Academic literature on the topic 'Children – Diseases – Malawi'
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Journal articles on the topic "Children – Diseases – Malawi"
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Cornick, Jennifer E., Dean B. Everett, Caroline Broughton, et al. "InvasiveStreptococcus pneumoniaein Children, Malawi, 2004–2006." Emerging Infectious Diseases 17, no. 6 (2011): 1107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1706.101404.
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Cornick, Jennifer E., Dean B. Everett, Caroline Broughton, et al. "InvasiveStreptococcus pneumoniaein Children, Malawi, 2004–2006." Emerging Infectious Diseases 17, no. 6 (2011): 1107–9. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid/1706.101404.
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Bondo, Austin, Bejoy Nambiar, Norman Lufesi, et al. "An assessment of PCV13 vaccine coverage using a repeated cross-sectional household survey in Malawi." Gates Open Research 2 (August 2, 2018): 37. http://dx.doi.org/10.12688/gatesopenres.12837.1.
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Background: The 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13) was introduced in Malawi from November 2011 using a three dose primary series at 6, 10, and 14 weeks of age to reduce Streptococcus pneumoniae-related diseases. To date, PCV13 paediatric coverage in Malawi has not been rigorously assessed. We used household surveys to longitudinally track paediatric PCV13 coverage in rural Malawi. Methods: Samples of 60 randomly selected children (30 infants aged 6 weeks to 4 months and 30 aged 4-16 months) were sought in each of 20 village clinic catchment ‘basins’ of Kabudula health area, Lilongwe, Malawi between March 2012 and June 2014. Child health information was reviewed and mothers interviewed to determine each child’s PCV13 dose status and vaccine timing. The survey was completed six times in 4-8 month intervals. Survey inference was used to assess PCV13 dose coverage in each basin for each age group. All 20 basins were pooled to assess area-wide vaccination coverage over time, by age in months, and adherence to the vaccination schedule. Results: We surveyed a total of 8,562 children in six surveys; 82% were in the older age group. Overall, in age-eligible children, two-dose and three-dose coverage increased from 30% to 85% and 10% to 86%, respectively, between March 2012 and June 2014. PCV13 coverage was higher in the older age group in all surveys. Although it varied by basin, PCV13 coverage was consistently delayed: median ages at first, second and third doses were 9, 15 and 21 weeks, respectively. Conclusion: In our rural study area, PCV13 introduction did not meet the Malawi Ministry of Health one-year three-dose 90% coverage target, but after 2 years reached levels likely to reduce the prevalence of both invasive and non-invasive paediatric pneumococcal diseases. Better adherence to the PCV13 schedule may reduce pneumococcal disease in younger Malawian children.
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Ntenda, Peter Austin Morton, Thomas Gabriel Mhone, and Owen Nkoka. "High Maternal Body Mass Index Is Associated with an Early-Onset of Overweight/Obesity in Pre-School-Aged Children in Malawi. A Multilevel Analysis of the 2015-16 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey." Journal of Tropical Pediatrics 65, no. 2 (2018): 147–59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/tropej/fmy028.
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Abstract Background Overweight/obesity in young children is one of the most serious public health issues globally. We examined whether individual- and community-level maternal nutritional status is associated with an early onset of overweight/obesity in pre-school-aged children in Malawi. Design Data were obtained from the 2015-16 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey (MDHS). The maternal nutritional status as body mass index and childhood overweight/obesity status was assessed by using the World Health Organization (WHO) recommendations. To examine whether the maternal nutritional status is associated with overweight/obesity in pre-school-aged children, two-level multilevel logistic regression models were constructed on 4023 children of age less than five years dwelling in 850 different communities. Results The multilevel regression analysis showed that children born to overweight/obese mothers had increased odds of being overweight/obese [adjusted odds ratio (aOR) = 3.11; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.13–8.54]. At the community level, children born to mothers from the middle (aOR: 1.68; 95% CI: 1.02–2.78) and high (aOR: 1.69; 95% CI: 1.00–2.90) percentage of overweight/obese women had increased odds of being overweight/obese. In addition, there were significant variations in the odds of childhood overweight/obesity in the communities. Conclusions Strategies aimed at reducing childhood overweight/obesity in Malawi should address not only women and their children but also their communities. Appropriate choices of nutrition, diet and physical activity patterns should be emphasized upon in overweight/obese women of childbearing age throughout pregnancy and beyond.
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Sundet, Mads, Joanna Grudziak, Anthony Charles, Leonard Banza, Carlos Varela, and Sven Young. "Paediatric road traffic injuries in Lilongwe, Malawi: an analysis of 4776 consecutive cases." Tropical Doctor 48, no. 4 (2018): 316–22. http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0049475518790893.
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This was a retrospective review of all children aged ≤16 who were treated in the casualty department at the central hospital in Lilongwe, Malawi, between 1 January 2009 and 31 December 2015. A total of 4776 children were treated for road traffic injuries (RTIs) in the study period. There was an increase in incidence from 428 RTIs in 2009 to a maximum of 834 in 2014. Child pedestrians represented 53.8% of the injuries, but 78% of deaths and 71% of those with moderate to severe head injuries. Pedestrians were mostly injured by cars (36%) and by large trucks, buses and lorries (36%). Eighty-four (1.8%) children were brought in dead, while 40 (0.8%) children died in the casualty department or during their hospital stay. There has been a drastic increase of RTIs in children in Lilongwe, Malawi. Child pedestrians were most affected, both in terms of incidence and severity.
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Weston-Simons, J. S., and C. Lavy. "Guardians' attitudes to children with physical disabilities in Malawi." Tropical Doctor 35, no. 3 (2005): 190–91. http://dx.doi.org/10.1258/0049475054620851.
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Macedo, Ana, Lorraine Sherr, Mark Tomlinson, Sarah Skeen, and Kathryn Roberts. "Parental Bereavement in Young Children Living in South Africa and Malawi." JAIDS Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes 78, no. 4 (2018): 390–98. http://dx.doi.org/10.1097/qai.0000000000001704.
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Ntenda, Peter Austin Morton, Owen Nkoka, Andrè Wendindonde Nana, et al. "Factors associated with completion of childhood immunization in Malawi: a multilevel analysis of the 2015–16 Malawi demographic and health survey." Transactions of The Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 113, no. 9 (2019): 534–44. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/trstmh/trz029.
