sierra Leone’s Revolutionary United Front, this paper explores children’s experiences of violence during the armed conflict, traces the realities that children faced in the aftermath of the war, and examines the ways in which participants attempted to cope with the war’s profound after-effects. The paper concludes with a discussion of the implications for social work.

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Higonnet, Margaret R. "Child Witnesses: The Cases of World War I and Darfur." PMLA/Publications of the Modern Language Association of America 121, no. 5 (October 2006): 1565–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1632/s0030812900099879.

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Why, the war is for children.—Angelo PatriAs the First “Total” War of the Twentieth century, World War I marked a turning point in the understanding of what Goya had called the disasters of war. The years 1914–18 witnessed a difficult struggle to recognize and defend civilian rights in wartime, rights that had primarily been defined as those of soldiers and prisoners of war, under the Taws and Customs of War on Tand, established at The Hague in 1899 and 1907. Wartime conditions that blurred lines between civilian and combatant unleashed violations of civilians' human rights that the conventions had not anticipated. The ensuing debate during the Great War exemplified the growing complexity of disputes about human rights. In particular, it revealed that competing claims of victimization could exacerbate reprisals in the confusion of combat. In a duel of countercharges, states published documentation carrying titles that denounced enemy indifference to the “law of nations,” such as Die volkerrechtswidrige Fuhrung des belgischen Volkskriegs (“The Conduct of the Belgian People's War in Violation of the Taw of Nations” [1915]) and Rapports… en vue de constater les actes commis par l'ennemi en violation du droit des gens (“Reports … to Record Enemy Actions in Violation of the Taw of Nations” [1915]). A “war of words” raged, as well as a war of dumdum bullets that spread on impact, poison gas, and aerial bombardment—all instruments of war that had been explicitly banned by the conventions of the preceding years.

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Sampaio, Alexandre Andrade, and Matthew McEvoy. "Little Weapons of War: Reasons for and Consequences of Treating Child Soldiers as Victims." Netherlands International Law Review 63, no. 1 (April 2016): 51–73. http://dx.doi.org/10.1007/s40802-016-0054-1.

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Oosterveld, Valerie. "The Special Court for Sierra Leone, Child Soldiers, and Forced Marriage: Providing Clarity or Confusion?" Canadian Yearbook of international Law/Annuaire canadien de droit international 45 (2008): 131–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0069005800009309.

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SummaryThis article considers the first two trial, and corresponding first two appeal, judgments issued by the Special Court for Sierra Leone in what are commonly referred to as the Armed Forces Revolutionary Council (AFRC) and Civil Defence Forces (CDF) cases. These judgments are noteworthy for having been the first to adjudicate at the international level the war crime of conscription or enlistment of children under the age of fifteen or using them to participate actively in hostilities and the gender-based crime against humanity of forced marriage. Beginning with the issue of child soldiers, this article explores how the Special Court addressed the applicable elements of crime, the abduction of children, the role of initiation within the act of conscription or enlistment of child soldiers, and the definition of use of children to participate actively in hostilities. The second part of this article discusses how the AFRC judgments addressed the crime against humanity of forced marriage. In comparison, the CDF Trial Chamber avoided consideration of this crime, and the Appeals Chamber’s partial criticism of this approach could not correct the negative silence created within the Special Court’s record of gender-based atrocities by the CDF. The article concludes that the AFRC and CDF judgments raise issues that require further consideration. For example, what is the legal linkage between abductions and child soldier recruitment, and how does one distinguish between active and non-active participation of children under fifteen in hostilities? These judgments also point to the dangers involved in misunderstanding a gender-based crime such as forced marriage solely as a crime of a sexual nature, and the way in which a trial record can be irrevocably altered by the unbalanced exclusion of gender-based crimes.

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Ferreira, Rialize, and Alfred Stuart Mutiti. "CREATING SUSTAINABLE COMMUNITY STRUCTURES FOR REINTEGRATED LIBERIAN CHILD SOLDIERS: PART I." Commonwealth Youth and Development 14, no. 2 (March 28, 2017): 12–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.25159/1727-7140/1807.

