Journal articles: 'Childhood apraxia of speech'

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Červenková, Barbora. "Childhood apraxia of speech." Pediatrie pro praxi 25, no. 5 (2024): 304–10. http://dx.doi.org/10.36290/ped.2024.058.

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Iuzzini-Seigel, Jenya, and Elizabeth Murray. "Speech Assessment in Children With Childhood Apraxia of Speech." Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups 2, no. 2 (2017): 47–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/persp2.sig2.47.

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This article uses the International Classification of Functioning (ICF) framework to outline the assessment needs of children with apraxia of speech. Specifically, the level of breakdown for children with apraxia of speech—that of motor planning and programming at the level of body functions—is delineated using operationally defined criteria for greater diagnostic transparency.

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Toğram, Bülent. "How Do Families of Children with Down Syndrome Perceive Speech Intelligibility in Turkey?" BioMed Research International 2015 (2015): 1–11. http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2015/707134.

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Childhood verbal apraxia has not been identified or treated sufficiently in children with Down syndrome but recent research has documented that symptoms of childhood verbal apraxia can be found in children with Down syndrome. But, it is not routinely diagnosed in this population. There is neither an assessment tool in Turkish nor any research on childhood verbal apraxia although there is a demand not only for children with Down syndrome but also for normally developing children. The study examined if it was possible to determine oral-motor difficulties and childhood verbal apraxia features in children with Down syndrome through a survey. The survey was a parental report measure. There were 329 surveys received. Results indicated that only 5.6% of children with Down syndrome were diagnosed with apraxia, even though many of the subject children displayed clinical features of childhood verbal apraxia. The most frequently reported symptoms of childhood verbal apraxia in literature were displayed by the children with Down syndrome in the study. Parents could identify childhood verbal apraxia symptoms using parent survey. This finding suggests that the survey can be developed that could serve as a screening tool for a possible childhood verbal apraxia diagnosis in Turkey.

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Wattanawongsawang, Worawan. "Speech Therapy for Childhood Apraxia of Speech." Ramathibodi Medical Journal 42, no. 1 (2019): 55–64. http://dx.doi.org/10.33165/rmj.2019.42.1.113728.

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Childhood apraxia of speech is a neurological speech sound disorder in which the child has inadequate the precision and consistency of movements underlying speech production in the absence of neuromuscular deficits. Children with apraxia of speech require intensive and specialized training in order to enable them to communicate effectively. The principles of the speech therapy program include stimulating speaking and communicating in daily life as well as practicing to speak clearly. The purpose of this article is to discuss the principles of speech therapy based on motor learning, speech stimulation and daily life communication, exercises to promote oral motor planning for each speech sound, and inclusion of the family into the team working with the child.

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Westby, Carol. "Diagnosing Childhood Apraxia of Speech." Word of Mouth 27, no. 1 (2015): 4–8. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1048395015598331a.

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Hall, Nancy E. "Fluency in Childhood Apraxia of Speech." Perspectives on Fluency and Fluency Disorders 17, no. 2 (2007): 9–14. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/ffd17.2.9.

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Nakamura-Palacios, Ester Miyuki, Aldren Thomazini Falçoni Júnior, Gabriela Lolli Tanese, Ana Carla Estellita Vogeley, and Aravind Kumar Namasivayam. "Enhancing Speech Rehabilitation in a Young Adult with Trisomy 21: Integrating Transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) with Rapid Syllable Transition Training for Apraxia of Speech." Brain Sciences 14, no. 1 (2024): 58. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci14010058.

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Apraxia of speech is a persistent speech motor disorder that affects speech intelligibility. Studies on speech motor disorders with transcranial Direct Current Stimulation (tDCS) have been mostly directed toward examining post-stroke aphasia. Only a few tDCS studies have focused on apraxia of speech or childhood apraxia of speech (CAS), and no study has investigated individuals with CAS and Trisomy 21 (T21, Down syndrome). This N-of-1 randomized trial examined the effects of tDCS combined with a motor learning task in developmental apraxia of speech co-existing with T21 (ReBEC RBR-5435x9). The accuracy of speech sound production of nonsense words (NSWs) during Rapid Syllable Transition Training (ReST) over 10 sessions of anodal tDCS (1.5 mA, 25 cm) over Broca’s area with the cathode over the contralateral region was compared to 10 sessions of sham-tDCS and four control sessions in a 20-year-old male individual with T21 presenting moderate–severe childhood apraxia of speech (CAS). The accuracy for NSW production progressively improved (gain of 40%) under tDCS (sham-tDCS and control sessions showed < 20% gain). A decrease in speech severity from moderate–severe to mild–moderate indicated transfer effects in speech production. Speech accuracy under tDCS was correlated with Wernicke’s area activation (P3 current source density), which in turn was correlated with the activation of the left supramarginal gyrus and the Sylvian parietal–temporal junction. Repetitive bihemispheric tDCS paired with ReST may have facilitated speech sound acquisition in a young adult with T21 and CAS, possibly through activating brain regions required for phonological working memory.

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Chenausky, Karen, Amanda Brignell, Angela Morgan, and Helen Tager-Flusberg. "Motor speech impairment predicts expressive language in minimally verbal, but not low verbal, individuals with autism spectrum disorder." Autism & Developmental Language Impairments 4 (January 2019): 239694151985633. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2396941519856333.

