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1
Lerman, Robert I. "Policy Watch: Child Support Policies." Journal of Economic Perspectives 7, no. 1 (1993): 171–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1257/jep.7.1.171.
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With more parents living apart, the societal problem of parents who fail to share with each other or with their children becomes more acute. Although governments have mainly relied on public transfers to address the resulting economic hardships among children, the emphasis has been shifting toward mandatory sharing through the rigorous enforcement of child support laws. This paper first describes the economic context for child support; the expanding federal role in regulating awards and collections; the complex array of incentive and equity effects associated with child support; the record of obtaining support payments from noncustodial parents; and the effects of new award-setting and enforcement policies. Finally, it considers the child support assurance system (CSAS) approach, recently proposed in Congress. Under this plan, the government would make up the difference between some minimum assured payment and the child support actually paid by the non-custodial parent.
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Kanyamuna, Vincent. "Is the policy environment for Zambia supportive of a thriving whole-of-government monitoring and evaluation system?" Advances in Social Sciences Research Journal 7, no. 1 (2020): 542–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.14738/assrj.71.7678.
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A whole-of-government monitoring and evaluation system (WoGM&ES) is a robust system that not only provides an integrated and all-encompassing framework of M&E practices, principles and standards to be used throughout government institutional structures, but also functions as an apex-level system for information and draws from the component systems in a framework meant to deliver essential M&E products tailored to satisfy information needs of users [1]. To implement a successful WoGM&ES, a supportive policy environment is crucial for any organisation, governments inclusive. The Zambian government is currently rolling out an ambitious WoGM&ES to strengthen its public sector accountability, feedback and learning functions. It was the objective of this study to investigate the policy environment in Zambia in respect of M&E practice in the public sector. In that regard, particular policy aspects were considered and these included assessing the availability of an M&E plan; whether the difference between M (monitoring) and E (evaluation) was recognised; and if the need for M&E autonomy and impartiality was mentioned. Others were to determine if feedback mechanisms were explicit as well as whether there was integration of M&E results in planning and budgeting processes. The study findings have shown that the policy environment to support a thriving M&E practice in the Zambian public sector was still fragmented and weak. While efforts by government to put policy measures were in place, evidence of transformational shift to implement these measures remained weak. However, it is promising that, in many ways, Zambia was on the right path regarding the introduction and articulation of policy provisions in support of M&E and broadly in promoting a culture of results.
3
Walker, Lara. "Child Support and the Government’s Children’s Socio-economic Rights Obligations." International Journal of Children’s Rights 28, no. 4 (2020): 860–93. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/15718182-28040004.
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Abstract This article argues that the recovery of child support is a vital aspect of ensuring children’s socio-economic rights. The UK Government has a legal responsibility to assist parents to meet the needs of their children, whether by providing specialist support or through welfare payments. The Government cannot fulfil this responsibility by requiring parents to reach private agreements and failing to provide suitable additional support. The current law and policy focus purely on the duty to maintain. It is assumed that each parent has the responsibility to provide for their children, and there is no back up support under the Child Support Act where the parents are unable to do this. This fails to acknowledge and resolve wider social issues which are crucial to ensuring that child support is received, and children are not living in unnecessary poverty. The article argues that by taking this approach the Government is failing to fulfil its responsibility to protect children’s socio-economic rights. This article sets out a socio-economic rights framework for amending child support legislation and policy, highlighting the bare minimum Government obligations.
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Mwaanga, Clement, James Mulenga, Mary Lubinda, et al. "COVID-19 Pandemic and Its Implications on Small and Medium Enterprises (SMEs) Operations in Zambia." Journal of Business Administration Research 10, no. 1 (2021): 32. http://dx.doi.org/10.5430/jbar.v10n1p32.
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The COVID-19 pandemic has slowed down the operations of enterprises of different sizes and types in different ways. The most affected are the SMEs operating in various sectors of the economy. This study sort to investigate the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on the operations of SMEs in the food and accommodation industry and provide policy recommendations to the government on supportive measures for SMEs. We employed an exploratory methodology with a critical review of available literature, including policy documents, research papers, and relevant literature to the sector Data was collected from four provinces using a survey method, and analysis was conducted through descriptive statistics. The findings indicate that most of the SME's monthly revenues have gone down by more than 50 percent and they are facing challenges such as failing to pay workers, restricted number of customers, and high cost of inputs. Besides, 21 percent of the SMEs reported improved adherence to health guidelines as one of the mitigating factors to minimise the spread of the COVID-19 pandemic. Furthermore, only 4 percent of the SMEs have accessed financial support from Government but their businesses have remained the same. Based on these findings, policy recommendations have been made to help SMEs survive during the crisis.
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Muriaas, Ragnhild Louise, Liv Tønnessen, and Vibeke Wang. "Counter-Mobilization against Child Marriage Reform in Africa." Political Studies 66, no. 4 (2017): 851–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0032321717742859.
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Legislating a minimum age of marriage at 18 has stirred counter-mobilization in some, but not all, countries where religious or traditional institutions enjoy constitutional authority. To explore differences between states regarding likelihood of counter-mobilization, we investigate two cases in Africa. In Sudan, a government-led child marriage reform initiative has sparked counter-mobilization by conservative religious actors, while a similar initiative in Zambia has not caused visible counter-mobilization among traditional groups and has gained the support of many chiefs. With the literature on doctrinal gender status issues as theoretical background, we argue that the nature of law—codified versus living—is a factor in these distinct trajectories. We further identify variations in two mechanisms, legal power structure (centralized vs decentralized) and type of political battle (interpretation vs administration), that link nature of law to variation in the likelihood of counter-mobilization.
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Anggriani, Errika Putri. "Policy on Reducing Child Labor as the Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child Labor." Unnes Law Journal 6, no. 1 (2020): 1–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.15294/ulj.v6i1.8222.
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The more complex issue of child labor now a days because many children work at school age. Child labor vulnerable to be exploitated, doing hazardous work, mor a land psychological, and hampered to access education. So the government issued a policy Reduction of Child Labour in order to Support the Family Hope Program (PPA-PKH) as efforts to Elimination of the Worst Forms of Child (PBPTA) in order for the child can be returned in the educational unit, Pemalang is one of the districts that run the program PPA -PKH. Problems examined: (1) Implementation of PPA-PKH asefforts of PBPTA in Pemalang (2) Obstacles and over coming obstacles in the implementation of PPA-PKH policiesas PBPTA efforts in Pemalang. This study using sociological juridical approach. Results of the study (1) Implementation of policies PPA-PKH in Pemalang has been run in accordance with the purpose, with the establishment of shelters through three stages: pre shelter, the implementation in the shelter, and after the implementation form shelter and get a recommendation schools (2) Efforts to overcome the obstacles in the implementation of PPA -PKH policies in Pemalang which includes the beneficiaries of data was only 10% valid so that need to perform additional data. Inability of companionon the shelter so tha this attemptstomake psycologis approachand change the way of learning. Lack of coordination between relevant government service to coordinate their efforts and commitment among relevant government service and proposing a scholarship program for the children of beneficiaries. The advice given by the researchers that the data of beneficiaries must be renewed every year, provide socialiszation that bring about beneficiary families about the importance of education impact economic development of families, increased coordination between relevant government service, there is certainly that the child gets a scholarship or BSM for education.
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Shatkin, Jess P., Neaka Balloge, and Myron L. Belfer. "Child and adolescent mental health policy worldwide: an update." International Psychiatry 5, no. 4 (2008): 81–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/s174936760000223x.
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Few countries worldwide maintain policies specifically designed to address the mental health needs of children and adolescents. Yet policies are essential to guide the development of systems of care, training programmes for practitioners, and research endeavours. Without policy, there is no clear pathway for programme development, no specific commitment from government, no expression of governance, no guide to support funding, and no clarification of who exactly is responsible for providing services to children and adolescents. In 2004, we published a report aimed at identifying child and adolescent mental health policies worldwide (Shatkin & Belfer, 2004). The present review expands upon that report and provides an up-to-date assessment of these policies.
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Viljoen, Lario, Tila Mainga, Rozanne Casper, et al. "Community-based health workers implementing universal access to HIV testing and treatment: lessons from South Africa and Zambia—HPTN 071 (PopART)." Health Policy and Planning 36, no. 6 (2021): 881–90. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapol/czab019.