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Abstract Background Between 2010 and 2015, the percentage of children 12–23 months of age who received full immunization in Malawi decreased from 81% to 76%, prompting us to investigate the factors associated with completion of childhood immunization in Malawi. Methods Using data from the 2015–16 Malawi Demographic and Health Survey, generalized linear mixed models were applied on 3145 children 12–23 months of age nested within 850 communities. Complete immunization was defined as the child having received a Bacillus Calmette-Guerin, three doses of pentavalent vaccine, four doses of oral polio vaccine, three doses of pneumococcal vaccine, two doses of rotavirus vaccine and one dose of measles vaccine before their first birthday. Results Adjusted multilevel regression showed that children born to mothers with either none or one antenatal care visit (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] 0.56 [95% confidence interval {CI} 0.32 to 0.93]) and whose mothers had no card or no longer had a vaccination card (aOR 0.06 [95% CI 0.04 to 0.07]) were less likely to receive complete immunization. In addition, children from the poorest households (aOR 0.60 [95% CI 0.40 to 0.92]) and who resided in communities with a medium (aOR 0.73 [95% CI 0.53 to 0.98]) or high percentage (aOR 0.73 [95% CI 0.53 to 0.99]) of households that perceived the distance to the nearest health facility as a big problem had reduced odds of achieving complete immunization. Furthermore, the findings showed evidence of clustering effects of childhood complete immunization at the community level. Conclusions Our findings show that a series of sociodemographic, health and contextual factors are associated with the completion of childhood vaccination. Therefore interventions that aim at increasing the completion of childhood immunization in Malawi should not only address individual needs, but should also consider contextual factors and the communities addressed in this study.
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Mathanga, Don P., Katherine E. Halliday, Mpumulo Jawati, et al. "The High Burden of Malaria in Primary School Children in Southern Malawi." American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene 93, no. 4 (2015): 779–89. http://dx.doi.org/10.4269/ajtmh.14-0618.
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Trainor, Eamonn, Ben Lopman, Miren Iturriza-Gomara, et al. "Detection and molecular characterisation of noroviruses in hospitalised children in Malawi, 1997-2007." Journal of Medical Virology 85, no. 7 (2013): 1299–306. http://dx.doi.org/10.1002/jmv.23589.
Full textDissertations / Theses on the topic "Children – Diseases – Malawi"
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Munthali, Alister Chaundumuka. "Change and continuity : perceptions about childhood diseases among the Tumbuka of Northern Malawi." Thesis, Rhodes University, 2003. http://hdl.handle.net/10962/d1007718.
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The objectives of this study were to determine what the Tumbuka people of northern Malawi consider to be the most dangerous childhood diseases, to explore their perceptions about the aetiology, prevention and treatment of these diseases, and to determine how such perceptions have changed over the years. The study was done in Chisinde and surrounding villages in western Rumphi District, northern Malawi. Although a household questionnaire was used to collect some quantitative data, the major data collection methods comprised participant observation, in-depth interviews with mothers with children under five and old men and women, and key informant interviews with traditional healers, traditional birth attendants, village headmen, health surveillance assistants and clinical officers. Informants in this study mentioned chikhoso chamoto, diarrhoea, malaria, measles, and conjunctivitis as the most dangerous childhood diseases in the area. Old men and women added that in the past smallpox was also a dangerous disease that affected both children and adults. Apart from measles and smallpox, community-based health workers and those at the local health centre also mentioned the same list of diseases as the most dangerous diseases prevalent among under-five children. Though health workers and informants mentioned the same diseases, the informants' perspectives about the aetiology and prevention of these diseases and the way they sought treatment during childhood illness episodes, in some cases, differed significantly from those of biomedicine. For example, while health workers said that the signs and symptoms presented by a child suffering from "chikhoso chamoto" were those of either kwashiorkor or marasmus, both young and elderly informants said that a child could contract this illness through contact with a person who had been involved in sexual intercourse. Biomedically, diarrhoea is caused by the ingestion of pathogenic agents, which are transmitted through, among other factors, drinking contaminated water and eating contaminated foods. While young men and women subscribed to this biomedical view, at the same time, just like old men and women, they also believed that if a breastfeeding mother has sexual intercourse, sperms will contaminate her breast milk and, once a child feeds on this milk, he or she will develop diarrhoea. They, in addition, associated diarrhoea with the process of teething and other infections, such as malaria and measles. In malaria-endemic areas such as Malawi, the occurrence of convulsions, splenomegaly and anaemia in children under five may be biomedically attributed to malaria. However, most informants in this study perceived these conditions as separate disease entities caused by, among other factors, witchcraft and the infringement of Tumbuka taboos relating to food, sexual intercourse and funerals. Splenomegaly and convulsions were also perceived as hereditary diseases. Such Tumbuka perceptions about the aetiology of childhood diseases also influenced their ideas about prevention and the seeking of therapy during illness episodes. Apart from measles, other childhood vaccine-preventable diseases (i.e. tetanus, diphtheria, tuberculosis, pertussis and poliomyelitis) were not mentioned, presumably because they are no longer occurring on a significant scale, which is an indication of the success of vaccination programmes. This study reveals that there is no outright rejection of vaccination services in the study area. Some mothers, though, felt pressured to go for vaccination services as they believed that non-vaccinated children were refused biomedical treatment at the local health centres when they fell ill. While young women with children under five mentioned vaccination as a preventative measure against diseases such as measles, they also mentioned other indigenous forms of 'vaccination', which included the adherence to societal taboos, the wearing of amulets, the rubbing of protective medicines into incisions, isolation of children under five (e.g. a newly born child is kept in the house, amongst other things, to protect him or her against people who are ritually considered hot because of sexual intercourse) who are susceptible to disease or those posing a threat to cause disease in children under five. For example, since diarrhoea is perceived to be caused by, among other things, a child feeding on breast milk contaminated with sperms, informants said that there is a strong need for couples to observe postpartum sexual intercourse. A couple with newly delivered twins is isolated from the village because of the belief that children will swell if they came into contact with them. Local methods of disease prevention seem therefore to depend on what is perceived to be the cause of the illness and the decision to adopt specific preventive measures depends on, among other factors, the diagnosis of the cause and of who is vulnerable. The therapy-seeking process is a hierarchical movement within and between aetiologies; at the same time, it is not a random process, but an ordered process of choices in response to negative feedback, and subject to a number of factors, such as the aetiology of the disease, distance, social costs, cost of the therapeutic intervention, availability of medicines, etc. The movement between systems (i.e. from traditional medicine to biomedicine and vice-versa) during illness episodes depends on a number of factors, including previous experiences of significant others (i.e. those close to the patient), perceptions about the chances of getting healed, the decisions of the therapy management group, etc. For example, febrile illness in children under five may be treated using herbs or antipyretics bought from the local grocery shops. When the situation worsens (e.g. accompanied by convulsions), a herbalist will be consulted or the child may be taken to the local health centre. The local health centre refers such cases to the district hospital for treatment. Because of the rapidity with which the condition worsens, informants said that sometimes such children are believed to be bewitched, hence while biomedical treatment is sought, at the same time diviners are also consulted. The therapeutic strategies people resort to during illness episodes are appropriate rational decisions, based on prevailing circumstances, knowledge, resources and outcomes. Boundaries between the different therapeutic options are not rigid, as people move from one form of therapy to another and from one mode of classification to another. Lastly, perceptions about childhood diseases have changed over the years. Old men and women mostly attribute childhood illnesses to the infringement of taboos (e.g. on . sexual intercourse), witchcraft and other supernatural forces. While young men and women also subscribe to these perceptions, they have at the same time also appropriated the biomedical disease explanatory models. These biomedical models were learnt at school, acquired during health education sessions conducted by health workers in the communities as well as during under-five clinics, and health education programmes conducted on the national radio station. Younger people, more frequently than older people, thus move within and between aetiological models in the manner described above.