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This article deals with the socio-political context of the Liberian civil war. It gives background to the conflict, explains how the different factions emerged and how they involved children in the conflict to be reintegrated afterwards. It examines how different community structures are identified during the reintegration processes of child soldiers and questions whether the right structures are identified. To address these issues, the question is asked: What international and regional efforts and policies were created to address the problem of sustainable reintegration of child soldiers? It is necessary to focus on legal frameworks that protect children in armed conflicts and frameworks where the International Humanitarian Law and Human Rights Law provisions are stipulated. The role of the community in the social reintegration process is crucial, and documented literature on common mistakes made in working with community structures by the different actors are explained. However, the type of community structures to bring on board in the reintegration programmes is still a challenge. The qualitative research design, based on the Functionalist theoretical perspective, to gather data on creating sustainable community structures will briefly be mentioned to explain how research questions were answered and resolved.

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Stańczyk, Ewa. "Heroes, Victims, Role Models: Representing the Child Soldiers of the Warsaw Uprising." Slavic Review 74, no. 4 (2015): 738–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.5612/slavicreview.74.4.738.

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This article explores narratives surrounding child soldiers in Poland, with a particular focus on the Warsaw Uprising of 1944. My discussion examines a variety of contexts in which this figure appears, such as urban spaces, press debates, popular literature, and educational games, and unpacks the taboos associated with cultural constructions of childhood. The article points to the complex interaction between the enduring narratives of resistance and the struggle for independence which characterize Poland and the international humanitarian discourse on the use of children in war which goes beyond the local context. More generally, I show that the representations of Warsaw's young insurgents speak less of the children and their rights and more of contemporary notions of Polish national identity, the nation's wished-for or projected development, and collective hopes and fears in the wake of its accession to the European Union.

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Barrett, Rose Catherine. "Humanising the Law of Targeting in Light of a Child Soldier’s Right to Life." International Journal of Children’s Rights 27, no. 1 (February 16, 2019): 3–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718182-02701009.

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Contemporary conflicts are epitomised by warfare never seen during the codification of the laws of war during the 19th and 20th centuries. In present times, children are increasingly being recruited and used as soldiers. Aside from the prohibition against their recruitment and use, and the prosecution of those who violate these prohibitions, more is needed to protect their right to life. Pursuant to the law of targeting, child soldiers may be subject to the use of lethal force. It has been queried whether there is a moral basis to apply different targeting rules to spare their lives. This paper will suggest that it may be in the interests of humanity for a new approach to be taken. In particular, this paper will consider whether international human rights law may humanise the law of targeting to restrict the degree of force that would ordinarily apply. Humanisation may provide a remedy to the moral dilemma posed.

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Vindevogel, Sofie, Maarten de Schryver, Eric Broekaert, and Ilse Derluyn. "War-related experiences of former child soldiers in northern Uganda: comparison with non-recruited youths." Paediatrics and International Child Health 33, no. 4 (November 2013): 281–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1179/2046905513y.0000000084.

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Vaha, Milla Emilia. "CHILD SOLDIERS AND KILLING IN SELF-DEFENCE: CHALLENGING THE ‘MORAL VIEW’ ON KILLING IN WAR." Journal of Military Ethics 10, no. 1 (March 2011): 36–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/15027570.2011.561639.

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Brownell, Gracie. "A phenomenological study of ex-child soldiers’ perceived meaning of reintegration in post war Liberia." Journal of Human Behavior in the Social Environment 30, no. 2 (November 8, 2019): 173–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/10911359.2019.1665608.

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Werner, Emmy E. "Children and war: Risk, resilience, and recovery." Development and Psychopathology 24, no. 2 (April 17, 2012): 553–58. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579412000156.

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AbstractThis article reviews and reflects on studies that have explored the effects of war on children around the world. Most are cross-sectional and based on self-reports. They describe a range of mental health problems, related to dose effects and to the negative impact of being a victim or witness of violent acts, threats to and loss of loved ones, prolonged parental absence, and forced displacement. The more recent the exposure to war, and the older the child, the higher was the likelihood of reported posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms. Especially vulnerable to long-term emotional distress were child soldiers, children who were raped, and children who had been forcibly displaced. In adulthood, war-traumatized children displayed significantly increased risks for a wide range of medical conditions, especially cardiovascular diseases. Among protective factors that moderated the impact of war-related adversities in children were a strong bond between the primary caregiver and the child, the social support of teachers and peers, and a shared sense of values. Among the few documented intervention studies for children of war, school-based interventions, implemented by teachers or locally trained paraprofessionals, proved to be a feasible and low-cost alternative to individual or group therapy. More longitudinal research with multiple informants is needed to document the trajectories of risk and resilience in war-affected children, to assess their long-term development and mental health, and to identify effective treatment approaches.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Child soldiers War'

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