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Background and aims Developmental motor speech impairment has been suspected, but rarely systematically examined, in low- and minimally verbal individuals with autism spectrum disorder. We aimed to investigate the extent of motor speech impairment in this population and its relation to number of different words produced during a semi-structured language sample. Methods Videos of 54 low-verbal and minimally verbal individuals (ages 4;4–18;10) performing portions of a speech praxis test were coded for signs of motor speech impairment (e.g., childhood apraxia of speech). Age, autism spectrum disorder severity, nonspeech oral-motor ability, speech production ability, nonverbal IQ, and receptive vocabulary were compared between groups. Results Four groups emerged: (1) speech within normal limits ( n = 12), (2) non-childhood apraxia of speech impairment ( n = 16), (3) suspected childhood apraxia of speech ( n = 13), and (4) insufficient speech to rate ( n = 13). Groups differed significantly in nonspeech oral-motor ability, speech production ability, nonverbal IQ, and receptive vocabulary. Overall, only speech production ability and receptive vocabulary accounted for significant variance in number of different words. Receptive vocabulary significantly predicted number of different words only in Groups 1 and 2, while speech production ability significantly predicted number of different words only in Groups 3 and 4. Conclusions and implications If replicated, our findings have important implications for developing much-needed spoken language interventions in minimally verbal individuals with autism spectrum disorder.

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Nijland, Lian, Hayo Terband, and Ben Maassen. "Cognitive Functions in Childhood Apraxia of Speech." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 58, no. 3 (2015): 550–65. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2015_jslhr-s-14-0084.

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Purpose Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is diagnosed on the basis of specific speech characteristics, in the absence of problems in hearing, intelligence, and language comprehension. This does not preclude the possibility that children with this speech disorder might demonstrate additional problems. Method Cognitive functions were investigated in 3 domains: complex sensorimotor and sequential memory functions, simple sensorimotor functions, and nonrelated control functions. Seventeen children with CAS were compared with 17 children with normal speech development at 2 occasions within 15 months. Results The children with CAS showed overall lower scores but similar improvement at Occasion 2 compared with the typically developing controls, indicating an overall delay in the development of cognitive functions. However, a specific deviant development in sequential abilities was found as well, indicated by significantly lower scores at Occasion 2 as compared with younger control children at Occasion 1. Furthermore, the scores on the complex sensorimotor and sequential memory tasks were significantly correlated with the severity of the speech impairment. Conclusions These results suggest that CAS involves a symptom complex that not only comprises errors of sequencing speech movements but implicates comorbidity in nonverbal sequential functioning in most children with CAS.

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Preston, Jonathan L., Peter J. Molfese, Nina Gumkowski, et al. "Neurophysiology of Speech Differences in Childhood Apraxia of Speech." Developmental Neuropsychology 39, no. 5 (2014): 385–403. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/87565641.2014.939181.

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Macrae, Toby, Kaitlin Lansford, and Emily Berteau. "Speech variability and prosody in childhood apraxia of speech." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 138, no. 3 (2015): 1944. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/1.4934145.

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Baylis, Adriane L., and Lawrence D. Shriberg. "Estimates of the Prevalence of Speech and Motor Speech Disorders in Youth With 22q11.2 Deletion Syndrome." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 28, no. 1 (2019): 53–82. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2018_ajslp-18-0037.

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Purpose Speech sound disorders and velopharyngeal dysfunction are frequent features of 22q11.2 deletion syndrome (22q). We report the first estimate of the prevalence of motor speech disorders (MSDs) in youth with 22q. Method Seventeen children and adolescents with 22q completed an assessment protocol that included a conversational speech sample. Data reduction included phonetic transcription, perceptual speech ratings, prosody-voice coding, and acoustic analyses. Data analyses included 3 motor speech measures and a cross-classification analytic. Prevalence estimates of speech and MSDs in youth with 22q were compared with estimates in speakers with other complex neurodevelopmental disorders: Down syndrome, fragile X syndrome, and galactosemia. Results Results indicated that 58.8% of the participants with 22q met criteria for speech delay, and 82.4% of the participants met criteria for MSDs, including 29.4% with speech motor delay, 29.4% with childhood dysarthria, 11.8% with childhood apraxia of speech, and 11.8% with concurrent childhood dysarthria and childhood apraxia of speech. MSDs were not significantly associated with velopharyngeal dysfunction. Conclusions In summary, 82.4% of the participants with 22q met criteria for 1 of 4 MSDs, predominantly speech motor delay and childhood dysarthria. Cross-validation of the present findings would support viewing MSDs as a core phenotypic feature of 22q.

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Namasivayam, Aravind K., Margit Pukonen, Debra Goshulak, et al. "Treatment intensity and childhood apraxia of speech." International Journal of Language & Communication Disorders 50, no. 4 (2015): 529–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1460-6984.12154.

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Velleman, Shelley L., and Carolyn B. Mervis. "Children With 7q11.23 Duplication Syndrome: Speech, Language, Cognitive, and Behavioral Characteristics and Their Implications for Intervention." Perspectives on Language Learning and Education 18, no. 3 (2011): 108–16. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/lle18.3.108.

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7q11.23 duplication syndrome is a recently documented genetic disorder associated with severe speech delay, language delay, a characteristic facies, hypotonia, developmental delay, and social anxiety. Children with this syndrome demonstrate developmentally appropriate nonverbal pragmatic abilities in socially comfortable situations. Motor speech disorder (childhood apraxia of speech and/or dysarthria), oral apraxia, and/or phonological disorder, or symptoms of these disorders, are common, as are characteristics consistent with expressive language disorder. Intensive speech/language therapy is critical for maximizing long-term outcomes.