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McQuilkin, Patricia A. "Characterization of Severe Malaria in Liberian Children 5 Years Old and Younger." eScholarship@UMMS, 2005. http://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/896.
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Malaria continues to be a challenging problem in the developing world, and the burden of this life threatening disease continues to be borne by young children living in Sub Saharan Africa. One of the biggest challenges to the prevention and control of this problem lies in accurately diagnosing malaria, and distinguishing it from the many other febrile illnesses which present in children in this age group.
Liberia is a West African country with a high burden of malaria. Very little is known about the presentation of severe malaria in children aged 5 years old and younger in Liberia. We undertook a prospective, hospital -based study of children 5 and under presenting to JKF Medical Center, the national referral hospital, with fever and signs and symptoms consistent with malaria. The aims of our study were to determine: 1) the frequency of confirmed malaria cases, 2) the frequency of non-malaria diagnoses, 3) the prevalence of anti-malarial drug resistance mutations, 4) the presence of other life threatening etiologies of febrile illness such as S. typhii and Dengue virus and 5) immunological profiling associated with severe malaria.
We analyzed clinical and laboratory data from 462 children age 5 and under who presented to the national referral hospital in Monrovia, Liberia with signs and symptoms consistent with malaria over a one year period. Key findings included determining the demographic factors most closely associated with severe malaria in this population (age > 1yr and urban environment) and those that were negatively associated with the development of severe malaria (prior episodes of malaria, use of bednets and use of anti malarial medications prior to presentation). The clinical symptoms most closely associated with severe malaria in this population were found to be headache and vomiting.
We found that 33% of children admitted and treated for severe malaria did not test positive for malaria by rapid diagnostic testing (RDT) or blood smear. These children had a case fatality rate that was 5 times higher than their RDT positive counter parts. Of the RDT negative children, 2 tested positive for salmonella typhii, but were not treated for this pathogen. Upon discharge from the hospital, 11% of children had resolved their symptoms, but had not cleared their malaria parasites.
These findings will help to identify the children who present with true severe malaria in Liberia. They also underscore the need to expand diagnostic capabilities to determine which other types of pathogens cause febrile illness in this population, so that adequate treatment can be extended to these patients.
The immunoprofiles of these children revealed 3 IgM antibodies (AMA-1, CSP and LSA-1) that were associated with the development of severe malaria. These antibodies also appear to be associated with initial infection with malaria. Such data will help to identify antigens could be potential targets for malaria vaccines, and which can play an important role in the development of new malaria diagnostics for this population.
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McQuilkin, Patricia A. "Characterization of Severe Malaria in Liberian Children 5 Years Old and Younger." eScholarship@UMMS, 2017. https://escholarship.umassmed.edu/gsbs_diss/896.
Full textAbstract:
Malaria continues to be a challenging problem in the developing world, and the burden of this life threatening disease continues to be borne by young children living in Sub Saharan Africa. One of the biggest challenges to the prevention and control of this problem lies in accurately diagnosing malaria, and distinguishing it from the many other febrile illnesses which present in children in this age group.
Liberia is a West African country with a high burden of malaria. Very little is known about the presentation of severe malaria in children aged 5 years old and younger in Liberia. We undertook a prospective, hospital -based study of children 5 and under presenting to JKF Medical Center, the national referral hospital, with fever and signs and symptoms consistent with malaria. The aims of our study were to determine: 1) the frequency of confirmed malaria cases, 2) the frequency of non-malaria diagnoses, 3) the prevalence of anti-malarial drug resistance mutations, 4) the presence of other life threatening etiologies of febrile illness such as S. typhii and Dengue virus and 5) immunological profiling associated with severe malaria.
We analyzed clinical and laboratory data from 462 children age 5 and under who presented to the national referral hospital in Monrovia, Liberia with signs and symptoms consistent with malaria over a one year period. Key findings included determining the demographic factors most closely associated with severe malaria in this population (age > 1yr and urban environment) and those that were negatively associated with the development of severe malaria (prior episodes of malaria, use of bednets and use of anti malarial medications prior to presentation). The clinical symptoms most closely associated with severe malaria in this population were found to be headache and vomiting.
We found that 33% of children admitted and treated for severe malaria did not test positive for malaria by rapid diagnostic testing (RDT) or blood smear. These children had a case fatality rate that was 5 times higher than their RDT positive counter parts. Of the RDT negative children, 2 tested positive for salmonella typhii, but were not treated for this pathogen. Upon discharge from the hospital, 11% of children had resolved their symptoms, but had not cleared their malaria parasites.
These findings will help to identify the children who present with true severe malaria in Liberia. They also underscore the need to expand diagnostic capabilities to determine which other types of pathogens cause febrile illness in this population, so that adequate treatment can be extended to these patients.
The immunoprofiles of these children revealed 3 IgM antibodies (AMA-1, CSP and LSA-1) that were associated with the development of severe malaria. These antibodies also appear to be associated with initial infection with malaria. Such data will help to identify antigens could be potential targets for malaria vaccines, and which can play an important role in the development of new malaria diagnostics for this population.
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Rutta, Acleus Stanislaus Malinzi Sansanee Chaiyaroj. "Cytokine response and genetic regulation in children and adults with cerebral malaria disease /." Abstract, 1999. http://mulinet3.li.mahidol.ac.th/thesis/2542/42E-AcleusS.pdf.
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Marbiah, Nuahn Tomanh. "Control of disease due to perennially transmitted malaria in children of rural Sierra Leone." Thesis, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (University of London), 1996. http://ethos.bl.uk/OrderDetails.do?uin=uk.bl.ethos.244618.
