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Journal articles on the topic 'Childhood bipolar disorder'

Author: Grafiati

Published: 4 June 2021

Last updated: 1 February 2022

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1

Zylstra, Robert G., Gina M. DeFranco, Julia B. McKay, and A. Lee Solomon. "Childhood Bipolar Disorder." Primary Care Companion to The Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 07, no. 05 (October 14, 2005): 231–34. http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/pcc.v07n0504.

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RENDE, RICHARD, BORIS BIRMAHER, DAVID AXELSON, MICHAEL STROBER, MARY KAY GILL, SYLVIA VALERI, LAUREL CHIAPPETTA, et al. "Childhood-Onset Bipolar Disorder." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 46, no. 2 (February 2007): 197–204. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/01.chi.0000246069.85577.9e.

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McIntyre, Roger S., Joanna K. Soczynska, Deborah Mancini, Chris Lam, Hanna O. Woldeyohannes, Seol Moon, Jakub Z. Konarski, and Sidney H. Kennedy. "The Relationship Between Childhood Abuse and Suicidality in Adult Bipolar Disorder." Violence and Victims 23, no. 3 (June 2008): 361–72. http://dx.doi.org/10.1891/0886-6708.23.3.361.

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This study evaluates the effect of childhood sexual and physical abuse on suicidality in adults with bipolar disorder. We conducted a retrospective chart review of adult outpatients (N = 381) with DSM-IV-TR–defined bipolar disorder seeking evaluation and treatment at an academic specialty research program (i.e., Mood Disorders Pharmacology Unit, University Health Network, University of Toronto) between October 2002 and November 2005. Eighteen percent (n = 68) of adult patients with bipolar disorder had a recorded history of childhood abuse (p = 0.009). Sixty-three percent (n = 43) of bipolar patients with a history of childhood abuse reported lifetime suicidality (χ2 = 6.885, df = 1, p = 0.009). Logistic regression analysis indicated that Childhood abuse was a significant predictor of lifetime suicidality in adult bipolar patients (OR = 2.05, CI = 1.19–3.510). Childhood abuse is associated with suicidal ideation and suicide attempts in adults with bipolar disorder. Anamnestic inquiry regarding childhood maltreatment is salient to risk assessment, illness management planning, preventative strategies, and treatment interventions in bipolar disorder.

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Cotter, J., M. Kaess, and A. R. Yung. "Childhood trauma and functional disability in psychosis, bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder: a review of the literature." Irish Journal of Psychological Medicine 32, no. 1 (December 10, 2014): 21–30. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/ipm.2014.74.

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ObjectivesWe aimed to examine the association between childhood trauma and functional impairment in psychotic disorders, bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder, to speculate on possible mechanisms that underlie this association and discuss the implications for clinical work.MethodsNarrative review of the peer-reviewed English language literature in the area.ResultsHigh rates of childhood trauma in psychotic disorders, bipolar disorder and borderline personality disorder were identified. This was associated with impaired social and occupational functioning in both the premorbid and established phases of each of these psychiatric disorders over and above the deficits typically observed in these populations. Possible mechanisms mediating this relationship include neurocognitive deficits, insecure attachment, higher rates of comorbidities and problems with adherence and response to treatment.ConclusionsRoutine clinical inquiry about childhood maltreatment should be adopted within mental health settings. This has potentially important treatment implications for identifying those individuals at elevated risk of functional disability. While there is no clear guidance currently available on how to target childhood trauma in the treatment of psychotic disorders, bipolar disorder or borderline personality disorder, there are several promising lines of enquiry and further research is warranted.

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Jaworska-Andryszewska, Paulina, Maria Abramowicz, Aleksandra Kosmala, Krzysztof Klementowski, and Janusz Rybakowski. "Childhood trauma in bipolar disorder." Neuropsychiatria i Neuropsychologia 2 (2016): 39–46. http://dx.doi.org/10.5114/nan.2016.62248.

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Surja, Anton Agus S., and Rif S. El-Mallakh. "Fertility and childhood bipolar disorder." Medical Hypotheses 69, no. 3 (January 2007): 587–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.mehy.2006.12.055.

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Watson, Stuart, and Richard J. Porter. "Childhood adversity in bipolar disorder." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 48, no. 11 (October 2, 2014): 975–76. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867414553954.

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Fields, Benjamin W., and Mary A. Fristad. "Assessment of Childhood Bipolar Disorder." Clinical Psychology: Science and Practice 16, no. 2 (June 2009): 166–81. http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2850.2009.01156.x.

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Watson, Stuart, Peter Gallagher, Dominic Dougall, Richard Porter, Joanna Moncrieff, I. Nicol Ferrier, and Allan H. Young. "Childhood trauma in bipolar disorder." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 48, no. 6 (December 16, 2013): 564–70. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867413516681.

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Hosang, Georgina M., Helen L. Fisher, Karen Hodgson, Barbara Maughan, and Anne E. Farmer. "Childhood maltreatment and adult medical morbidity in mood disorders: comparison of unipolar depression with bipolar disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 213, no. 5 (September 20, 2018): 645–53. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.2018.178.