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Abstract The global expansion of HIV testing, prevention and treatment services is necessary to achieve HIV epidemic control and promote individual and population health benefits for people living with HIV (PLHIV) in sub-Saharan Africa. Community-based health workers (CHWs) could play a key role in supporting implementation at scale. In the HPTN 071 (PopART) trial in Zambia and South Africa, a cadre of 737 study-specific CHWs, working closely with government-employed CHW, were deployed to deliver a ‘universal’ door-to-door HIV prevention package, including an annual offer of HIV testing and referral services for all households in 14 study communities. We conducted a process evaluation using qualitative and quantitative data collected during the trial (2013–2018) to document the implementation of the CHW intervention in practice. We focused on the recruitment, retention, training and support of CHWs, as they delivered study-specific services. We then used these descriptions to: (i) analyse the fidelity to design of the delivery of the intervention package, and (ii) suggest key insights for the transferability of the intervention to other settings. The data included baseline quantitative data collected with the study-specific CHWs (2014–2018); and qualitative data from key informant interviews with study management (n = 91), observations of CHW training events (n = 12) and annual observations of and group discussions (GD) with intervention staff (n = 68). We show that it was feasible for newly recruited CHWs to implement the PopART intervention with good fidelity, supporting the interpretation of the trial outcome findings. This was despite some challenges in managing service quality and CHW retention in the early years of the programme. We suggest that by prioritizing the adoption of key elements of the in-home HIV services delivery intervention model—including training, emotional support to workers, monitoring and appropriate remuneration for CHWs—these services could be successfully transferred to new settings.
9
Edwards Jr., D. Brent, Taeko Okitsu, and Peggy Mwanza. "Low-fee private schools, the state, and globalization: A market analysis within the political sociology of education and development." education policy analysis archives 27 (October 21, 2019): 133. http://dx.doi.org/10.14507/epaa.27.4534.
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This study investigates the emergence and supply-demand dynamics of a market for low-fee private schools (LFPS) at the level of early childhood care and education (ECCE) in a slum of Lusaka, Zambia. Based on data collection over 1.5 years, the study reveals that, despite a government policy to support ECCE, over 90% of ECCE centers are private; that school operators tend to be former teachers, businessmen/women, and religious leaders; and that LFPSs charge, on average, 2.5 times as much as government ECCE centers for tuition, not including additional indirect costs. The paper discusses how teachers in LFPSs are caught in the middle, making less than the average income earned by others in the surrounding slum, and are unable to afford LFPS fees themselves. Importantly, the paper highlights that lower income quintiles spend a greater percentage of their income on ECCE, and that a majority of families in the study must make tradeoffs between ECCE, food, housing, and other basic expenditures in order to afford private ECCE, which is a necessity given the inadequate supply of government ECCE centers. In addition to addressing school strategies for keeping costs down, this study reports on parental decision-making when it comes to school selection. Finally, beyond a straight market analysis of LFPSs at the ECCE level in Zambia, this article also comments on how this market fits into the dialectical nature of local and global contexts. That is, it draws attention to the workings of the Zambian state and its precarious position in the global capitalist economy.
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Karpenko, Oresta. "Social Determinants of Childcare in Poland in 1991–2014." Pedagogika Rodziny 5, no. 2 (2015): 53–61. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/fampe-2015-0018.
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Abstract The article highlights major changes in systematic approach to family, establishment of institutions for child and family support, recognition of the priority of family-based care, decentralization of administration and financing of childcare institutions in Poland. The government tried to introduce a number of changes in legislation that would significantly improve the condition of the child. Childcare reforms in the 1990’s and at the beginning of the 21st century aimed at modernizing local government and local organizations to provide appropriate childcare and social assistance to parents. The paradigm shift in social policy on child and family care determines the priority of family support aimed at creating comfortable conditions for the child. Nowadays the main objective of the family supportive policy of any country is to protect the child from the foster care model.
11
Mulenga, Mukuka Mpundu, and Anders Roos. "Assessing the awareness and adoptability of pellet cookstoves for low-income households in Lusaka, Zambia." Journal of Energy in Southern Africa 32, no. 3 (2021): 41–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.17159/2413-3051/2021/v32i3a11463.
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Wood fuel, charcoal, and firewood comprise over 70 percent of the national energy consumption in Zambia, as only about 25 percent of the population has access to electricity. Replacing charcoal braziers with cookstoves using sawdust pellets can support sustainable energy provision in urban Zambia while reducing deforestation on the countryside. However, acceptability of pellet cookstoves remains low, while the demand for wood fuel is increasing. The study investigated the acceptability of pellet cookstoves, in view of governmental policies, in the Matero-George compound, Lusaka. Qualitative approaches were applied, and respondents were households, and officers at the Departments of Energy and Forestry, and at Lusaka City Council. Factors shaping the stoves’ acceptability included their convenience, possibility of reusing pellets, their long-term cost advantages, and the perceived health benefits of pellets. The barriers included limited supply of pellets, combustible pellet cookstoves, stove size, maintenance costs, cooking traditions, and government policies for dissemination, sensitisation, and communication about pellet stoves. This study demonstrated that implementation of pellet cookstoves at the local level depends on a multitude of contextual factors, and confirms the need for relevant policy instruments if such energy consumption is to be accepted.
12
Cormack, Mark. "Private health insurance: the problem child faces adulthood." Australian Health Review 25, no. 2 (2002): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/ah020038.
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Since its election to office in 1996, reform of Private Health Insurance (PHI) has been the most obvious health policy focus of the Howard Government. The reform process has focussed on price, product, promotion, legislation and regulation. It has resulted in one of thelargest new Commonwealth health outlays in recent memory. Health insurance funds have emerged as activepurchasers of care, not just passive reimbursers of costs. PHI fund reserves have moved from precarious liquidity tohealthy surplus. Private hospitals are busier than ever before, but margins are slim. Anecdotally, public hospitals report little benefit to date. Waiting lists have not been reduced, and their budgets are unchanged as a result of the $2 Bn allocated under the 30% Rebate scheme. The paper begins by describing the origins of the PHI reform. Its objectives, policy initiatives, results to date and criticisms are analysed. Criticisms include the actual and opportunity costs. Specific concerns remain as to its effectiveness to date in reducing pressure on public hospitals, and perceived lack of equity for certain client groups. Themost significant result is that much of the reform package is here to stay including the expensive and much criticised 30% rebate. Like Medicare before it, the PHI reforms have achieved bipartisan support. The paper concludes by describing future implications for Government, industry, consumers and the medical profession.
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Struthers, Ashley, Colleen Metge, Catherine Charette, et al. "Understanding the Particularities of an Unconditional Prenatal Cash Benefit for Low-Income Women: A Case Study Approach." INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing 56 (January 2019): 004695801987096. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0046958019870967.
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We explored the particularities of the Healthy Baby Prenatal Benefit (HBPB), an unconditional cash transfer program for low-income pregnant women in Manitoba, Canada, which aims to connect recipients with prenatal care and community support programs, and help them access healthy foods during pregnancy. While previous studies have shown associations between HBPB and improved birth outcomes, here we focus on how the intervention contributed to positive outcomes. Using a case study design, we collected data from government and program documents and interviews with policy makers, academics, program staff, and recipients of HBPB. Key informants identified using evidence and aligning with government priorities as key facilitators to the implementation of HBPB. Program recipients described how HBPB helped them improve their nutrition, prepare for baby, and engage in self-care to moderate the effect of stressful life events. This study provides important contextualized evidence to support government decision making on healthy child development policies.
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Scarritt, James R. "Measuring Political Change: The Quantity and Effectiveness of Electoral and Party Participation in the Zambian One-Party State, 1973–91." British Journal of Political Science 26, no. 2 (1996): 283–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0007123400000478.
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The introduction of a ‘one-party participatory democracy’ in Zambia in 1973 under the United National Independence Party (UNIP) of President Kenneth Kaunda made significant changes in the nature and extent of political participation, regime structure and public policy in that country. Among a number of constitutional changes, the proscription of the opposition parties – African National Congress (ANC) and United Progressive Party (UPP) – was probably the most important. There is a relatively extensive literature describing these changes and evaluating their significance. A number of further changes which affected these political variables in varying degrees occurred during the life of the one-party system, which lasted until 1991, but much less has been written about these changes, at least in part because they have been assumed to be insignificant. This Note describes the collection of a systematic events dataset on changes in electoral and political party participation (including changes in policies towards participation and changes in party structures affecting participation), regime structure (including party–government relations, central government structure and central–local government relations), and policies affecting the economy, class structure and culture in Zambia from 1973 through 1985. It then describes the use of expert judges to scale events in the dataset and evaluate their cumulative significance for dimensions of change delineated by the investigator or themselves. Finally, it presents one substantive application of this methodology: specification of the overall directions and extent of change in electoral and party participation under the one-party system. Two contradictory directions of change not so far identified in the literature on the Zambian one-party state are uncovered. It is suggested that changes in the one-party state helped to undermine its support, even among some of those Zambians who initially believed in it.