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Vuolo, Janet, and Lisa Goffman. "Language Skill Mediates the Relationship Between Language Load and Articulatory Variability in Children With Language and Speech Sound Disorders." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 61, no. 12 (2018): 3010–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2018_jslhr-l-18-0055.

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Purpose The aim of the study was to investigate the relationship between language load and articulatory variability in children with language and speech sound disorders, including childhood apraxia of speech. Method Forty-six children, ages 48–92 months, participated in the current study, including children with speech sound disorder, developmental language disorder (aka specific language impairment), childhood apraxia of speech, and typical development. Children imitated (low language load task) then retrieved (high language load task) agent + action phrases. Articulatory variability was quantified using speech kinematics. We assessed language status and speech status (typical vs. impaired) in relation to articulatory variability. Results All children showed increased articulatory variability in the retrieval task compared with the imitation task. However, only children with language impairment showed a disproportionate increase in articulatory variability in the retrieval task relative to peers with typical language skills. Conclusion Higher-level language processes affect lower-level speech motor control processes, and this relationship appears to be more strongly mediated by language than speech skill.

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Shakibayi, Mersede Imani, Talieh Zarifian, and Nasibeh Zanjari. "Speech characteristics of childhood apraxia of speech: A survey research." International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 126 (November 2019): 109609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2019.109609.

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Tarshis, Nancy, Michelle Garcia Winner, and Pamela Crooke. "What Does It Mean to Be Social? Defining the Social Landscape for Children With Childhood Apraxia of Speech." Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups 5, no. 4 (2020): 843–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_persp-19-00116.

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Purpose What does it mean to be social? In addition, how is that different from behaving socially appropriately? The purpose of this clinical focus article is to tackle these two questions along with taking a deeper look into how communication challenges in childhood apraxia of speech impact social competencies for young children. Through the lens of early social development and social competency, this clinical focus article will explore how speech motor challenges can impact social development and what happens when young learners miss early opportunities to grow socially. While not the primary focus, the clinical focus article will touch upon lingering issues for individuals diagnosed with childhood apraxia of speech as they enter the school-aged years. Conclusion Finally, it will address some foundational aspects of intervention and offer ideas and suggestions for structuring therapy to address both speech and social goals.

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Grigos, Maria I., Aviva Moss, and Ying Lu. "Oral Articulatory Control in Childhood Apraxia of Speech." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 58, no. 4 (2015): 1103–18. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2015_jslhr-s-13-0221.

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Purpose The purpose of this research was to examine spatial and temporal aspects of articulatory control in children with childhood apraxia of speech (CAS), children with speech delay characterized by an articulation/phonological impairment (SD), and controls with typical development (TD) during speech tasks that increased in word length. Method The participants included 33 children (11 CAS, 11 SD, and 11 TD) between 3 and 7 years of age. A motion capture system was used to track jaw, lower lip, and upper lip movement during a naming task. Movement duration, velocity, displacement, and variability were measured from accurate word productions. Results Movement variability was significantly higher in the children with CAS compared with participants in the SD and TD groups. Differences in temporal control were seen between both groups of children with speech impairment and the controls with TD during accurate word productions. As word length increased, movement duration and variability differed between the children with CAS and those with SD. Conclusions These findings provide evidence that movement variability distinguishes children with CAS from speakers with SD. Kinematic differences between the participants with CAS and those with SD suggest that these groups respond differently to linguistic challenges.

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Cecilia dos Santos Marques, Maria, Silvana Griz, Kelly Cristina Lira de Andrade, Pedro de Lemos Menezes, and Denise Costa Menezes. "Frequency Following Responses in childhood apraxia of speech." International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology 145 (June 2021): 110742. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ijporl.2021.110742.

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Tubul-Lavy, Gila. "Imitation and Naming in Childhood Apraxia of Speech." International Journal of Speech & Language Pathology and Audiology 3, no. 1 (2015): 32–39. http://dx.doi.org/10.12970/2311-1917.2015.03.01.5.

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Gretz, Sharon, and Kathy Bauer. "Michigan Insurer Rules on Childhood Apraxia of Speech." ASHA Leader 9, no. 10 (2004): 1–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/leader.pa.09102004.1.

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Lewis, Barbara A., and Barbara L. Ekelman. "Literacy Problems Associated With Childhood Apraxia of Speech." Perspectives on Language Learning and Education 14, no. 3 (2007): 10–17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/lle14.3.10.

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VASHDI, Elad, Amit AVRAMOV, Špela FALATOV, Huang YI-CHEN, Jiang PEI-RU, and Paula Teodora MAMINA-CHIRIAC. "Childhood Apraxia of Speech. Developmental Speech Patterns. A Wide Retrospective Study." BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience 11, no. 3 Sup.1 (2020): 54–68. https://doi.org/10.18662/brain/11.3Sup1/122.

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Patterns of a phenomenon define the entity. If oneunderstands the patterns of the maze, he can find his way there. Patternsof colors on a dress will hold its characters and soul. Understanding theexpressive patterns of a developmental syndrome enables treating it withsuccess. It is true for treating Childhood Apraxia of speech (CAS) aswell. CAS as motor-speech disorder involves difficulties in soundsproduction for speech purposes. The difficulties can be demonstrated inpatterns that would be specific to CAS. These patterns can distinguishone phenomenon from another.A retrospective research was conducted based on 277 entry levelevaluations of children diagnosed with CAS or suspected of CAS whovisited a private clinic between 2006 and 2013. The analysis includedspeech variables alongside background and environmental variables. Thisarticle is dealing with speech patterns of children with motor speechdisorder. Among the patterns examined are vowels ladder, single syllableladder, Blowing and SSP (single sound production), Oral motor andSSP, Consonant group ladder and Consonants Exploratory factoranalysis.The findings demonstrated the relationship and order of vowels,consonants and single syllables among Hebrew speaking childrendiagnosed with motor speech disorder. The Consonants Exploratoryfactor analysis gave validity to the existence of unique consonant groups.Further discussion regarding every result and its implication is included.Understanding the unique patterns of consonants and vowels strengthamong children with CAS can help clinicians in the decision-makingprocess and goals targeting.