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BackgroundThe medical burden in mood disorders is high; various factors are thought to drive this pattern. Little research has examined the role of childhood maltreatment and its effects on medical morbidity in adulthood among people with unipolar depression and bipolar disorder.AimsThis is the first study to explore the association between childhood maltreatment and medical morbidity in bipolar disorder and in unipolar depression, and examine whether the impact of abuse and neglect are distinct or combined.MethodThe participants consisted of 354 psychiatrically healthy controls, 248 participants with recurrent unipolar depression and 72 with bipolar disorder. Participants completed the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire and received a validated medical history interview.ResultsAny type of childhood maltreatment, child abuse and child neglect were significantly associated with the medical burden in bipolar disorder, but not unipolar depression or for controls. These associations worked in a dose–response fashion where participants with bipolar disorder with a history of two or more types of childhood maltreatment had the highest odds of having a medical illness relative to those without such history or those who reported one form. No such significant dose–response patterns were detected for participants with unipolar depression or controls.ConclusionsThese findings suggest that childhood maltreatment may play a stronger role in the development of medical illnesses in individuals with bipolar disorder relative to those with unipolar depression. Individuals who had been maltreated with a mood disorder, especially bipolar disorder may benefit most from prevention and intervention efforts surrounding physical health.Declaration of interestNone.

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Marwaha, Steven, Paul M. Briley, Amy Perry, Phillip Rankin, Arianna DiFlorio, Nick Craddock, Ian Jones, Matthew Broome, Katherine Gordon-Smith, and Lisa Jones. "Explaining why childhood abuse is a risk factor for poorer clinical course in bipolar disorder: a path analysis of 923 people with bipolar I disorder." Psychological Medicine 50, no. 14 (September 18, 2019): 2346–54. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291719002411.

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AbstractBackgroundChildhood abuse is a risk factor for poorer illness course in bipolar disorder, but the reasons why are unclear. Trait-like features such as affective instability and impulsivity could be part of the explanation. We aimed to examine whether childhood abuse was associated with clinical features of bipolar disorder, and whether associations were mediated by affective instability or impulsivity.MethodsWe analysed data from 923 people with bipolar I disorder recruited by the Bipolar Disorder Research Network. Adjusted associations between childhood abuse, affective instability and impulsivity and eight clinical variables were analysed. A path analysis examined the direct and indirect links between childhood abuse and clinical features with affective instability and impulsivity as mediators.ResultsAffective instability significantly mediated the association between childhood abuse and earlier age of onset [effect estimate (θ)/standard error (SE): 2.49], number of depressive (θ/SE: 2.08) and manic episodes/illness year (θ/SE: 1.32), anxiety disorders (θ/SE: 1.98) and rapid cycling (θ/SE: 2.25). Impulsivity significantly mediated the association between childhood abuse and manic episodes/illness year (θ/SE: 1.79), anxiety disorders (θ/SE: 1.59), rapid cycling (θ/SE: 1.809), suicidal behaviour (θ/SE: 2.12) and substance misuse (θ/SE: 3.09). Measures of path analysis fit indicated an excellent fit to the data.ConclusionsAffective instability and impulsivity are likely part of the mechanism of why childhood abuse increases risk of poorer clinical course in bipolar disorder, with each showing some selectivity in pathways. They are potential novel targets for intervention to improve outcome in bipolar disorder.

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Alnæs, Randolf, and Svenn Torgersen. "Mood Disorders: Developmental and Precipitating Events." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 38, no. 3 (April 1993): 217–24. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379303800311.

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A consecutive sample of 298 mainly non psychotic outpatients was classified according to DSM-III criteria. The differences in the reports from childhood and the precipitating events among the various subgroups of mood disorders (bipolar disorder, major depression, cyclothymic disorder, dysthymic disorder) and a residual group of patients with other mental disorders were examined. The patients in the non bipolar group reported more traumatic childhood experiences than the patients in the bipolar group. Precipitating events among patients in the group with major depression consisted more often of acute external stressors. Developmental factors and precipitating events in adulthood seem to be relevant in differentiating between the depressive disorders. The study supports the validity of the unipolar-bipolar distinction. The cyclothymic group seem to be a special variant of the major mood disorders.

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Etain, Bruno, M. Lajnef, J. Loftus, C. Henry, A. Raust, S. Gard, JP Kahn, M. Leboyer, J. Scott, and F. Bellivier. "Association between childhood dimensions of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and adulthood clinical severity of bipolar disorders." Australian & New Zealand Journal of Psychiatry 51, no. 4 (September 29, 2016): 382–92. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0004867416642021.

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Background: Clinical features of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder can be frequently observed in cases with bipolar disorders and associated with greater severity of bipolar disorders. Although designed as a screening tool for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, the Wender Utah Rating Scale could, given its factorial structure, be useful in investigating the early history of impulsive, inattentive or mood-related symptoms among patients with bipolar disorders. Methods: We rated the Wender Utah Rating Scale in 276 adult bipolar disorder cases and 228 healthy controls and tested its factorial structure and any associations with bipolar disorder phenomenology. Results: We confirmed a three-factor structure for the Wender Utah Rating Scale (‘ impulsivity/temper’, ‘ inattentiveness’ and ‘ mood/self-esteem’). Cases and controls differed significantly on Wender Utah Rating Scale total score and sub-scale scores ( p-values < 10−5). About 23% of bipolar disorder cases versus 5% of controls were classified as ‘ WURS positive’ (odds ratio = 5.21 [2.73–9.95]). In bipolar disorders, higher Wender Utah Rating Scale score was associated with earlier age at onset, severity of suicidal behaviors and polysubstance misuse; multivariate analyses, controlling for age and gender, confirmed the associations with age at onset ( p = 0.001) and alcohol and substance misuse ( p = 0.001). Conclusion: Adults with bipolar disorders who reported higher levels of childhood symptoms on the Wender Utah Rating Scale presented a more severe expression of bipolar disorders in terms of age at onset and comorbidity. The Wender Utah Rating Scale could be employed to screen for attention deficit hyperactivity disorder but also for ‘ at-risk behaviors’ in adult bipolar disorder cases and possibly for prodromal signs of early onset in high-risk subjects.