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Rangkuti, Safitri Ridwan, and Irfan Ridwan Maksum. "ANALYSIS OF CHILDREN'S FRIENDLY SCHOOL POLICY IMPLEMENTATION IN SMP NEGERI 6 DEPOK." JPSI (Journal of Public Sector Innovations) 4, no. 1 (2019): 8. http://dx.doi.org/10.26740/jpsi.v4n1.p8-19.
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Child-friendly and child-based schools are an effort to fulfill children's rights and provide quality education for children. This study aims to explain the implementation of Child Friendly School Policies established by the Ministry of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection and analyze the supporting and inhibiting factors for the implementation of Child Friendly School Policies in SMP Negeri 6 Depok. This study used a qualitative method that shows the implementation of the Child Friendly School Policy in SMPN 6 Depok been going well, assessed in the context of the process, results (output), impact (outcomes) and causality (causal connection).The factors that support the implementation of the Child Friendly School Policy at SMP Negeri 6 Depok are good and smooth communication, attitudes and commitment of all school people, coordination between the Depok Government and the School and the positive support of all school members, parents, surrounding communities. However, there are still obstacles, namely the limited school budget and the number of teachers, and the density of teacher activities that have caused the implementation of policies to be not optimal.
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Pollard, Christina, Janette Lewis, and Margaret Miller. "Start Right–Eat Right Award Scheme: Implementing Food and Nutrition Policy in Child Care Centers." Health Education & Behavior 28, no. 3 (2001): 320–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/109019810102800306.
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The Start Right–Eat Right award scheme implemented in Western Australia has been used to provide the incentive to bring about improvement in food service in line with government policy and regulations in the child care industry. Theories of organizational change were used to identify processes and strategies to support the industry in translating policy into practice. A baseline survey of food service management practices, as well as process evaluation, informed action and identified barriers. Impact evaluation demonstrated that the award scheme could bring about improvements in the quality of food service; 80% of centers made changes to their menus as a result of participating. Two years postlaunch, 40% of centers have registered in the scheme. The diffusion of innovation theory is used to explain uptake and discuss results. The success of the scheme was based on four factors: an understanding of the industry, collaboration between the child care industry and government, supporting resources, and incentives.
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Kaviani Johnson, Afrooz, and Julia Sloth-Nielsen. "Safeguarding Children in the Developing World—Beyond Intra-Organisational Policy and Self-Regulation." Social Sciences 9, no. 6 (2020): 98. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/socsci9060098.
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Safeguarding in the context of development and humanitarian assistance has received heightened international attention since 2018. Emerging literature has not yet investigated the extent to which responses are evolving in the best interests of the child, in line with the treaty-based rights of children. This article makes a unique contribution to scholarship by applying a child rights lens to safeguarding efforts in the aid sector with a focus on the least developed countries in Africa. The article first reviews the safeguarding landscape—providing a snapshot of self-regulatory and standard setting initiatives by non-government organisations (NGOs) and bilateral government donors. Next, the article examines the relevant standards in the Convention on the Rights of the Child and the African Charter on the Rights and Welfare of the Child and respective Committee observations to enrich the safeguarding discussion. Finally, the article discusses key dilemmas and remaining challenges for safeguarding children in the developing world. The article suggests that a rights-based approach provides for a more nuanced and contextualised response, avoiding the temptation of ‘tick-box’ exercises driven by reputational management and ‘programming siloes’ imposed by humanitarian and development actors. To support sustained and consistent progress, efforts should go beyond intra-organisational policy and sectoral self-regulation. Child rights law monitoring mechanisms can be leveraged to encourage effective government oversight of NGOs in contact with children, as part of national frameworks for child protection. Donor governments should also consider and increase investment in national and local child protection systems to address risk factors to child abuse and ensure appropriate responses for any child that experiences harm.
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Bessant, Judith. "Habit and habitat: Housing, government policy, drugs, and pregnant women." Australian Journal of Primary Health 10, no. 2 (2004): 9. http://dx.doi.org/10.1071/py04021.
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In this paper I report on young drug-dependent pregnant women, their housing needs, and the effectiveness of policies and services designed to meet their needs. The research on which this paper is based is part of an Australian Housing Urban Research Institute project. Most of the material used in this article comes from the City of Yarra, where we interviewed poly-drug users to explore how different kinds of accommodation options (from secure private or public housing through to insecure housing to no accommodation options other than squats or ?sleeping out?) impact on interviewees? capacity to participate in various socioeconomic and cultural activities. The primary research question asked is whether or not government policies and programs complement and support each other or whether they work against each other in respect to young homeless pregnant drug users. A series of vignettes are presented to answer this question, and they reveal how housing and related services that pregnant women need to use frequently overlook their multiple needs. This can range from services offering support in the areas of drug and alcohol, to financial and legal issues, to domestic and family violence matters, to health and disability problems. When a pregnant woman decides to manage her drug use better, she usually faces a number of barriers. An exploration of those barriers takes us into discussions about the general shortage of appropriate housing, the constraints she experiences in the private rental market, and how particular administrative requirements cause difficulties for the pregnant women (i.e., housing acceptance deadlines). Long waiting lists for supported accommodation and public housing along with policies like ?zero-tolerance? drug regulations exclude these women from shelters. In the final section of the paper, the issues of stigma and shame are considered along with the way in which drug use, pregnancy and housing shortages lead to child protection interventions and often loss of custody. My finding is that despite officially declared commitments to a ?whole of government approach?, as opposed to ?a silo approach?, departments and agencies frequently work in isolation from each other, and indeed often against each other.
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van Eyk, Helen, Toni Delany-Crowe, Angela Lawless, Fran Baum, Colin MacDougall, and Deborah Wildgoose. "Improving child literacy using South Australia’s Health in All Policies approach." Health Promotion International 35, no. 5 (2019): 958–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/heapro/daz013.
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Abstract The Health in All Policies (HiAP) approach aims to create coherent policy across government that will improve population health, wellbeing and equity while progressing the goals of other sectors. The quest to achieve policy coherence across government has focused interest on processes that facilitate collaboration between health and many other sectors. Health and education sectors have long been seen as natural partners with mutually beneficial goals. This article focuses on a case study of HiAP work, undertaken between health and education in South Australia to increase parental engagement in children’s literacy among lower socio-economic families. It draws on a document analysis of 71 documents, seven in-depth interviews with senior policy actors and a programme logic model. The project began with the intention of using policy levers to improve long-term health outcomes through addressing child literacy, a proven social determinant of health. Because of the context in which it was operating, the project extended from a focus on policy to working directly with four schools implementing strategies to facilitate parental engagement, with the intention of finally influencing system-wide education policy. We use an institutional framework to support our analysis through a discussion of ideas, actors and institutions and how these influenced the project. The article provides insight into the facilitators and impediments to intersectoral efforts to progress shared educational and health goals and achieve sustainable change, and identifies lessons for others intending to use this approach.
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Natalier, Kristin, Kay Cook, and Hayley McKenzie. "Single Mothers’ Post-Separation Provisioning: Child Support and the Governance of Gender." Sociology 53, no. 3 (2018): 554–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0038038518813847.
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This article uses single mothers’ pursuit of child support (child maintenance) to examine how the state governs gender through post-separation financial responsibilities. We draw on interview data to detail how the Australian welfare state compels single mothers’ child support provisioning through claims work and the associated strategies of managing information, emotions and government workers. Despite their sustained efforts, provisioning afforded single mothers’ limited financial benefits. We argue that this outcome reflected a gendered policy and implementation regime that normalised masculine financial discretion and simultaneously compelled single mothers’ provisioning and failed to accord it legitimacy. Provisioning did, however, benefit the welfare state, which appropriated single mothers’ time and knowledge to claim and perform key functions. We conclude that the necessity and challenges of child support provisioning were not indicative of a failing child support programme but rather reflected its role in the reproduction of gendered power, responsibilities and rewards in post-separation parenting.