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Cabral, C., and F. Fernandes. "Correlations between autism spectrum disorders and childhood apraxia of speech." European Psychiatry 64, S1 (2021): S209. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/j.eurpsy.2021.557.

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IntroductionAutism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), is a neurodevelopmental disorder, characterized by inabilities in communication and social interaction. ¹ Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS) is a neurological disorder in which the consistency and precision of speech movements are impaired, in the absence of neuromuscular deficits.2 Research indicates that children with ASD do not have a higher prevalence of CAS.3 It is suggested that comorbid ASD and CAS would be expected to be extremely rare.ObjectivesVerify the occurrence of CAS in children with ASD.Methods The study included 22 children diagnosed with ASD aged between 4 and 8 years, who were undergoing speech therapy at a specialized health service and their therapists. The test was applied by the therapists Differential Assessment of Autism and Other Developmental Disorders (DAADD)4, divides into six areas of development: language, pragmatic, sensory, motor, physical and behavioral to differentiate and diagnose disorders of neurological origin.ResultsAmong the 22 children participating in the research, 20 did not score the item apraxia. Only two children were referred with apraxia and twelve had receptive language and pre-academic skills proportional to their age. Of 22 participants, only three were overly excited for verbal productions.ConclusionsThe analyzes of data suggests that the occurrence of CAS in children with ASD is low and underlying the disorder.

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Vashdi, Elad, Amit Avramov, Špela Falatov, Huang Yi-Chen, Jiang Pei-Ru, and Paula Teodora Mamina-Chiriac. "Childhood Apraxia of Speech. Developmental Speech Patterns. A Wide Retrospective Study." BRAIN. Broad Research in Artificial Intelligence and Neuroscience 11, no. 3sup1 (2020): 54–68. http://dx.doi.org/10.18662/brain/11.3sup1/122.

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Patterns of a phenomenon define the entity. If one understands the patterns of the maze, he can find his way there. Patterns of colors on a dress will hold its characters and soul. Understanding the expressive patterns of a developmental syndrome enables treating it with success. It is true for treating Childhood Apraxia of speech (CAS) as well. CAS as motor-speech disorder involves difficulties in sounds production for speech purposes. The difficulties can be demonstrated in patterns that would be specific to CAS. These patterns can distinguish one phenomenon from another. A retrospective research was conducted based on 277 entry level evaluations of children diagnosed with CAS or suspected of CAS who visited a private clinic between 2006 and 2013. The analysis included speech variables alongside background and environmental variables. This article is dealing with speech patterns of children with motor speech disorder. Among the patterns examined are vowels ladder, single syllable ladder, Blowing and SSP (single sound production), Oral motor and SSP, Consonant group ladder and Consonants Exploratory factor analysis. The findings demonstrated the relationship and order of vowels, consonants and single syllables among Hebrew speaking children diagnosed with motor speech disorder. The Consonants Exploratory factor analysis gave validity to the existence of unique consonant groups. Further discussion regarding every result and its implication is included. Understanding the unique patterns of consonants and vowels strength among children with CAS can help clinicians in the decision-making process and goals targeting.

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Tychyna, Kateryna, Natalia Babych, Yevheniia Lyndinа, and Olena Revutska. "The impact of Playdough games on the development of oral motor skills in preschool children with childhood apraxia of speech." Scientific Bulletin of Mukachevo State University Series “Pedagogy and Psychology” 10, no. 3 (2024): 51–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.52534/msu-pp3.2024.51.

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The relevant challenges are the use of innovative approaches that conserve both the speech therapist’s and the child’s resources while addressing multiple goals in speech therapy. The authors of this article have adopted such an approach to develop oral motor skills, which are crucial for speech development in preschoolers, particularly those with childhood apraxia of speech. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of an author-developed therapy using Playdough games for preschool children with childhood apraxia of speech. A controlled design with repeated measures was employed. The primary diagnosis of CAS was established based on clinical assessment. A comparative evaluation of two groups (control and experimental) was conducted using a developed methodology for assessing the level of manual and oral motor skills in preschool children before and after the author-developed therapy using Playdough games. Researchers discovered that the systematic use of their author-developed Playdough games positively impacted the motor skills of children with CAS. Children in the experimental group, who participated in Playdough therapy, demonstrated significant improvements in both manual and oral motor skills, increased precision and focus in movement execution, and enhanced accuracy and speed of articulatory movements. There was a reduction in delays and incorrect movement sequences during finger movement tasks. Children required less additional time and significantly less assistance from the speech therapist, indicating a positive impact of using Playdough in therapy. The following skills improved: transitions between articulatory positions, which helped children avoid coarticulation difficulties; planning of movement sequences; and smooth transitions between sounds and syllables. The practical significance of this study lies in the effectiveness of using Playdough games for significantly improving oral motor skills, movement precision, and concentration in children with childhood apraxia of speech, thereby reducing the need for additional speech therapy support

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Wang, Huili, Shurong Zhang, and Xueyan Li. "Visualizing the Knowledge Domain of Motor Speech Disorders: A Scientific Review (2000-2019)." Chinese Journal of Applied Linguistics 44, no. 4 (2021): 563–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/cjal-2021-0035.