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Lee, Sing, Adley Tsang, Ronald C. Kessler, Robert Jin, Nancy Sampson, Laura Andrade, Elie G. Karam, et al. "Rapid-cycling bipolar disorder: cross-national community study." British Journal of Psychiatry 196, no. 3 (March 2010): 217–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.109.067843.

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BackgroundThe epidemiology of rapid-cycling bipolar disorder in the community is largely unknown.AimsTo investigate the epidemiological characteristics of rapid-cycling and non-rapid-cycling bipolar disorder in a large cross-national community sample.MethodThe Composite International Diagnostic Interview (CIDI version 3.0) was used to examine the prevalence, severity, comorbidity, impairment, suicidality, sociodemographics, childhood adversity and treatment of rapid-cycling and non-rapid-cycling bipolar disorder in ten countries (n = 54 257).ResultsThe 12-month prevalence of rapid-cycling bipolar disorder was 0.3%. Roughly a third and two-fifths of participants with lifetime and 12-month bipolar disorder respectively met criteria for rapid cycling. Compared with the non-rapid-cycling, rapid-cycling bipolar disorder was associated with younger age at onset, higher persistence, more severe depressive symptoms, greater impairment from depressive symptoms, more out-of-role days from mania/hypomania, more anxiety disorders and an increased likelihood of using health services. Associations regarding childhood, family and other sociodemographic correlates were less clear cut.ConclusionsThe community epidemiological profile of rapid-cycling bipolar disorder confirms most but not all current clinically based knowledge about the illness.

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DelBello, Melissa P., Caleb M. Adler, and Stephen M. Strakowski. "The Neurophysiology of Childhood and Adolescent Bipolar Disorder." CNS Spectrums 11, no. 4 (April 2006): 298–311. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852900020794.

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ABSTRACTIntroduction: Children and adolescents with bipolar disorder often present with higher rates of mixed episodes, rapid cycling, and co-occurring attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder than adults with bipolar disorder. It is unclear whether the differences in clinical presentation between youth and adults with bipolar disorder are due to differences in underlying etiologies or developmental differences in symptom manifestation. Neuroimaging studies of children and adolescents with bipolar disorder may clarify whether neurobiological abnormalities associated with early-and adult-onset bipolar disorder are distinct. Moreover, children and adolescents with bipolar disorder are typically closer to their illness onset than bipolar adults, providing a window of opportunity for identifying core neurobiological characteristics of the illness (ie, disease biomarkers) that are independent of repeated affective episodes and other confounding factors associated with illness course.Methods: Peer-reviewed publications of neuroimaging studies of bipolar children and adolescents were reviewed.Results: Structural, neurochemical, and neurofunctional abnormalities in prefrontal and medical temporal and subcortical limbic structures, including the striatum, amygdala, and possibly hippocampus, are present in children and adolescents with bipolar disorder.Conclusion: Differences between neurobiological abnormalities in bipolar youth and adults as well as recommendations for future research directions are discussed.

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Horst, Robert. "Diagnostic Issues in Childhood Bipolar Disorder." Psychiatric Clinics of North America 32, no. 1 (March 2009): 71–80. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.psc.2008.11.005.

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Paixão, L., M. J. Avelino, and C. Barroso. "Bipolar disorder in childhood and adolescence." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 242. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)71952-6.

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IntroductionThe diagnosis of Bipolar Disorder (BD) is still controversial in the early stages of life, not only because of its difficulty, but also because of the precaution of professionals with this diagnosis, since it is a chronic illness.AimsTo review and synthesize available information about paediatric BD.MethodsThe authors consulted, selected and reviewed information concerning the theme, mainly searched on-line articles.ResultsIt is difficult to diagnose BD in youths, considering the fewer specific symptoms and the high co-morbidity.ConclusionsDespite some disagreement on this diagnosis, BD is a valid clinical entity in children and adolescents.

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Sutton, Kimberly Kode. "Childhood Bipolar Disorder: A Difficult Diagnosis." Beyond Behavior 23, no. 1 (December 2013): 30–37. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/107429561302300105.

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Bardick, Angela D., and Kerry B. Bernes. "A Closer Examination of Bipolar Disorder in School-Age Children." Professional School Counseling 9, no. 1 (October 2005): 2156759X0500900. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/2156759x0500900103.

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Children who present with severe behavioral concerns may be diagnosed as having other commonly diagnosed childhood disorders, such as attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, oppositional defiant disorder, and/or conduct disorder, among others, when they may be suffering from early-onset bipolar disorder. Awareness of the symptoms of early-onset bipolar disorder may lead to appropriate referrals for assessment and treatment, as well as collaborative program planning for children with bipolar disorder. Implications and recommendations for school counselors are discussed.

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Lapalme, Micheline, Sheilagh Hodgins, and Catherine LaRoche. "Children of Parents with Bipolar Disorder: A Metaanalysis of Risk for Mental Disorders." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 42, no. 6 (August 1997): 623–31. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674379704200609.

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Objective: To compare the prevalence rates of mental disorders among children of parents with bipolar disorder and of parents with no mental disorders. Method: Seventeen studies, meeting specific selection criteria, were included in the metaanalyses. Risks for mental disorders among children were estimated by aggregating raw data from the selected studies. Results: Results indicate that in comparison with children of parents with no mental disorders, children of parents with bipolar disorder are 2.7 times more likely to develop any mental disorder and 4.0 times more likely to develop an affective disorder. The metaanalyses indicate that during childhood and adolescence, the risks for any mental disorder and for affective disorders in children are consistently but moderately related to having a parent who suffers from bipolar disorder. Conclusions: Risk factors that could account for the psychopathology observed in children of bipolar parents are explored.