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Gunarto, Gunarto, Hardi Warsono, Kismartini -, and Retno Sunu Astuti. "Policy Implementation of the Elimination on Child Labor: Could Indonesia Be Achieve of Free Child Labor in 2022?" WSEAS TRANSACTIONS ON ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT 17 (April 27, 2021): 410–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.37394/232015.2021.17.40.
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Currently it’s estimated that more than 152 million people are child laborers, around 10 percent of children worldwide. Most (71 percent) work in the agricultural sector. As many as 69 percent do unpaid work because they work in their own homes and nearly half (73 million people) work in jobs that endanger their health, safety and moral development. The objective of the paper is exploring the factors why a child of a child must work, policies in control the growth rate of child labor and finally in eliminating child labor in Indonesia. This study found the issue of child labor which involves many parties becomes a challenge for the parties to work together effectively to harmonize laws and regulations and law enforcement, expand and increase access to compulsory education and training, social protection and make effective policies to support an active labor market, and to create decent and productive jobs for adults. Moreover, coordination and synchronization between related parties in forms of social workers, government, community and stakeholders are needed.
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Song, Chengcheng, and Chao Zhang. "The Public’s Supportive Attitude towards the Social Inclusion of Children with Special Needs: Theory and Experience." China Nonprofit Review 12, no. 2 (2021): 213–32. http://dx.doi.org/10.1163/18765149-12341377.
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Abstract Using hierarchical linear models, this article examines how factors at individual and policy levels influence public attitudes towards the social inclusion of children with special needs based on data collected from 1,602 samples and second-hand data in five cities. It is found that individual and policy factors have varying impacts on relationship support, social support, and public support for the social inclusion of children with special needs: (1) individuals who once gave help to children with special needs express strong support; (2) government policies may have a crowding out effect, that is, greater intensity of child policies may lower public support for the social inclusion of children with special needs; (3) different policies may interfere with each other, that is, child policies and disability policies may have the opposite effects on people’s attitudes towards public support for the social inclusion of children with special needs.
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Li, Yan. "Who will care for the health of aging Chinese parents who lose their only child? A review of the constraints and implications." International Social Work 61, no. 1 (2015): 40–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0020872815603782.
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This article concentrates on analyzing the health and social constraints of elderly Chinese parents who lose their only child. This newly developed vulnerable group of childless elderly has resulted from the Chinese one-child policy. Based on a qualitative study in Beijing, this article examines the psychological suffering, healthcare, and emotional support experienced by older people who lose their only child and who lack appropriate support from the government and society. The rapid increase in the number of childless elderly is producing profound health and social implications that require the development of appropriate policies in China.
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Pettigrew, Simone, Zenobia Talati, Megan Sauzier, and Amanda Ferguson. "Hungry for more: key stakeholders’ support for more stringent school food policies." Public Health Nutrition 22, no. 8 (2019): 1483–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980018003919.
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AbstractObjectiveSchool food policies are an important component of comprehensive strategies to address child obesity and improve children’s health. Evaluations have demonstrated that these policies can be initially well accepted and appropriately implemented, however little is known about how acceptance levels may change over time. The present study aimed to re-evaluate a school food policy 10 years after its introduction to assess key stakeholders’ support for various policy extensions that would strengthen the scope of the policy.DesignOnline surveys administered 1 year after policy introduction (n 607, 2008) and 10 years after policy introduction (n 307, 2016).SettingWestern Australia.ParticipantsSchool principals, teachers, canteen managers and presidents of parents & citizens associations from Western Australian Government primary schools.ResultsAt both time points, and especially at time 2 (10 years post policy implementation), high levels of support were reported for the policy and possible policy extensions. Support was strongest for an additional requirement to integrate the canteen menu with the classroom health curriculum.ConclusionsThe results suggest that once a policy has become embedded into school practices, stakeholders may be receptive to modifications that strengthen the policy to enhance its potential effects on children’s diets.
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Sunarti, Sunarti. "MENGENAL DAN MENGEMBANGKAN SEKOLAH RAMAH ANA." Al-Misbah (Jurnal Islamic Studies) 5, no. 2 (2019): 201–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.26555/almisbah.v5i2.175.
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Child-friendly schools are the schools coveted by every parent and government. The child-friendly school policy begins with the desire of the community to allow schools to fully grant children's rights in their schools. Child-friendly schools can be implemented in everyday life if they receive the attention and support of all parties. A child-friendly school can become a reality if supported by at least three aspects, including: appropriate school programs; a supportive school environment; and aspects of adequate facilities
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Rene, Mariayani, Kismartini, and Hartuti Purnaweni. "Client And Coalitions dalam Implementasi Kebijakan Kesehatan Ibu dan Anak di Kabupaten Kupang." Jurnal Administrasi dan Kebijakan Publik 4, no. 2 (2019): 128–36. http://dx.doi.org/10.25077/jakp.4.2.140-148.2019.
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One important factor that determines the successful implementation of mother and child policy is support from community especially the community whose be the target of the polices (clients) and also certain parties (coalitions) who have an interest in the policy. This paper aims to find clients and coalitions in the implementation of health mothers and children in Kupang Regency, which is one of the regions in Indonesia with the highest infant mortality cases. The method used is descriptive qualitative, by using one indicator in Najam implementation models, namely client and coalitions for analysis. The results of the study show that the implementation of Perda No 3 of 2016 as maternal and child health policy in Kupang Regency has not received support from the community, especially those who are the client of the policy. Therefore, it is recommended that the Kupang Regencial Government increase the socialization to the people in particular who are the clients of this policy
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Mulyana, Nandang, Risna Resnawaty, and Gigin Ginanjar Kamil Basar. "PENANGANAN TERHADAP ANAK KORBAN KEKERASAN (TREATMENT FOR CHILD ABUSE)." Al-Izzah: Jurnal Hasil-Hasil Penelitian 13, no. 1 (2018): 77. http://dx.doi.org/10.31332/ai.v13i1.871.
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This studi aims to analyze the treatment to child abuse at Kuningan regency, whether handling by government or nongovernment organisation. The causes of violence are categorized as internal factors that come from within the family and external that occur outside the family environment. The treatment for the the violence victims should be comprehensive and involving various competent parties. Thus, the involvement of all institutions, both government institutions and the public to handle the victims of violence is very important. Handling of the child victims of violence must also have a policy, which is not applied national but also more specific to each region. Parties involved in the treatment process of children victims include the Department of Social Affairs, Health Office, Education Office, Police, and P2TP2A. Meanwhile the community such as NGO need to concern on the victims of violence. This inter-institutional coordination is needed to support each other to overcome the children abuse and treat the victims. This is necessary because it is limited if only one institution which participate to overcome this issue.
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Arnab, Ahnaf Tahmid, and Md Sanwar Siraj. "Child Marriage in Bangladesh: Policy and Ethics." Bangladesh Journal of Bioethics 11, no. 1 (2020): 24–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bioethics.v11i1.49193.
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Bangladesh is a Muslim-majority society with more than 163 million people. Most Bangladeshis hold the ideals of Islamic norms and values which is manifest in all sorts of socio-cultural behaviour. In reference to such values, the tradition of legitimizing child marriage in Bangladesh is the issue that needs to be addressed in a holistic yet rigorous approach. Currently Bangladesh ranks 4th in the world and 1st in Asia in terms of child marriage. Recently the Child Marriage Restraint Act 1929 has been abolished and it has been replaced by the Act of 2017 preserving article 2 of the previous statute, the legal age for marriage for a boy 21 and for a girl 18. This Act adds article 19 which legalizes minors (below 18 years of age) to be married off with the consent of the parents/guardians at the presence of a magistrate under “special circumstances” deemed with securing the best interest for them. The law artfully coincides with the Muslim Marriage Law which allows participants of 15 years and above to get legally married and as such contradicts the international law and the Act of 2017 itself. In the West intimate relationships including extra-marital cohabitation before reaching 18 years of age are culturally accepted. In contrast, such extra-marital and intimate relationships are strictly prohibited in Muslim-majority societies, which are dearly adhered in Bangladeshi Muslim culture. This study examines how the religious cultural and socio-economic realities influence child marriage practice in Bangladesh. Along with secondary documents, we interviewed 22 individuals including the Deputy Commissioner, the District Women and Children Affairs Officer, elected Union Parishad Chairman and Members, Social Workers, married couples and their parents/guardians at Manikganj district. In addition, we also conducted a mass survey with 62 randomly selected participants, and a voluntary online survey where the opinion of another 53 young students were collected to find broad opinion. We also collected stories of how marriages take place at the rural, urban and sub-urban areas in Bangladesh. The study has revealed that Bangladeshis does not support marriage at early ages but socio-economic reality often pushes poor into getting their children married at early ages. Many view that the special provision may encourage child marriage in the country. This study suggests that the government of Bangladesh should redefine public policy in regard to finding a middle ground between Islamic ethics and international values by exploring isomorphic mimicry and other socio-culturally accepted measures with a view to abolishing child marriage successfully.