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Abstract This review visualizes the knowledge domain of motor speech disorders (MSDs) in linguistics between 2000 and 2019 by means of scientometric methods. With topic searches, the study collected 869 bibliographic records and 20, 411 references from Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) of Thomson Reuter. The clustered and visualized document co-citation network of the MSDs knowledge domain in CiteSpace identifies 15 research foci in different periods, including apraxia of speech, acoustics, children, technology, aphemia, childhood apraxia of speech, primary progressive aphasia, speech motor delay, Parkinson’s disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, rhythm, foreign accent syndrome, phonation, phonological awareness, dose and speech perception. Revolving around linguistics, these foci could be divided into studies on speech characteristics of MSDs in terms of phonology and phonetics, remedies for MSDs in terms of neurolinguistics and acoustic phonetics, dysarthria secondary to neurological diseases based on pathological linguistics, subtypes of apraxia of speech, methods of MSDs based on auditory phonetics and a newly recognized subtype of MSDs. Meanwhile, the emerging trends of MSDs in linguistics are detected by the analysis of reference citation bursts, suggesting growing research in remedies for MSDs with the focus on assessments and effectiveness of treatments, speech characteristics and indexes of dysarthria secondary to neurological diseases and assistance to diagnose apraxia of speech. To sum up, the review has indicated that the acoustic measures to assess MSDs and acoustic remedies for dysarthria may not only be the past foci but also be future trends.

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McKechnie, Jacqueline, Mostafa Shahin, Beena Ahmed, Patricia McCabe, Joanne Arciuli, and Kirrie J. Ballard. "An Automated Lexical Stress Classification Tool for Assessing Dysprosody in Childhood Apraxia of Speech." Brain Sciences 11, no. 11 (2021): 1408. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/brainsci11111408.

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Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) commonly affects the production of lexical stress contrast in polysyllabic words. Automated classification tools have the potential to increase reliability and efficiency in measuring lexical stress. Here, factors affecting the accuracy of a custom-built deep neural network (DNN)-based classification tool are evaluated. Sixteen children with typical development (TD) and 26 with CAS produced 50 polysyllabic words. Words with strong–weak (SW, e.g., dinosaur) or WS (e.g., banana) stress were fed to the classification tool, and the accuracy measured (a) against expert judgment, (b) for speaker group, and (c) with/without prior knowledge of phonemic errors in the sample. The influence of segmental features and participant factors on tool accuracy was analysed. Linear mixed modelling showed significant interaction between group and stress type, surviving adjustment for age and CAS severity. For TD, agreement for SW and WS words was >80%, but CAS speech was higher for SW (>80%) than WS (~60%). Prior knowledge of segmental errors conferred no clear advantage. Automatic lexical stress classification shows promise for identifying errors in children’s speech at diagnosis or with treatment-related change, but accuracy for WS words in apraxic speech needs improvement. Further training of algorithms using larger sets of labelled data containing impaired speech and WS words may increase accuracy.

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Preston, Jonathan L., Nickole Brick, and Nicole Landi. "Ultrasound Biofeedback Treatment for Persisting Childhood Apraxia of Speech." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 22, no. 4 (2013): 627–43. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2013/12-0139).

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Purpose The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a treatment program that includes ultrasound biofeedback for children with persisting speech sound errors associated with childhood apraxia of speech (CAS). Method Six children ages 9–15 years participated in a multiple baseline experiment for 18 treatment sessions during which treatment focused on producing sequences involving lingual sounds. Children were cued to modify their tongue movements using visual feedback from real-time ultrasound images. Probe data were collected before, during, and after treatment to assess word-level accuracy for treated and untreated sound sequences. As participants reached preestablished performance criteria, new sequences were introduced into treatment. Results All participants met the performance criterion (80% accuracy for 2 consecutive sessions) on at least 2 treated sound sequences. Across the 6 participants, performance criterion was met for 23 of 31 treated sequences in an average of 5 sessions. Some participants showed no improvement in untreated sequences, whereas others showed generalization to untreated sequences that were phonetically similar to the treated sequences. Most gains were maintained 2 months after the end of treatment. The percentage of phonemes correct increased significantly from pretreatment to the 2-month follow-up. Conclusion A treatment program including ultrasound biofeedback is a viable option for improving speech sound accuracy in children with persisting speech sound errors associated with CAS.

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Brown, Taylor M., Becky S. Baas, Ruth E. Stoeckel, Lee A. Belf, and Gayla L. Poling. "Assessment of Children With Hearing Loss and Co-Occurring Medical Disorders: Challenging Cases." Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups 6, no. 2 (2021): 375–83. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2021_persp-20-00080.

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Purpose Assessing children with hearing loss and co-occurring medical disorders can be challenging. The purpose of this clinical focus article is to highlight multidisciplinary decision making and evaluation considerations when assessing communication skills of children with hearing loss and co-occurring disorders: velopharyngeal insufficiency, childhood apraxia of speech, and autism spectrum disorder. Method Case examples are described to illustrate multidisciplinary decision-making processes for assessing the communication skills of children with hearing loss who have co-occurring velopharyngeal insufficiency, childhood apraxia of speech, or autism spectrum disorder. Conclusions Clinicians must have knowledge of speech sound development, language development, and social communication for differential diagnosis and treatment planning for children with hearing loss and co-occurring disorders. A team-based approach is recommended when assessing and treating children with hearing loss. Speech-language pathologists and audiologists should feel comfortable recommending other professionals to help with differential diagnosis and treatment considerations when appropriate. Continued assessment and monitoring by a multidisciplinary team for individuals with hearing loss is recommended across the life-span.