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Adeyemi, Emmanuel Olusola. "Predictors of Malaria-Anemia Comorbidity among Under Five Children in Nigeria: A Cross Sectional Study." Digital Commons @ East Tennessee State University, 2021. https://dc.etsu.edu/asrf/2021/presentations/71.
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Anemia is known to worsen treatment outcomes in malaria, but there are not many studies to identify the predictors of anemia in Nigerian children with malaria. The objective of this study is to identify some of those predictors. Socio-demographic variables are predictors of anemia among under five children in Nigeria was the hypothesis tested. This is a cross-sectional study that used the 2018 demographic health survey (DHS) data from Nigeria to explore some of the factors that determine the presence of malaria-anemia co-morbidity in Nigerian children less than five years (N= 265). The outcome variable was anemia status in children under five with malaria and the explored predictors include age, sex, residential type, region of residence, mother’s education status and family’s wealth index. The study analyzed unweighted and weighted frequencies of the variables and conducted comparison of the outcome groups based on the predictor variables using Chi-square. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression was used to explore the strength of relationship between the outcome variable and the significant predictor variables in bivariate analysis. SAS 9.4 was used for the statistical analysis. Analysis of weighted frequencies showed that 55% of the children were less than 2 years of age while the sex was almost equally distributed between males and females (50.9% vs 49.1%). Just over two-thirds lived in a rural area, 63.2% resided in the Northern part of the country, 59.1% had a rich family and majority (69.1%) had anemia. When cross-tabulated with the outcome variable of anemia status, there was a significant difference in the categories of age (P=0.0048), residential type (P=0.0031), mother’s education status (P=0.0210) and family’s wealth index (P=0.0010). Univariable logistic regression showed that children less than 2 years had over two times higher odds of developing anemia when infected with malaria compared to older children aged 3-4 years (OR:2.17, 95% CI:1.26-3.74, P=0.0052). Urban-dwelling children had 57% reduced odds of developing anemia compared to rural-dwelling children (OR:0.43, 95% CI:0.25-0.76, P=0.0034). Children of educated mothers had 50% reduced odds of developing anemia compared to children of uneducated mothers (OR:0.50, 95% CI:0.28-0.91, P=0.0222), while children in poor families had 165% increased odds of developing anemia compared to those born into rich families (OR:2.65, 95% CI 1.47-4.78, P=0.0012). Once adjusted for all significant variables in the bivariate analysis, only age remained significant as a predictor of anemia in children under five years with malaria (OR:2.29, 95% CI:1.31-4.02, P=0.0039). Younger age seems to be an important predictor of anemia in Nigerian children with malaria in real life settings given its significance on the multivariable model. This finding should inform clinicians on the need to pre-empt and treat anemia in Nigeria’s younger children with malaria for better treatment outcome.
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Olotu, Ally Ibrahim. "Long term efficacy of a pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccine and correlates of protection in children residing in a malaria endemic country." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2013. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:3fcbab1a-689a-41bd-8685-4762941f7b0c.
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Malaria remains an important cause of morbidity and mortality among children in sub-Saharan Africa despite recent reductions in malaria incidence in some parts of Africa. Current control tools face threats such as the emergence of drug resistant parasites and insecticide resistant mosquitoes. A malaria vaccine is needed to complement and/or replace existing tools in order to achieve better malaria control and eventually eliminate the disease. RTS,S/AS01E is the most clinically advanced pre-erythrocytic malaria vaccine candidate and is currently being tested in a phase III trial. The short-term efficacy of RTS,S/AS01E is known but the duration of protection is unknown. Furthermore, although RTS,S is protective, it is unclear which immunological assays predict efficacy: hence there are no known correlates of vaccine-induced protection against clinical malaria. In a randomized controlled trial, I assessed the efficacy of RTS,S/AS01E in children (5-17 months old) residing in Kilifi, Kenya, over 4 years of follow-up and determined the correlates of protection against clinical malaria. In order to examine the effect of variations in malaria exposure on vaccine efficacy, I developed an individual marker of malaria exposure calculated as distance-weighted prevalence of malaria infection within 1 km radius of every child. Over 4 years of follow-up, RTS,S/AS01E had an efficacy of 29.9% (95%CI: 10.3% to 45.3%, p=0.005) and 16.8% (95%CI: -8.6% to 36.3% p=0.18) against first and all malaria episodes, respectively (by intention to treat analysis). Vaccine efficacy waned over time and with increasing malaria exposure. RTS,S/AS01E efficacy was 43.6% (95% CI, 15.5 to 62.3) in the first year but was -0.4% (95% CI, -32.1 to 45.3) in the fourth year. Vaccine efficacy was 45.1% (95%CI 11.3% to 66.0%) among children with lower than average malaria exposure index, but 15.9% (95%CI -11.0 to 36.4%) among children with higher than average malaria exposure index. Despite waning in efficacy, RTS,S/AS01E averted 65 cases of malaria per 100 vaccinated children, with more cases averted among the children in the higher malaria-exposure cohort (78 cases per 100 vaccinated children) than those the low exposure cohort (62 cases per 100 vaccinated children). RTS,S/AS01E induced high titres of anti-CS protein antibodies and CD4+ T cell but not CD8+ T cell responses. Anti-CS antibody titres and the frequency of TNF-α producing CD4+ T cell responses were independently associated with protection from clinical malaria, and the combination of both anti-CS titers and TNF-α producing CD4+ T cell response satisfied the Prentice criteria for surrogate markers of protection. There was no association between avidity of RTS,S-induced anti-CS protein antibodies and protection from clinical malaria. Conclusions: RTS,S/AS01E efficacy against all episodes is 16.8% over the 4 years of follow-up. The vaccine efficacy wanes over time and with increasing malaria exposure. RTS,S/AS01E-induced TNF-α producing CD4 T cell and anti-CS protein antibody responses were independently associated with protection from clinical malaria. Anti-CS avidity did not predict protection from clinical malaria. Long-term follow-ups of malaria vaccine trials are essential in the evaluation of the longevity of vaccine efficacy.
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Akech, Samuel Owuor. "Haemodynamic status and management of shock in children with severe febrile illness." Thesis, University of Oxford, 2011. http://ora.ox.ac.uk/objects/uuid:93ce62fd-2137-4063-bb27-5443a5c7e8bc.