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Jama, Nandi, Elias Kuntashula, and Paul C. Samboko. "Adoption and Impact of the Improved Fallow Technique on Cotton Productivity and Income in Zambia." Sustainable Agriculture Research 8, no. 2 (2019): 1. http://dx.doi.org/10.5539/sar.v8n2p1.
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An improved fallow is a soil fertility agroforestry technique that has commonly been used in the staple maize production systems of Zambia and sub-Saharan Africa. Several studies have assessed the adoption and impact of the improved fallow on maize production. Generally, it has been observed that though the improved fallow does increase maize yields, its efficacy on welfare in terms of increased income is low. The use of the technique on cash crops that could significantly contribute to household welfare has rarely been investigated. This study assessed the factors affecting the adoption and impact of improved fallows on a commonly grown cash crop, cotton, in the cotton growing provinces of Zambia. The study used a sub sample (N=1206) of the nationally representative 2014/15 Rural Agricultural Livelihoods Survey (RALS) data which was randomly collected by the Indaba Agricultural Policy Research Institute (IAPRI) and Central Statistical Office (CSO) of Zambia. The determinants of improved fallow adoption among the cotton farmers were examined through the use of the probit model while the impact of the technique on cotton production and income was evaluated by using the propensity score matching and the endogenous switching regression models. Among the socioeconomic factors significantly increasing the probability of improved fallow adoption included: increases in age, education level, and per capita productive assets of the farmer, in addition to the area under cotton production and the distance of the homestead to the market. Institutional factors found to increase the farmer’s likelihood of adopting the improved fallow in the cotton production systems included; farmer membership to a cooperative, receiving improved fallow seedlings from the government projects and having information on agroforestry tree species. On the other hand, an increase in land size per capita was found to negatively affect the likelihood of improved tree fallow adoption. Impact estimates showed significant cotton yield and income increases as a result of adopting the technique. The continuous provision of information on relatively new techniques such as the improved fallows preferably in farmer organized groups, and support towards the provision of the technique’s planting materials are some of the areas requiring government and NGOs attention. In addition, the study recommends that the farmers’ formal education level should be enhanced and that improved tree fallows should also be explicitly promoted on cash crops that have similar agronomic requirements to maize such as cotton.
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Buttivant, Helen, and Cécile Knai. "Improving food provision in child care in England: a stakeholder analysis." Public Health Nutrition 15, no. 3 (2011): 554–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1368980011001704.
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AbstractObjectiveTo review national policy governing nutrition in child-care settings and explore policy translation at a regional and local level in the South East of England.DesignSemi-structured interviews with regional experts.SettingChild-care settings in Southampton, England, registered by OFSTED (Office for Standards in Education Children's Services and Skills).SubjectsThirteen subjects including child-care professionals in Southampton and policy advisors from the Government Office of the South East.ResultsPolicy regarding early years food provision varies across the country. Although there appears to be consensus between local stakeholders on the importance of improving early years nutrition in Southampton, intentions have yet to be translated into cohesive action, with differences in food and nutrition practice in child-care settings across the city. There are also areas of incoherence, inequalities in access to training and development, and duplication in local and regional support mechanisms.ConclusionsThe importance of proper early nutrition to provide the building blocks for life-long health and well-being is grounded in a substantial evidence base. Outside the home, early years child-care settings are an ideal place for providing a strong foundation in nutritional health and dietary habits for young children. The long-term benefits of achieving optimum nutrition in the early years should be secured through the coherent efforts of national, regional and local policy makers, child-care practitioners and parents. Existing commitment and capacity to achieve this objective at a local and regional level must be supported and matched at a national level with the acceleration of policy development, including quality control and support mechanisms.
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O’Hagan, Brian, and Stephen Kingdom. "Experiences of children with special educational needs and disabilities and their families in the United Kingdom during the coronavirus pandemic." Tizard Learning Disability Review 25, no. 4 (2020): 229–35. http://dx.doi.org/10.1108/tldr-09-2020-0025.
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Purpose The purpose of this paper is to outline the experiences of children with special educational needs and disabilities (SEND) and their families during the coronavirus pandemic. Design/methodology/approach This paper draws on research gathered and collated by three different organisations working with families of children and young people with SEND. Findings There were a number of common findings across all three surveys. In particular: the rapid collapse of external support for children and families; the reduction/withdrawal of support exacerbated the stress and exhaustion already experienced by many families; it proved very difficult to establish home learning and get adequate support from schools; there was little government recognition of families’ vulnerability and need for support; and, paradoxically, a significant minority of children and families reported increased well-being. Originality/value Findings carry clear implications both for the provision of child and family support during any further lockdowns and, more generally, in respect of government policy and funding of family support.
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Rangkuti, Safitri, and Irfan Ridwan Maksum. "ANALISIS IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN SEKOLAH RAMAH ANAK DI SMP NEGERI 6 DEPOK." NATAPRAJA 7, no. 2 (2019): 231–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.21831/jnp.v7i2.24757.
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Child-friendly and child-based schools are an effort to fulfill children's rights and provide quality education for children. This study aims to explain the implementation of Child Friendly School Policies established by the Ministry of Women's Empowerment and Child Protection and analyze the supporting and inhibiting factors for the implementation of Child Friendly School Policies in SMP Negeri 6 Depok. This study used a qualitative method that shows the implementation of the Child Friendly School Policy in SMPN 6 Depok been going well, assessed in the context of the process, results (output), impact (outcomes) and causality (causal connection).The factors that support the implementation of the Child Friendly School Policy at SMP Negeri 6 Depok are good and smooth communication, attitudes and commitment of all school people, coordination between the Depok Government and the School and the positive support of all school members, parents, surrounding communities. However, there are still obstacles, namely the limited school budget and the number of teachers, and the density of teacher activities that have caused the implementation of policies to be not optimal.
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Ulya, Zakiyatul. "Analisis Maqasid Al-Shariah Terhadap Peran Pemerintah Kota Surabaya dalam Mewujudkan Kota Layak Anak." AL-HUKAMA' 10, no. 1 (2020): 42–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.15642/alhukama.2020.10.1.42-72.
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The research entitled: "Maqasid al-Shari'ah Analysis of the Role of the Surabaya City Government in Realizing Child Friendly Cities" is a field research that aims to answer the question how the role of the Surabaya City Government in realizing Child Friendly Cities through established public policies from the perspective of the maq??id al-shar?'ah. Research data were collected using interview and documentation techniques and then analyzed using descriptive analysis techniques with a deductive mindset. The results of the study concluded that the Surabaya City Government was very active in realizing Child Friendly Cities through the protection and fulfillment of children's rights, which was clearly seen from the existence of various public policies that were established to support institutional strengthening and fulfillment of the five Child Friendly Cities clusters.The role of the Surabaya City Government is in accordance with the concept of maqasid al-shari'ah because the determination of public policy is based on the welfare of children. This is proven by the elements of hifz al-din and hifz al-nasl in the public policy regarding civil rights and freedom, family environment, and alternative protection. In addition, there are elements of hifz al-nafs and hifz al-aql in public policies regarding institutional strengthening and the five Child Friendly Cities clusters, although they are actually less than perfect due to the absence of the hifz al-mal elements in them.
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Pardosi, Jerico Franciscus, Nick Parr, and Salut Muhidin. "LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND COMMUNITY LEADERS’ PERSPECTIVES ON CHILD HEALTH AND MORTALITY AND INEQUITY ISSUES IN RURAL EASTERN INDONESIA." Journal of Biosocial Science 49, no. 1 (2016): 123–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0021932016000134.