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Sayahi, Fatemeh, and Shohreh Jalaie. "Diagnosis of Childhood Apraxia of Speech: A Systematic Review." Journal of Diagnostics 3, no. 1 (2016): 21–26. http://dx.doi.org/10.18488/journal.98/2016.3.1/98.1.21.26.

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Bombonato, Clara, Claudia Casalini, Chiara Pecini, et al. "Implicit learning in children with Childhood Apraxia of Speech." Research in Developmental Disabilities 122 (March 2022): 104170. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.ridd.2021.104170.

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Maas, Edwin, Christine E. Butalla, and Kimberly A. Farinella. "Feedback Frequency in Treatment for Childhood Apraxia of Speech." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 21, no. 3 (2012): 239–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1058-0360(2012/11-0119).

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Westby, Carol. "Literacy Skills of Children With Childhood Apraxia of Speech." Word of Mouth 36, no. 2 (2024): 8–12. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/10483950241282889b.

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Caspari, Susan S., Edythe A. Strand, Suresh Kotagal, and Christina Bergqvist. "Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Seizures, and Childhood Apraxia of Speech." Pediatric Neurology 38, no. 6 (2008): 422–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.pediatrneurol.2008.03.002.

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Chenausky, Karen V., Amanda Brignell, Angela Morgan, et al. "Factor analysis of signs of childhood apraxia of speech." Journal of Communication Disorders 87 (September 2020): 106033. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jcomdis.2020.106033.

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Ballard, Kirrie J., Donald A. Robin, Patricia McCabe, and Jeannie McDonald. "A Treatment for Dysprosody in Childhood Apraxia of Speech." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 53, no. 5 (2010): 1227–45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2010/09-0130).

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Knežević, Dora. "Motor abilities of children with childhood apraxia of speech." Hrvatska revija za rehabilitacijska istraživanja 58, no. 2 (2022): 81–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.31299/hrri.58.2.5.

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Previous studies on fine and gross motor skills of children with childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) have reported inconclusive results. In this study, we investigate the motor abilities of children with CAS by focusing on three distinct motor factors: control during movement, fine motor skills/handwriting, and general coordination. Participants included 25 children with CAS and 20 age-matched typically developing (TD) children between the ages of 5 and 7 years. Motor abilities were evaluated using a parent questionnaire - the Croatian version of The Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire (DCDQ-HR). Compared to age-matched TD children, those with CAS showed significantly poorer overall motor ability based on the DCDQ-HR, as well as on all three motor factors: control during movement, fine motor skills/handwriting, and general coordination. Even though their results were worse than TD children, they were still within the range that indicates normal motor abilities. Among the three motor factors considered, children with CAS exhibited significant problems with fine motor skills/handwriting. Children with CAS may not be categorised as children with motor deficits, but they exhibit poor overall motor abilities, especially fine motor skills, compared to TD children. This study supports the premise that co-occurring language impairment is an important variable to consider when discussing motor abilities in CAS.

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Malmenholt, Ann, Anette Lohmander, and Anita McAllister. "Childhood apraxia of speech: A survey of praxis and typical speech characteristics." Logopedics Phoniatrics Vocology 42, no. 2 (2016): 84–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/14015439.2016.1185147.

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Beiting, Molly, and Edwin Maas. "Autism-Centered Therapy for Childhood Apraxia of Speech (ACT4CAS): A Single-Case Experimental Design Study." American Journal of Speech-Language Pathology 30, no. 3S (2021): 1525–41. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_ajslp-20-00131.

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Purpose A subset of children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) has speech sound disorders, including childhood apraxia of speech (CAS). To date, virtually all speech treatment studies consider ASD an exclusionary criterion, resulting in little scientific evidence for treatment of CAS for children who also have ASD. This study proposes and tests a novel approach, Autism-Centered Therapy for Childhood Apraxia of Speech (ACT4CAS), as a theoretically and clinically informed speech treatment option for this population. Method Using a multiple-baseline design within and across participants, three children with co-occurring ASD and CAS received 11–18 treatment sessions. Treatment targets were individually designed and matched with untreated control words. Probes were administered at the start of each session to assess speech production accuracy perceptually. Changes in production accuracy were examined through visual inspection and quantified with effect sizes. Results Findings were mixed, with one child showing significant gains for half of the treated targets at follow-up and two children showing no clear improvement. Conclusions Preliminary evidence suggests potentially positive treatment effects for ACT4CAS when implemented as intended, although treatment intensity and disorder severity likely influence treatment outcome. Replication and comparison of ACT4CAS to other speech treatments is needed. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.14110445

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Murray, Elizabeth, Patricia McCabe, Robert Heard, and Kirrie J. Ballard. "Differential Diagnosis of Children with Suspected Childhood Apraxia of Speech." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 58, no. 1 (2015): 43–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2014_jslhr-s-12-0358.