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Palmier-Claus, J. E., K. Berry, S. Bucci, W. Mansell, and F. Varese. "Relationship between childhood adversity and bipolar affective disorder: systematic review and meta-analysis." British Journal of Psychiatry 209, no. 6 (December 2016): 454–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.115.179655.

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BackgroundThe relationship between childhood adversity and bipolar affective disorder remains unclear.AimsTo understand the size and significance of this effect through a statistical synthesis of reported research.MethodSearch terms relating to childhood adversity and bipolar disorder were entered into Medline, EMBASE, PsycINFO and Web of Science. Eligible studies included a sample diagnosed with bipolar disorder, a comparison sample and a quantitative measure of childhood adversity.ResultsIn 19 eligible studies childhood adversity was 2.63 times (95% CI 2.00–3.47) more likely to have occurred in bipolar disorder compared with non-clinical controls. The effect of emotional abuse was particularly robust (OR = 4.04, 95% CI 3.12–5.22), but rates of adversity were similar to those in psychiatric controls.ConclusionsChildhood adversity is associated with bipolar disorder, which has implications for the treatment of this clinical group. Further prospective research could clarify temporal causality and explanatory mechanisms.

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Hammersley, Paul, Anton Dias, Gillian Todd, Kim Bowen-Jones, Bernadette Reilly, and Richard P. Bentall. "Childhood trauma and hallucinations in bipolar affective disorder: preliminary investigation." British Journal of Psychiatry 182, no. 6 (June 2003): 543–47. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.182.6.543.

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BackgroundStrong evidence exists for an association between childhood trauma, particularly childhood sexual abuse, and hallucinations in schizophrenia. Hallucinations are also well-documented symptoms in people with bipolar affective disorder.AimsTo investigate the relationship between childhood sexual abuse and other childhood traumas and hallucinations in people with bipolar affective disorder.MethodA sample of 96 participants was drawn from the Medical Research Council multi-centre trial of cognitive–behavioural therapy for bipolar affective disorder. The trial therapists recorded spontaneous reports of childhood sexual abuse made during the course of therapy. Symptom data were collected by trained research assistants masked to the hypothesis.ResultsA significant association was found between those reporting general trauma (n=38) and auditory hallucinations. A highly significant association was found between those reporting childhood sexual abuse (n=15) and auditory hallucinations.ConclusionsThe relationship between childhood sexual abuse and hallucinations in bipolar disorder warrants further investigation.

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Frangou, S. "Developmental trajectories to bipolar disorder." European Psychiatry 33, S1 (March 2016): S20. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2016.01.823.

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BackgroundChildhood subclinical phenotypes have been informative for etiological research and as a target for preventative interventions. Using a prospective longitudinal general population cohort we investigated whether childhood manic symptoms predicted a diagnosis of bipolar disorder (BD) or other psychiatric disorders by early adulthood.MethodsSubthreshold manic symptoms at age 11 years (n = 1907) and clinical outcomes by age 19 years (n = 1584) were ascertained in the TRacking Adolescents’ Individual Lives Survey (TRAILS), a prospective Dutch community cohort. We used latent class analysis to stratify TRAILS participants at age 11 years into distinct classes based on the pattern and severity of childhood manic symptoms. We then determined the association between class membership and clinical diagnoses by age 19 years.ResultsAt age 11 years, we identified a normative class with negligible symptoms (n = 862), a mildly symptomatic (n = 846) and a highly symptomatic class (n = 199). The risk of BD was moderately increased in individuals in the mildly symptomatic class (OR = 2.65, 95% CI 1.41–5.01), and substantially increased in the highly symptomatic class (OR = 7.08, 95% CI = 3.32–15.11). Children in the highly symptomatic class were additionally characterized by lower IQ and socioeconomic status, greater family dysfunction and increased rates of parental psychiatric morbidity. Class membership did not show significant associations with depressive, anxiety and substance abuse disorders by age 19 years.ConclusionsThe results provide support to developmental models of BD, and suggest that manic symptoms in childhood may be a marker for adult disorders and therefore potentially useful for early identification of at risk individuals.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his declaration of competing interest.

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KYTE, ZOË A., GABRIELLE A. CARLSON, and IAN M. GOODYER. "Clinical and neuropsychological characteristics of child and adolescent bipolar disorder." Psychological Medicine 36, no. 9 (March 28, 2006): 1197–211. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s0033291706007446.

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Background. The diagnosis of bipolar disorder in pre-pubertal populations remains difficult and often controversial. Consequently, the clinical and neuropsychological characteristics of mania in the child and adolescent years remain poorly defined. This review provides a clinical account of childhood and adolescent bipolar disorder and compares the neuropsychology and neuroanatomy of young BPD patients compared with adult BPD and childhood syndromes of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and conduct disorder (CD).Method. Literature review based on Pubmed searches.Results. Early- and adult-onset mania and BPD may share a common pattern of neurobiological characteristics despite developmental variations in the clinical presentation. In contrast, important distinctions are apparent between the child-onset syndromes of BPD, ADHD and CD, specifically at the neural level.Conclusions. Disorders of affect dysregulation in childhood deserve closer neuroscientific and phenotypic scrutiny than given hitherto.

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Nemeth, Darlyne G., Kayla M. Chustz, and Cody M. Capps. "Treating Comorbid Childhood Bipolar Disorder and ADHD." CNS Spectrums 26, no. 2 (April 2021): 172. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852920002801.