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SummarySince 2001 a decentralization policy has increased the responsibility placed on local government for improving child health in Indonesia. This paper explores local government and community leaders’ perspectives on child health in a rural district in Indonesia, using a qualitative approach. Focus group discussions were held in May 2013. The issues probed relate to health personnel skills and motivation, service availability, the influence of traditional beliefs, and health care and gender inequity. The participants identify weak leadership, inefficient health management and inadequate child health budgets as important issues. The lack of health staff in rural areas is seen as the reason for promoting the use of traditional birth attendants. Midwifery graduates and village midwives are perceived as lacking motivation to work in rural areas. Some local traditions are seen as detrimental to child health. Husbands provide little support to their wives. These results highlight the need for a harmonization and alignment of the efforts of local government agencies and local community leaders to address child health care and gender inequity issues.
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Bradshaw, Jonathan, and Michihiko Tokoro. "Child benefit Packages in the United Kingdom and Japan." Social Policy and Society 13, no. 1 (2013): 119–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1474746413000353.
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Japan recently introduced a universal child benefit, but its life has been short lived mainly because of the Tsunami and financial problems as well as political conflict over the principles. Meanwhile the Coalition government in the UK, as part of its deficit reduction strategy, has frozen child benefit for three years and taken it back from higher rate tax payers. All other working age family benefits are being cut in real terms. In both countries, state support for families with children is in disarray. This article explores the evolution of the child benefit packages in both countries since 1992. It is based on model family analysis which enables comparison of policies to be made on a consistent basis. It reviews the consequences of these and other changes in the policy package for lone parent and couple families.
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Modi, Kiran, Lakshmi Madhavan, Leena Prasad, Gurneet Kalra, Suman Kasana, and Sanya Kapoor. "SUPPORT FOR YOUTH LEAVING CARE: A NATIONAL RESEARCH STUDY, INDIA." International Journal of Child, Youth and Family Studies 11, no. 4.2 (2020): 160–87. http://dx.doi.org/10.18357/ijcyfs114.2202020049.
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This paper is a condensed version of a study entitled “Beyond 18: Leaving Child Care Institutions — A Study of Aftercare Practices in Five States of India”, conducted and published in 2019 by Udayan Care, a charitable organisation, with support from UNICEF India and Tata Trusts. This research involved the participation of care leavers, government functionaries, duty-bearers, and civil society practitioners. It found that upon turning 18, youth transitioning out of child care institutions to independent life in India experience many challenges, such as securing housing and identity documents; accessing education, skill development, and employment opportunities; and garnering psychosocial support. This study also showed that absent or inadequate aftercare support during transition increases care leavers’ vulnerabilities to homelessness, unemployment, substance misuse, and ruptured social relationships. It also found that continued aftercare support is necessary to foster independent living skills in these young people and enable their reintegration into mainstream society. While exploring the continuum from child care to aftercare, the researchers developed the concept of a “Sphere of Aftercare”, comprising eight domains of support that are considered essential for a successful transition. The study revealed a lack of transition planning at the level of child care institutions and functionaries and a general lack of understanding of the holistic aftercare needs of youth throughout the eight identified domains. The study also found an absence of clarity about stakeholders’ roles; a lack of data management with regard to the number of youth leaving care, leading to inadequate budget planning; and a lack of adequate monitoring mechanisms to assess care leavers’ outcomes. In light of this study’s findings, policy reforms and ways of developing robust aftercare programmes are recommended in relation to policy, practice, and law.
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Taylor, Sandra, and Aileen Ashford. "Commentary: Child Protection Inquiries: Where are the Voices of Children and Young People?" Children Australia 36, no. 3 (2011): 106–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1375/jcas.36.3.106.
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Parliamentary Inquiries into the adequacy of child protection services, as well as best practice care and service delivery in child protection, have been a dominant feature of contemporary Australia in recent times. The direct voices of children and young people in such inquiries are usually missing, despite them being at the very centre of the child protection system and a range of government policies. In this paper we reflect upon this issue and consider why these voices are absent and what factors and barriers limit their inclusion. A review of relevant literature and empirical data indicates that the structures, agendas and processes of such Inquiries are intrinsically adult-oriented endeavours in which the contributions and inclusion of children and young people are not easily accommodated. Through adopting a shift in perspective, orientation and practice, the voices and experiences of children and young people can be included in child protection Inquiries that have critical implications for the quality of their lives and their life chances. Such inclusions uphold the rights of children and young people and support the implementation of government policy in practice.
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Oh, Sehyeon, and Hyunah Kang. "A Semantic Network Analysis of News Comments on Child Abuse: Focusing on the Major Changes of Child Abuse Policies." Korean Journal of Child Studies 42, no. 4 (2021): 457–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.5723/kjcs.2021.42.4.457.
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Objectives: This study analyzes how pulic awareness of perception of child abuse and the recent child abuse policy changes appeared in the news comments about child abuse. The major policy changes include the Act on Special Cases Concerning The Punishment, Etc. of Child Abuse Crimes (Act No. 15255, Dec. 19, 2017), Mandatory CCTV Installation at Daycare Centers (2015), investigation for school children who have been absent school long-term (2016), the 100 state tasks in inclusive welfare (2017), e-Child Happiness Support Service (2018), and Strengthening the Publicness of Child Protection Service (2019).Methods: For the purpose, this study analyzed 1,333,677 comments on news about child abuse from 1 January 2014 to 31 December 2019. In this study, we conducted semantic network analysis to analyze how the contents of child abuse appeared in child abuse comments and the policy contents appeared at the time when major policies were implemented. The analysis using R program.Results: As a result of the analysis, the study found that the public recognized child abuse as a crime. Second, stereotypes on the perpetrators of child abuse were identified. Third, it was confirmed that the public is deeply interested in child abuse incidents occurred at kindergartens and daycare centers. Lastly, the result has revealed that the public, in general, does not yet acknowledge changes on the central policy of child abuse.Conclusion: Based on these findings, policy implcations are discussed to make improvements in awareness of child abuse more accessible to the public. Specifically, The government is responsible for solving stereotypes of child abuse, improving trust in daycare centers, and providing information on child care policies to the public.
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Unger, Carla Chan, Shumona Sharmin Salam, Md Shafiqul Alam Sarker, Robert Black, Alejandro Cravioto, and Shams El Arifeen. "Treating diarrhoeal disease in children under five: the global picture." Archives of Disease in Childhood 99, no. 3 (2013): 273–78. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2013-304765.
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Rates of childhood mortality due to diarrhoea remain unacceptably high and call for renewed global focus and commitment. Affordable, simple and effective diarrhoeal treatments have already been available for many years, yet a shift in international health priorities has seen coverage of recommended treatments slow to a near-standstill since 1995. This article reviews coverage of recommended childhood diarrhoeal treatments (low-osmolarity oral rehydration solution (ORS) and zinc), globally and regionally, and provides an overview of the major barriers to wide-scale coverage. It is argued that to ensure smooth supply and equitable distribution of ORS and zinc, adequate financing, relevant policy changes, strong public, private and non-government organisation (NGO) collaboration, local manufacturing of pharmaceuticals, mass media awareness and campaigning, in conjunction with strong government support, are necessary for successful treatment scale-up.
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Reynolds, Arthur J. "Child development as social action: Reflections on four underrated contributions of Edward Zigler to science and society." Development and Psychopathology 33, no. 2 (2021): 466–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0954579420001777.
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AbstractIn a career spanning six decades, Edward Zigler redefined developmental psychology as the equal integration of scientific inquiry and evidence with social policy formulation and analysis to improve child well-being. The theme of his accumulated work was advancing child development as social action for children and families. Besides early childhood intervention and policy, for which he devoted most of his time, Dr. Zigler did pioneering work in education and school reform, social policy, prevention, child maltreatment, family support, developmental disabilities, and in service to government. In this article, I reflect on four of Dr. Zigler's major contributions to science and society that are underrated and, in many respects, under-appreciated in the larger context of the field. These are (a) historical analysis of Head Start, (b) conceptualization and analysis of motivation as a key component of early childhood program impacts, (c) development of preschool-to-third-grade programs and school reforms, and (d) critical analysis of theory, research, policy, and practice. Together, these and other contributions by Dr. Zigler provide a strong foundation to build a better society for all.
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Lissin, Polina, Arnold Hamapa, Misaki Kobayashi, et al. "Relative advantages and compatibility of a biometric patient identification tool in Zambia: a qualitative analysis." Gates Open Research 5 (July 15, 2021): 102. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.13265.1.