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Most in-hospital deaths secondary to infections in under-five deaths within sub-Saharan Africa (SSA) occur in the initial 24 hours of admission and shock has been identified as a major risk factor for the early deaths. However, controversies exist on the appropriate clinical diagnosis of shock, choice of ideal fluid for resuscitation (crystalloid or colloid), and safety of fluid resuscitation in severe malnutrition or severe malaria. This thesis investigates these aspects and also reviews the evidence base of current paediatric fluid resuscitation guidelines for children (aged >60 days and ≤12 years) with severe febrile illnesses. Capillary refill time >2 seconds, weak pulse volume, or bradycardia, in the presence of abnormal temperature and severe disease are predictive of impaired perfusion (defined by lactic acidosis) and death. Tachycardia and temperature gradient are neither associated with increased risk of death nor predictive of hypoperfusion. Existing international definitions of shock have low sensitivities (FEAST=44%, WHO=2%, and ACCM=59%) and high specificities (FEAST=82%, WHO=100%, and ACCM=66%) for diagnosis of impaired perfusion. Clinical criteria derived (called derived shock) had a sensitivity of 30% and specificity of 93%. Shock in children with severe febrile illnesses in Kilifi has a complex presentation but mainly presents with hyperdynamic circulation (high cardiac index) and vasodilatation. Cases with low cardiac index (myocardial dysfunction) are relatively rare but increase the risk of mortality when present. Synthetic colloids (gelofusine, hydroxyethyl starch 130/0.4 (HES), and dextran 70) are safe for use in fluid resuscitation in children with severe malaria. However, HES is the most promising compared to other synthetic colloids concerns still remain about its renal safety. However, further evaluation of synthetic colloids for treatment of shock is not warranted due to the findings of FEAST trial. A Pilot trial shows that bolus isotonic fluids are safe, have better efficacy, and produce faster resolution of shock compared to low-sodium solutions at volumes and rates recommended by WHO in children with severe malnutrition. Evidence available from all ten the trials in children with sepsis show that fluid resuscitation using crystalloids and colloids result in similar survival. However, fluid bolus resuscitation results in increased mortality compared to no bolus (control) in children in SSA. This finding excludes children with gastroenteritis, trauma, burns, and malnutrition. Colloids are better than crystalloids for severe dengue shock but both have similar efficacy in moderate dengue shock.
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Elimian, Osezele Kelly. "Evaluation of early diagnostic approaches for malaria and pneumonia in children under-five presenting at the primary healthcare level in Benin City, Nigeria : a mixed methods study." Thesis, University of Nottingham, 2018. http://eprints.nottingham.ac.uk/48409/.
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Background Malaria and pneumonia are the leading causes of under-five mortality in sub-Saharan Africa especially in Nigeria. The Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) guidelines were developed by the World Health Organisation (WHO)/United Nations Children’s Fund (UNICEF) as a strategy to reduce the burden of these and other preventable childhood diseases. However, there appears to be a paucity of evidence on the diagnostic performance of the revised IMCI guidelines and whether they offer an advantage over lay diagnosis (caregiver) for malaria and pneumonia management in Nigeria. Aim and specific objectives This study evaluates early diagnostic approaches (IMCI guidelines and lay diagnosis) for malaria and pneumonia in children under-five at the primary healthcare level. To address the overarching aim of the study, the following four specific objectives were studied: I. To assess the diagnostic accuracy of the IMCI guidelines and lay diagnosis (caregiver) for malaria and pneumonia in comparison to reference diagnostic approaches (microscopy and chest X-ray for malaria and pneumonia respectively). The extent of agreement between caregivers’ and health workers’ diagnosis of malaria and pneumonia is also assessed. II. To estimate the burden of malaria and pneumonia among children under-five presenting to study primary healthcare centres (PHCs) according to various diagnostic approaches. III. To determine the clinical outcomes in children diagnosed with malaria and pneumonia according to the IMCI guidelines and risk factors for severe outcomes. IV. To qualitatively explore caregivers’ and health professionals’ perspectives on lay diagnosis and IMCI guidelines as diagnostic approaches for childhood malaria and pneumonia. Methods A mixed methods approach was used for this study. The quantitative component used a consecutive sampling approach to recruit 903 children aged 2–59 months who met study eligibility criteria for malaria and pneumonia assessment according to the IMCI guidelines at presentation to five study PHCs in Benin City, Nigeria. Caregivers of these children were also asked what they thought the diagnosis was (lay diagnosis). Diagnostic accuracy was assessed in terms of sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values, Area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic Curves (AUROC) values and 95% Confidence Intervals (C.I). The extent of agreement was assessed in terms of Cohen’s kappa statistic (k) and 95% CI. The estimated burden of malaria and pneumonia during the study period was assessed using proportions and 95% C.I. Clinical outcomes in children diagnosed with malaria and pneumonia by the IMCI guidelines were described in terms of frequency and percentages, while the potential risk factors associated with clinical outcomes were assessed using odds ratios (ORs) and 95% C.I. For the qualitative component, health stakeholders (17 health professionals and 13 caregivers) who met the study eligibility criteria were purposively recruited and interviewed using semi-structured interviews. An inductive approach to thematic analysis was used for data analysis. Results Compared to microscopy, the diagnosis of malaria by health workers using the IMCI guidelines was poorly accurate with an AUROC value of 0.57 (with sensitivity and specificity of 51.8% and 61.3% respectively). Similarly, caregivers’ diagnosis of malaria was poor with an AUROC value of 0.55 (with sensitivity and specificity of 31.1% and 79.5% respectively) as compared to microscopy. Using the IMCI guidelines as the reference diagnostic test, caregivers’ diagnosis of malaria was more accurate (AUROC 0.60) in comparison to that of pneumonia (AUROC 0.54). There was a slight or minimal level of agreement (k=0.14; 95% CI: 0.09-0.19) between caregivers and health workers in the diagnosis of malaria and pneumonia. The estimated burden of malaria and pneumonia was relatively low, varying by the study local government areas, PHCs and seasonality, irrespective of the diagnostic approach. Where follow-up data were available, approximately 57% (172/304) and 78% (81/104) of the children diagnosed with malaria and pneumonia, respectively, recovered without complications within 30 days. Self-medication prior to presenting to study PHCs and use of preventive measures against malaria were independently and significantly associated with improved clinical outcomes. In contrast, exposure to solid fuels increased the odds of severe illness following malaria or pneumonia diagnosis. The qualitative component of the study found that caregivers rely on lay diagnosis despite the awareness of its limitations. The perceptions of malaria and pneumonia appeared to influence caregivers’ home management practices and health seeking behaviours. Caregivers showed willingness to be trained in the IMCI guidelines for improved home-based management of malaria and pneumonia. Health professionals believed that the IMCI guidelines were useful for managing both malaria and pneumonia. However, there are some recurring challenges to the wide-scale and sustainable implementation of the IMCI strategy in Nigeria. These include inaccurate diagnosis of malaria and inadequate funding. Conclusion The IMCI guidelines are crucial in the effective management (diagnosis and treatment) of malaria and pneumonia at the primary healthcare level in Nigeria. Although not perfect, lay diagnosis has an important contribution in the early detection and management of malaria and pneumonia at the community level in Nigeria. However, there is need for further investment in the training of both health professionals and caregivers in the IMCI guidelines for better health outcomes in under-five population. The training of caregivers in the IMCI guidelines and potential for a scale-up will benefit from careful design, piloting, implementation, and monitoring.