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AbstractObjectivesPediatric mania is difficult to distinguish from childhood hyperactivity. Both share 3 common symptoms: distractibility, motoric hyperactivity, and talkativeness. Oftentimes, children are referred from their pediatrician due to a lack of appropriate response to stimulant medication. Pediatricians have learned that merely raising the dose or changing the stimulant does not work. A thorough neuropsychological evaluation often reveals bipolar mania. They may have comorbid bipolar disorder and ADHD. This poster paper will examine measures that can assist in this important differential diagnosis as well as offer treatment options, including medication management.MethodsThis case study includes three pediatric patients diagnosed with childhood bipolar disorder and ADHD. A comprehensive psychoeducational assessment was conducted for each of the patients, which resulted in this comorbid diagnosis.ResultsOne of the most helpful measures was the TOVA (i.e., Test of Variables of Attention). When a child’s attention and impulsivity scores are normal, and response time and variability scores are abnormal, both on and off medication, that is an indication of a mood disorder, These children also performed poorly on measures of processing speed, and verbal learning and interference tasks. Measures of affect and personality were important diagnostically. A combination of amantadine and either clonidine HCL ER or propranolol, as prescribed by a medical psychologist, were found to be effective in controlling the symptoms of this comorbid diagnosis.ConclusionsAn evaluation of children’s intellectual, attentional, behavioral, mood, and personality functioning is crucial for a differential diagnosis. In cases of comorbidity, ADHD and childhood bipolar disorder, the sooner the child is on appropriate medications, the better. When just the surface diagnosis of ADHD is medicated, the outcome is often problematic. There may be a poor response to treatment and a higher rate of suicide.

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Mohmand, M. Waqar, and Richard M. Scales. "Bipolar Disorder in Childhood and Early Adolescence." Journal of Clinical Psychiatry 65, no. 8 (August 15, 2004): 1151–52. http://dx.doi.org/10.4088/jcp.v65n0819b.

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Post, Robert M. "Childhood-Onset Bipolar Disorder: The Perfect Storm." Psychiatric Annals 39, no. 10 (October 1, 2009): 879–86. http://dx.doi.org/10.3928/00485718-20090924-06.

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Daruy-Filho, Ledo, Elisa Brietzke, Bruno Kluwe-Schiavon, Cristiane da Silva Fabres, and Rodrigo Grassi-Oliveira. "Childhood maltreatment and coping in bipolar disorder." Psychology & Neuroscience 6, no. 3 (July 2013): 271–77. http://dx.doi.org/10.3922/j.psns.2013.3.05.

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Senokossoff, Gwyn W., and Kim Stoddard. "Swimming in Deep Water: Childhood Bipolar Disorder." Preventing School Failure: Alternative Education for Children and Youth 53, no. 2 (January 2009): 89–94. http://dx.doi.org/10.3200/psfl.53.2.89-94.

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Ghaemi, S. Nassir, and Andrés Martin. "Defining the Boundaries of Childhood Bipolar Disorder." American Journal of Psychiatry 164, no. 2 (February 2007): 185–88. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/ajp.2007.164.2.185.

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Levin, Aaron. "Researchers Refine Criteria for Childhood Bipolar Disorder." Psychiatric News 44, no. 1 (January 2, 2009): 17. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/pn.44.1.0017.

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Borduin, Charles M., and Amy L. Damashek. "Bipolar Disorder in Childhood and Early Adolescence." American Journal of Psychotherapy 58, no. 3 (July 2004): 369–71. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.psychotherapy.2004.58.3.369.

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Goodyer, Ian. "Bipolar disorder in childhood and early adolescence." Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry 45, no. 1 (January 2004): 173. http://dx.doi.org/10.1046/j.0021-9630.2003.00297.x.

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Treadwell-Deering, Diane. "Bipolar Disorder in Childhood and Early Adolescence." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 43, no. 4 (April 2004): 501–2. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-200404000-00018.

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Johnson, Carole J. "Bipolar Disorder in Childhood and Early Adolescence." Psychiatric Services 55, no. 8 (August 2004): 953—a—954. http://dx.doi.org/10.1176/appi.ps.55.8.953-a.

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Garno, Jessica L., Joseph F. Goldberg, Paul Michael Ramirez, and Barry A. Ritzler. "Impact of childhood abuse on the clinical course of bipolar disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 186, no. 2 (February 2005): 121–25. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.186.2.121.

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BackgroundFew investigations have examined the impact of childhood trauma, and domains of childhood abuse, on outcome in bipolar disorder.AimsTo evaluate the prevalence and subtypes of childhood abuse reported by adult patients with bipolar disorder and relationshipto clinical outcome.MethodPrevalence rates of childhood abuse were retrospectively assessed and examined relative to illness complexity in a sample of 100 patients at an academic specialty centre for the treatment of bipolar disorder.ResultsHistories of severe childhood abuse were identified in about half of the sample and were associated with early age at illness onset. Abuse subcategories were strongly inter-related. Severe emotional abuse was significantly associated with lifetime substance misuse comorbidity and past-year rapid cycling. Logistic regression indicated a significant association between lifetime suicide attempts and severe childhood sexual abuse. Multiple forms of abuse showed a graded increase in risk for both suicide attempts and rapid cycling.ConclusionsSevere childhood trauma appears to have occurred in about half of patients with bipolar disorder, and may lead to more complex psychopathological manifestations.

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Iacono, Vanessa, Leah Beaulieu, Sheilagh Hodgins, and Mark A. Ellenbogen. "Parenting practices in middle childhood mediate the relation between growing up with a parent having bipolar disorder and offspring psychopathology from childhood into early adulthood." Development and Psychopathology 30, no. 2 (September 19, 2017): 635–49. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095457941700116x.