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Background: The Scanning Ears for Child Health (SEARCH) system is a biometric patient identification tool which uses a pattern recognition algorithm to translate an image of the ear into a unique identifier. If integrated into an electronic medical records (EMR) system, it would provide a patient identification solution that replaces unreliable paper, under-five card (UFC), or number-based identifiers. This study aims to understand the relative advantage of the biometric system, the sociocultural and pragmatic compatibility, and the extent of UFC deterioration over time. Methods: Interviews on impressions of the novel biometric patient identification tool were conducted in urban and rural settings in Zambia. Focus group discussions included 59 participants and key informant interviews included 5 healthcare workers and 2 government officials. Transcripts were coded into thematic categories for analysis. We sought to understand 1) the perceived relative advantage of a biometric system over the traditional UFCs among Zambian mothers, 2) the perceived sociocultural compatibility of a biometric system in the healthcare setting, and 3) pragmatic compatibility of the proposed system. Results: We found that the current UFC system presents issues for continuity of care and quality of data management, therefore posing disadvantages relative to the proposed system. Sociocultural and pragmatic barriers to acceptance included the existing fear of Satanism and electrical power issues throughout Zambia. Mothers and healthcare workers expressed that adoption of the biometric system could be successful given efforts to sensitize the community. Conclusions: Switching to an EMR backed by biometric identification would fill a critical gap in Zambian healthcare information systems and has numerous perceived advantages in both urban and rural settings. We determine that strategies for implementation should be localized, context informed, and conducted by trusted community members with knowledge of best approaches to diffusing information and a deep understanding of the novel biometric system.
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Zeidenstein, Laura, and Mary W. Byrne. "A Parallel Strategy: Deliberate Inclusion of Trained Traditional Birth Attendants in Maternal and Child Health Workforce of Low-Income Countries." Clinical Scholars Review 7, no. 2 (2014): 184–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/1939-2095.7.2.184.
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The authors propose an interim parallel strategy for the thoughtful inclusion of trained traditional birth attendants (TTBAs) in the maternal and child health (MCH) human resources of low-resource nations to improve safe childbirth. This is in contrast with international policy recommendations that traditional birth attendants (TBAs) be eliminated and replaced by skilled birth attendants (SBAs). Dimensions for critical awareness that should inform global MCH enterprises are identified and elaborated in support of this proposal: omnipresent women’s status, international nursing and midwifery standards, ethnographic values and strategies, local government roles, culturally specific birthing expectations, and the realities of current MCH human resources infrastructures.
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Rangkuti, Safitri Ridwan, and Irfan Ridwan Maksum. "Implementasi Kebijakan Sekolah Ramah Anak Dalam Mewujudkan Kota Layak Anak di Kota Depok." Publik (Jurnal Ilmu Administrasi) 8, no. 1 (2019): 38. http://dx.doi.org/10.31314/pjia.8.1.38-52.2019.
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Child-friendly and child-based schools are an effort to fulfill children's rights and provide quality education for children. This study aims to explain the implementation of Child Friendly School Policies established by the Ministry of Female Empowerment and Child Protection and to analyze the supporting and inhibiting factors for the implementation of Child Friendly School Policies in SMP Negeri 6 Depok. This study used a qualitative method that shows the implementation of the Child Friendly School Policy in SMPN 6 Depok been going well, assessed in the context of the process, results (output), impact (outcomes) and causality (causal connection).The factors that support the implementation of the Child Friendly School Policy at SMP Negeri 6 Depok are good and smooth communication, attitudes and commitment of all school people, coordination between the Depok Government and the School and the positive support of all school members, parents, surrounding communities. However, there are still obstacles, namely the limited school budget and the number of teachers, and the density of teacher activities that have caused the implementation of policies to be not optimal. For facilitating the implementation of child-friendly school policies, collaboration between central government and local government, schools and communities is needed. Sekolah yang ramah anak dan berbasis hak anak merupakan upaya memenuhi hak-hak anak dan memberi pendidikan yang berkualitas bagi anak. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjelaskan implementasi Kebijakan Sekolah Ramah Anak yang ditetapkan oleh Kementerian Pemberdayaan Perempuan dan Perlindungan Anak dan menganalisis faktor pendukung dan penghambat implementasi Kebijakan Sekolah Ramah Anak di Kota Depok. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif yang menunjukan implementasi Kebijakan Sekolah Ramah Anak di SMP Negeri 6 Depok sudah berjalan baik, dinilai dalam konteks proses, hasil (output), dampak (outcome) dan hubungan sebab akibat (causal connection). Faktor-faktor yang mendukung implementasi Kebijakan Sekolah Ramah Anak di Kota Depok adalah komunikasi yang baik dan lancar, sikap dan komitmen seluruh warga sekolah, koordinasi antar Pemda Depok dengan Sekolah serta adanya dukungan positif seluruh warga sekolah, orang tua, masyarakat sekitar. Namun masih terdapat faktor penghambat yaitu terbatasnya anggaran sekolah dan jumlah guru serta padatnya aktivitas guru menyebabkan pelaksanaan kebijakan belum optimal. Untuk memperlancar implementasi kebijakan sekolah ramah anak dibutuhkan kerjasama antara seluruh pihak baik pemerintah pusat dan daerah, sekolah dan masyarakat
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Mohd Nor, Aishah, Najibah Mohd Zin, and Roslina Che Soh. "The Adequacy of Existing Support Systems in Addressing the Issue of Teenage Pregnancies in Malaysia: A Legal Response." IIUM Law Journal 27, no. 1 (2019): 121–50. http://dx.doi.org/10.31436/iiumlj.v27i1.431.
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This article examines the adequacy of the current support systems in addressing the issue of teenage pregnancies in Malaysia. This study was conducted primarily through a doctrinal study of existing literature such as articles, journals and reports related to the current issues encountered by the pregnant teenagers. There is also a non-doctrinal method carried out whereby the researchers had conducted fieldwork interviews with the government department, non-government organisations (NGOs) and social activist on the efforts done in addressing the problem. Due to the lack of a specific policy on teenage pregnancies in Malaysia, there have been concerns on issues related to the rights of these teenagers to education during pregnancy; criminal issues on abortion, infanticide and child sexual grooming; child marriages and the lack of support from parents, family members and the society for care, motivation, healthcare and preparation for motherhood among these teenagers. The findings establish the current support system is inadequate to meet the contemporary needs of pregnant teenagers. It is suggested that a comprehensive legal framework for teenage pregnancies in Malaysia needs to be put in place. These can include legislating necessary laws and policies, which can be more effective through integrated services and proper monitoring and enforcement in order to meet the current needs of the targeted group.
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Prentice, Susan, and Linda A. White. "Childcare deserts and distributional disadvantages: the legacies of split childcare policies and programmes in Canada." Journal of International and Comparative Social Policy 35, no. 1 (2019): 59–74. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/21699763.2018.1526700.
Full textAbstract:
AbstractEarly childhood education and care (ECEC) policies and services in Canada exhibit marked gaps in access, creating ‘childcare deserts’ and distributional disadvantages. Cognate family policies that support children and families, such as parental leave and child benefits, are also underdeveloped. This article examines the current state of ECEC services in Canada and the reasons behind the uncoordinated array of services and policy, namely, a liberal welfare state tradition that historically has encouraged private and market-based care, a comparatively decentralised federal system that militates against coordinated policy-making, and a welfare state built on gendered assumptions about care work. The article assesses recent government initiatives, including the federal 2017 Multilateral Framework on Early Learning and Child Care, concluding that existing federal and provincial initiatives have limited potential to bring about paradigmatic third-order change.
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Beutler, Danica, and Marianne Fenech. "An Analysis of the Australian Government's Jobs for Families Child Care Package: The Utility of Bacchi's WPR Methodology to Identify Potential Influences on Parents’ Childcare Choices." Australasian Journal of Early Childhood 43, no. 1 (2018): 16–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.23965/ajec.43.1.02.