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Kulari, Genta. "Art therapy techniques to improve coping strategies in children 7-18 years old with a chronic disease." Thesis, Paris Sciences et Lettres (ComUE), 2018. http://www.theses.fr/2018PSLEH042/document.
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Peu d'études ont été menées spécifiquement sur le processus de changement de la thérapie par l'art médical. Un besoin de plus de recherche d'intervention en art-thérapie a été établi. Cette étude de recherche s'est concentrée sur les résultats d'une étude d'intervention évaluant l'utilisation de l'art-thérapie chez les enfants aux prises avec une maladie chronique. Des mesures d’intervention de base et postérieures à l’art ont été utilisées pour appuyer l’utilisation de techniques d’intervention d’art sur des enfants atteints d’une maladie chronique, pour encourager les expressions verbales de la douleur et modifier les stratégies d’adaptation telles que la résolution de problèmes en réponse au fardeau émotionnel de la maladie chronique et la détermination de spécificités. moments charnières qui amènent un processus de changement. Les techniques d'intervention artistique ont été combinées à une approche thérapeutique centrée sur la solution (de Shazer, 1991) afin de créer un plan de traitement pour les enfants de 7 à 18 ans atteints d'une maladie chronique. Douze enfants atteints de maladies chroniques à l'hôpital Santa Maria, au Portugal, ont été randomisés dans un groupe de thérapie d'art actif ou de groupe de référence. Les membres du groupe actif ont participé à sept séances d’intervention artistique d’une durée de 60 minutes. Mesures prises au départ et après la dernière séance d’intervention artistique, y compris l’échelle formelle d’art-thérapie appliquée à la personne cueillant une pomme dans l’arbre, la version pour enfants du questionnaire d’adaptation de la douleur, l’outil de lutte contre la douleur chez les enfants, et KidCope. Les enfants affectés au groupe de référence ont réalisé toutes les évaluations aux mêmes intervalles que les enfants recevant l’art-thérapie, mais n’ont pas bénéficié d’une intervention d’art-thérapie. Les résultats de cette étude ont révélé que les enfants bénéficiant de services d'intervention artistique avaient considérablement accru leur vocabulaire décrivant la douleur mesurée par l'APPT et manifestant des stratégies d'adaptation plus actives face à la maladie chronique mesurée par PCQ et KidCope. Les moments de changement identifiés à travers la description des sept sessions d’intervention ont été mesurés à partir du facteur d’échelle principal de la stratégie de mesure de PPAT post-session<br>Few research studies have been conducted specifically focused on the change process in medical art therapy. A need for more intervention research in art therapy has been established. This research study focused on the results of an intervention study evaluating the use of art therapy with children coping with a chronic disease. Both baseline and after art intervention measures were employed to support the use of art intervention techniques with children diagnosed with a chronic disease to encourage verbal expressions of pain and modify coping strategies such as problem solving in response to the emotional burden of chronic disease and identify specific pivotal moments that bring about change process. Art intervention techniques were combined with Solution-Focused therapy approach (de Shazer, 1991) to create a treatment plan for children 7-18 years old diagnosed with a chronic disease. Twelve children with chronic disease at the Hospital Santa Maria, Portugal, were randomized to an active art therapy or reference comparative group . Those in active group participated in seven sessions of art intervention for 60 minutes. Measures taken at the baseline, and after the final art intervention session including Formal Elements Art Therapy Scale applied to the Person Picking an Apple from the Tree scale, children version of Pain Coping Questionnaire, Adolescent Pediatric Pain Tool, and KidCope. The children assigned to the reference comparative group completed all evaluations at the same intervals as the children receiving art therapy but did not receive art therapy intervention. The results of this study revealed that children who received art intervention services significantly increased their vocabulary describing pain as measured by APPT, and manifested more active coping strategies while dealing with the chronic disease, measured by PCQ and KidCope. The changing moments identified through the description of the seven intervention sessions, were measured from the post-session PPAT measuring Problem Solving coping strategy main scale factor
Books on the topic "Children – Diseases – Malawi"
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Lindskog, Per. Why poor children stay sick: Water sanitation hygiene and child health in rural Malawi. Linköping University, 1987.
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Lindskog, Per. Why poor children stay sick: The human ecology of child health and welfare in rural Malawi. Scandinavian Institute of African Studies, 1989.
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Malawi. National Integrated Management of Childhood Illness. Five year national strategic plan for accelerated child survival and development in Malawi: Scaling up high impact interventions in the context of essential health package, 2008-2012. Ministry of Health, Community Health Sciences Unit, National IMCI Secretariat, 2007.
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Health, Malawi Ministry of. Malawi national control of diarrhoeal disease programme: Five year implementation plan, 1985-1989. The Ministry, 1985.
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Chilenga, Marshal. Legal framework in Malawi: Laws that affect women and children with HIV/AIDS. UNAIDS-Malawi, 1999.
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Alilio, Martin. KAP study on malaria for United Nations Children Fund Zanzibar: Final report. Health and Nutrition Programme, 1997.
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Malawi, UNICEF. Vulnerability & child protection in the face of HIV: Report of the United Nations Technical Review Team on programming for children affected by HIV and AIDS in Malawi. UNICEF, 2011.
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United, Nations Secretary General's Task Force on Women Girls and HIV/AIDS in Southern Africa. Facing the future together: Malawi : country report of the United Nations Secretary-General's Task Force on Women Girls and HIV/AIDS in Southern Africa. United Nations Secretary-General's Task Force on Women Girls and HIV/AIDS in Southern Africa, 2004.
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Votre enfant et les médicaments: Informations et conseils. Éditions de l'Hôpital Sainte-Justine, 2005.
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United States. Government Accountability Office. Global health: Global Fund to fight AIDS, TB and malaria has improved its documentation of funding decisions but needs standardized oversight expectations and assessments : report to congressional committees. U.S. Government Accountability Office, 2007.
Find full textBook chapters on the topic "Children – Diseases – Malawi"
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Bhakta, Santanu. "Malaria in Children." In Textbook of Pediatric Infectious Diseases. Jaypee Brothers Medical Publishers (P) Ltd., 2013. http://dx.doi.org/10.5005/jp/books/11900_57.