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AbstractThe offspring of parents with bipolar disorder (OBD) are at high risk for developing mental disorders. In addition to genetic factors, environmental risk is purported to be associated with these negative outcomes. However, few studies have examined this relation. Using concurrent and longitudinal data, we examined if support, structure, and control provided by parents in middle childhood mediated the relation between having a parent with or without bipolar disorder, and offspring mental health. The sample included 145 offspring (77 OBD, 68 controls) aged 4 to 14 years and their parents. Parent and teacher ratings of child behavior were collected, and diagnostic assessments were conducted in offspring 12 years later (n = 101). Bootstrapping analyses showed that low levels of structure mediated the relation between having a parent with bipolar disorder and elevated internalizing and externalizing difficulties during middle childhood. For the longitudinal outcomes, parental control emerged as the strongest mediator of the relation between parents’ bipolar disorder and offspring psychopathology. Suboptimal childrearing may have different immediate and enduring consequences on mental health outcomes in the OBD. Parental structure has robust effects on emotional and behavioral problems in middle childhood, while levels of control promote psychological adjustment in the OBD as they mature.

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Kovacs, Maria, and Myrna Pollock. "Bipolar Disorder and Comorbid Conduct Disorder in Childhood and Adolescence." Journal of the American Academy of Child & Adolescent Psychiatry 34, no. 6 (June 1995): 715–23. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/00004583-199506000-00011.

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Savitz, Jonathan, Lize van der Merwe, Dan J. Stein, Mark Solms, and Rajkumar Ramesar. "Neuropsychological status of bipolar I disorder: impact of psychosis." British Journal of Psychiatry 194, no. 3 (March 2009): 243–51. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.108.052001.

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BackgroundThe presence of schizotypal personality traits in some people with bipolar disorder, together with reports of greater cognitive dysfunction in patients with a history of psychotic features compared with patients without such a history, raises questions about the nosological relationship between bipolar disorder with psychotic features and bipolar disorder without psychotic features.AimsTo test the impact of a history of DSM–IV-defined psychosis on the neuropsychological status of participants with bipolar disorder while statistically controlling for confounding factors such as mood, medication, alcohol misuse/dependence and childhood abuse, and to evaluate the impact of schizotypal personality traits (and thus potential vulnerability to psychotic illness) on the cognitive performance of people with bipolar disorder and their healthy relatives.MethodNeuropsychological data were obtained for 25 participants with type I bipolar disorder and a history of psychosis, 24 with type I bipolar disorder but no history of psychosis and 61 unaffected relatives. Schizotypal traits were measured with the Schizotypal Personality Scale (STA). Childhood trauma was measured with the Childhood Trauma Questionnaire.ResultsThe group with a history of psychosis performed significantly worse than the healthy relatives on measures of verbal working memory, cognitive flexibility and declarative memory. Nevertheless, the two bipolar disorder groups did not differ significantly from each other on any cognitive measure. Scores on the STA were negatively associated with verbal working and declarative memory, but positively associated with visual recall memory.Conclusions‘Psychotic’ and ‘non-psychotic’ subtypes of bipolar disorder may lie on a nosological continuum that is most clearly defined by verbal memory impairment.

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Hastings, Paul D., Lisa A. Serbin, William Bukowski, Jonathan L. Helm, Dale M. Stack, Daniel J. Dickson, Jane E. Ledingham, and Alex E. Schwartzman. "Predicting psychosis-spectrum diagnoses in adulthood from social behaviors and neighborhood contexts in childhood." Development and Psychopathology 32, no. 2 (April 24, 2019): 465–79. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s095457941900021x.

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AbstractResearch showing that risk for schizophrenia, bipolar disorder with psychosis, and other psychosis-spectrum diagnoses in adulthood is multidetermined has underscored the necessity of studying the additive and interactive factors in childhood that precede and predict future disorders. In this study, risk for the development of psychosis-spectrum disorders was examined in a 2-generation, 30-year prospective longitudinal study of 3,905 urban families against a sociocultural backdrop of changing economic and social conditions. Peer nominations of aggression, withdrawal, and likeability and national census information on neighborhood-level socioeconomic disadvantage in childhood, as well as changes in neighborhood socioeconomic conditions over the lifespan, were examined as predictors of diagnoses of schizophrenia, bipolar disorder, and other psychosis-spectrum disorders in adulthood relative to developing only nonpsychotic disorders or no psychiatric disorders. Individuals who were both highly aggressive and highly withdrawn were at greater risk for other psychosis-spectrum diagnoses when they experienced greater neighborhood disadvantage in childhood or worsening neighborhood conditions over maturation. Males who were highly aggressive but low on withdrawal were at greater risk for schizophrenia diagnoses. Childhood neighborhood disadvantage predicted both schizophrenia and bipolar diagnoses, regardless of childhood social behavior. Results provided strong support for multiple-domain models of psychopathology, and suggest that universal preventive interventions and social policies aimed at improving neighborhood conditions may be particularly important for decreasing the prevalence of psychosis-spectrum diagnoses in the future.

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Aaltonen, K. I., T. Rosenström, I. Baryshnikov, B. Karpov, T. Melartin, K. Suominen, M. Heikkinen, et al. "Mediating role of borderline personality disorder traits in the effects of childhood maltreatment on suicidal behaviour among mood disorder patients." European Psychiatry 44 (July 2017): 53–60. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.eurpsy.2017.03.011.