Full textAbstract:
ISSUES OF CHILDCARE AFFORDABILITY, availability and flexibility in Australia have long restricted choice for parents wanting to use formal child care. To address these issues, the Australian Government developed the Jobs for Families Child Care Package, which passed through the Australian Parliament in 2017. This paper reports findings from a study that employed Bacchi's ‘ What's the Problem Represented to be’ (WPR) methodology to analyse the potential impact of the Package on parents’ childcare choices. Consistent with submissions from peak bodies and policy analysts, Bacchi's WPR analysis uncovered potential lived and subjectification effects, which are likely to diminish the choices of disadvantaged families. Additionally, the analysis identified three discursive effects that complicate workforce participation and childcare choice. Utilising a WPR approach and disrupting the Australian Government's positioning of child care as a means to support workforce participation can inform advocacy that aims to re-centre childcare policy onto the rights of the child.
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Yohana, Nova. "PERENCANAAN KOMUNIKASI PEMERINTAH DAERAH KABUPATEN SIAK DALAM IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN PEMBANGUNAN KABUPATEN LAYAK ANAK (KLA)." Jurnal Riset Komunikasi 1, no. 1 (2018): 170–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.24329/jurkom.v1i1.23.
Full textAbstract:
The development program of Child-Friendly City (KLA) in Siak Regency is a development system based on children rights through a comprehensive and sustainable integration of government, society and business world thoroughly and continuously. Implemented based on instruction from Ministry of Women and Child Empowerment (P3A), through Ministerial Regulation (Permen) Number 11 Year 2011 on the Development Policy of Child-Friendly City. The purpose of this research is to find the communication planning of local government in the implementation of the program for Child-Friendly City through prioritizing children rights in regional development, Siak regency. The method that being used for this researh is qualitative method. The research informants were chosen puposively and the data were collected through observation, interview, and documentation. The results of the research shows that the process of arrangement in order of Child-Friendly City policy communication planning has gone through the stages of a policy formulation. The purpose of the Child-Friendly City development program is being implemented into the vision and mission of Siak Regency development with the preparation of regional action plans. The audience that being targeted for the implementation of Child-Friendly City development is the whole society in Siak Regency either individually or in groups. Messages are designed in relation to the role of target audience related to the fulfillment of children's rights in Siak Regency development. In an effort to inform Child-Friendly City program policies, media selection takes into consideration the characteristics and objectives of the message content submitted, and the type of media owned by audiences. Program evaluation emphasizes in order for the regional apparatus to evaluate what its authority and duties are in support the Child-Friendly City program and plan according to the needs of Child-Friendly City in Siak Regency.
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Mwanang'ono, Mulambwa. "Proposed Synergies between Indigenous and Modern Systems of Environmental Education in Addressing Development Planning in Zambia." Journal of Law and Social Sciences 1, no. 1 (2012): 87–104. http://dx.doi.org/10.53974/unza.jlss.1.1.367.
Full textAbstract:
The study drew inspiration from the need to counteract the ensuing failures of
 modern systems in addressing development challenges especially at local level
 despite several efforts by government to invest resources in poverty reduction
 and general developmental interventions. The study identified the alienation of
 indigenous knowledge systems in the mainstream modern systems of Environmental
 Education (EE) and development planning as a compounding problem that accounted
 for development stagnation in the communities. This alienation created the gap in
 knowledge since modern systems were generally found to be inadequate in addressing
 developmental issues, particularly at a local level. The lack of local relevance of most
 modern systems justified the call for integration of indigenous systems.
 The study focused on the need to establish linkages between the modern and
 indigenous systems of environmental education and their influence on development
 planning in Zambia. In so doing, the study proposed an approach to remedy the
 alienation of indigenous systems in the mainstream processes of EE and development
 planning by suggesting a synergy between the two systems. The study involved
 an assessment of some inherent policies, strategies, processes, methodologies and
 perceptions about EE and development planning. It, therefore, largely dealt with non-
 concrete ideas to which the reader is introduced. This point is crucial in appreciating
 the main orientation of the study.
 Descriptive research design was applied with qualitative approaches. The respondents
 were purposively sampled and included government officers and other modern experts,
 NGOs, and traditional leaders. A comparative analysis of modern systems was further
 made through a global dimension where the Zambian modern system and that of
 selected foreign countries, Germany and Montenegro were reviewed.
 The study established that the approaches applied in environmental education and
 general nature conservation were related to the country’s guiding principles which also
 reflected the overall vision, where it existed. Furthermore, a number of environmental
 policy instruments were examined and the following were identified as the main
 instruments: Direct regulation, Indirect regulation, Self-regulation, and A combination of the above instruments.
 Proposed Synergies Between Indigenous and Modern Systems of Environmental Education
 From the study results, differences in perceptions of and approaches to environmental
 education were evident at both country and individual levels. For instance, while in
 Zambia, environmental education was a school subject, in Germany it was not but
 its ideals were generally incorporated in the teaching of all subjects. In Montenegro,
 too, there was no school subject called environmental education but the concept had
 greatly influenced the school curriculum such that emphasis was put on environmental
 content in all the subjects, focusing more on human-nature relationships.
 The study also showed that direct regulation had been prioritised in Zambia
 compared to self-regulation and this had a bearing on public participation in
 development decision-making processes which are largely carried out in the planning
 cycles. Varying perceptions were also identified at individual level among the modern
 experts interviewed both in Zambia and those from other countries. However, existing
 opportunities for synergy formulation at all levels were identified and based on these a
 synergy was suggested.
 Arising from the above observations the study recommended, among other things,
 that the modern systems should adopt a broadened approach that promotes direct
 contact with nature from a multi-dimensional perspective. This would also call for
 curriculum and planning systems review to create an enabling education policy
 and planning framework that would provide practical support to such an approach.
 The promotion of culture, which was identified as a storage device for indigenous
 knowledge, was also recommended to be prioritised.
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Rudolph, Norma. "Hierarchies of knowledge, incommensurabilities and silences in South African ECD policy: Whose knowledge counts?" Journal of Pedagogy 8, no. 1 (2017): 77–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/jped-2017-0004.
Full textAbstract:
Abstract Policy for young children in South Africa is now receiving high-level government support through the ANC’s renewed commitment to redress poverty and inequity and creating ‘a better life for all’ as promised before the 1994 election. In this article, I explore the power relations, knowledge hierarchies and discourses of childhood, family and society in National Curriculum Framework (NCF) as it relates to children’s everyday contexts. I throw light on how the curriculum’s discourses relate to the diverse South African settings, child rearing practices and world-views, and how they interact with normative discourses of South African policy and global early childhood frameworks. The NCF acknowledges indigenous and local knowledges and suggests that the content should be adapted to local contexts. I argue that the good intentions of these documents to address inequities are undermined by the uncritical acceptance of global taken-for-granted discourses, such as narrow notions of evidence, western child development, understanding of the child as a return of investment and referencing urban middle class community contexts and values. These global discourses make the poorest children and their families invisible, and silence other visions of childhood and good society, including the notion of ‘convivial society’ set out in the 1955 Freedom Charter.
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Milner, Kate M., Raquel Bernal Salazar, Sunil Bhopal, et al. "Contextual design choices and partnerships for scaling early child development programmes." Archives of Disease in Childhood 104, Suppl 1 (2019): S3—S12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1136/archdischild-2018-315433.
Full textAbstract:
Translating the Nurturing Care Framework and unprecedented global policy support for early child development (ECD) into action requires evidence-informed guidance about how to implement ECD programmes at national and regional scale. We completed a literature review and participatory mixed-method evaluation of projects in Saving Brains®, Grand Challenges Canada® funded ECD portfolio across 23 low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). Using an adapted programme cycle, findings from evaluation related to partnerships and leadership, situational analyses, and design for scaling ECD were considered. 39 projects (5 ‘Transition to Scale’ and 34 ‘Seed’) were evaluated. 63% were delivered through health and 84% focused on Responsive Caregiving and Early Learning (RCEL). Multilevel partnerships, leadership and targeted situational analysis were crucial to design and adaptation. A theory of change approach to consider pathways to impact was useful for design, but practical situational analysis tools and local data to guide these processes were lacking. Several RCEL programmes, implemented within government services, had positive impacts on ECD outcomes and created more enabling caregiving environments. Engagement of informal and private sectors provided an alternative approach for reaching children where government services were sparse. Cost-effectiveness was infrequently measured. At small-scale RCEL interventions can be successfully adapted and implemented across diverse settings through processes which are responsive to situational analysis within a partnership model. Accelerating progress will require longitudinal evaluation of ECD interventions at much larger scale, including programmes targeting children with disabilities and humanitarian settings with further exploration of cost-effectiveness, critical content and human resources.