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Purpose The gold standard for diagnosing childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is expert judgment of perceptual features. The aim of this study was to identify a set of objective measures that differentiate CAS from other speech disorders. Method Seventy-two children (4–12 years of age) diagnosed with suspected CAS by community speech-language pathologists were screened. Forty-seven participants underwent diagnostic assessment including presence or absence of perceptual CAS features. Twenty-eight children met two sets of diagnostic criteria for CAS (American Speech-Language-Hearing Association, 2007b; Shriberg, Potter, & Strand, 2009); another 4 met the CAS criteria with comorbidity. Fifteen were categorized as non-CAS with phonological impairment, submucous cleft, or dysarthria. Following this, 24 different measures from the diagnostic assessment were rated by blinded raters. Multivariate discriminant function analysis was used to identify the combination of measures that best predicted expert diagnoses. Results The discriminant function analysis model, including syllable segregation, lexical stress matches, percentage phonemes correct from a polysyllabic picture-naming task, and articulatory accuracy on repetition of /pətəkə/, reached 91% diagnostic accuracy against expert diagnosis. Conclusions Polysyllabic production accuracy and an oral motor examination that includes diadochokinesis may be sufficient to reliably identify CAS and rule out structural abnormality or dysarthria. Testing with a larger unselected sample is required.

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Vuolo, Janet, and Alan Wisler. "Acoustic analysis of spatiotemporal variability in children with childhood apraxia of speech." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 152, no. 4 (2022): A139. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0015814.

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Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a pediatric neurological motor speech disorder characterized by impaired speech execution in the absence of neuromuscular deficits. Children with CAS show distinct speech features, including sequencing, coarticulation, and prosodic deficits, compared to children with other speech disorders. The core deficit in CAS is at the level of planning and programming the precise spatiotemporal parameters of movement sequences necessary to produce natural-sounding speech. This study will investigate spatiotemporal variability in children with CAS compared to children with typical development (TD) using the acoustic spatiotemporal index (aSTI). The aSTI measures spatiotemporal variability in the amplitude envelope of speech sounds across multiple repetitions of an utterance; higher aSTI values reflect higher movement variability. In the current project, children with CAS and TD were recruited nationally to participate in an online study investigating language and motor skills. Children produced 10 repetitions of “Buy Bobby a puppy” and “Mom pets the puppy”; we analyzed these two sentences using the aSTI. Data from 20 children (CAS = 10; TD = 10), ranging in age from 7- to 12-years-old, will be presented. We predict that children with CAS will show higher aSTI values compared to children with TD.

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Swartz, Michelle T., Laura Koenig, and Elaine R. Hitchcock. "Acoustic analysis of voicing errors in children with childhood apraxia of speech." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 153, no. 3_supplement (2023): A291. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0018890.

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Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a complex neurological speech sound disorder (SSD) that involves impaired speech motor planning and programming. Speech characteristics of CAS include difficulty sequencing speech movements in the absence of muscle weakness resulting in segmental and suprasegmental speech deficits. Past work indicates that children with CAS are delayed in acquisition of voicing contrasts, and are often perceived to produce errors or distortions of voicing. However, not all past studies employed acoustic analyses to assess voicing characteristics in CAS. This study will use voice onset time (VOT) to analyze the voicing contrast in children with CAS (aged 8;0 to 15;11) compared to peers with residual speech sound disorder (RSSD) and typical development (TD). VOT of initial consonants from twelve children (CAS = 4, RSSD = 4, TD = 4) will be assessed in words of varying length, stress pattern and target complexity. Given that children with CAS are known to experience greater articulatory breakdowns in phoneme sequences of increasing length and complexity, we expect that group differences will increase with task complexity. Overall, based on past work, we also predict that children with CAS will demonstrate shorter and/or more variable VOTs for plosives than children with SSD and TD.

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Stoeckel, Ruth, and Susan Caspari. "Childhood Apraxia of Speech: Clinical Decision Making From a Motor-Based Perspective." Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups 5, no. 4 (2020): 831–42. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_persp-19-00090.

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Purpose This article uses two case studies to illustrate clinical decision making using the best available evidence to approach the assessment and intervention for children with childhood apraxia of speech. The cases represent children seen in the authors' clinical practice, with personal information altered or omitted to protect the identity of the individuals. The case discussions exemplify choices that may be made for children of different ages, highlighting common elements across ages, as well as treatment aspects that may differ by age. Conclusions While research regarding best practice for assessment and treatment for childhood apraxia of speech has not been conclusive and, in fact, at times has been equivocal, there is empirical evidence from which to develop a rationale for assessment and treatment decisions. Accountability is important even as decisions are being made based on the best available evidence. In each case study, modifications in treatment depended on data that allowed the clinician to evaluate the children's response to therapy and adapt accordingly.

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Hildebrand, Michael S., Victoria E. Jackson, Thomas S. Scerri, et al. "Severe childhood speech disorder." Neurology 94, no. 20 (2020): e2148-e2167. http://dx.doi.org/10.1212/wnl.0000000000009441.

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ObjectiveDetermining the genetic basis of speech disorders provides insight into the neurobiology of human communication. Despite intensive investigation over the past 2 decades, the etiology of most speech disorders in children remains unexplained. To test the hypothesis that speech disorders have a genetic etiology, we performed genetic analysis of children with severe speech disorder, specifically childhood apraxia of speech (CAS).MethodsPrecise phenotyping together with research genome or exome analysis were performed on children referred with a primary diagnosis of CAS. Gene coexpression and gene set enrichment analyses were conducted on high-confidence gene candidates.ResultsThirty-four probands ascertained for CAS were studied. In 11/34 (32%) probands, we identified highly plausible pathogenic single nucleotide (n = 10; CDK13, EBF3, GNAO1, GNB1, DDX3X, MEIS2, POGZ, SETBP1, UPF2, ZNF142) or copy number (n = 1; 5q14.3q21.1 locus) variants in novel genes or loci for CAS. Testing of parental DNA was available for 9 probands and confirmed that the variants had arisen de novo. Eight genes encode proteins critical for regulation of gene transcription, and analyses of transcriptomic data found CAS-implicated genes were highly coexpressed in the developing human brain.ConclusionWe identify the likely genetic etiology in 11 patients with CAS and implicate 9 genes for the first time. We find that CAS is often a sporadic monogenic disorder, and highly genetically heterogeneous. Highly penetrant variants implicate shared pathways in broad transcriptional regulation, highlighting the key role of transcriptional regulation in normal speech development. CAS is a distinctive, socially debilitating clinical disorder, and understanding its molecular basis is the first step towards identifying precision medicine approaches.