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AbstractBackground:Substantial evidence supports an association between childhood maltreatment and suicidal behaviour. However, few studies have examined factors mediating this relationship among patients with unipolar or bipolar mood disorders.Methods:Depressive disorder and bipolar disorder (ICD-10-DCR) patients (n = 287) from the Helsinki University Psychiatric Consortium (HUPC) Study were surveyed on self-reported childhood experiences, current depressive symptoms, borderline personality disorder traits, and lifetime suicidal behaviour. Psychiatric records served to complement the information on suicide attempts. We examined by formal mediation analyses whether (1) the effect of childhood maltreatment on suicidal behaviour is mediated through borderline personality disorder traits and (2) the mediation effect differs between lifetime suicidal ideation and lifetime suicide attempts.Results:The impact of childhood maltreatment in multivariate models on either lifetime suicidal ideation or lifetime suicide attempts showed comparable total effects. In formal mediation analyses, borderline personality disorder traits mediated all of the total effect of childhood maltreatment on lifetime suicide attempts, but only one fifth of the total effect on lifetime suicidal ideation. The mediation effect was stronger for lifetime suicide attempts than for lifetime suicidal ideation (P = 0.002) and independent of current depressive symptoms.Conclusions:The mechanisms of the effect of childhood maltreatment on suicidal ideation versus suicide attempts may diverge among psychiatric patients with mood disorders. Borderline personality disorder traits may contribute to these mechanisms, although the influence appears considerably stronger for suicide attempts than for suicidal ideation.

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Pregelj, P. "Genetics of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 2052. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)73755-5.

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According to recent knowledge there are probably multiple susceptibility genes involved in patophysiology of schizophrenia and bipolar disorder, each of small effect, which act in conjunction with environmental factors. These genes could influence synaptic plasticity, neurodevelopment and neurotransmission. There are an estimated 4,000 genes involved in the complicated communication between brain cells. However, overlapping of candidate genes between both disorders was reported.Recent studies revealed that random mutations not inherited from either parent play a role in schizophrenia. The relation between psychopathological events, the phenomenology of the trauma and neurobiological changes related to schizophrenia and bipolar disorder is not totally understood.The symptoms of schizophrenia are believed to be triggered by stress-induced changes in neurobiological systems representing an inadequate adaptation of neurobiological systems to exposure to stressors. Recent studies suggest that epigenetic mechanisms may play an important role in the interplay between stress exposure and genetic vulnerability also in humans. In preclinical studies it was first suggested that epigenetic mechanisms may be involved in the modulation of gene expression in response to stressful stimuli. Recently, epigenetic differences in a neuron-specific glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1) promoter between postmortem hippocampus obtained from suicide victims with a history of childhood abuse and those from either suicide victims with no childhood abuse or controls were found, indicating the involvement of these mechanisms in human adaptation to stress. Future research could lead to prenatal screening for both disorders, and for new, more personalized approaches to treating people depending upon their genetic profile.

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Upthegrove, Rachel, Christine Chard, Lisa Jones, Katherine Gordon-Smith, Liz Forty, Ian Jones, and Nick Craddock. "Adverse childhood events and psychosis in bipolar affective disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 206, no. 3 (March 2015): 191–97. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.114.152611.

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BackgroundThere has been increasing interest in the association between childhood trauma and psychosis. Proposals for potential mechanisms involved include affective dysregulation and cognitive appraisals of threat.AimsTo establish if, within bipolar disorder, childhood events show a significant association with psychosis, and in particular with symptoms driven by dysregulation of mood or with a persecutory content.MethodData on lifetime-ever presence of psychotic symptoms were determined by detailed structured interview with case-note review (n= 2019). Childhood events were recorded using a self-report questionnaire and case-note information.ResultsThere was no relationship between childhood events, or childhood abuse, and psychosisper se. Childhood events were not associated with an increased risk of persecutory or other delusions. Significant associations were found between childhood abuse and auditory hallucinations, strongest between sexual abuse and mood congruent or abusive voices. These relationships remain significant even after controlling for lifetime-ever cannabis misuse.ConclusionsWithin affective disorder, the relationship between childhood events and psychosis appears to be relatively symptom-specific. It is possible that the pathways leading to psychotic symptoms differ, with delusions and non-hallucinatory symptoms being influenced less by childhood or early environmental experience.

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Nemeth, Darlyne G., and Kayla Mckenzie Chustz. "132 Treating Comorbid Childhood Bipolar Disorder and ADHD." CNS Spectrums 25, no. 2 (April 2020): 283–84. http://dx.doi.org/10.1017/s1092852920000486.

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Abstract:Objectives:According to Nemeth et al. (2011), pediatric mania is difficult to distinguish from childhood hyperactivity. Both share 3 common symptoms: distractibility, motoric hyperactivity, and talkativeness (Biederman, 2000). Oftentimes, children are referred from their pediatrician due to a lack of appropriate response to stimulant medication. Pediatricians have learned that merely raising the dose or changing the stimulant does not work. A thorough neuropsychological evaluation often reveals Bipolar Mania. They may have comorbid Bipolar Disorder and ADHD. This poster paper will examine measures that can assist in this important differential diagnosis as well as offer treatment options, including medication management.Methods:This case study includes three pediatric patients diagnosed with Childhood Bipolar Disorder and ADHD. A comprehensive psychoeducational assessment was conducted for each of the patients, which resulted in this comorbid diagnosis.Results:One of the most helpful measures was the TOVA. When a child’s attention and impulsivity scores are normal, and response time and variability scores are abnormal, both on and off medication, that is an indication of a mood disorder (Nemeth et al., 2007). These children also performed poorly on measures of processing speed, and verbal learning and interference tasks (Henin et al., 2007). Measures of affect and personality were important diagnostically. A combination of Amantadine and either Clonidine HCL ER or Propranolol, as prescribed by a medical psychologist, were found to be effective in controlling the symptoms of this comorbid diagnosis.Conclusions:An evaluation of children’s intellectual, attentional, behavioral, mood, and personality functioning is crucial for a differential diagnosis. In cases of comorbidity, ADHD and Childhood Bipolar Disorder, the sooner the child is on appropriate medications, the better. When just the surface diagnosis of ADHD is medicated, the outcome is often problematic. There may be a poor response to treatment and a higher rate of suicide.