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Rendle-Short, John, O. P. Gray, and J. A. Dodge. "MALARIA." In A Synopsis of Children's Diseases. Elsevier, 1985. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/b978-1-4831-8407-4.50038-9.
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Okwa, Omolade Olayinka. "Malaria." In Biopsychosocial Perspectives and Practices for Addressing Communicable and Non-Communicable Diseases. IGI Global, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-7998-2139-7.ch003.
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Malaria is transmitted by the female Anopheles mosquito and is a parasitic disease which is caused by the Plasmodium species. It is a serious communicable disease in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The most vulnerable group is children aged 0-5 years. Malaria is responsible for most outpatient visits, hospital admissions and the main cause of school and work absenteeism. Knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) are essential for control programmes being the educational diagnosis and perception of a community about a disease which affects their attitudes and practices. This chapter reviews that the KAP of most communities in SSA have existing gaps which impacts on the control of malaria. A sound and adequate understanding of malaria and its proper recognition are crucial to its control. The inclusion of malaria education in a pupil's curriculum and effective information on the electronic and social media can change the misconceptions about malaria and correct attitudes and practices to intensify control efforts.
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Lytle, Heather, Beatrice Chikaphonya-Phiri, and Abi Merriel. "Indirect maternal deaths." In Oxford Textbook of Global Health of Women, Newborns, Children, and Adolescents, edited by Delan Devakumar, Jennifer Hall, Zeshan Qureshi, and Joy Lawn. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198794684.003.0022.
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Indirect maternal deaths account for over a quarter of maternal deaths worldwide. Deaths from indirect causes include communicable and non-communicable diseases, as well as pre-existing and new conditions. Prevention of indirect maternal deaths has received less attention than direct causes of death, where interventions can be targeted around the time of delivery. Indirect deaths can be more complex to address as pregnancy brings unique health challenges due to the changing physiology of a pregnant woman. These physiological changes are summarised alongside the impact of some communicable (e.g. malaria) and non-communicable diseases (e.g. cardiovascular disease) on indirect deaths. The challenges in diagnosing, and therefore measuring, indirect deaths are discussed, as are challenges in deciding whether these deaths are incidental or exacerbated by pregnancy. A focus on improving both research and health policy is needed to address the challenges brought about by the increasing burden of indirect deaths.
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Halliru, Salisu Lawal. "Climate Change Effects on Human Health with a Particular Focus on Vector-Borne Diseases and Malaria in Africa." In Examining the Role of Environmental Change on Emerging Infectious Diseases and Pandemics. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0553-2.ch009.
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Malaria is currently affecting more people in the world than any other disease. On average, two members of each household suffered from malaria fever monthly, with females and children being most vulnerable to malaria attacks. This chapter assessed communities' perception about malaria epidemic, weather variable and climate change in metropolitan Kano. Information was extracted related to communities' perception about malaria epidemic and climate change. Socio demographic characteristics of respondents in the study areas were extracted and analyzed. 75% of the participants were males, while 25% were females, malaria disease affected 79.66% and 59.66% respondent perceived that heavy rainfall, floods and high temperature are better conditions to the breeding and spread of malaria vectors. Hospital records revealed that Month of March and April (2677 and 2464, respectively) has highest number of malaria cases recorded between December 2010 to June 2011. Further research is recommended for in-depth information from health officials related to raising awareness.
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Halliru, Salisu Lawal. "Climate Change Effects on Human Health with a Particular Focus on Vector-Borne Diseases and Malaria in Africa." In Natural Resources Management. IGI Global, 2017. http://dx.doi.org/10.4018/978-1-5225-0803-8.ch051.
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Malaria is currently affecting more people in the world than any other disease. On average, two members of each household suffered from malaria fever monthly, with females and children being most vulnerable to malaria attacks. This chapter assessed communities' perception about malaria epidemic, weather variable and climate change in metropolitan Kano. Information was extracted related to communities' perception about malaria epidemic and climate change. Socio demographic characteristics of respondents in the study areas were extracted and analyzed. 75% of the participants were males, while 25% were females, malaria disease affected 79.66% and 59.66% respondent perceived that heavy rainfall, floods and high temperature are better conditions to the breeding and spread of malaria vectors. Hospital records revealed that Month of March and April (2677 and 2464, respectively) has highest number of malaria cases recorded between December 2010 to June 2011. Further research is recommended for in-depth information from health officials related to raising awareness.
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Jr Fouda Abougou, Benjamin. "Finding Novel Strategies to Overcome the Impact of Malaria Vector Resistance in Limited-Resources Settings. The Case of Cameroon as a Basis for Reflection." In Plasmodium Species and Drug Resistance [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.98318.
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Malaria remains one of the most important and deadliest diseases in many countries in Africa, in the Americas, in South-East Asia, in the Eastern Mediterranean and in the Western Pacific regions, with high morbidity and mortality, despite important successes for the control of this disease borne by the vector Anopheles mosquitoes. Malaria elimination relies on different strategies including early diagnosis, improved drug therapies and better health infrastructure, and mainly the use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) and indoor residual sprayings (IRS) of insecticide. In Cameroon, a country composed of several ethnic groups, malaria transmission is endemic in some regions, while it is seasonal in others; children and pregnant women are most vulnerable. Progress has been made towards malaria control, considering these specificities, and led to a reduction in both morbidity and mortality, but these accomplishments are under threat, mainly due to the development of resistance to insecticides among mosquitoes, targeting the 4 commonly used insecticide classes. To continue our route towards malaria control and elimination, it is urgent to have more knowledge about resistance mechanisms, in the objective of elaborating new strategies with the involvement of the community; these strategies should take into consideration socio-ecological factors such as the young age of the population, low literacy rate especially among women, population’s beliefs, traditions, and customs. Forest ecosystems with abundant rains, humidity and hot temperature, lower access to water for populations living in rural areas, and poverty level are other factors to consider when elaborating malaria control approaches.
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Lee, Mark, Bhanu Williams, and Anu Goenka. "Child infection." In Oxford Textbook of Global Health of Women, Newborns, Children, and Adolescents. Oxford University Press, 2018. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/med/9780198794684.003.0036.
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The significant progress in reducing child deaths in the last thirty years has been driven in large part by reductions in deaths attributable to the commonest infections. Yet still, pneumonia, diarrhoea, and malaria remain the biggest killers and drivers of morbidity in children outside the neonatal period. Key determinants of mortality from childhood infectious diseases include poverty, maternal education, food security, and feeding practices. And although effective evidence-based interventions exist to reduce mortality and morbidity from childhood infectious diseases, their impact has been undermined by inadequacies in implementation. Future approaches will seek to address these issues through an integrated approach to reducing inequality and improving access to interventions such as vaccination, alongside tackling more recent threats such as antimicrobial resistance and emerging infections.