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Kyra Skoog and Edwin Maas. "Predicting Intelligibility: An Investigation of Speech Sound Accuracy in Childhood Apraxia of Speech." CommonHealth 1, no. 2 (2020): 44–56. http://dx.doi.org/10.15367/ch.v1i2.397.

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Background: Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a pediatric speech disorder that significantly affects communication and life participation. Most CAS treatment research uses speech accuracy as primary outcome measure, on the assumption that accuracy predicts communicative success. However, this relationship has not yet been examined in this population, limiting our understanding of the impact of available treatments. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to explore the relationship between speech accuracy and intelligibility in children with CAS. Intelligibility is defined here as the proportion of words correctly understood by an unfamiliar listener. Methods: Adult listeners, who were unfamiliar with children with CAS, listened to recordings of children with CAS producing single words, and typed what they heard the child say. Separately, and prior to the listening experiment, the children’s words were scored for accuracy using various measures, including the percent phonemes (sounds) correct (PPC), percent consonants correct (PCC), and percent vowels correct (PVC). The relationship between these accuracy measures and intelligibility were examined descriptively. Results: Preliminary findings suggest that there is a positive relationship between intelligibility and PPC and PCC in children with CAS. Conclusions: Implications of these findings for clinical practice as well as future treatment research are discussed.

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Springle, Alisha P., Amber Breeden, and Anastasia M. Raymer. "Speech Intervention Effects for Childhood Apraxia of Speech: Quality Appraisal of Systematic Reviews." Perspectives of the ASHA Special Interest Groups 5, no. 3 (2020): 646–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2020_persp-19-00019.

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Purpose A number of justification have examined the effects of speech interventions on outcomes in childhood apraxia of speech (CAS). The findings have been summarized in the form of systematic reviews (SRs) and meta-analyses, which are used to support evidence-based clinical practice decisions. Yet without acceptable rigor, SRs/meta-analyses may be biased in their recommendations. We appraised the quality of existing SRs for CAS treatment using a tool developed within epidemiology, the AMSTAR-2 (A MeaSurement Tool to Assess Systematic Reviews). Method A search of five databases to identify published SRs that coalesced treatment research for CAS revealed six systematic reviews that met inclusion criteria. Two examiners coded each article with the AMSTAR-2 to rate the methodologic rigor of the SRs and extracted summary data. Results One rigorous systematic review included only one randomized controlled trial. A second moderately rigorous review examined multiple single participant research designs. The weight of high-quality evidence supported the positive effects of motor programming treatments for children with CAS. Conclusions Findings of six systematic reviews, two of which were conducted with relative rigor, suggest that motor programming treatments have the best evidence base for treatment decisions pertaining to CAS. Clinicians are referred to online resources to implement these treatments according to published protocols.

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Iuzzini-Seigel, Jenya. "Motor Performance in Children With Childhood Apraxia of Speech and Speech Sound Disorders." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 62, no. 9 (2019): 3220–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/2019_jslhr-s-18-0380.

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Terband, Hayo, Ben Maassen, Frank H. Guenther, and Jonathan Brumberg. "Computational Neural Modeling of Speech Motor Control in Childhood Apraxia of Speech (CAS)." Journal of Speech, Language, and Hearing Research 52, no. 6 (2009): 1595–609. http://dx.doi.org/10.1044/1092-4388(2009/07-0283).

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Swartz, Michelle T., Laura Koenig, and Elaine R. Hitchcock. "Acoustic analysis of vowel production in children with childhood apraxia of speech." Journal of the Acoustical Society of America 151, no. 4 (2022): A44—A45. http://dx.doi.org/10.1121/10.0010606.

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Childhood apraxia of speech (CAS) is a complex neurological subtype of speech sound disorder (SSD), involving impaired speech motor planning and programming. Speech characteristics of CAS include difficulty in sequencing speech movements in the absence of muscle weakness resulting in segmental (e.g., vowel/consonant distortions) and suprasegmental (e.g., inappropriate lexical stress) speech deficits. Acoustic analysis offers a robust objective diagnostic measurement of CAS for lexical stress and consonant accuracy/consistency. However, other reported CAS features, such as vowel errors and distortions, have yet to be extensively validated using acoustic analyses. This study will acoustically analyze vowel errors and inconsistencies for corner vowels (/i, u, æ, ɑ/) in children with CAS (aged 8;0 to 15;11) compared to peers with SSD and typical development (TD). Vowel space measures (e.g., vowel space area and formant centralization ratio) and consistency (e.g., vowel cluster distribution) will be assessed in 24 children (CAS = 4, SSD = 10, and TD = 10) across various phonetic contexts (e.g., syllable sequencing between anterior to posterior voiced/voiceless stops of increasing syllable length). It is predicted that children with CAS will demonstrate (1) greater vowel inconsistencies as context complexity increases and (2) a neutralized vowel space based on the corner vowels relative to children with SSD and TD.

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Journal articles on the topic 'Childhood apraxia of speech'

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