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Henin, Aude, Joseph Biederman, Eric Mick, Dina R. Hirshfeld-Becker, Gary S. Sachs, Yelena Wu, Leslie Yan, Jacqueline Ogutha, and Andrew A. Nierenberg. "Childhood antecedent disorders to bipolar disorder in adults: A controlled study." Journal of Affective Disorders 99, no. 1-3 (April 2007): 51–57. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2006.09.001.

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Ozkose, M. M., O. Guclu, S. Guloksuz, O. Karaca, B. Yildirim, B. Ince, and H. Erkmen. "The effects of childhood trauma on psychotic symptoms in bipolar disorder." European Psychiatry 26, S2 (March 2011): 240. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/s0924-9338(11)71950-2.

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IntroductionAlthough history of childhood trauma is present in nearly 50% of bipolar patients, the effects of childhood trauma on the course of bipolar disorder are rarely investigated. Thus, we aimed to investigate the effects of childhood trauma on psychotic symptoms seen in patients with bipolar disorder.MethodsOne-hundred DSM-IV-TR diagnosed bipolar patients who were either manic or depressive were recruited from inpatient units of Bakirkoy Research and Training Hospital for Psychiatry, Neurology and Neurosurgery. Patients were initially evaluated by Young Mania Rating Scale (YMRS), Montgomery-Asperg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS), Scales for Assessment of Positive Symptoms. Patients were also evaluated by Childhood Trauma Questionnaire (CTQ) and Dissociative Experiences Scale in euthymia which was defined by scores of < 7 in YMRS, < 4 in MADRASResultsThere were no differences between the patients with and without a history of psychotic episode in terms of age at onset, duration of illness and episode characteristics. Patients with a history of psychotic episode were hospitalized more. CTQ physical abuse scores were higher in male comparing to female. CTQ sexual abuse scores were higher in female comparing to male. CTQ emotional abuse, physical neglect, physical abuse and total scores were higher in patients who had at least one psychotic episode in lifetime than in patients without a history of psychotic episode.ConclusionThe history of childhood trauma should be investigated and therapeutic interventions for childhood trauma should be added to the standard treatment plan of bipolar patients.

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Kerbeshian, Jacob, and Larry Burd. "Tourette Disorder and Bipolar Symptomatology in Childhood and Adolescence." Canadian Journal of Psychiatry 34, no. 3 (April 1989): 230–33. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/070674378903400313.

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Three boys with an early history of attention deficit disorder with hyperactivity developed Tourette disorder. At 13, 12 and eight years of age, respectively, each met DSM-III criteria for a manic episode or bipolar disorder. Each of the boys had a family history of affective or affective spectrum disorder. Lithium carbonate in a range of 0.8 to 1.2 meq/L markedly improved their bipolar symptomatology with Tourette symptoms improving in two patients. Further study is suggested to determine the significance of these findings.

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Duffy, Anne, Julie Horrocks, Sarah Doucette, Charles Keown-Stoneman, Shannon McCloskey, and Paul Grof. "The developmental trajectory of bipolar disorder." British Journal of Psychiatry 204, no. 2 (February 2014): 122–28. http://dx.doi.org/10.1192/bjp.bp.113.126706.

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BackgroundBipolar disorder is highly heritable and therefore longitudinal observation of children of affected parents is important to mapping the early natural history.AimsTo model the developmental trajectory of bipolar disorder based on the latest findings from an ongoing prospective study of the offspring of parents with well-characterised bipolar disorder.MethodA total of 229 offspring from families in which 1 parent had confirmed bipolar disorder and 86 control offspring were prospectively studied for up to 16 years. High-risk offspring were divided into subgroups based on the parental long-term response to lithium. Offspring were clinically assessed and DSM-IV diagnoses determined on masked consensus review using best estimate procedure. Adjusted survival analysis and generalised estimating equations were used to calculate differences in lifetime psychopathology. Multistate models were used to examine the progression through proposed clinical stages.ResultsHigh-risk offspring had an increased lifetime risk of a broad spectrum of disorders including bipolar disorder (hazard ratio (HR) = 20.89; P = 0.04), major depressive disorder (HR = 17.16; P = 0.004), anxiety (HR = 2.20; P = 0.03), sleep (HR = 28.21; P = 0.02) and substance use disorders (HR = 2.60; P = 0.05) compared with controls. However, only offspring from lithium non-responsive parents developed psychotic disorders. Childhood anxiety disorder predicted an increased risk of major mood disorder and evidence supported a progressive transition through clinical stages, from non-specific psychopathology to depressive and then manic or psychotic episodes.ConclusionsFindings underscore the importance of a developmental approach in conjunction with an appreciation of familial risk to facilitate earlier accurate diagnosis in symptomatic youth.

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Lima, Dênio. "Bipolar disorder and depression in childhood and adolescence." Jornal de Pediatria 80, no. 7 (March 1, 2004): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2223/1164.

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Lima, Dênio. "Bipolar disorder and depression in childhood and adolescence." Jornal de Pediatria 80, no. 7 (April 1, 2004): 11–20. http://dx.doi.org/10.2223/jped.1164.

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