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Christiane Bougouma, Edith, and Sodiomon Bienvenu Sirima. "Inherited Disorders of Hemoglobin and Plasmodium falciparum Malaria." In Human Blood Group Systems [Working Title]. IntechOpen, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.93807.
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An estimated 300,000 babies are born each year with severe Inherited Disorders of Hemoglobin (IDH). Despite major advances in the understanding of the molecular pathology, control, and management of the IDH thousands of infants and children with these diseases are dying due to the accessibility to appropriate medical care. In addition, as malaria has been the principal cause of early mortality in several parts of the world for much of the last 5000 years, as a result, it is the strongest force for selective pressure on the human genome. That is why, in the world, there is an overlap of malaria endemicity and IDH. Over the past twenty years several studies have shown that IDH such us hemoglobin and/or red cell membrane abnormalities confer resistance to malaria reducing hence the mortality during the first years of life. This has led to the selection of populations with IDH in malaria-endemic areas. This may explain the overlap between these two pathologies. This chapter aims to present the relationship between IDH and malaria susceptibility, make an overview of the current state of knowledge and the burden of IDH, and highlight steps that require to be taken urgently to improve the situation.
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Jayakumar, Angelina, and Zahir Osman Eltahir Babiker. "Malaria." In Tutorial Topics in Infection for the Combined Infection Training Programme. Oxford University Press, 2019. http://dx.doi.org/10.1093/oso/9780198801740.003.0072.
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Malaria is a tropical parasitic infection of the red blood cells caused by the protozoal species Plasmodium falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale, P. malariae, and P. knowlesi. It is transmitted through the bite of the female Anopheles mosquito. The average incubation period is twelve to fourteen days. Congenital and blood-borne transmissions can also occur. P. falciparum and P. vivax account for most human infections but almost all deaths are caused by P. falciparum, with children under five years of age bearing the brunt of morbidity and mortality in endemic countries. P. falciparum is dominant in sub-Saharan Africa whereas P. vivax predominates in Southeast Asia and the Western Pacific. P. ovalae and P. malaria are less common and are mainly found in sub-Saharan Africa. P. knowlesi primarily causes malaria in macaques and is geographically restricted to southeast Asia. While taking a blood meal, the female anopheline mosquito injects motile sporozoites into the bloodstream. Within half an hour, the sporozoites invade the hepatocytes and start dividing to form tissue schizonts. In P. vivax and P. ovale, some of the sporozoites that reach the liver develop into hypnozoites and stay dormant within the hepatocytes for months to years after the original infection. The schizonts eventually rupture releasing daughter merozoites into the bloodstream. The merozoites develop within the red blood cells into ring forms, trophozoites, and eventually mature schizont. This part of the life cycle takes twenty-four hours for P. knowlesi; forty-eight hours for P. falciparum, P. vivax, P. ovale; and seventy-two hours for P. malariae. In P. vivax and P. ovale, some of the sporozoites that reach the liver develop into hypnozoites and stay dormant within the hepatocytes for months to years after the original infection. The hallmark of malaria pathogenesis is parasite sequestration in major organs leading to cytoadherence, endothelial injury, coagulopathy, vascular leakage, pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and tissue inflammation. Malaria is the most frequently imported tropical disease in the UK with an annual case load of around 2000. P. falciparum is the predominant imported species, and failure to take chemoprophylaxis is the commonest risk factor.
Conference papers on the topic "Children – Diseases – Malawi"
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Irwandi, Lalu, and Hari Basuki Notobroto. "Risk Factors of Malaria Cases among Children Under Five in Bonggo Community Health Center, Sarmi, Papua Province." In The 7th International Conference on Public Health 2020. Masters Program in Public Health, Universitas Sebelas Maret, 2020. http://dx.doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.11.
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Background: Currently in tropical and sub-tropical countries, malaria is still a world health problem of an infectious disease. In 2019, the malaria report of Sarmi Regency shows the number of malaria cases is 14,409 with 2,246 cases (15.5%) in the children under five group. This study aimed to analyze various risk factors related to the incidence of malaria among children under five in the working area of the Bonggo Community Health Center, Sarmi Regency, Papua Province. Subjects and Method: This was a case control study conducted in Bonggo Community Health Center, Sarmi Regency, Papua Province. A total of 99 parents with children under five divided into two groups of 33 malaria cases and 66 controls (non-malaria), were enrolled in this study. The dependent variable was malaria incidence. The independent variables were parents habit, bed net, density of the residential wall, and parents’ occupation. The sampling technique used was stratified random sampling with reference to data from the E-Sismal report at Bonggo Community Health Center from April to May 2020 and the cohort for infants and children under five at the Bonggo Health Center in 2020. Data collection was carried out by observing home visits and questionnaire. Data were analyzed using multiple logistic regression. Results: The habit of parents carrying their children outside the home at night increased the risk of malaria among children under five (OR= 7.05; 95% CI= 1.79 to 27.7; p= 0.005). Sleeping with insecticide-treated bed nets had a malaria protective effect on children under five (OR= 0.24; 95% CI= 0.07 to 0.78; p= 0.019). Meanwhile, the density of the residential walls (OR= 1.62; 95% CI= 0.45 to 5.86; p= 0.461) and the parents’ occupation (OR= 1.92; 95% CI= 0.56 to 6.62; p= 0.299) was not significant in influencing the incidence of malaria among children under five. Conclusion: The habit of carrying toddlers outside the home at night increases the risk of developing malaria in children under five, while sleeping habits using insecticide-treated bed nets have a protective effect in reducing the risk of developing malaria among children under five. Keywords: malaria, children under five, risk factors Correspondence: Lalu Irwandi. Epidemiology Masters Study Program, Faculty of Public Health, Universitas Airlangga, Surabaya, East Java. Email: irwanzlalu@gmail.com Mobile: 081354122984 DOI: https://doi.org/10.26911/the7thicph.01.11
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Safitri, Ehda, Husnul Khotimah, Tita Hariyanti, et al. "Non exclusive breastfeeding, infectious disease and sanitation as risk factors for stunted children in Pujon subdistrict, Malang, East Java, Indonesia." In INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON LIFE SCIENCES AND TECHNOLOGY (ICoLiST 2020). AIP Publishing, 2021. http://dx.doi.org/10.1063/5.0052805.
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